DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapitre 0.Indd

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapitre 0.Indd Crosswalking EUR-Lex Crosswalking OA-78-07-319-EN-C OA-78-07-319-EN-C Michael Düro Michael Düro Crosswalking EUR-Lex: Crosswalking EUR-Lex: a proposal for a metadata mapping a proposal for a metadata mapping to improve access to EU documents : to improve access to EU documents a proposal for a metadata mapping to improve access to EU documents to access improve mapping to a metadata for a proposal The Oce for Ocial Publications of the European Michael Düro has a background The Oce for Ocial Publications of Communities oers direct free access to the most complete in information science, earned a Masters the European Communities collection of European Union law via the EUR-Lex online in European legal studies and works in is the publishing house of the institu- database. the EUR-Lex unit of the Oce for Ocial tions, agencies and other bodies of the Publications of the European The value of the system lies in the extensive sets of metadata European Union. Communities. which allow for ecient and detailed search options. He was awarded the The Publications Oce produces and Nevertheless, the European institutions have each set up Dr. Eduard-Martin-Preis for outstanding distributes the Ocial Journal of the their own document register including their own sets of research in 2008 by the University of European Union and manages the metadata, in order to improve access to their documents and Saarland, Germany, for this thesis. EUR-Lex website, which provides direct meet the increasing need for transparency. free access to European Union law. Michael Düro suggests that to simplify access to EU documents, a common single search option could be based Online services on a mapping of the most relevant metadata to the Dublin eur-lex.europa.eu: EU law Core Metadata Element Set. Then a second mapping — bookshop.europa.eu: EU publications linked to the idea of EUR-Lex serving as the single repository ted.europa.eu: public procurement for European documents — could prepare the ground for cordis.europa.eu: research and the completion and enrichment of the document and innovation metadata collection. With regard to its inter-institutional context, and using the 2, rue Mercier ideas proposed in this publication, EUR-Lex could enhance, 2985 Luxembourg even further, public access to EU documents. LUXEMBOURG Crosswalking EUR-Lex: a proposal for a metadata mapping to improve access to EU documents is intended for all those who would like, or need to know more about the European institutions' tools implementing the policy on access to documents. The main proposals could serve as food for thought for those involved in decision-making in that eld. 9 78927 9 0187 018787 87 > publications.europa.eu Michael Düro Crosswalking EUR-Lex: a proposal for a metadata mapping to improve access to EU documents Th e content of this publication does not necessarily refl ect the offi cial posi- tion of the European Communities. Th e information and opinions contained herein are the sole responsibility of the author. Europe Direct is a service to help you fi nd answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Offi ce for Offi cial Publications of the European Communities, 2009 ISBN 978-92-78-40511-3 © European Communities, 2009 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in France Printed on white chlorine-free paper Contents 1. Introduction 11 1.1. General objectives and the purpose of the metadata applications proposed 11 1.2. Overview 15 1.3. Transparency and the access to documents of the European institutions 17 2. An interinstitutional issue: public access to documents 19 2.1. Early provisions 19 2.2. Th e treaty article: Article 255 TEC 24 2.3. Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 25 2.3.1. Th e decision-making process 26 2.3.2. Th e provisions of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 27 2.3.3. Further implications: the agencies and bodies 29 2.4. Th e Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (Constitutional Treaty) 34 3. An essential obligation from Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001: the document registers of the institutions 37 3.1. Th e Commission’s Register of Documents 37 3.2. Access to Council documents: the public register 41 3.3. Th e European Parliament Public Register of Documents 43 4. Other tools: PreLex, the Legislative Observatory (OEIL) and the Commission’s Register of Comitology 49 4.1. PreLex: monitoring the decision-making process between institutions 49 4.2. Th e Legislative Observatory 53 4.3. Th e Commission’s Register of Comitology 60 5. The interinstitutional access to European law: EUR-Lex 65 5.1. Th e beginnings: the CELEX database 65 5.1.1. CELEX history: an overview 65 5.1.1.1. Th e start as an internal database 66 5.1.1.2. Th e gradual opening of access and full language coverage 68 5.1.1.3. CELEX on the Internet 73 5.1.1.4. CELEX and the old EUR-Lex portal 75 5.1.1.5. 