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24062 · EXTENSlONS.OF kE'MARKS·l· July ·29," 19_68'. EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS DEMOCRACY, FREEDOM, AND THE There being · no objection, the essay tain the word or any word lending con­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, tenanceto it ..... CONSTITUTION It is interesting, and significant, that all · as follows: of the contemporary Communist States, the HON. STROM THURMOND DEMOCRACY, FREEDOM, AND THE CONSTITUTION most absolute tyxannles the world has ever (By Adm. Ben Moreen, CEC. USN (retired), known, call -themselves "Peoples Democ­ OF SOUTH CAROLINA Chairman, Board of Trustees, Americans racies.•• IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES for Constitutional Action) It is an historic fact that most majorities, even those which ostensibly reach their con­ Monday~ July 29~ 1968 In this era of national turmoil no words in the English language have been more used, clusions by "free democratic processes," are · Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, Adm. and abused, than "democracy" and "demo­ controlled, more or less. • by a small group of Ben Moreen has prepared an excellent cratic." It is politically fashionable for am­ powerful men who are adept at manipulating essay entitled "Democracy, Freedom, bitious men to use them as embellishments mobs and influencing public opinion. The and the Constitution" whieh I heartily for demagogic pleas that they be granted practically unanimous votes in elections con- · recommend to my fellow Senators. unlimited personal power. They profess un­ ducted in the Communist oligarchies confirm dying devotion to egalitarianism, the doc­ this statement. The essay is particularly concerned trine that our people should be "equalized," Many perceptive citizens fear that our na- · with the implieations and uses of the even though this could be achieved, 1f at tion is now drifting into a kind of "demo­ words "democracy" and "democratic." all, only at a low level of inferiority. They cratic despotism" in which the individual · In recent times, these words have been hold, also, that "democracy" requires that will be subordinated to the control of un­ used so often that it would seem that the majority impose its wm on all, even to disciplined majorities dominated by ruthless they are, and were meant to be, incor­ the extent of seizing the God-given rights men. The antithesis of majority rule-is not porated in all the initial documents and of those who refuse to conform. Thus, they minority .rule; it is the principle of individ­ disclose their ultimate aim of concentrating ual liberty. To secure individual liberty our concepts ccmcerned with the founding all power in the hands of the Central Gov­ Constitution places restraints on majority and subsequent governing of this coun­ ernment in washington so that those in action. Lincoln spoke of our Republic as "a try. Actually, the opposite is true. control can re-make our social structure, majority· held in restraint by Constitutional As Admiral Moreen points out. the discarding all time-tested principles and checks and limitations." The conviction at words "democracy" and/or "democratic'' policies of our free society. They base their the center of our system is that each man do not appear in the Constitution of the pretensions on an alleged historical tradi­ has certain inherent rights which it is the United States or in the constitutions of tion that such "democracy" is the pattern duty of government to protect, so that even the States. In fact, it was the purpose of of government envisioned by our Founding as a minority of one he has immunities which· Fathers. no numerical majority may invade. No ma­ our Founding Fathers to establish a Re­ No such tradition exists. The words "de­ jority has the right, under our system, to public which would preserve individual mocracy" and/or "democratic" do not appear impose its religion on any minority, or to liberties and guard against an unre­ in the U.S. Constitution or in the consti­ impair its freedom of utterance or to de­ stricted democracy. The Constitution, tutions of the first forty-eight States of the prtve it of property. But the new dispensa­ making no reference to democracy, pro­ Union. I have not as yet studied the con- · tion holds that the majority is almighty; vides "the United States shall guarantee stitutions of Alaska and Hawaii. No doubt, all it need do is gain control of government to every State in the Union a Republican the authors of our great charter were in­ in order to have legal sanction to work its , fluenced by Plato's classic warning that un­ will on the rest of the nation. Majority de­ form of Government." restricted democracy must degenerate into cision at the polls is an excellent way to Many of our Founding Fathers, such dictatorship and by the philosophy