Making Peace in Drug Wars Benjamin Lessing Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19963-7 — Making Peace in Drug Wars Benjamin Lessing Index More Information

Index

Acemoglu, Daron, 85, 105, 280 Beltrame, José Mariano, 31, 183, 191–199, ADA (Amigos dos Amigos cartel), 78, 81, 178, 244, 253, 258–267, 272, 274, 198 275 Adorno, Sérgio and Fernando Salla, 118 Berlusconi, Silvio, 51, 290 Aguayo, Sergio, 109, 212, 230 bicheiros, see jogo de bicho Ahnen, Ronald E., 168 Blattman, Christopher, 24, 28, 103, 276 alternative explanations, 23–27 Bloque de Busqueda, 90, 140, 143, 151, 153, in the Colombia case, 127–129 273 in the Mexico case, 208–212 alleged cooperation with Los Pepes, 152 in the Rio de Janeiro case, 165–170 Bonner, Robert C., 222 Amorim, Carlos, 168, 176, 177 BOPE (Police Special Operations Battalion), Andreas, Peter, 44, 85, 213, 236 11, 90, 193, 197 ARs (autos de resistência, police killings of eventual corruption of, 110, 186 civilians in Rio) as measure of cartel-state as example of “violent enforcement”, 186 conflict, 173 “no rendition” policy, 182 Arias, Enrique Desmond, 167, 190 Arjona, Ana, 166 Bowden, Mark, 70, 109, 133, 140, 143, 147, 150–153, 155, 273, 274 armed pressure groups, 16 arrego (“arrangement”), 160, 187 bribe-negotiation (model) definition, 85 as conceptual map, 68–69, 82–83, 87 negotiation of, 188 contrasted with canonical models of war as Astorga, Luis, 212, 213, 218, 219, 236 bargaining breakdown, 73, 87 AUC (United Self-Defense Forces of effect of crackdowns on, 69, 89–96 Colombia), 78, 131, 280 formal definition of, 89–96 formation, 154 equilibrium outcomes, 68–69, see also autodefensas (Mexico), 78, 117, 280 coerced peace, fight-and-bribe, hide-and-bribe, peaceful enforcement, state-sponsored protection, violent Bailey, John, 70, 85, 86, 118, 222 enforcement Balcells, Laia, 276 Britto, Lina, 129 Barbosa, Antonio Rafael, 179 brute-force versus coercion (as “functions of Bates, Robert H., 279 violence”), 15, 39 Batista, Eike, 257 Bueno de Mesquita, Ethan, 13

