YURI SOCRATES SALEH HICHMEH.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

YURI SOCRATES SALEH HICHMEH.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ YURI SÓCRATES SALEH HICHMEH O DOMÍNIO PELOS LIVROS: A FORMAÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE JAPONESA COMO PARTE DO PROCESSO DE CENTRALIZAÇÃO POLÍTICA NA ERA TOKUGAWA CURITIBA 2018 YURI SÓCRATES SALEH HICHMEH O DOMÍNIO PELOS LIVROS: A FORMAÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE JAPONESA COMO PARTE DO PROCESSO DE CENTRALIZAÇÃO POLÍTICA NA ERA TOKUGAWA Tese apresentada ao curso de Pós-Graduação em História, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em História. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Andréa Doré CURITIBA 2018 Dedico esta pesquisa aos meus alunos, com quem compartilho tanto de minha vida e que me mostram, todos os dias, que o futuro pode ser esperançoso. Continuem a viver, sigam seus sonhos e não deixem que o mundo acinzente as suas existências. RESUMO O Japão da Era Edo (1603-1868) pode ser entendido como um momento de ricas transformações políticas e culturais. Parte destas transformações se deu a partir da consolidação de um modelo administrativo centrado na linhagem Tokugawa, que monopolizou o poder e desenvolveu um aparato burocrático amparado não apenas pelo poder das armas, mas também da produção e difusão cultural. Esta tese tem por objetivo determinar como o Japão daquele período cunhou a própria identidade a partir de elementos internos e externos ao arquipélago. A identidade japonesa, representada por padrões comportamentais, obras literárias e práticas rituais, foi produto do empreendimento de oposição do Bakufu Tokugawa a múltiplos “outros” que compuseram, em diferentes momentos, o cenário nipônico. Os europeus e o cristianismo, bem como elementos provenientes da China, atuaram como combustíveis para a consolidação de uma identidade que se expressou em âmbito cultural, marcada por ressignificações e apropriações de elementos estrangeiros, lidos a partir da ótico japonesa, a fim de diferenciar aquele espaço de seus vizinhos próximos ou visitantes ocidentais. A fim de satisfazer à tese proposta, utilizamos fontes ocidentais, bem como japonesas, abarcando desde o epistolário jesuíta e relatos de navegadores, bem como obras literárias e confucionistas, como as de Hayashi Razan, do Japão dos séculos XVII e XVIII. Palavras-chave: História do Japão. Cristianismo no Japão. Cultura escrita. Confucionismo. Era Tokugawa. ABSTRACT Edo Japan (1603-1868) is understood as a moment of rich political and cultural transformations. Some of these can be seen as part of the centralization process under the Tokugawa rule, which monopolized the power through a bureaucratic complex, based not only in the use of force, but also on the spread of cultural productions. This study aims to determine how Japan was able to create its own identity from its own understanding of the culture within and outside the archipelago. The Japanese identity, represented by various standards, literacy and rituals, was a reflex of the Bakufu’s opposition towards the “other”, composed mainly by the European and the Chinese. These foreigners and their legacy served as fuel for the forging of an identity marked by processes of cultural reappropriation and redetermination. This study is based on primary sources from European travelers and Jesuits, plus Japanese literacy and Confucianism scholar’s, such as Hayashi Razan. Keywords: Japanese History. Christianity in Japan. Written Culture. Confucianism. Tokugawa. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO................................................................................................................................... 10 1 O “SÉCULO CRISTÃO” DO JAPÃO E O INÍCIO DA PERSEGUIÇÃO ............................... 21 1.1 Da expansão ibérica ao início da missionação ....................................................................... 21 1.2 A acomodação cultural e a expansão do cristianismo em solo japonês ............................. 35 1.3 Fabian Fukan, Myotei Mondo e os curtos passos do clero nativo japonês ........................ 48 2 A CENTRALIZAÇÃO POLÍTICA DO JAPÃO NO SÉCULO XVII: A RECEPÇÃO E A MARGINALIZAÇÃO DOS EUROPEUS ........................................................................................ 56 2.1 O cristianismo sob o processo de centralização Tokugawa: o édito de 1614 e o martírio ............................................................................................................................................................. 56 2.2 Um conflito global chega ao Japão: os mercadores holandeses e a “solução final” para o problema cristão ................................................................................................................................ 64 2.3 Fabian Fukan, Ha Daiusu e a doutrina Tokugawa anticristã ................................................ 85 3 A EDUCAÇÃO, A INFORMAÇÃO E A LITERATURA COMO INSTRUMENTOS DE PODER ............................................................................................................................................................. 94 3.1 O Japão após 1640: o relativo isolacionismo e o dinamismo cultural da sociedade Tokugawa ........................................................................................................................................... 94 3.2 A educação como instrumento de poder: a expansão da leitura entre os estratos urbanos e camponeses .................................................................................................................................. 