of Ed­ choose political administrators, but it is a as James Madison and Benjamin mund Burke, who had stated, "A perfect violation of the moral law for the majority to Franklin, were most concerned about democracy is the most shameless thing in vote away any part of anyone's freedom, the government of this country remain­ the world." Having succeeded in freeing except temporarily, in an emergency, as this ing a republican form and feared the themselves from the thralldom of the doc­ may be essential to assure the safety of the disaster of our country evolving into a trine of "divine right of kinds," they refused people. "pure democracy." On the subject of a to bind themselves by a new slavery, "the Here it is pertinent to quote the prophetic divine right of the majority." Thus, they statement of James Madison in the Virginia "pure democracy," James Madison provided in the Constitution itself that "the Convention of Jline 16, 1788: wrote: United States shall guarantee to every State· "I believe there are more instances of the Hence it is that such democracies have in the Union a Republican form of govern­ abridgement of the freedom of the people ever been spectacles of turbulence and con­ ment." They made no reference to democracy. by gradual and silent encroachment of those tention; have ever been found incompati­ There was general agreement among the in power than by violent and sudden usurpa­ ble with personal security or the rights of delegates with the observation of Edmund tions." property; and have in general been as short Randolph of Virginia that "the general ob­ The grave problems America now faces can in their lives as they have been violent in ject" of the convention that wrote the Con­ be resolved by resort to our time-tested tra­ their deaths. stitution was: ditional procedures of study, debate, and ". . . to provide a cure for the evils under conciliation. For this reason, the recent ap­ Majority rule, while on the outset which the United States labored; that in pearance of a new book on American govern­ seems idealistica11y the best process in tracing these evils to their origin, every man ment, wherein those proced:ures are deline­ all cases, can dangerously usurp indi­ had found it in the turbulence and fo111es ated, is vitally important. It's title is: vidual liberties if not properly re­ of democracy; . . ." "America's Political Dilemma: From Limited strained. It is for this reason that our In Federalist Paper No. 10, James Madison, to Unlimited Democracy," by Gottfried Constitution places restraints on ma­ speaking of a "pure democracy," i.e. one Dietze (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, jority action. which is immediately responsive to the 1968, XII, 298 pp. $7.95). In many instances, when a majority majority will, wrote: "Hence it is that such Dr. Dietze is Professor of Political Science democracies have ever been spectacles of at the Johns Hopkins University, having speaks, it would be most advisable for turbulence and contention; have even been previously been a Visiting Professor at the us to remember our guidelines as pro­ found incompatible with personal security University of Heidelberg (Germany) and at vided in the Constitution. As Admiral or the rights of property; and have in gen­ the Brookings Institution, Washington, Moreen so aptlY put it: eral been as short in their lives as they have D.C. He is the author of several books and Each man has certain inhe!rent rights been violent in their deaths." a number of articles in leading professional which it is the duty of government to pro­ At the close of the Constitutional Conven­ journals. He earned a doctorate in law from tect so that even as a minority of one he tion, when asked by an anxious citizen, "Well, the University of Heidelbe-rg, in philosophy has immunities which no numerical major­ Doctor, what have you given us, a republic from Princeton University, and in juridicial ity may invade ... Majority decision at the or a monarchy?", Franklin replied, "A repub­ science from the University of Virginia. His polls is an excellent way to choose political lic-if you can keep it." He did not say "a major interest 1s in federalism and constitu­ administrators, but it is a violation of the democracy:• tional government. His book, "In Defense o! moral law for the majority to vote away In more recent times, the historian Charles Property" (1963) 1s a classic· of vital perti­ any part of anyone's freedom . . • Austin Beard, wrote, "At no time, at no place, nence in these troubled times when many in solemn convention assembled, through no Who temporarily hold the political power I ask unanimous consent that the chosen agents, had the American people are disposed to deny the inviolability of essay be printed 1n the Extensions of officially proclaimed the United States to be property rights. Remarks. a democracy. The Constitution did not con- Professor Dietze's present work is easily· I

