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2014 Tsikakonakamuro Vcorr.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO – USP FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS – FFLCH PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LÍNGUA, LITERATURA E CULTURA JAPONESA Sen’hime - A princesa da Era Tokugawa Tsikako Nakamuro Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação na área de Língua, Literatura e Cultura Japonesa do Departamento de Letras Orientais da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Literatura Japonesa. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Luiza Nana Yoshida De acordo: _____________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Luiza Nana Yoshida Versão Corrigida SÃO PAULO 2014 À minha querida mãe Kimico, por me fazer acreditar que o impossível pode ser realizado. Agradeço aos meus irmãos Isao, Hideyuki, Assako, Júlia Namie, Kazuko e aos sobrinhos Adirlei, Bruna e Jimmy pela compreensão durante meus momentos de frustração. 2 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus por me dar forças e discernimento para continuar até o final dessa árdua jornada, principalmente quando as dificuldades apareciam e eu tive vontade de abandonar o meu sonho. À minha orientadora Profa. Dra. Luiza Nana Yoshida pela paciência e sabedoria ao me conduzir durante esses trabalhosos anos de elaboração dessa dissertação de Mestrado com grande maestria. Ao corpo docente do Programa de Pós Graduação em Língua, Literatura e Cultura Japonesa, em especial à Profa. Dra. Madalena Natsuko Hashimoto Cordaro. Ao CEJAP - USP que possibilitou que grande parte da minha pesquisa bibliográfica fosse desenvolvida. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES, pelo apoio financeiro para a realização desta pesquisa. Às minhas amigas Andréa Ribeiro dos Santos e Lídia Spaziani pela grande torcida. 3 “Se o cuco não canta, eu espero até que ele cante”. Tokugawa Ieyasu 4 Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo primordial apresentar um estudo sobre a vida de Sen’hime, neta de Tokugawa Ieyasu, que concluiu a unificação do país, após vários anos de contendas, e estabeleceu o xogunato de Tokugawa que dominou o Japão por quase trezentos anos, tendo como base a tradução integral da obra Sen’himesama (A Princesa Sen’hime) de Hiraiwa Yumie. O trabalho é dividido basicamente em três partes: na primeira parte far-se-á considerações sobre a relação entre a obra e o romance histórico; na segunda parte, será enfocada a personagem Sen’hime baseada na mescla de fatos históricos e fictícios e, na terceira parte, será abordada a relação entre Sen’hime e os vários castelos para os quais se viu obrigada a se deslocar nos períodos marcantes de sua vida. Palavras – Chave: Sen’hime; Era Tokugawa; romance histórico; Literatura Japonesa. Abstract This research had as its primary aim to present a study on the life of Sen'hime, granddaughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu, who concluded the country unification after years of strife, and established the Tokugawa xogunate of Japan which ruled for almost three hundred years. This study is based in the full translation of Yumie Hiraiwa work Sen'himesama (Princess Sen’hime). This research is basically divided into three parts: the first part will make considerations about the relation between the work and the historical novel; the second part will focus on Sen'hime character which is based in a mixture of historical and fictional facts and in the third part, we will look at the relationship between Sen'hime and the several castles towards which she was forced to move on remarkable periods of her life. Keywords: Sen’hime; Tokugawa Period; historical novel; Japanese Literature. 5 Sumário INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................ 7 PARTE I - A PRINCESA SEN’HIME E O ROMANCE HISTÓRICO............................. 11 PARTE II – SEN’HIME - PERSONAGEM HISTÓRICA E FICCIONAL ..................... 17 PARTE III - SEN’HIME - DE CASTELO EM CASTELO ............................................. 40 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ............................................................................................ 52 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ............................................................................. 53 TRADUÇÃO: A PRINCESA SEN’HIME ......................................................................... 58 ANEXO – PERSONAGENS DE A PRINCESA SEN’HIME .......................................... 