111 4 O CONFUCIONISMO E A IDENTIDADE JAPONESA NA ERA TOKUGAWA .................. 128 4.1 Os pilares confucionistas ......................................................................................................... 128 4.2 As escolas confucionistas ........................................................................................................ 136 4.3 A ambivalência do confucionismo: a definição da identidade a partir do “outro” ............. 140 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS........................................................................................................... 160 FONTES ........................................................................................................................................... 165 BIBLIOGRAFIA ............................................................................................................................... 167 ANEXO – MAPA ............................................................................................................................. 171 10 INTRODUÇÃO Em 1790, durante o governo do Shōgun Tokugawa Ienari (1773-1841) e sob a aprovação de seu regente, Matsudaira Sadanobu (1759-1729), foi instituído um conjunto de reformas reacionárias, de ordem política e cultural, que ficaram conhecidas como as Reformas Kansei ( ᐶᨻ␗Ꮵ⚗). 1 Estas medidas visavam fortalecer a posição do governo central e as bases doutrinárias que o sustentavam. Exemplo disto está na distinção feita nas Reformas acerca do conhecimento escrito, dividido em seigaku (ṇᏥ) e igaku (␗Ꮵ), ou “ensinamento correto” e “ensinamento desviante”, respectivamente. Estas categorias abrangiam, no final do século XVIII e início do XIX, a cultura escrita (literatura popular, livros religiosos, manuais técnicos, dentre outros), os pilares filosóficos e o aparato de educação popular e especializada que se fundamentou desde o século XVII. Como seigaku, o governo categorizava os alicerces confucionistas que, de forma geral, legitimavam a hierarquia daquela sociedade: a obediência, o respeito filial, as funções dos estratos guerreiros, dos comerciantes, dos camponeses e, por fim, das autoridades políticas. Os “ensinamentos corretos” compunham os livros didáticos e as lições transmitidas nas escolas públicas e instituições privadas de ensino e defendiam que a manutenção da ordem se dava por meio do respeito filial e da lealdade e subordinação às autoridades. Os “ensinamentos desviantes”, por sua vez, abarcavam um conjunto maior de temas: livres interpretações de doutrinas confucionistas e budistas, materiais considerados impróprios para a população ou que remetessem a corpos de valores destoantes dos seigaku, como foi o caso do cristianismo. As Reformas Kansei, assim, dividiram o saber e a sua produção no Japão, tendo como principal critério a existência ou não de alguma ameaça ao poder e à organização daquele país. As Reformas, entretanto, não foram um conjunto isolado de medidas adotadas pelo governo, mas apenas parte de um projeto que já transcorria desde o início do 1 Tokugawa Ienari foi o décimo primeiro Shōgun da Era Tokugawa e assumiu o cargo, sob a tutela e regência de Matsudaira Sadanobu, a partir de 1787. A presença de Sadanobu junto a Ienari se deu até o ano de 1793, quando, com 20 anos, o Shōgun assumiu suas responsabilidades de forma direta. Entre 1787 e 1793, entretanto, Sadanobu, como principal autoridade política do Japão – por representar a família Tokugawa – desenvolveu políticas econômicas que atuaram na contramão dos excessos e gastos do Shōgun anterior, Tokugawa Ieharu, e que visavam o fortalecimento da imagem do Bakufu perante os principais daimyō. Ver: MORTON, W. Scott. Japan Its History and Culture. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1994. 11 século XVII, quando o primeiro Shōgun (ᑗ㌷)2 da linhagem Tokugawa encerrou um contexto de mais de cem anos de guerra civil e deu origem à Era Edo (1603-1868).3 O historiador George Elison, acerca do início deste período, escreveu que “Tokugawa Ieyasu conquistou o Japão sobre um cavalo, mas dominou por meio dos livros”, em alusão aos usos dados pelo emergente líder e seus sucessores à educação,
Recommended publications
  • After Kiyozawa: a Study of Shin Buddhist Modernization, 1890-1956
    After Kiyozawa: A Study of Shin Buddhist Modernization, 1890-1956 by Jeff Schroeder Department of Religious Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Richard Jaffe, Supervisor ___________________________ James Dobbins ___________________________ Hwansoo Kim ___________________________ Simon Partner ___________________________ Leela Prasad Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Religious Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015 ABSTRACT After Kiyozawa: A Study of Shin Buddhist Modernization, 1890-1956 by Jeff Schroeder Department of Religious Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Richard Jaffe, Supervisor ___________________________ James Dobbins ___________________________ Hwansoo Kim ___________________________ Simon Partner ___________________________ Leela Prasad An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Religious Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015 Copyright by Jeff Schroeder 2015 Abstract This dissertation examines the modern transformation of orthodoxy within the Ōtani denomination of Japanese Shin Buddhism. This history was set in motion by scholar-priest Kiyozawa Manshi (1863-1903), whose calls for free inquiry, introspection, and attainment of awakening in the present life represented major challenges to the
    [Show full text]
  • William Adams and Tokugawa Ieyasu!