..... -- July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24063 readable, yet scholarly and well-documented. placed classic civil rights which imply, above by definition. Dr. Dietze demonstrates the It examines the development, problems and all, the freedom of the individual from the dangers inherent in the popularized view prospects of constitutional government in government, by modern, often perverted, that the voice of the people is the voice of the United States. The following commen­ concepts of civil rights which imply "getting God. While the author has a basic tr'ust in tary is a. brief summary of its salient points. things from the government." Denouncing popular government, he warns of extrChicago's The current problems stem from 20 ness about the dollar. South Side, the decision was worth $927,000 years of erratic monetary and fiscal The tax increase passed in June will in Federal funds which went to support the policies. Since World War II Britain has .Rangers through a job-training program for not correct this situation. Higher cor­ the gang's members. been alternating between full employ­ porate taxes will be passed along in Many believe that the grant reflected an ment policies and attempting to achieve price increases. The revenues from enlightened approach in poverty project balance-of-payments equilibrium. To higher taxes on individuals are being funding. As appealing and imaginative as protect foreign reserves the Government passed along in higher governmental ex­ this approach is, however, it involves a seri­ has had to shut off economic expansions penditures. Already the administration's ous danger. The danger is that measures in 1951, 1955, 1960, and again beginning estimated fiscal 1969 expenditures are like the OEO grant, which actually discrimi­ in 1964. These restrictive measures were up to $188.8 billion from $186.1 billion. nates against non-gang members, may, if always too late to prevent balance-of­ they are endorsed and continued, make the Foreigners, whose confidence was sup~ position of the non-gang member completely payments crises and as a result the posed to be restored by the tax increase, untenable. growth rate suffered. are not fooled. They know the supposed South Side gangs are not voluntary or­ These stop-go policies have made the expenditure reductions are not to take ganizations. Teen-agers who hesitate to join investment climate uncertain and capi­ place at least until a new President is are subject to the same kind of treatment tal investment spending in Britain has inaugurated in January and the dollar that was meted out to Willis Clayton nr, an lagged behind most other countries. In honor student and star athlete, this spring. is now in more danger than ever. Clayton had left home to run an errand 1964 the United Kingdom's capital in­ All Americans have something at for his mother when he was approached by vestment per worker was only 44 percent stake in these problems of the three cur­ seven very young member.s of the East Side of the U.S. average. rencies. If the franc and pound should Disciples. Without warning, the Disciples The British economy suffers from in­ weaken further an.d be devalued, the began shooting. Clayton fell dead within efficient performance by management U.S. dollar would be highly over­ view of his front door. and workers. British-managed compan­ valued and would put this country at A Chicago detective later testified that ies consistently earn a lower rate of a serious competitive disadvantage. Our the Clayton shooting had been a case of mis­ return on t wested capital than U.S. sub­ taken identity. The Disciples had actually balance of trade would suffer even fur­ been after another youth who had defied the sidiaries in Britain in the same in­ ther declines and American workers gang by refusing to join. Clayton's fate was dustries. would lose jobs by the thousands. the punishment that had been decided on The social and educational structure is Changes in U.S. economic policy are for the original youth who had resisted re­ a major factor in the poor economic per- urgently needed to restore the economic cruitment. formance. Low levels of education and health of America and begin to build up Clayton's death was not an isolated inci~ unwillingness to use modem technology dent. The Chicago police believe that at the U.S. economy again. These changes least 30 South Side teen-agers have died as a make for poor economic performance. will obviously have to wait for a new resUlt of gang violence since Jan. 1. Many of Labor discipline is weak and productivity President and a new Congress. Foreign­ thes.e deaths have been attributed to gang is increasing more slowly than wages. ers-as well as the American people--are recruiting drives. Industrial relations are far out of date. looking forward now to the only date In such a situation, neutrality provides lit­ tle protection. Anyone not known to be a Informal bargaining practices at local that counts-November-when the gang member is a fair target. Yet there was levels have led to a crazy-quilt pattern American people have the chance to something that kept Clayton-and 1s keep­ of wages and working conditions. change U.S. economic policy. ing others like him-out of the gangs. .July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS~ OF-REMARKS: 24065 That something was very likely a · belief ·uonal magazines, and in the newspapers. must agree, if we a.re all guilty, that the that gangs are tllegitimate because they en,.