293 6 INTRODUÇÃO O presente estudo tem como objetivo central abordar e interpretar a trajetória de vida da personagem Sen’hime determinada praticamente pelos interesses políticos de sua família, os Tokugawa, aludindo à sua representação histórica e ficcional. Como objetivo secundário buscar-se-á verificar a importância da relação entre os acontecimentos de sua vida e os principais castelos em que viveu ou passou. O estudo será baseada na obra Sen’himesama, A Princesa Sen’hime, publicada em 1992 1, e cuja tradução integral foi realizada, buscando melhor contextualizar as reflexões apresentadas. A Princesa Sen’hime foi escrita por Hiraiwa Yumie2 (1932 - ), escritora e roteirista, que nasceu emTóquio como filha única de uma tradicional família do santuário xintoísta Yoyogi Hachimangû. É formada em Letras pela Japan Women's University e dedica-se a escrever romances e roteiros para teatro e novelas televisivas. Em 1959, recebeu o 41º. Prêmio Literário Naokishô, com o romance Taganeshi (O Gravador de Nomes em Espadas). Recebeu ainda, entre outros, os seguintes prêmios: 10º. Prêmio Literário Shin’yôkaishô (1959), 30º. Prêmio Cultural NHK Hôsô Bunkashô (1978), 12º. Prêmio Teatral Kikuta Kazuo Engekishô, 25º. Prêmio Literário Yoshikawa Eiji Bungakushô (1991), 46º. Prêmio Literário Kikuchi Kanshô (1998), Prêmio Cultural Bunka Kôrôsha (2004), 49º. Prêmio Literário Mainichi Geijutsushô (2007), Prêmio Teatral Hasegawa Shinshô (2013). Além de ensaios, peças de teatro, roteiros para televisão e cinema, Hiraiwa Yumie destaca-se pela produção de romances, entre as quais podemos citar: Onnato Misoshiru (Mulher e a Sopa de Missô, 1967), Onnano Kao (Rosto de Mulher, 1970), Shitamachino Onna (Mulher de Shitamachi, 1972), On’yado Kawasemi (A Pousada Kawasemi da série de livros do mesmo nome, 1974), Ôokuno Koibito (A Amada do “Harém” do Xogum da série de livros Hayabusa Shinpachi Goyôchô, 1989), Hashino Ueno Kiri (A Névoa sobre a Ponte, 1984), Shamisen Ochiyo (1986), Kinuno Michi (O Caminho da Seda, 1993), Saiyûki (Jornada ao Oeste, 2007). A Princesa Sen’hime encontra-se dividido em dez partes, a saber: A Queda do Castelo de Osaka, Em Kuwana, O Navio Fantasma, A Princesa de Harima, O Verão de Setouchi, O Templo de Quioto, A Lua Cheia, Aqueles que se Vão, O Passamento de Tadatoki e O Fluir do Tempo. 1 A obra foi inicialmente publicada em série na revista Yasei Jidai, no período de 1989 a 1990. 2 O nome da autora segue a forma adotada no Japão, ou seja, sobrenome seguido de nome. 7 Temos como intuito observar quais fatos são relevantes a ponto de serem considerados reforço de modelo cultural e quais descrições são ficcionais, mas refletem o modelo cultural e social internalizados na mente do povo japonês. Para tanto faremos considerações sobre a obra A Princesa Sen’hime relacionando-a com o romance histórico. A apresentação da obra A Princesa Sen’hime se faz importante, pois um dos objetivos é o de disseminar a cultura japonesa para os ocidentais, por meio de sua rica e intensa história. Em 1597, no Castelo de Fushimi, durante o período de guerras civis da história japonesa3, nasce a princesa Sen’hime, a filha mais velha do xogun Hidetada e Ogô, sendo seu avô paterno Tokugawa Ieyasu, fundador do xogunato Tokugawa. A princesa Sen’hime foi levada para o Castelo de Osaka no ano de 1603, com apenas sete anos de idade para formalizar a união com Hideyori, sucessor do clã Toyotomi, passando a viver lá. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a vida do casal, que é citada de forma fragmentária, pois o romance tem início exatamente com a separação do casal devido à morte de Hideyori, durante a queda do Castelo de Osaka. Era comum na época a prática do hitojichi, refém, quando algum membro da família, normalmente um dos filhos (ou filhas), era enviado para o castelo do xogum como prova de lealdade. As princesas desse período eram também reféns das vontades dos pais, pois ao nascerem já eram destinadas aos casamentos por conveniência (seiryaku kekkon), visando à manutenção do equilíbrio de poder existente entre os clãs dominantes da época. Por motivos políticos, no ano de 1615, o avô paterno da princesa Sen’hime, Ieyasu, sitia o Castelo de Osaka, resgatando sua neta e fazendo com que Hideyori cometesse suicídio, juntamente com a mãe. No ano seguinte, conforme o testamento de Ieyasu foi realizado o casamento da princesa Sen’hime com Tadatoki, filho de Honda Tadamasa, em Kuwana, e no ano seguinte, o casal se muda para o Castelo de Himeji. A união durou dez anos e o casal teve dois filhos, uma menina chamada Katsuhime e um menino chamado Kōchiyo. Entretanto, uma terrível tragédia se abateu sobre a vida deles, quando o filho Kōchiyo morre subitamente com apenas três anos de idade. Em 1626, morrem a Senhora Ogô, mãe da princesa Sen’hime, e Tadatoki, vítima de tuberculose. Sen’hime, sem um herdeiro que assegurasse seu futuro, teve que retornar ao Castelo de Edo. Como era a tradição de uma viúva, na época, ela corta os cabelos, tornando- se monja leiga, e adotando o nome de Tenjuin, passa os seus últimos anos de sua vida em Edo. 3 O Japão viveu um longo período de guerra civil (1467 a 1568) que levou à desagregação do país. Passa a ser dominado por poderosos daimios
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