2004: CELEX’s last active year 79 3 Crosswalking EUR-Lex: a proposal for a metadata mapping to improve access to EU documents 5.1.2. Th e content of the CELEX database: the sector structure 82 5.1.2.1. Sector 1: the treaties 84 5.1.2.2. Sector 2: international agreements 85 5.1.2.3. Sector 3: secondary legislation 86 5.1.2.4. Sector 4: supplementary legislation 87 5.1.2.5. Sector 5: preparatory acts 87 5.1.2.6. Sector 6: jurisprudence 89 5.1.2.7. Sector 7: national implementation measures of directives 90 5.1.2.8. Sector 8: national jurisprudence 90 5.1.2.9. Sector 9: Parliamentary questions 91 5.1.2.10. Sector E: EFTA documents 91 5.1.2.11. Sector C: Other documents published in the OJ 92 5.1.2.12. Sector 0: consolidated documents 93 5.1.3. Th e CELEX search 93 5.1.3.1. CELEX menu: a browsing approach 94 5.1.3.2. CELEX expert: the sophisticated search function 97 5.1.4. Data availability and coverage by the search options 103 5.2. Th e documentary analysis of the content 112 5.2.1. Th e CELEX number 113 5.2.2. Th e Eurovoc thesaurus 114 5.2.3. Th e classifi cation of the Directory of Community legislation in force 115 5.2.4. Th e list of subject-matter descriptors 116 5.3. Th e predecessor: the ‘old’ EUR-Lex portal 116 5.4. EUR-Lex: description of the new system 120 5.4.1. Th e presentation of the Offi cial Journal 123 5.4.2. Th e simple search 124 5.4.3. Th e presentation of the collections 129 5.4.3.1. Th e treaties 129 5.4.3.2. Legislation in force 130 5.4.3.3. Preparatory acts 130 5.4.3.4. Case-law 131 4 6. A proposal for simplifying the access to documents: mapping the institutions’ metadata to the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set 133 6.1. Th e Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DCMES) 138 6.1.1. Th e Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) 139 6.1.2. Elements and refi nements: an introduction 140 6.2. A crosswalk for EUR-Lex’s metadata to DCMES 144 6.2.1. Defi ning EUR-Lex metadata 144 6.2.2. A proposal: mapping EUR-Lex metadata to DCMES 148 6.2.3. EUR-Lex — DCMES: comments and additional rules 149 6.3. A crosswalk for the registers’ metadata to Dublin Core 151 6.3.1. A DC crosswalk for the metadata of the Commission’s register 151 6.3.1.1. Defi ning the metadata of the Commission’s register 152 6.3.1.2. A proposal: mapping the metadata of the Commission’s register to DCMES 152 6.3.1.3. Th e Commission’s register — DCMES: comments and additional rules 153 6.3.2. A DC crosswalk for the metadata of the Council’s register 153 6.3.2.1. Defi ning the metadata of the Council’s register 153 6.3.2.2. A proposal: mapping the metadata of the Council’s register to DCMES 154 6.3.2.3. Th e Council’s register — DCMES: comments and additional rules 155 6.3.3. A DC crosswalk for the metadata of the Parliament’s register 155 6.3.3.1. Defi ning the metadata of the Parliament’s register 155 6.3.3.2. A proposal: mapping the metadata of the Parliament’s register to DCMES 157 6.3.3.3. Th e Parliament’s register — DCMES: comments and additional rules 157 6.4. A crosswalk for the other tools’ metadata to Dublin Core 158 6.4.1. A DC crosswalk for the PreLex metadata 159 6.4.1.1. Defi ning PreLex metadata 159 6.4.1.2. A proposal: mapping PreLex metadata to DCMES 160 6.4.1.3. PreLex — DCMES: comments and additional rules 161 6.4.2. A DC crosswalk for the metadata of the Legislative Observatory 162 5 Crosswalking EUR-Lex: a proposal for a metadata mapping to improve access to EU documents 6.4.2.1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Crisis in the Eurozone Pdf Free Download
    CRISIS IN THE EUROZONE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Costas Lapavitsas | 268 pages | 09 Nov 2012 | Verso Books | 9781844679690 | English | London, United Kingdom Crisis in the Eurozone PDF Book For example, a crisis in one country could force eurozone banks to sell that nation's debt, leaving domestic banks unable to cope. The European Central Bank is being a watchdog here and Banks in Bulgaria have been given time to create additional capital buffers till April Retrieved 11 July Retrieved 11 February Archived from the original on 4 December Comparative Political Studies. As of January , a group of 10 central and eastern European banks had already asked for a bailout. Federal Union. The major disagreements and clashes started Consequently, Greece was "punished" by the markets which increased borrowing rates, making it impossible for the country to finance its debt since early The Lisbon Council. The Balance uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. Archived from the original PDF on 9 February In mid, due to successful fiscal consolidation and implementation of structural reforms in the countries being most at risk and various policy measures taken by EU leaders and the ECB see below , financial stability in the eurozone has improved significantly and interest rates have steadily fallen. In the idea was picked up by the European Central Bank. The 7-point plan followed an intergovernmental treaty approved on December 9, , where EU leaders agreed to create a fiscal unity parallel to the monetary union that already exists. Advanced Manufacturing Clusters in various nations will greatly help, but understanding of global-age expansion of value offerings with fine production is a new art and commercialization to nations a new science.