­ Saturday Review paid for a full page ad in criminal 1s not guilty. It 1s soclety's fault, gage in criminal activity. Against the fright­ the New York Times to tell us: not his. ening pressures that the gangs can exert. "It is good that the response of the Amer­ You must accept the idea that the rioters such a conviction is one of the few sources ican people should be one of shame and guilt are "paying us back for centuries of oppres­ of support non-gang members have. Meas­ over the violence that is disfigUring life in sion and sin," and that we deserve it. And ures like the OEO grant for the Rangers, the United States." you must also accept the idea that the rea­ which blur the distinction between who is You have heard the indictment in the son for the burning of stores in a riot is that and who is not legitimate can only deprive words of those who would call themselves the stores are the symbols of the white so­ non-gang members of a vital source of moral historians, like Arthur Schlesinger Jr., who ciety ... and that in burning property, the support. asks: rioters are striking back at the guilty white Policy makers must decide which elements ''What sort of people are we, we Americans? society. in the community is most important to pre­ And the answer (he says) which much of Let us examine those ideas-and we can serve. The gang members are well orga­ the world is bound to return is that we are begin with those symbols of white society nized, highly disciplined and easy to work today the most frightening people on this that get burned in a riot. with. The non-gang members are disorga­ planet." I was iii Washington a few weeks ago, and nized and have little power. Gentlemen, and ladies, I object! I saw some of those symbols .•. buildings If the decision is made in favor of the The world is not bound to accept the ver­ that had been burned out in the days of Rangers, the buttressed and legitimized dict that Americans are the most frighten­ rioting following the assassination of Mar­ gang structure may indeed evolve into a ing people on this planet-and I do not ac­ tin Luther King. The destruction was even force for good-. But such a decision may also qept the doctrine that we are all guilty! worse, far worse, than the reports of na­ mark the beginning of a criminal ascend­ Furthermore, my friends, I would tell you tional television had led me to believe-and ancy on Chicago's South Side that would this: It is not good that Americans should those so-called symbols of white racism­ occur at the expense of the community's react with shame and guilt to the violence well, let me tell you about a few of them. law-abiding citizens. that has struck this country I There were many blocks in which .not !' If Americans beat their breasts and cry single building was left intact-but let's out to the world ... "we are all guilty" .•. examine a typical block, on Seventh Stree_t If Americans stand condemned in their between R Street and S Street. In this block, WHAT IS WRONG WITH OUR own eyes for the transgressions of past gen- six buildings were left standing, l>ut de­ erations ... and accept the doctrine of stroyed were 10 stores employing 30 people-­ SOCIETY? group guilt... . most of them Negro residents of the neigh­ If Americans indulge in an orgy of self­ borhood. In addition, 13 Negro families who pity and self-abnegation ... lived on the block lost their homes and all HON. J. J. PICKLE Then we will not have the strength, and­ of their possessions. Some fled in their night­ OF TEXAS the courage, to move forward to solve the clothes and couldn't even save a pair of shoes! IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES very real problems that we must solve, if we are to survive as "one nation, indivisible, un­ There's a story behind each of those Monday, July 29, 1968 der God." burned out buildings-but let me tell you about just a couple of those evil symbols Mr. PICKLE. Mr. Speaker, in the wake Now, let us examine the charges. Let us take apart the indictment ... piece by of white racism who were burned out. of some of the disturbances witnessed piece. Let's us apply cool reason to the hot is­ One is James Brisco. He is 48 years