321

322 Index

Caldeira, Teresa, 168 coerced peace, 68, 84, 94, 109, see also Calderón, Felipe, 1, 202, 262, 263 bribe-negotiation (equilibrium outcomes) friendship with Álvaro Uribe, 154, 221–222 in Colombia, 136, 156 switch to conditional repression, 234 formal definition, 106 and unconditional crackdown, 207, 209, in Mexico, 218, 220 211, 220–230 Cold War, 30, 30 use of word “war”, 222, 278 Collier, David, 30, 237 Calderón, Gabriela, 28, 46, 209, 223 Collier, Ruth Berins, 30 Cali cartel, 64, 125, 153 Colombia attitude toward anti-state violence, 64, 122, Bogotá, 153, 221, 249, 260 141 Cali, see Cali cartel, collaboration with the state, 140, 152 Medellín, see Medellín cartel relationship with the Medellín cartel, 125, Comando Vermelho, see CV (Red Command 138 cartel) Camarena, Enrique “Kiki”, 215–216 commitment problems (as cause of conflict) Cano, Guillermo, 133, 135 in Colombia, 116, 149 Cano, Ignacio, 170, 184, 163 in drug war as opposed to civil war, 53–54 Capone, Al, 50, 74 in model of bribe negotiation, 87 Carballo Blanco, Antônio Carlos, 189, 190, conditionality of repression 189, 271 across/within cartels, 97 Cárdenas, Osiel, 216, 218, see also Gulf cartel definition, 14 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 31, 200, 296 in Colombia, 126, 128, 129, 138, 140, Caro Quintero, Rafael, 215 141, 144, 148, 150 cartels in Rio de Janeiro, 261, 262 definition and justification of the term,2 definition 8, 11 as compared to mafias, 16–17 as interest groups, 16–17, 111 in relation to degree of repression, 7, 9 cartel-state conflict logistical constraints on, 22–22, 245–247 definition, 2 need for keeping something in reserve, 12, as opposed to inter-cartel turf war, 46 140, 288 as opposed to civil war, 50–55 negative optics of, 12 substantive and normative importance of, 48 political (acceptability) constraints on, timing of, in relation to turf war, 46–49 247–249 Castañeda, Jorge G., 16 varieties of, 13–15 Castillo, Juan Camilo, 28, 46, 103, 209, 217 conquest versus constraint (as “proximate Centeno, Miguel Ángel, 278 battle aims”), 39, 52 Cerqueira, Carlos Magno Nazareth, 172, 173, Corchado, Alfredo, 231, 234 181, 181 Cornell, Svante E., 28 Chapo, el, see Guzmán, Joaquín “El Chapo” corruption Chazkel, Amy, 170 centrality of, in cartel strategies of influence, Cheney, Dick, 231 60 Chalmers, Iain, 25 as complement, not substitute, of violence, Chepesiuk, Ron, 65, 72, 128, 138, 140, 141, 61–63 142, 146, 154 as opposed to lobbying, 63–66 Chwe, Michael Suk-Young, 85 crackdowns CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 152, 273 conditional and unconditional, 9, 30 CISEN (Center for Research and National consequences of in formal model, see Security), 207, 232, 255, 259, bribe-negotiation (model) working group structure, 265 CV (Red Command cartel), 159, 161, civil war, see cartel-state conflict as opposed to 175–183, 195–196, 199 civil war as “cartel” vs prison gang, 178–180

Index 323

Dal Bó, Ernesto, 61, 66, 73, 85, 88, 96, 110, FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 79, 149 286 Fearon, James D., 5, 6, 16, 18, 30, 45, 51–53, Dal Bó, Pedro, 61, 66, 73, 85, 286 59, 67, 73, 87, 115, 116, 209, 222, 287, Darden, Keith, 18, 213, 218, 283, 288, 297 284 Felbab-Brown, Vanda, 31, 227 DAS (Administrative Department of Security), Fernandes, Rubem César, 189–190, 248, 260, 116, 135, 136, 143 271 Davis, Diane E., 22 fight-and-bribe, 69, 101, 106, see also De Greiff, Gustavo, 150–153 bribe-negotiation (equilibrium outcomes) De Silva, Pumaka L., 16 formal definition, 94 DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency), 152, 11, 79, Fiorentini, Gianluca, and Sam Peltzman, 66 129, 140, 153, 154, 155, 273 Fisman, Ray, 90 officer killed by cartel, see Enrique “Kiki” focused deterrence (policing strategy), 4 Camarena as example of conditional repression, 8 degree of repression, 7, 12, 90 Fox, Vicente, 216, 219–220, 225 in model of bribe negotiation, 90, 93 Freixo, Marcelo, 163 Dell, Melissa, 28, 45, 46, 209 Fukuyama, Francis, 277 Detroit organized crime in, see Purple Gang DFS (Federal Security Directorate), 212, 216, GAFES (Special-Forces Airmobile Group), 218 203, 217 Di Tella, Raphael, 61, 66, 73, 85, 110, 286 Galán, Luis Carlos, 128, 132, 142–143 Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto, 28, 46, 209, 223, Gallardo, Miguel Ángel Félix, 216, 218, see 215 also Guadalajara cartel Dowdney, Luke, 31, 163, 167, 169, 169 as example of hide-and-bribe strategy, drug cartels, see cartels 213–216 drug legalization, see legalization Gambetta, Diego, 6, 17, 39, 39, 44, 51 DTOs (drug trafficking organizations), see cartels García Luna, Genaro, 222, 232, 233, 237, 254, Dube, Arindrajit, Oeindrila Dube, and Omar 266 Garía Ponce, 24, 203 García Márquez, Gabriel, 118, 122, 146, 147, Durán-Martínez, Angelica, 15, 17, 31, 77, 84, 155 85, 92, 108, 216, 217, 284 Garotinho, Anthony, 182, 182, 199 Gaviria, César, 3, 125, 126, 140, 143, 149–151, 244, 273, 274, 297 Escobar, Pablo, 150, see also Medellín cartel and Sometimiento, 144, 145, 147, 253, 263, death of, 153 266 election to Congress, 132 Goldstein, Paul J., 38, 39, 41, 43 escape from prison, 150 Gootenberg, Paul, 203 expulsion from Congress, 133 Gottschalk, Marie, 279 as a rational actor, 127 GPAE (Policing in Special Areas Unit), 164, surrender, 146 165, 188–191, 243, 248, 271 Escobar Gaviria, Roberto, 118, 150 Grayson, George W., 216 Evans, Peter B., Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Grillo, Ioan, 2, 47, 50, 70, 76, 214, 218, 219, Theda Skocpol, 282 220, 226 Extraditables, los, 137, 144, 145, 147, 148, Guadalajara cartel, 213–216, 216 149, 151 Guerrero, Eduardo, 209, 222, 223, 232, 234, 255 Familia Michoacana cartel, 70, 72, 76, 110, Gugliotta, Guy and Jeff Leen, 134, 141 116, 117, 231 Gulf cartel, 203, 210, 217, 219 FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Guzmán, Joaquín “El Chapo”, 225, 238, see Colombia), 27, 154, 222 also Sinaloa cartel