    Realize a NHK drama centered on William Adams and Tokugawa Ieyasu! We request for your support and cooperation with our Petition Campaign! Recognized in Japan by the name, Miura Anjin, this English sailor became the diplomatic advisor to Tokugawa Ieyasu, and greatly contributed to the development of Japan with his profound knowledge of navigation and shipbuilding. Four cities connected to Adams: Usuki of Oita prefecture, Ito of Shizuoka prefecture, Yokosuka of Kanagawa prefecture, and Hirado of Nagasaki prefecture, have formed the “ANJIN Project Committee,” and are working together to honor Adams achievements, and also propose a theme based on William Adams and Tokugawa Ieyasu for Taiga Drama. Taiga Drama is a renowned historical drama series created by NHK, Japan’s sole public broadcasting organization. Themes for this annual drama are selected from Japan’s rich history. To further increase the chances of our Taiga Drama proposal to NHK, we have started a Petition Campaign! To sign the petition, please fill your name and address on the form below: Petition Form I support the creation of a NHK Taiga Drama based around the theme of William Adams and Tokugawa Ieyasu. Address Name Prefecture* Municipality* Land number is e.g. Taro Yokosuka Kanagawa Ogawa-cho, Yokosuka not required. e.g. William Adams U.K. Medway 1 2 按針メモリアルパーク 3 4 5 三浦按針上陸記念公園 6 7 三浦按針之墓 8 9 会社名 10 *Those overseas should write your Country in “Prefecture” (e.g. U.K.) and your City in “Municipality” (e.g. Medway). ・Please submit the completed form to the division below (bring the form directly or send it by mail or FAX).
    [Show full text]
  • Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogunâ•Žs
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations School of Arts and Sciences October 2012 Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1 Cecilia S. Seigle Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Economics Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Seigle, Cecilia S. Ph.D., "Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1" (2012). Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations. 7. https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/7 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/7 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1 Abstract In this study I shall discuss the marriage politics of Japan's early ruling families (mainly from the 6th to the 12th centuries) and the adaptation of these practices to new circumstances by the leaders of the following centuries. Marriage politics culminated with the founder of the Edo bakufu, the first shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616). To show how practices continued to change, I shall discuss the weddings given by the fifth shogun sunaT yoshi (1646-1709) and the eighth shogun Yoshimune (1684-1751). The marriages of Tsunayoshi's natural and adopted daughters reveal his motivations for the adoptions and for his choice of the daughters’ husbands. The marriages of Yoshimune's adopted daughters show how his atypical philosophy of rulership resulted in a break with the earlier Tokugawa marriage politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Trends in Japan on the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592(Imjin War) 1
    International Journal of Korean History (Vol.18 No.2, Aug. 2013) 31 Research Trends in Japan on the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592(Imjin War) 1 Nakano Hitoshi* Foreword The Japanese invasion of Korea in the late 16th Century is also called the Chosŏn (Joseon) Campaign or the Bunroku Keicho Offensive in Japan or the Imjin (Jp., Jinshin) War. In Japan, studies of the event have been actively conducted since the Edo period. There is a large amount of aca- demic research also in the early modern period. A historic review of the Bunroku Keicho Offensive that I wrote in regard of Japan in the early modern period appeared in the Report of the Second Round of the Korea- Japan Commission for the Joint Study of History, Subcommittee-2 (2010). Here, I intend to focus on recent research trends in Japan. Therefore, please refer to that previous article for discussions carried on in the period preceding Shōwa. In the main text, I intend to outline the research trends up to the 1970s, which relates to what I am asked to do, and then review the state of research in the 1980s and thereafter. Part of this will overlap with the contents of the previous article. I will deal with the task in units of a decade, and include explanation where necessary. * Kyushu University Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies 32 Research Trends in Japan on the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592(Imjin War) Research Trend up to the 1970s In the post-World War II period, a new view was adopted concerning the flow of the post-war study of history, inheriting the demonstrative research of the pre-war period.
