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The Vegetation of Robinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan
The Vegetation ofRobinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile1 Josef Greimler,2,3 Patricio Lopez 5., 4 Tod F. Stuessy, 2and Thomas Dirnbiick5 Abstract: Robinson Crusoe Island of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, as is the case with many oceanic islands, has experienced strong human disturbances through exploitation ofresources and introduction of alien biota. To understand these impacts and for purposes of diversity and resource management, an accu rate assessment of the composition and structure of plant communities was made. We analyzed the vegetation with 106 releves (vegetation records) and subsequent Twinspan ordination and produced a detailed colored map at 1: 30,000. The resultant map units are (1) endemic upper montane forest, (2) endemic lower montane forest, (3) Ugni molinae shrubland, (4) Rubus ulmifolius Aristotelia chilensis shrubland, (5) fern assemblages, (6) Libertia chilensis assem blage, (7) Acaena argentea assemblage, (8) native grassland, (9) weed assemblages, (10) tall ruderals, and (11) cultivated Eucalyptus, Cupressus, and Pinus. Mosaic patterns consisting of several communities are recognized as mixed units: (12) combined upper and lower montane endemic forest with aliens, (13) scattered native vegetation among rocks at higher elevations, (14) scattered grassland and weeds among rocks at lower elevations, and (15) grassland with Acaena argentea. Two categories are included that are not vegetation units: (16) rocks and eroded areas, and (17) settlement and airfield. Endemic forests at lower elevations and in drier zones of the island are under strong pressure from three woody species, Aristotelia chilensis, Rubus ulmifolius, and Ugni molinae. The latter invades native forests by ascending dry slopes and ridges. -
Flora of the Mediterranean Basin in the Chilean Espinales: Evidence of Colonisation
PASTOS 2012. ISSN: 0210-1270 PASTOS, 42 (2), 137 - 160 137 FLORA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN IN THE CHILEAN ESPINALES: EVIDENCE OF COLONISATION I. MARTÍN-FORÉS1, M. A. CASADO1*, I. CASTRO2, C. OVALLE3, A. DEL POZO4, B. ACOSTA-GALLO1, L. SÁNCHEZ-JARDÓN1 AND J. M. DE MIGUEL1 1Departamento de Ecología. Facultad de Biología. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid (España). 2Departamento de Ecología. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid (España). 3Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA-La Cruz. La Cruz (Chile). 4Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad de Talca. Talca (Chile). *Author for correspondence: M.A. Casado ([email protected]). SUMMARY In Chile’s Mediterranean region, over 18% of plant species are alien. This is particularly noteworthy in some agrosilvopastoral systems such as the espinales, which are functionally very similar to the Spanish dehesas and are of great ecological and socioeconomic interest. In the present paper we analyse Chile’s non-native flora, considering three scales of analysis: national, regional (the central region, presenting a Mediterranean climate) and at community level (the espinales within the central region). We compare this flora with that recorded in areas of the Iberian Peninsula with similar lithological and geomorphological characteristics, and land use. We discuss possible mechanisms that might have been operating in the floristic colonisation from the Mediterranean Basin to Chile’s Mediterranean region. Key words: Alien plants, biogeography, Chile, life cycle, Spain. INTRODUCTION Historically, the transit of goods, domestic animals and people has favoured the flow of wild organisms around the planet (Lodge et al., 2006), a fact that is often associated with the introduction of cultural systems, which have contributed to generating new environmental and socioeconomic scenarios (Le Houérou, 1981; Hobbs, 1998; Grenon and Batisse, 1989). -
Maritime Route of Colonization of Europe
Maritime route of colonization of Europe Peristera Paschoua,1, Petros Drineasb,1, Evangelia Yannakic, Anna Razoud, Katerina Kanakid, Fotis Tsetsosa, Shanmukha Sampath Padmanabhunia, Manolis Michalodimitrakisd, Maria C. Rendae, Sonja Pavlovicf, Achilles Anagnostopoulosc, John A. Stamatoyannopoulosg, Kenneth K. Kiddh, and George Stamatoyannopoulosg,2 aDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; bDepartment of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180; cDepartment of Hematology, George Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece; dDepartment of Forensic Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 711 13 Crete, Greece; eUnità di Ricerca P. Cutino, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, 90146 Palermo, Italy; fInstitute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia; gDepartments of Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and hDepartment of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Edited* by Yuet Wai Kan, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, and approved May 9, 2014 (received for review November 7, 2013) The Neolithic populations, which colonized Europe approximately If a maritime route was used by the Neolithic farmers who settled 9,000 y ago, presumably migrated from Near East to Anatolia and Europe, their first stepping stones into Europe were the islands from there to Central Europe through Thrace and the Balkans. An of Dodecanese and Crete. The Dodecanese is very close to the alternative route would have been island hopping across the Aegean coast of Anatolia, whereas the west-most Dodecanesean Southern European coast. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed islands are very close to Crete. -