old, a across the country over the past few sues ... of fear, and guilt, and crime. Let Negro. He worked. for five years as a garbage months, there is a lot of talk about what us look at the evidence. Let us see what hap­ collector to save enough money to go into the is wrong with our society. Some people pens to the human personality when it is seoond hand. television business. He lost say that the riots and assassinations are shackled by the chains of guilt. Let us pierce $7,000 worth of television sets in the riot, reflective of a sickness that is slowly poi­ the rhetoric ... and look into the heart of and he has no insurance. He was wiped out. America . . . and let us see where America­ Also reduced to rubble was the barber shop soning our country. that belonged to James Foreman for the last In of this as one people, indivisible, under God-is light sentiment, I believe the headed. 24 years. James Foreman, also a Negro, isn't remarks of the attorney general of Texas, We can begin in Texas, for it was prob­ in business for himself any more,-he's work­ the Honorable Crawford C. Martin, be­ ably here that the doctrine of group guilt ing for another barber up the street. Fore­ fore the State bar convention at Hous­ became a catchword in 1963. We are familiar, man estimated it would cost him $3,000 to ton are most timely and perceptive. In now, with the rituals .of network television replace the equipment and supplies in his shop~and he had no insurance. order that the other Members might ben­ in the aftermath of assassination: He had something to say about the riot efit from his speech, I include it at this The shocked expressions of the news­ afterward-and he said it with good Ameri­ point in the RECORD: men . . . the clinical bulletins from the doc­ can common sense. tors ... the hastily gathered panels of REMARKS OF CRAWFORD C. MARTIN, ATTORNEY He said: "Riots just lead to more preju­ famous men ... the Congressmen with bills dice. lt just doesn't make sense to -destroy GENERAL, CONVENTION, STATE BAR OF TExAS, to grind ... the search for explanations, HOUSTON, TEX., JULY 4, 1968 your own people who were trying to be self­ when there are no explanations ... but supporting." I would appear before you today as the there is time to be filled, and the news analyst attorney for the defense . . . and I would The stories of the people who worked and must fill it-it was at such a time and in lived in this block show that, to a pe«"son, plead the citizens of this nation ... not such a mood that the pious phrase . . . we guilty. they fied the riots. It was Thursday after­ are all guilty ... took the airways and be­ noon when the looting and burning began­ You have heard the indictment: We are all gan to implant itself in the heart of America. guilty. but it was Friday afternoon before troops Now, let us look at what happens when were called out, with orders to use "re­ We are all guilty ... for the riots, and the guilt takes hold ... the doctors and psy­ anarchy, and the looting, and the burn­ strnint"--60 that looters felt safe in rushing chiatrists tell us that guilt is self-directed into the stores to grab a television set or a ing . . . that has scorched this nation in its and self-terminated. Freud felt that-and I bottle of liquor. long, hot summers. quote-patients who showed inappropriate We are all guilty ... for creating a so­ One of the interesting things about the guilt behavior were warding off an incom­ psychology of the riots is the way that peo­ ciety in which a few madlnen could live . . . pletely resolved Oedipal complex." Guilt and finally kill. Even if that madman is a ple get caught up in the hysteria. It has been manifests itself in -depression-which leads repeatedly reported by observers that often product of another part of the world ... to a sense of complete futility. we are all guilty. the crowds are just standing around watch­ And a person, or a nation, with a sense of ing the :fireworks, when somebody notices We are all guilty ... for violence, for the futllity cannot accomplish the positive so­ accelerating crime rate, for the increasing that television cameras have moved into the cial action that is so sorely needed in this vicinity. Then everybody starts running and number of bank robberies, and muggings and nation today. car thefts. · screaming and looting, and when the cam­ The fact is that things are bad-very bad­ eras leave, the people settle down again. You read the indictment in the report of for the ghetto youth-but not so bad that One young 'looter, captured by police in the President's Commisssion on Civil Dis­ he welcomes the attentions of a horde of Detroit, had his arms full of baby clothes, orders. psychic cripples. He can smell guilt a block You have seen the indictment on televi­ and he commented later that he didn't know away, and his reaction to the guilt-ridden why he was grabbing