324 Index

Hacker, Jacob S., 27, 244, 257 Mahoney, James, 29, 30 Hagedorn, John M., 45, 179 Mampilly, Zachariah Cherian, 166 hearts and minds, 164, 166, 167, 197 Mancera, Miguel Ángel, 256 hide-and-bribe, 69, 86, 101, 106, see also Mann, Michael, 236, 282 bribe-negotiation (equilibrium outcomes) March, James G. and Johan P. Olsen, 27, 244 formal definition, 92 Martínez, María Teresa, 209 Holland, Alisha C., 223, 281 MAS (Death to Kidnappers), 73–74, 130, 131, Hope, Alejandro, 5, 207, 232, 236, 238, 254, 135, 141, 146 255, 260 McCann, Bryan, 167, 173 Huntington, Samuel P., 6, 284–286 Medellín cartel, 126, 152, see also Escobar, Pablo war with Cali cartel, 248–249 jogo de bicho, 170–172 Mejía, Daniel, 28, 46, 103, 209, 217 Mexico Kalyvas, Stathis N., 6, 18, 39, 39, 41, 50, 51, Ciudad Juárez, 79, 150, 222 59, 65, 276, 287 Mexico City, 205, 229, 256 Keen, David, 6 Michoacán, 67, 70, 76, 221, 222, see also Kennedy, David M., Anthony A. Braga, Anne Familia Michoacana M. Piehl, and Elin J. Waring, 255, 258, Nuevo Laredo, 47, 219, 223 262 Miguel, Edward, 24, 28, 90, 103, 276 Kingdon, John, 7, 27, 244, 259 milícias (police-linked paramilitaries, Rio de Kirk, Robin, 130 Janeiro), 78, 191, 193, 200, 261, 280 Kleiman, Mark, 13, 77, 80, 232, 234, 258, overview, 163 260, 262 Misse, Michel, 85, 166, 168, 170, 175, 177, Knights Templar cartel, 52, 117 178 Movimiento de Renovación (Movement for Renovation, Colombia), 280 Labrousse, Alain, 27, 154 Munck, Ronaldo, 16 Laitin, David D., 16, 18, 30, 51, 52, 53 Myerson, Roger B., 179, 288 Lara Bonilla, Rodrigo, 2, 65, 121, 125, 127, 128, 132–137, 141–143, 147, 148, 155 Leal Buitrago, Francisco, 30, 146, 249 Nadelmann, Ethan A., 281, 292 Lee, Rensselaer W., 64, 86, 153 Needler, Martin C., 212 Leeds, Elizabeth, 167 Negros, los, 219 legalization, 129, 219, 281, 296 Noriega, Manuel, 130, 133 Lehder, Carlos, 128, 130, 133, 134, 137, 141, NRI (Narcoviolence Research International), see also Medellín Cartel 25, 138 Lerman, Amy E., and Vesla M. Weaver, 279 Nuevo Liberalismo (New Liberalism, wing of Levi, Margaret, 282, 284 Colombia’s Liberal party), 132, 142 Levitt, Steven D. and Sudhir A. Venkatesh, 45 Lima, William da Silva, 176, 176, 177 OBIVAN, see NRI limited war Ochoa, Jorge Luis, 73, 125, 130, 133, 135, 259 as similar to conditional repression, 288, 291 O’Donnell, Guillermo A., 167 López Obrador, Andrés Manuel, 220, 255 Olson, Mancur, 67 López Restrepo, Andrés, 72, 114, 134, 156, 157 Pacification, 191–199, 253, 258, 262, 264, LSN (National Security Law), 175 267, 272, 274 Lupsha, Peter A., 213–215 PAN (National Action Party, Mexico), 204, 216, 256, 298 M-19 insurgency, 73–74, 130, 131, 146, and the 2006 presidential election, 220 248–249 accusations of alignment with Sinaloa cartel, Magaloni, Beatriz, 28, 46, 209, 215, 216, 223 226, 262