Mediterranean Basin Ecosystem Profile Overview About CEPF
Mediterranean Basin ecosystem profile overview about CEPF Established in 2000, the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a global leader in enabling civil society to participate in and influence the conservation of some of the world’s most critical ecosystems. CEPF is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement (AFD), Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Government of Japan, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and the World Bank. CEPF is unique among funding mechanisms in that it focuses on high-priority biological areas rather than political boundaries and examines conservation threats on a landscape scale. From this perspective, CEPF seeks to identify and support a regional, rather than a national, approach to achieving conservation outcomes and engages a wide range of public and private institutions to address conservation needs through coordinated regional efforts. Cover photo: Coastal landscape, north coast of Menorca, Spain © Francis Abbott/npl/Minden Pictures introduction The Mediterranean Basin—which stretches across 2 million square kilometers and 34 countries, east from Portugal to Jordan, and south from northern Italy to Cape Verde—is one of 34 biodiversity hotspots identified around the globe, Earth’s most biologically rich yet threatened areas. Its status as a hotspot, as well as the unique biological, economic and cultural importance of the Mediterranean Basin, led CEPF to create a conservation strategy for the entire region. The strategy, known as the Mediterranean Basin Ecosystem Profile, will guide CEPF’s highly targeted investment in the region—$10 million, to be disbursed via grants to civil society. But the profile, which was developed through the input of more than 90 organizations based or working in the region, is much more than CEPF’s strategy. -
A Pre-Feasibility Study on Water Conveyance Routes to the Dead
A PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY ON WATER CONVEYANCE ROUTES TO THE DEAD SEA Published by Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, Kibbutz Ketura, D.N Hevel Eilot 88840, ISRAEL. Copyright by Willner Bros. Ltd. 2013. All rights reserved. Funded by: Willner Bros Ltd. Publisher: Arava Institute for Environmental Studies Research Team: Samuel E. Willner, Dr. Clive Lipchin, Shira Kronich, Tal Amiel, Nathan Hartshorne and Shae Selix www.arava.org TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 HISTORICAL REVIEW 5 2.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE MED-DEAD SEA CONVEYANCE PROJECT ................................................................... 7 2.2 THE HISTORY OF THE CONVEYANCE SINCE ISRAELI INDEPENDENCE .................................................................. 9 2.3 UNITED NATIONS INTERVENTION ......................................................................................................... 12 2.4 MULTILATERAL COOPERATION ............................................................................................................ 12 3 MED-DEAD PROJECT BENEFITS 14 3.1 WATER MANAGEMENT IN ISRAEL, JORDAN AND THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY ............................................... 14 3.2 POWER GENERATION IN ISRAEL ........................................................................................................... 18 3.3 ENERGY SECTOR IN THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY .................................................................................... 20 3.4 POWER GENERATION IN JORDAN ........................................................................................................ -
Eastern Mediterranean in Uncharted Waters
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN IN UNCHARTED WATERS EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN IN UNCHARTED WATERS Perspectives on Emerging Geopolitical Realities Perspectives on Emerging Geopolitical Realities Perspectives ISBN: 978-605-4679-18-8 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN IN UNCHARTED WATERS Perspectives on Emerging Geopolitical Realities Edited by Prof. Michaël Tanchum Published by Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. All rights reserved. This publication reflects the views of the authors only which had the freedom to choose any terminology they wanted to express their free opinion. Konrad–Adenauer–Stiftung Derneği Türkiye Temsilciliği Ahmet Rasim Sokak No: 27 06690 Çankaya-Ankara/TÜRKİYE Tel. : +90 312 440 40 80 Faks : +90 312 440 32 48 E-mail : [email protected] Web : www.kas.de/tuerkei ISBN : 978-605-4679-18-8 Designed & Printed by: OFSET FOTOMAT +90 312 395 37 38 Ankara, 2021 5 | Preface Walter Glos 7 | Introduction Ercan Çitlioğlu 11 | The Geopolitics Of The Eastern Mediterranean Crisis: A Regional System Perspective on the Mediterranean’s New Great Game Michaël Tanchum 27 | TRNC-RoC Cooperation: A Critical Missing Piece for Eastern Mediterranean Stability Mustafa Çıraklı 38 | The Eastern Mediterranean as an Emerging Crisis Zone: Greece and Cyprus in a Volatile Regional Environment Ioannis N. Grigoriadis 47 | Turkey in an Increasingly Complex Eastern Mediterranean: How Turkey Can Defend its Interests and Alleviate its Isolation in the Region Yelda Ongun 59 | Escalating Complexity in Libya’s Ongoing Conflict Mohamed Eljarh 69 | Egypt’s Energy -