baby clothes, because sion, .again and again, as the. commentator do-gooder is a sneer. he didn't have any babies in his f.a.mily­ asks: And the fact is, according to one Wash­ a;nd stayed. in his .apartment. "Senator, what is this sickness in our so­ ington psychiatrist, that those who feel the ciety?" or At this point, I would like to point out most guilt are those who are doing the least that the news media of Texas has played a "Senator, do you feel that this event tells to change conditions. definite role in preventing disturbances in us something about the nature of our so­ Now then ... if you -accept the idea that this state-for we have seen non-e of the .sen­ ciety?" we ~re all guilty, there are several other con­ sationalis~ that has encouraged trouble in You have 'seen the indictment in 'the na- clusions that you must accept as well. You other states. CXIV--1516-Part 18 24066 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 29, 1968 Even more i.tnporta..nt in keeping Texas free If you tell a man often enough that he ts quickly in South Vietnam and bring the of the disasters of riom-&nd we are the only sick, he will become sick • . • and a nation conflict to an end with honor. major industrial state that hes been so is no different. spared-has been the attitude of the people Khrushchev, and Stalin before him, prom­ I ask unanimous consent that the res­ of Texas. I believe that all TeX'ans, of all ised that the Communists wouldn't have to olution be printed in the Extensions of races, have shown a respect for the law, and attack America-they said we would crumble Remarks. a respect for the dignity of all, tha.t makes from within. But if we do crumble from There being no objection, the resolu­ me proud to be a Texan, and an Amerioon. I within, it will be because we have convinced tion was ordered to be printed in the am also proud that the law enforcement of­ ourselves that we are a sick society. RECORD, as follows: ficers and public officials have upheld the law Are we a sick society? Are all guilty? without fear or favor, providing the strength We have dissenters, yes-dissenters who RESOLUTION of character that prevent.c> disturbances be­ would voice their hatreds in violence. But it THE MILITARY ORDER OF THE fore they happen. would be generous indeed to say that 50,000 WORLD WARS, Now then, let us go back to the theory that Americans have rioted-50,000 people out of Washington, D.C., 26 July 1968. the guilty are not guilty and that the riot.c> 200 million people-that's one fourth of one Whereas, the conduct of the U.S. military are a spontaneous repayment of the griev­ per cent! And the assassinations-the crimi­ operations in Vietnam has been so greatly ances of the pa.st century. nals were three outcasts of society: one who influenced by political considerations that I would cite to you the findings otf the wanted to be a Russian, one who spent most its commanders in the field have been re­ Cleveland Grand Jury, headed by Louis B. of his time in prison, and one who was bred stricted to the achievement of certain cir­ Seltzer, which investigated the disastrous on the hatreds of the Middle East. cumscribed objectives as opposed to being Cleveland riots of Last year. Like the Presi­ Are we to be -judged a sick society because permitted to impose sufficient strategically dent's Commission on Civil Disorders, the this tiny handful-this o~e fourth of one placed shock action to compel the enemy to Cleveland Grand Jury recited in full the per cent-has tried to burn America down? cease their aggression and withdraw to the grievances which had made the slums a No. We are not a sick society. north; tinderbox. No. We are not all guilty. Whereas, the North Vietnamese, as a result But the report went further, and here are Franklin Roosevelt said in the dark days of of the demoralizing effects of U.S. bombing the findings: World War II that all we have to fear is fear together with their inability to gain a deci­ Firebombing and destruction . was highly itself-and this is still true. sive military victory on the ground in South selective, with ta.rget.c> plainly agreed upon. John F. Kennedy inspired this nation with Vietnam, have been seeking, through the The actual attack was launched by-and I the idea of vigor and self-confidence, with medium of the Paris Conferences and a well . quote-young people obviously assigned, the idea of pride in being an American. coordinated propaganda campaign, to stall tr-ained and disclplined. The presence of We have been brainwashed by the guilt­ for time and eventually gain over the U.S. a these teenagers was observed by undercover peddlers who would ask WHY we are a sick face-saving diplomatic victory, which would agent.c> who had been assigned for long pe­ society before they ask IF we are a sick so­ l~ave the door open for further aggression riods to observe them. ciety-when