    [Show full text]
  • Departure from the Schengen Agreement Macroeconomic Impacts on Germany and the Countries of the European Union
    GED Study Departure from the Schengen Agreement Macroeconomic impacts on Germany and the countries of the European Union GED Study Departure from the Schengen Agreement Macroeconomic impacts on Germany and the countries of the European Union Authors Dr. Michael Böhmer, Jan Limbers, Ante Pivac, Heidrun Weinelt Table of contents 1 Background Information 6 2 Methodological approach 7 3 Results 9 4 Further costs of departure from the Schengen Agreement 13 Further economic impact 13 Political impact 14 Social significance 14 5 Conclusion 15 Literature 16 Imprint 18 5 1 Background Information The Schengen Agreement entered into force in 1995 and of checks at EU internal borders, on Germany and other EU today it is comprised of 26 states. This includes all European countries, as well as for the European Union as a whole. The Union members with the exception of the United Kingdom, evaluation period extends to the year 2025. Ireland, Romania, Bulgaria, Cyprus and Croatia, as well as the non-EU countries of Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. The agreement provides for the abolition of the requirement to check persons at internal borders within the Schengen area. The Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement also regulates the standardisation of entry and residency requirements, as well as, the issuing of visas for the entire Schengen area. At the time, police and judicial cooperation measures were also agreed upon, in addition to asylum provisions. In the wake of sharply rising refugee movements into Europe, a partial restoration of border controls has been implemented. European Union countries have seen a significant increase in asylum seekers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dublin Regulation
    1 The Dublin Regulation → Analysis of the Dublin System, perceived to cause a disproportionate burden to the expense of the external border countries of the EU and the reason for its continuous implementation despite persisting criticism Author: Laura Helena R. Suy Thesis Supervisor: Bjørn Møller Global Refugee Studies Aalborg Universitet København (AAU-Cph) 10th Semester, Master Thesis Spring 2014 2 List of Contents Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Abbreviation List ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Methodology & Limitations .................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1: History & Content of the Dublin System .............................................................................. 9 1.1. The Dublin System: Content ............................................................................................................. 9 1.1.1. The Dublin Convention (1990/1997) .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mediterranean Basin Ecosystem Profile Overview About CEPF
    Mediterranean Basin ecosystem profile overview about CEPF Established in 2000, the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a global leader in enabling civil society to participate in and influence the conservation of some of the world’s most critical ecosystems. CEPF is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement (AFD), Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Government of Japan, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and the World Bank. CEPF is unique among funding mechanisms in that it focuses on high-priority biological areas rather than political boundaries and examines conservation threats on a landscape scale. From this perspective, CEPF seeks to identify and support a regional, rather than a national, approach to achieving conservation outcomes and engages a wide range of public and private institutions to address conservation needs through coordinated regional efforts. Cover photo: Coastal landscape, north coast of Menorca, Spain © Francis Abbott/npl/Minden Pictures introduction The Mediterranean Basin—which stretches across 2 million square kilometers and 34 countries, east from Portugal to Jordan, and south from northern Italy to Cape Verde—is one of 34 biodiversity hotspots identified around the globe, Earth’s most biologically rich yet threatened areas. Its status as a hotspot, as well as the unique biological, economic and cultural importance of the Mediterranean Basin, led CEPF to create a conservation strategy for the entire region. The strategy, known as the Mediterranean Basin Ecosystem Profile, will guide CEPF’s highly targeted investment in the region—$10 million, to be disbursed via grants to civil society. But the profile, which was developed through the input of more than 90 organizations based or working in the region, is much more than CEPF’s strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 the Present and Future of the European Union, Between the Urgent Need for Democracy and Differentiated Integration