    [Show full text]
  • A Biomolecular Anthropological Investigation of William Adams, The
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A biomolecular anthropological investigation of William Adams, the frst SAMURAI from England Fuzuki Mizuno1*, Koji Ishiya2,3, Masami Matsushita4, Takayuki Matsushita4, Katherine Hampson5, Michiko Hayashi1, Fuyuki Tokanai6, Kunihiko Kurosaki1* & Shintaroh Ueda1,5 William Adams (Miura Anjin) was an English navigator who sailed with a Dutch trading feet to the far East and landed in Japan in 1600. He became a vassal under the Shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu, was bestowed with a title, lands and swords, and became the frst SAMURAI from England. "Miura" comes from the name of the territory given to him and "Anjin" means "pilot". He lived out the rest of his life in Japan and died in Hirado, Nagasaki Prefecture, in 1620, where he was reportedly laid to rest. Shortly after his death, graveyards designated for foreigners were destroyed during a period of Christian repression, but Miura Anjin’s bones were supposedly taken, protected, and reburied. Archaeological investigations in 1931 uncovered human skeletal remains and it was proposed that they were those of Miura Anjin. However, this could not be confrmed from the evidence at the time and the remains were reburied. In 2017, excavations found skeletal remains matching the description of those reinterred in 1931. We analyzed these remains from various aspects, including genetic background, dietary habits, and burial style, utilizing modern scientifc techniques to investigate whether they do indeed belong to the frst English SAMURAI. William Adams was born in Gillingham, England in 1564. He worked in a shipyard from the age of 12, and later studied shipbuilding techniques, astronomy and navigation.
    [Show full text]
  • 19 International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors
    19th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors Program version 1.24 - British Summer Time 1 Date Time Session Monday 19 July 14:00 - 14:15 Introduction and Welcome 14:15 - 15:15 Oral O1: Devices 1 15:15 - 15:25 Break 15:25 - 16:55 Oral O1: Devices 1 (continued) 16:55 - 17:05 Break 17:05 - 18:00 Poster P1: MKIDs and TESs 1 Tuesday 20 July 14:00 - 15:15 Oral O2: Cold Readout 15:15 - 15:25 Break 15:25 - 16:55 Oral O2: Cold Readout (continued) 16:55 - 17:05 Break 17:05 - 18:30 Poster P2: Readout, Other Devices, Supporting Science 1 20:00 - 21:00 Virtual Tour of NIST Quantum Sensor Group Labs Wednesday 21 July 14:00 - 15:15 Oral O3: Instruments 15:15 - 15:25 Break 15:25 - 16:55 Oral O3: Instruments (continued) 16:55 - 17:05 Break 17:05 - 18:30 Poster P3: Instruments, Astrophysics and Cosmology 1 18:00 - 19:00 Vendor Exhibitor Hour Thursday 22 July 14:00 - 15:15 Oral O4A: Rare Events 1 Oral O4B: Material Analysis, Metrology, Other 15:15 - 15:25 Break 15:25 - 16:55 Oral O4A: Rare Events 1 (continued) Oral O4B: Material Analysis, Metrology, Other (continued) 16:55 - 17:05 Break 17:05 - 18:30 Poster P4: Rare Events, Materials Analysis, Metrology, Other Applications 20:00 - 21:00 Virtual Tour of NIST Cleanoom Monday 26 July 23:00 - 00:15 Oral O5: Devices 2 00:15 - 00:25 Break 00:25 - 01:55 Oral O5: Devices 2 (continued) 01:55 - 02:05 Break 02:05 - 03:30 Poster P5: MMCs, SNSPDs, more TESs Tuesday 27 July 23:00 - 00:15 Oral O6: Warm Readout and Supporting Science 00:15 - 00:25 Break 00:25 - 01:55 Oral O6: Warm Readout and Supporting Science
    [Show full text]
  • The Japanese Samurai Code: Classic Strategies for Success Kindle
    THE JAPANESE SAMURAI CODE: CLASSIC STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Boye Lafayette De Mente | 192 pages | 01 Jun 2005 | Tuttle Publishing | 9780804836524 | English | Boston, United States The Japanese Samurai Code: Classic Strategies for Success PDF Book Patrick Mehr on May 4, pm. The culture and tradition of Japan, so different from that of Europe, never ceases to enchant and intrigue people from the West. Hideyoshi was made daimyo of part of Omi Province now Shiga Prefecture after he helped take the region from the Azai Clan, and in , Nobunaga sent him to Himeji Castle to face the Mori Clan and conquer western Japan. It is an idea taken from Confucianism. Ieyasu was too late to take revenge on Akechi Mitsuhide for his betrayal of Nobunaga—Hideyoshi