Index 325

presidents, see Vicente Fox, Felipe Calderón influence on policies in Rio de Janeiro and Pape, Robert A., 52 Mexico, 189, 232 paramilitaries protection in Colombia, see AUC mafia-sponsored, 16–17 in Mexico, see autodefensas state-sponsored, see state-sponsored in Rio de Janeiro, see milícias protection Pardo (Rueda), Rafael, 3, 38, 67, 72, 125, 128, PSDB (Brazilian Social Democratic Party), 182 129, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, PT (Workers’ Party, Brazil), 116, 182 244, 248, 253, 264, 266, 281 Purple Gang, 50 PCC (First Command of the Capital cartel), 117, 159 Reno, William, 18, 30, 279 PDT (Democratic Labor Party, Brazil), 180, Restrepo, Pascual, 28, 46, 103, 209, 217 182, 182 Reuter, Peter, 42, 70, 74, 84, 85, 91, 215 peaceful enforcement, 68, 152–153, see also Rio de Janeiro bribe-negotiation (equilibrium outcomes) favelas of, 190, 192, 192–193, 195, 196, 258 formal definition, 91 Alemão, Complexo do, 2, 183, 192, 195, Pécaut, Daniel, 144 198 Peña Nieto, Enrique, 5, 52, 203, 207, 237, Maré, Complexo da, xiii–xv, 164, 198 255, 263, 268 as a valid comparison with Mexico and Penglase, Ben, 71 Colombia, 31–31 Pepes, los, 108, 154, 274 Robinson, James A., 280 Pérez, Carlos Andrés, 130 Robles, Gustavo, 28, 46, 209, 223 PGJ (Office of the Attorney General of Mexico Rodríguez Orejuela, Miguel and Gilberto City), 256 (brothers), 64, 65, 125, 133, 135, 141, PGR (Office of the Attorney General of 154, see also Cali cartel Mexico), 212, 216, 217, 225, 233, 246 personalities as causal factor, 127–128 Pinheiro, Paulo Sérgio, 167, 168 Rodrik, Dani, 87 Pizarro, Carlos, 249 Rose-Ackerman, Susan, 90, 283, 286 plata o plomo, 15, 63, 66, 85, see also violent Rothstein, Bo and Jan Teorell, 282 corruption model, 93–96 Sadowski, Yahya M., 283 PMDB (Party of the Brazilian Democratic Salazar, Alfonso, 122, 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, Movement), 181, 183 137, 155, 247 Poiré (Romero), Alejandro, 209, 234, 254 Santos, Rafael J., 280 Poppa, Terrence E., 75, 209, 213 Sartori, Giovanni, 50 Powell, Robert, 45, 52, 73, 87, 96, 116, 148, Schedler, Andreas, 16 287 Schelling, Thomas C., 12, 15, 39, 44, 45, 83, PRD (Party of the Democratic Revolution, 93, 98, 179, 287, 288, 291 Mexico), 220 Schickler, Eric, 7, 23, 27, 244, 257 PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party, Scott, James C., 6, 16, 60, 61, 67, 90, 285, 286 Mexico) Search Bloc, see Bloque de Busqueda its collapse, 216, 217 Sicilian mafia, 18, 51 early involvement in regulating drug trade, as possible case of criminal conflict, 290 212 Simon, Jonathon, 279 its heyday as example of state-sponsored Sinaloa cartel, 215, 226, 229, 262 protection, 212–216 accusations of alignment with PAN use of corruption to constrain violence, governments, see PAN 213–214 war with the Gulf cartel, 219 Project Ceasefire, 8, 11, 251, 252, 255–256, Skaperdas, Stergios, 6, 38, 44, 54, 86, 279 258, 260, 262 Slater, Dan, 278, 279, 282 definition, 166, 243 slavery, global prohibition of, 291–292