    Chapter 1 The present and future of the European Union, between the urgent need for democracy and differentiated integration Mario Telò Introduction The European Union has experienced an unprecedented multi-dimensional and prolonged crisis, a crisis which cannot be understood in isolation from the international context, with major global economic changes to the detriment of the West. Opinions differ as to the overall outcome of the European policies adopted in recent years to tackle the crisis: these policies saved the single currency and allowed for moderate growth, but, combined with many other factors, they exacerbated the crisis of legitimacy. This explains the wave of anti-European sentiment in several Member States and the real danger that the European project will collapse completely. This chapter analyses the contradictory trends at play and examines more closely how to find a way out of this crisis – a way which must be built around the crucial role of the trade union movement, both in tackling Euroscepticism and in relaunching the EU. This drive to strengthen and enhance democracy in the euro area, and to create a stronger European pillar of social rights, will not be successful without new political momentum for the EU led by the most pro-European countries. The argument put forward in this chapter is that this new European project will once again only be possible using a method of differentiated integration. This paper starts with two sections juxtaposing two contradictory sets of data. On the one hand, we see the social and institutional achievements of the past 60 years: despite everything, the EU is the only tool available to the trade union movement which provides any hope of taming and mitigating globalisation (Section 1).
    [Show full text]
  • A Pre-Feasibility Study on Water Conveyance Routes to the Dead
    A PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY ON WATER CONVEYANCE ROUTES TO THE DEAD SEA Published by Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, Kibbutz Ketura, D.N Hevel Eilot 88840, ISRAEL. Copyright by Willner Bros. Ltd. 2013. All rights reserved. Funded by: Willner Bros Ltd. Publisher: Arava Institute for Environmental Studies Research Team: Samuel E. Willner, Dr. Clive Lipchin, Shira Kronich, Tal Amiel, Nathan Hartshorne and Shae Selix www.arava.org TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 HISTORICAL REVIEW 5 2.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE MED-DEAD SEA CONVEYANCE PROJECT ................................................................... 7 2.2 THE HISTORY OF THE CONVEYANCE SINCE ISRAELI INDEPENDENCE .................................................................. 9 2.3 UNITED NATIONS INTERVENTION ......................................................................................................... 12 2.4 MULTILATERAL COOPERATION ............................................................................................................ 12 3 MED-DEAD PROJECT BENEFITS 14 3.1 WATER MANAGEMENT IN ISRAEL, JORDAN AND THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY ............................................... 14 3.2 POWER GENERATION IN ISRAEL ........................................................................................................... 18 3.3 ENERGY SECTOR IN THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY .................................................................................... 20 3.4 POWER GENERATION IN JORDAN ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The European Union: Questions and Answers
    The European Union: Questions and Answers Updated October 27, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS21372 SUMMARY RS21372 The European Union: Questions and Answers October 27, 2020 The European Union (EU) is a political and economic partnership that represents a unique form of cooperation among sovereign countries. The EU is the latest stage in a process of integration Kristin Archick begun after World War II, initially by six Western European countries, to foster interdependence Specialist in European and make another war in Europe unthinkable. The EU currently consists of 27 member states, Affairs including most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and has helped to promote peace, stability, and economic prosperity throughout the European continent. How the EU Works The EU has been built through a series of binding treaties. Over the years, EU member states have sought to harmonize laws and adopt common policies on an increasing number of economic, social, and political issues. EU member states share a customs union; a single market in which capital, goods, services, and people move freely; a common trade policy; and a common agricultural policy. Nineteen EU member states use a common currency (the euro), and 22 member states participate in the Schengen area of free movement in which internal border controls have been eliminated. In addition, the EU has been developing a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), which includes a Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP), and pursuing cooperation in the area of Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) to forge common internal security measures. Member states work together through several EU institutions to set policy and to promote their collective interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Britain, Ireland and Schengen: Time for a Smarter Bargain on Visas Michael Emerson No