beat him to it. Son of a common foot soldier in Owari Province now western Aichi Prefecture , he joined the Oda Clan as a foot soldier himself in After Imagawa leader Yoshimoto was killed in a surprise attack by Nobunaga, Ieyasu decided to switch sides and joined the Oda. See our price match guarantee. He built up his capital at Edo now Tokyo in the lands he had won from the Hojo, thus beginning the Edo Period of Japanese history. It emphasised loyalty, modesty, war skills and honour. About this item. Installing Yoshiaki as the new shogun, Nobunaga hoped to use him as a puppet leader. Whether this was out of disrespect for a "beast," as Mitsuhide put it, or cover for an act of mercy remains a matter of debate. While Miyamoto Musashi may be the best-known "samurai" internationally, Oda Nobunaga claims the most respect within Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Letras E Ciências Humanas Departamento De História Programa De Pós Graduação Em História Social
    Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas Departamento de História Programa de Pós Graduação em História Social Mário Scigliano Carneiro A adaptação Jesuítica no Japão do final do Século XVI: Entre a Historia de Fróis e o Cerimonial de Valignano 1 Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas Departamento de História Programa de Pós Graduação em História Social Mário Scigliano Carneiro A adaptação Jesuítica no Japão do final do Século XVI: Entre a Historia de Fróis e o Cerimonial de Valignano Dissertação apresentada junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Adone Agnolin São Paulo Junho de 2013 2 Resumo Este trabalho teve como proposta a analise da política de missionação jesuítica no Japão, implementada pelas novas diretrizes do Padre Visitador e Vigário geral da Ásia Alessandro Valignano. 1 Tudo isto tendo como principal objeto de análise e confronto a crônica Historia de Japam (1584-1594), na qual o padre jesuíta Luis Fróis escreveu sobre a história da missão nipônica desde o seu inicio, em 1549, até o ano de 1594. A fim de cotejar esta crônica com o mais amplo contexto da política missionária do Visitador, analisamos também a obra O Cerimonial (1583), escrita pelo próprio Valignano com o objetivo de estabelecer a especificidade de sua política missionária. A partir disso, tivemos o objetivo de avaliar quais seriam as diretrizes que se desprendem da proposta contida no Cerimonial 2 e de verificar, enfim, sua implementação, as integrações ou as eventuais diferenças de avaliação que puderam ser encontradas na visão de Luis Fróis em sua Historia de Japam.
    [Show full text]
  • From Ieyasu to Yoshinao
    2021 Summer Special Exhibition From Ieyasu to Yoshinao The Transition to a Powerful Pre-Modern State July 17 (Sat.) - September 12 (Sun.), 2021 INTRODUCTION Striving through the sengoku (Warring States) period, Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) finally achieved the unification of the whole country. Yoshinao (1601-1650), the ninth son of Ieyasu, was assigned to govern the Owari domain during the era of peace. The two were father and son, yet they lived in contrasting times. Yoshinao, who inherited a large fortune of assets and texts from Ieyasu, established the foundations of the Owari domain and led Nagoya to prosperity. Focusing on the principles of their rule, passed down from Ieyasu to Yoshinao, this exhibition traces their lives, their administration, and Yoshinao’s feelings towards Ieyasu, as observed in historical documents and inherited objects. Part 1 Tokugawa Ieyasu, Toyotomi Family, and Tokugawa Yoshinao [ Exhibits Number: 1-42 ] Exhibition Rooms at Hosa Library [Section 1] Ieyasu during the Age of the Warring States: the Eve of Yoshinao’s Birth This section deals with the dramatic changes that occurred in the latter part of Ieyasu’s life, spanning the battle of Nagakute in 1584—in which Ieyasu and Nobukatsu (the second son of Nobunaga) fought Hideyoshi after Nobunaga’s death in 1582, Ieyasu’s subsequent vassalage to Hideyoshi, and the battle of Sekigahara in 1600. [Section 2] Yoshinao during the Age of the Warring States After the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi on the 18th of the 8th month of 1598, Ieyasu increasingly came into conflict with Hideyoshi’s heir, Hideyori, and his vassals of western Japan, led by Ishida Mitsunari.