326 Index

Snyder, Richard, 17, 84, 85, 92, 108, 216, 284 Ungar, Mark, 190 Soares, Luiz Eduardo, 11, 70, 160, 181, 188, UPPs (Pacifying Police Units), 164, 192, 193, 191 193, 196, see also Pacification appointment (and sacking of) as Secretary of corruption in, 197, 198 Public Security of Rio de Janeiro, 183, funding of, 257 191 independence of, from police establishment, Sometimiento a la justicia (“Sometimiento”), 272, 275 144–150, 243, 247, 249, 258, 272 Uribe, Álvaro, 221, 222 collapse of, 150–151 friendship with Felipe Calderón, see definition, 145 Calderón, Felipe and Álvaro Uribe as a form of conditional repression, 129, 149 Valdés, Guillermo, 47, 208, 210, 213–215, formulation of, 259, 260, 264 232–236, 244, 254, 255, 259, 265 Spence, Michael, 74 Vianna, Dirceu, 192, 253, 258, 264 SSP (Secretary of Public Security of Mexico Villalobos, Joaquín, 223, 231, 232, 254 City), 256 violent corruption Staniland, Paul, 6, 280 definition, 58 “stateness”, 282 determinants of, 66 state-sponsored protection, 68, 84, 106, 108, empirical examples of, 64, 65, 70, 71 see also bribe-negotiation (equilibrium empirical footprint of, 68–69 outcomes) model of, 82–110 formal definition, 92 as opposed to violent lobbying, 58, 63 state capacity, 17–18, 236, 245, 281, violent enforcement, 94, 109, 186, see also 282 bribe-negotiation (equilibrium outcomes) state formation, 6, 278–282 formal definition, 105 susceptibility (of de jure policy to violent lobbying) Wagner, R. Harrison, 52 definition, 67, 245 Wallman, Joel, 44 model, 112, 114 Walter, Barbara F., 52, 148 systemic violence (as category of drug-related Weinstein, Jeremy M., 30 violence), 38, 41, 43, 44 Wolitzky, Alexander, 85, 105 Wood, Elizabeth J., 30

Taylor, Brian D., 282 Taylor, Matthew M., 70, 85, 86, 118 Yashar, Deborah J., 128, 244 Thies, Cameron G., 278 Thoumi, Francisco E., 42, 129 Zaluar, Alba, 161, 167, 169, 173, 177 Tilly, Charles, 6, 278, 281, 282 Zedillo, Ernesto, 31, 217, 219, 296 Tirole, Jean, 90 Zetas, los (cartel), 203, 207, 210, 218, Tokatlián, Juan Gabriel, 129 230–236 Trejo, Guillermo and Sandra Ley, 45, 46, 216, break with Gulf cartel, 217 217, 219, 284 recruiting, 224