    Britain, Ireland and Schengen: Time for a smarter bargain on visas Michael Emerson No. 249, August 2011 Given Britain’s desire to maintain its own border controls, it will not join the EU’s passport-free ‘Schengen’ area in the foreseeable future. Ireland also has to stay out because it shares a common travel area with the UK. But there is now mounting evidence that this situation hurts tourism and businesses in Britain and Ireland. Non- European travellers can move freely between Schengen countries with a single visa, and many skip the further hassle of getting visas to visit Britain or Ireland. Already the Schengen area has an agreement to facilitate Chinese group tourism, which is growing fast, and from which the UK and Ireland are excluded. This problem could be overcome if Britain, Ireland and the Schengen countries would agree on ‘mutual recognition’ of the visas they issue, without the UK or Ireland having to scrap their border controls. or the present UK government, full A case of simple economics for Britain accession to the Schengen area, a passport- and Ireland free travel area covering most of Europe, is F For many people, the cost and hassle of obtaining a red line that it will not cross. Ireland shares a common travel area and land border with the UK visas for business purposes or to go on holiday and is also bound by this decision. However, it is act as a deterrent. One of the achievements of the becoming increasingly clear that the UK, along EU internal market, with free movement of with Ireland, is suffering serious economic and goods, services, capital and people, is that visitors reputational costs as a result of its separate visa from the rest of the world view the Union as a and border management policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a New Pact for Europe
    TOWARDS A NEW PACT FOR EUROPE The New Pact for Europe project is supported by a large transnational consortium including the King Baudouin Foundation, Bertelsmann Stiftung, Allianz Kulturstiftung, BMW Foundation, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, European Cultural Foundation, European Policy Centre, “la Caixa” Foundation, Network of European Foundations, Open Estonia Foundation, Open Society Initiative for Europe, Stiftung Mercator and Svenska Kultur Fonden Promoting the European Debate [email protected] www.newpactforeurope.eu TOWARDS A NEW PACT FOR EUROPE SECOND REPORT October 2014 NEW PACT FOR EUROPE: SECOND REPORT TOWARDS A NEW PACT FOR EUROPE A publication of the King Baudouin Foundation, the Bertelsmann Stiftung and the European Policy Centre (EPC) RAPPORTEUR Janis A. Emmanouilidis, European Policy Centre (EPC) EDITING Jacki Davis, Meade Davis Communication COORDINATION Gerrit Rauws, Director KING BAUDOUIN FOUNDATION Stefan Schäfers, European Programme Advisor Anneke Denecker, Assistant COORDINATION Joachim Fritz-Vannahme, Director BERTELSMANN STIFTUNG Andrej Stuchlik, Project Manager GRAPHIC DESIGN Margarida Oliveira, Forma Design ILLUSTRATION Inês do Carmo This publication can be downloaded free of charge from www.kbs-frb.be, www.epc.eu and www.newpactforeurope.eu This publication is available free of charge: order online from www.kbs-frb.be, by e-mail sent to [email protected] or by calling or faxing the King Baudouin Foundation’s Contact Centre T +32 70 233 728, F +32 70 233 727 Legal deposit: D/2893/2014/35 ORDER NUMBER:
    [Show full text]
  • BALKANS-Eastern Europe
    Page 16-BALKANS Name: __________________________ BALKANS-Eastern Europe WHAT ARE THE BALKANS??? World Book Online—Type in the word “BALKANS” in the search box, it is the first link that comes up. Read the first paragraph. The Balkans are ____________________________________________________________________________. “Balkan” is a word that means- _______________________________________________________. Why are the Balkans often called the “Powder Keg of Europe”:? Explain: ________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ On the right-side of the page is a Map-Balkan Peninsula Map---click on the map. When you have the map open, look and study it very carefully: How many countries are located in the Balkans (country names are in all bold-face): ______________ List the countries located in the Balkans today: _______________________ ___________________________ ________________________ _______________________ ___________________________ ________________________ _______________________ ___________________________ ________________________ Go back to World Book Online search box: type in Yugoslavia---click on the 1st link that appears. Read the 1st paragraph. Yugoslavia was a _______________________________________________________. Click on the map on the right---Yugoslavia from 1946 to 2003. Look/study in carefully. Everything in orange AND yellow was a part of Yugoslavia from _____________ to __________________. Everything in light yellow was also a part of Yugoslavia from ____________ to ________________. So the big issue/question then is what happened to the country of Yugoslavia starting in 1991, through 2003 when the country of Yugoslavia ceases to exist. The video (and questions) on the back will help explain the HORRIFIC break-up of Yugoslavia and what really happened—and why it is still a VERY volatile region of the world even today. Page 16-BALKANS Name: __________________________ Terror in the Balkans: Breakup of Yugoslavia 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of External Actors in the Western Balkans
    The influence of external actors in the Western Balkans A map of geopolitical players www.kas.de Impressum Contact: Florian C. Feyerabend Desk Officer for Southeast Europe/Western Balkans European and International Cooperation Europe/North America team Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. Phone: +49 30 26996-3539 E-mail: [email protected] Published by: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e. V. 2018, Sankt Augustin/Berlin Maps: kartoxjm, fotolia Design: yellow too, Pasiek Horntrich GbR Typesetting: Janine Höhle, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. Diese Publikation ist/DThe text of this publication is published under a Creative Commons license: “Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 international” (CC BY-SA 4.0), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-sa/4.0/legalcode. ISBN 978-3-95721-471-3 Contents Introduction: The role of external actors in the Western Balkans 4 Albania 9 Bosnia and Herzegovina 14 Kosovo 17 Croatia 21 Macedonia 25 Romania 29 Serbia and Montenegro 32 The geopolitical context 39 3 Introduction: The role of external actors in the Western Balkans by Dr Lars Hänsel and Florian C. Feyerabend Dear readers, A spectre haunts the Western Balkans – the spec- consists of reports from our representatives in the tre of geopolitics. Once again, the region is at risk various countries involved. Along with the non-EU of becoming a geostrategic chessboard for exter- countries in the Western Balkans, this study also nal actors. Warnings are increasingly being voiced considers the situation in Croatia and Romania. in Brussels and other Western capitals, as well as in the region itself. Russia, China, Turkey and the One thing is clear: the integration of the Western Gulf States are ramping up their political, eco- Balkans into Euro-Atlantic and European struc- nomic and cultural influence in this enclave within tures is already well advanced, with close ties and the European Union – with a variety of resources, interdependencies.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Rise As a Geoeconomic Influencer: Four European
    ASIA PROGRAM CHINA’S RISE AS A GEOECONOMIC INFLUENCER: FOUR EUROPEAN CASE STUDIES BY PHILIPPE LE CORRE NON-RESIDENT SENIOR FELLOW IN THE EUROPE AND ASIA PROGRAMS, CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE NOVEMBER 2018 ASIA FOCUS #93 ASIA FOCUS #93 – ASIA PROGRAM / November 2018 ver the past decade, China has become central to the world economy. Building on its economic successes, it is becoming increasingly central in world politics. O China is also now more ambitious, aiming to establish itself as a regional as well as a global power. In his October 2017 report to the Chinese Communist Party’s 19th Congress, President Xi Jinping stated that by 2050, China will have “become a global leader in terms of composite national strength and international influence.”1 Despite a growing internal debate about the country’s international positioning in the context of taking a confrontational tone with the United States, Xi believes he has the power to realize these ambitions. In June 2018, he chaired an important foreign policy meeting in Beijing, which reaffirmed the notions of a foreign policy with Chinese characteristics,2 “diplomacy of socialism with Chinese characteristics,”3 and redefined the concept of a “global community of common destiny.”4 China’s rise has been driven by economic development, starting with the launch almost exactly forty years ago of Deng Xiaoping’s Open-Door policy, which made China the economicOn the world powerhouse stage, China it is hastoday―not become just a strong domestically, player in but such in mostinstitutions parts of as the the world. United Nations and the World Bank.
    [Show full text]