    [Show full text]
  • Download The
    Pictures of Social Networks: Transforming Visual Representations of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering in the Tokugawa Period (1615-1868) by Kazuko Kameda-Madar B.A., The University of Hawai„i at Mānoa, 1997 M.A., The University of Hawai„i at Mānoa, 2002 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Art History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) May 2011 © Kazuko Kameda-Madar, 2011 Abstract This thesis examines the cultural networks that connected people holding common ideological values in the Tokugawa period by surveying a range of visual representations of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering. It explores the Tokugawa social phenomena that gave rise to the sudden boom in the Orchid Pavilion motif and how painters of different classes, belonging to different schools, such as Kano Sansetsu, Ike Taiga, Tsukioka Settei and Kubo Shunman, came to develop variations of this theme in order to establish cultural identity and to negotiate stronger positions in the relationships of social power. Probing the social environment of artists and their patrons, I demonstrate how distinct types of Orchid Pavilion imagery were invented and reinvented to advance different political agendas. The legendary gathering at the Orchid Pavilion in China took place in 353 CE, when Wang Xizhi invited forty-one scholars to participate in an annual Spring Purification Festival. At this event, Wang Xizhi improvised a short text that has come to be known as the Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Gathering. In Japan, while the practice of the ritual gathering and the text describing it were introduced in the Nara period, its pictorial representation in the format of a stone rubbing was not imported until the early seventeenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Oda Nobunaga in Japanese Videogames the Case of Nobunaga’S Ambition: Sphere of Influence (Koei, 2013)
    Trabajo Fin de Máster Oda Nobunaga en los videojuegos japoneses El caso de Nobunaga’s Ambition: Sphere of Influence (Koei, 2013) Oda Nobunaga in Japanese videogames The case of Nobunaga’s Ambition: Sphere of Influence (Koei, 2013) Autora Claudia Bonillo Fernández Directoras Elena Barlés Báguena Amparo Martínez Herranz Facultad de Filosofía y Letras/ Departamento de Historia del Arte Curso 2017-2018 2 ÍNDICE I. PRESENTACIÓN DEL TRABAJO .......................................................................................................................... 3 1. Delimitación del tema y causas de su elección ..................................................................................................... 3 2. Estado de la cuestión ............................................................................................................................................. 5 3. Objetivos del trabajo ............................................................................................................................................. 9 4. Metodología .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 4.1. Búsqueda, recopilación, lectura y análisis de material bibliográfico ........................................................... 10 4.2. Búsqueda, recopilación, lectura y análisis de material documental ............................................................. 11 4.3. Trabajo de campo ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Christian Daimyó During the Crisis
    Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies ISSN: 0874-8438 [email protected] Universidade Nova de Lisboa Portugal Costa Oliveira e, João Paulo Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Christian Daimyó during the Crisis Of 1600 Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies, núm. 7, december, 2003, pp. 45-71 Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=36100703 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative BPJS, 2003, 7, 45-71 TOKUGAWA IEYASU AND THE CHRISTIAN DAIMYÓ DURING THE CRISIS OF 1600 1 João Paulo Oliveira e Costa Centro de História de Além-Mar, New University of Lisbon The process of the political reunification of the Japanese Empire 2 underwent its last great crisis in the period between the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi 豊臣秀吉 (1536-1598),3 in September 1598, and the Battle of Seki- gahara, in October 1600. The entire process was at risk of being aborted, which could have resulted in the country lapsing back into the state of civil war and anarchy in which it had lived for more than a century.4 However, an individual by the name of Tokugawa Ieyasu 徳川家康 (1543-1616) 5 shrewdly took advantage of the hesitation shown by many of his rivals and the military weakness or lack of strategic vision on the part of others to take control of the Japanese Empire, which would remain in the hands of his family for more than 250 years.
    [Show full text]