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BLUE GROWTH in the MEDITERRANEAN SEA: the CHALLENGE of GOOD Environmental STATUS BLUE GROWTH in the MEDITERRANEAN SEA: the CHALLENGE of Good Environmental Status

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BLUE GROWTH in the MEDITERRANEAN SEA: the CHALLENGE of GOOD Environmental STATUS BLUE GROWTH in the MEDITERRANEAN SEA: the CHALLENGE of Good Environmental Status REPORT 2015 BLUE GROWTH IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA: THE CHALLENGE OF GOOD ENVironmental STATUS BLUE GROWTH IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA: THE CHALLENGE OF GOOD ENVironmental Status Publication Catherine Piante and Denis Ody, WWF-France Publication lead: WWF-France With the contribution of Adriana Raveau, Florence Krowicki, Pierre Stroesser Copyright: WWF-France from ACTeon and the maps of Matthieu Le Tixerant from Terra Maris Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Piante C., Ody D.,2015. Blue Growth in the Mediterranean Sea: the Challenge of Good Environmental Status. MedTrends Project. WWF-France. 192 pages. English revision: Catherine Roberts Maps: Terra Maris Layout: OneBigRobot Produced by: WWF-France Cover photo credit: Mediterranean Sea © NASA Earth Observatory Available from: www.wwf.fr September 2015 Financial support Technical support www.programmemed.eu/ planbleu.org/ http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/ Project financed by ERDF ACKnowledgements We would like to warmly thank all the people and organizations who kindly contributed to this publication. Our partners: The Members of our Regional Advisory Committee • WWF-Spain • WWF-Greece • Universidad de Malaga - Dania Abdulmalak • WWF-MedPO • Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona - • WWF-Italy Françoise Breton • Nature Trust Malta • DG Mare - Luca Marangoni • Stanford University - Fiorenza Our Associate Partners: Micheli • Plan Bleu – Didier Sauzade, Julien • CPMR - Damien Périssé, Davide le Tellier Strangis • MedPAN – Bruno Meola, Chloe • UNEP/MAP - Attila Uras Webster, Marie Romani • WWF-Sweden – Ottilia Thoreson EU-funded projects who kindly provided some data: Our consultants: • COCONET • ACTeon – Adriana Raveau, Florence • MedIamer Krowicki, Pierre Stroesser and the • MedSea ACTeon team • MedOpenSeas • Terra Maris – Matthieu Le Tixerant • ODEMM • NAVAMA – Andreas Struck and the NAVAMA team • PERSEUS • VECTORS Our financial partners • Programme Med • MEDDE Disclaimer: the conclusions and recommendations of the MedTrends project do not necessarily reflect the views of the people and organizations acknowledged here. TABLE OF ABBREViations TABLE OF CONTENTS ACCOBAMS Agreement on the Conservation of Nature CHAPTER 1: Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black LNG Liquid Natural Gas EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ___________________________________________6 Sea Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area MAP Mediterranean Action Plan CHAPTER 2: AIS Automatic Identification System MARPOL Marine Pollution (international convention for the prevention of pollution INTRODUCTION _______________________________________________12 BOD Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand at sea) CBD Convention on Biological Diversity MEDPOL The marine pollution CHAPTER 3: COP Conference of Parties assessment and control component of Materials AND methods ______________________________________14 MAP CFP Common Fisheries Policy MPA Marine Protected Area CHAPTER 4: DPSIR Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses MSFD Marine Strategic Framework THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA, DRIVERS OF CHANGE Directive EBSA Ecologically and Biologically AND CONSERVation EFFORTS ____________________________________20 Significant Areas MSP Maritime Spatial Planning EC European Commission MSPD Maritime Spatial Planning CHAPTER 5: Directive EEA European Environment Agency Trends OF ECONOMIC SECTORS ___________________________________34 MSSD Mediterranean Strategy for EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone Sustainable Development Offshore oil and gas exploration and extraction _________________ 34 EU European Union NatCap Natural Capital Initiative Maritime transport and ports _____________________________ 48 EUSAIR European Union Strategy for the ODEMM Options for Delivering Adriatic-Ionian Region (macro-region) Ecosystem-Based Marine Management Professional fisheries___________________________________ 64 EWEA European Wind Energy PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Association POP Persistent Organic Pollutant Recreational fisheries __________________________________ 78 FIFO Fish In Fish Out RAC/SPA Regional Activity Centre for GEBCO General Bathymetric Chart of the Specially Protected Areas Marine aquaculture ____________________________________ 84 Oceans REE Rare Earth Element Tourism ___________________________________________ 92 GES Good Environmental Status SECA Sulphur Emission Control Area GFCM General Fisheries