Chapitre 0.Indd
Crosswalking EUR-Lex Crosswalking OA-78-07-319-EN-C OA-78-07-319-EN-C Michael Düro Michael Düro Crosswalking EUR-Lex: Crosswalking EUR-Lex: a proposal for a metadata mapping a proposal for a metadata mapping to improve access to EU documents : to improve access to EU documents a proposal for a metadata mapping to improve access to EU documents to access improve mapping to a metadata for a proposal The Oce for Ocial Publications of the European Michael Düro has a background The Oce for Ocial Publications of Communities oers direct free access to the most complete in information science, earned a Masters the European Communities collection of European Union law via the EUR-Lex online in European legal studies and works in is the publishing house of the institu- database. the EUR-Lex unit of the Oce for Ocial tions, agencies and other bodies of the Publications of the European The value of the system lies in the extensive sets of metadata European Union. Communities. which allow for ecient and detailed search options. He was awarded the The Publications Oce produces and Nevertheless, the European institutions have each set up Dr. Eduard-Martin-Preis for outstanding distributes the Ocial Journal of the their own document register including their own sets of research in 2008 by the University of European Union and manages the metadata, in order to improve access to their documents and Saarland, Germany, for this thesis. EUR-Lex website, which provides direct meet the increasing need for transparency. free access to European Union law. -
Precipitation Changes in the Mediterranean Basin During the Holocene from Terrestrial and Marine Pollen Records: a Model–Data Comparison
Clim. Past, 13, 249–265, 2017 www.clim-past.net/13/249/2017/ doi:10.5194/cp-13-249-2017 © Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Precipitation changes in the Mediterranean basin during the Holocene from terrestrial and marine pollen records: a model–data comparison Odile Peyron1, Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout2, David Brayshaw3, Simon Goring4, Valérie Andrieu-Ponel5, Stéphanie Desprat6,7, Will Fletcher8, Belinda Gambin9, Chryssanthi Ioakim10, Sébastien Joannin1, Ulrich Kotthoff11, Katerina Kouli12, Vincent Montade1, Jörg Pross13, Laura Sadori14, and Michel Magny15 1Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, France 2UMR 7194 MNHN, Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Paris, France 3Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK 4Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA 5Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, Aix-en-Provence, France 6EPHE, PSL Research University, Laboratoire Paléoclimatologie et Paléoenvironnements Marins, Pessac, France 7University of Bordeaux, EPOC UMR5805, Pessac, France 8Geography, School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK 9Institute of Earth Systems, University of Malta, Msida, Malta 10Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, Greece 11Center for Natural History and Institute of Geology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany 12Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece 13Paleoenvironmental Dynamics Group, Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany 14Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy 15Université de Franche-Comté, UMR6249 Chrono-Environnement, Besançon, France Correspondence to: Odile Peyron ([email protected]) Received: 16 June 2016 – Discussion started: 28 June 2016 Revised: 20 January 2017 – Accepted: 25 January 2017 – Published: 24 March 2017 Abstract. -
Chapter 13: Southern Europe
Chapter 12: Southern Europe Unit 4 Section 1: Physical Geography Landforms • Southern portion of Europe is made up of 3 peninsulas: – Iberian Peninsula – Italian Peninsula – Balkan Peninsula Landforms • Iberian Peninsula: – Spain and Portugal – Separates the Atlantic from the Mediterranean Sea • Strait of Gibraltar allows a very narrow connection (20 miles) – Separated from the rest of Europe in the north by the Pyrenees (mountains) • Earthquakes common Landforms • Italian Peninsula – Italy – Surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea – Plains cover 1/3rd of the landform – Apennine Mountains – North of the peninsula lie the Alps Landforms • Balkan Peninsula – Greece – Adriatic and Ionian Seas to the west – Aegean and Black Seas to the east • Small island countries/territories in the Mediterranean are important spots for trading Water Systems • Tagus and Ebro Rivers – Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) – Not good for large ships, but used for some shipping – Hydroelectric power – Irrigation Water Systems • Tiber and Po Rivers – Italian Peninsula (Italy) – Po: • Italy’s longest river • Starts in the Apennines • Venice – Tiber: • Italy’s second longest river • Primary water source for Rome • Naval harbor • Maritsa River – Balkan Peninsula (Greece) – Located in Northeastern Greece – Makes the border between Greece and Turkey Climate, Biomes, and Resources • Portugal: – copper • Northern Spain: – Coal – Tin – Tungsten – Hydroelectricity • Italy: hydroelectricity Section 2: Human Geography History and Government • Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome: – City-states • Athens: democracy • Sparta: military – Art and culture of the Greeks and Romans is still seen today – Rule of law and balance of power History and Government • Renaissance – 1300s – Cultural revival – Arts, politics, science, philosophy • European countries were not nearly as developed as Middle eastern empires before the 1400s. -
The Exchange of Carbon Dioxide Between Wet Arctic Tundra and the Atmosphere at the Lena River Delta, Northern Siberia
Biogeosciences, 4, 869–890, 2007 www.biogeosciences.net/4/869/2007/ Biogeosciences © Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. The exchange of carbon dioxide between wet arctic tundra and the atmosphere at the Lena River Delta, Northern Siberia L. Kutzbach1,*, C. Wille1,*, and E.-M. Pfeiffer2 1Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany 2University of Hamburg, Institute of Soil Science, Allende-Platz 2, 20146 Hamburg, Germany *now at Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology, Grimmer Straße 88, 17487 Greifswald, Germany Received: 23 May 2007 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 25 June 2007 Revised: 1 October 2007 – Accepted: 8 October 2007 – Published: 18 October 2007 Abstract. The exchange fluxes of carbon dioxide between piration continued at substantial rates during autumn when wet arctic polygonal tundra and the atmosphere were inves- photosynthesis had ceased and the soils were still largely un- tigated by the micrometeorological eddy covariance method. frozen. The temporal variability of the ecosystem respiration The investigation site was situated in the centre of the Lena during summer was best explained by an exponential func- River Delta in Northern Siberia (72◦220 N, 126◦300 E). The tion with surface temperature, and not soil temperature, as study region is characterized by a polar and distinctly con- the independent variable. This was explained by the ma- tinental climate, very cold and ice-rich permafrost and its jor role of the plant respiration within the CO2 balance of position at the interface between the Eurasian continent and the tundra ecosystem. -
The South China Sea As a Mediterranean Cultural Area
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Evers, Hans-Dieter Working Paper Governing maritime space: The South China Sea as a Mediterranean cultural area ZEF Working Paper Series, No. 129 Provided in Cooperation with: Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung / Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn Suggested Citation: Evers, Hans-Dieter (2014) : Governing maritime space: The South China Sea as a Mediterranean cultural area, ZEF Working Paper Series, No. 129, University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/99987 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu ZEF Working Paper 129 Hans-Dieter Evers Governing Maritime Space: The South China Sea as a Mediterranean Cultural Area ISSN 1864-6638 Bonn, May 2014 Cover Photo: Ma-Tsu, goddess of the sea and guardian of seafarers and fishermen, Thean Hou Temple, Georgtown, Penang (photo: H.D. -
The Balkans and the Black Sea Region: Problems, Potentials, and Policy Options
Bertelsmann Group for Policy Research No. 2 · April 2006 Policy Analysis Iris Kempe, Kurt Klotzle The Balkans and the Black Sea Region: Problems, Potentials, and Policy Options This paper was produced as the strategy paper for the conference “The Search for Stability in the Balkans,” which took place in Vienna on 7-8 April 2006. The conference was organized by the Club of 3, Ameurus, and Europäisches Forum Alpbach. The authors would like to thank Martin Brusis for conceptual input on the Balkan region. Kempe · Klotzle · The Balkans and the Black Sea Region Contents Summary 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Risks and Challenges beyond the Borders of the Euro-Atlantic Community 6 3. Linkages and External Actors 10 4. The Balkans and the Black Sea: Strategic Options 13 5. Conclusion 19 Kempe · Klotzle · The Balkans and the Black Sea Region The Balkans and the Black Sea Region: Problems, Potentials, and Policy Options Summary In the decade and a half since Western leaders began to sketch out their vision of a Europe whole and free, the European Union and NATO have succeeded in extending a zone of security and stability across much of the continent. However, two key regions – the Balkans and the Black Sea – are not yet fully incorporated into this vision, and the lack of coherent strategies addressing these regions threat- ens to prevent Europe from achieving its full potential. The Balkans and the Black Sea region are characterised by numerous common risks and challenges, including fragile statehood, a shared history of violent conflict, unconsolidated democratisation and economic underdevelopment.