Commission for Marine renewable energy _______________________________ 106 the Mediterranean SPA/BD protocol Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biodiversity GDP Gross Domestic Product in the Mediterranean Marine mining _______________________________________114 GIS Geographic Information System SPAMI Specially Protected Areas of Coastal development __________________________________ 120 Mediterranean Importance GVA Gross Value Added TEU Twenty-foot equivalent unit ICCAT International Commission for the Land-based pollution sources ____________________________ 128 Conservation of Atlantic Tunas TEN-T Trans-European Networks ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone UNEP United Nations Environment CHAPTER 6: Management Programme Cross-cutting ANALYSIS ______________________________________140 IMO International Maritime UWWTD Urban Wastewater Treatment Organisation Directive CHAPTER 7: IMP Integrated Maritime Policy VME Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem CONCLUSIONS AND recommendations ____________________________170 IUCN International Union for WTD Water Framework Directive Table of contents 5 CHAPTER 1: Maritime 4% per annum growth rate in global trade over the transport next decade can be anticipated and will be reflected in and ports international maritime traffic routes at the Mediterranean regional level (Suez-Gibraltar axis, Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY and to a lesser extent the northwestern Mediterranean) Professional A downward trend is expected at an uncertain rate at the fishing Mediterranean regional level. Recreational An upward trend is expected at an uncertain rate in the > In 2007, the European Commission adopted the “Blue Book” for an Integrated fishing Mediterranean countries of the EU. Maritime Policy (IMP) in the European Union, aiming to provide a more coherent Marine Forecast of fish aquaculture production in the approach to maritime issues with increased coordination between different policy aquaculture Mediterranean countries of the EU anticipates a 112% areas. The Marine Spatial Planning Directive (MSPD), adopted on 23 July 2014, increase between 2010 and 2030. Production could is the key instrument guiding the implementation of IMP to ensure the best use of jump from 280,000 tonnes to nearly 600,000 tonnes. marine spaces and promote economic development. The MSPD goes along with the Tourism (coastal International tourist arrivals in the Mediterranean Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), the environmental pillar of the IMP tourism, cruise should increase by 60% between 2015 and 2030 to adopted on 17 June 2008, which aims to achieve Good Environmental Status for all tourism, reach 500 million arrivals in 2030 at the Mediterranean EU marine waters by 2020. recreational regional level. France, Italy and Spain will remain the three boating) biggest destinations. > In this context, the Mediterranean Sea is currently facing a Blue Gold Rush driven by: Renewable While no marine renewable energy was produced in energy 2014, predicted production of electricity by offshore wind • The growth of trade between Europe and Asia, which drives the growth of farms could reach 12 gigawatts (GW) in 2030 in the international maritime traffic in the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterranean countries of the EU. • The development of a middle class worldwide, correlated to the growth of Marine mining An upward trend is expected at an uncertain rate in the international tourism, in particular in the Mediterranean Sea region being the first mid-term, mainly in the Mediterranean countries of the EU tourist destination in the world. Coastal 5,000 km of additional coastline will be artificialised • Energy demand reflected by an extremely fast development of the number of development by 2025 as compared to the 2005 situation at the offshore oil and gas exploration contracts, covering today more than 20% of the Mediterranean regional level. Mediterranean Sea, with potential new contracts covering another 20% of the Land-based In the Mediterranean countries of the EU: basin. pollution • Pollution from wastewater is expected to keep decreasing • The EU Blue Growth Strategy which aims at supporting sustainable growth in sources over the next 15 years. all marine and maritime sectors. Five sectors are highlighted as potential drivers • Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are expected to of blue growth: aquaculture, marine and coastal tourism (including cruise and slowly decline. recreational boating), marine biotechnology and marine mineral mining. • An upward trend in heavy metal pollution can be observed for mercury and lead. > Except for professional fisheries, all traditional sectors of Mediterranean maritime • Nutrient discharges are expected to increase slightly over economy such as tourism, shipping, aquaculture and offshore oil and gas are the next 15 years. expected to keep growing during the coming 15 years. Comparatively new
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