the truth is that we are not a and negate the cause for which so many A profound influence was exerted from the sick society. Americans have died; JFK House, the grand jury discovered. That They would tell us that we have billions to Now be it resolved, that The Military Order JFK stands for Jomo Freedom Kenyatta, not spend on the War in Vietnam-but not for of the World Wars respectfully urges that the late president, by the way. the war on poverty. But the fact is that we the President of the U.S. set a deadline date Leaders of the JFK House were Louis G. have spent billions on programs to help the and announce without delay to the Govern­ Robinson and Harlell Jones, both described poor-and we are now spending 15 to 16 bil­ ment of North Vietnam and to all other by the Grand Jury as having been affiliated lion dollars a year in welfare. countries that if the Government of North with the Revolutionary Action Movement, an If these programs have failed-and every­ Vietnam has not, by that date, ceased it.c> organization which the FBI has described as body has admitted that they have failed­ aggression in South Vietnam and begun to Chinese-style Reds. then we should not feel guilty-and we withdraw its troops to the north, the U.S. Finally, the grand jury established that should not give up. will immediately initiate such military ac- . leaders of the Communist Youth Party ar­ The charge has been made that our wel­ tion as may be required to force the decision; rived in Cleveland only a few days before the fare programs-dole of a little money and a Be it further resolved, that the President riots. These leaders were named, and identi­ little food-have encouraged poverty-notre­ of the u.s. personally exhort an Americans fied in the report, and the grand jury con­ lieved it. But let us not feel guilty- to support this announced ultimatum; and cluded that-and I quote again-"the out­ For there is honor in trying, even 1f we to exhort specifically the American commu­ break of lawlessness was organized, precipi­ have failed. nications media to cease their divisive poli­ tated, and exploited by a relatively small And there is honor in trying again. cies which otften are rationalized under the group of trained and disciplined professionals There is honor in being an American, thin cloak of "the right to dissent," and to at this business." whether black, or white, or brown- exert their powerful force in support of the However, the grand jury returned no in­ There is honor, my friends-not guilt. U.S. resolve to win quickly in Southeast Asia dictments-admitting gaps in the evidence, and to win with honor. and complaining that legal statutes were in­ Certified official. adequate to reach the responsible, the STEPHEN 0. FUQUA, Jr., guilty, persons. Brig. Gen., USA (Retired) , Now the answer, of course, to the problem VIETNAM RESOLUTION of riots in the cities is immediate and effec­ Chief. of Staff. tive law enforcement at the local level. Public officials need the legal tools that HON. STROM THURMOND will enable them to do their job, and to this OF SOUTH CAROLINA RIOTS, VIOLENCE PERIL FREEDOM, end I have suggested a group of laws to the IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Legislature which should provide us with JUDGE CAUTI0NS our ounce of prevention. These measures will Monday, July 29, 1968 take care of the immediate crisis in the Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, on cities- HON. GEORGE A. GOODLING But, in the long run, America must find July 26, 1968, the Military Order of the OF PENNSYLVANIA the courage to be proud of being America . . . World Wars approved a resolution con­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES because that difference-the difference be­ cerning the war in Vietnam and for­ tween guilt and corlfidence, the difference warded it to the President of the United Monday, July 29, 1968 between weakness and strength-is a vital States with the respectful request that Mr. GOODLING. Mr. Speaker, I have one to the safety of this nation. · he carry out the action recommended by recently come into possession of a nota­ Weakness and strength: We saw both this the resolution. spring in Washintgon. In April, when the ble speech delivered as a Memorial Day riots burned out James Brisco and James This resolution coincides with my own address by the Honorable George W. Foreman, there was a weakness and a hesi­ thoughts on the situation in South Viet­ Atkins, presiding judge, 19th judicial tancy in the response of government. The nam in many regards. Specifically, the district, York, Pa. people in the neighborhoods fled, and anarchy resolution calls for the President to set a While Memorial Day is long gone, the prevailed. But, in contrast, on the night that deadline date and announce to the Gov­ thoughts and observations contained in Resurrection City was shut down, there was ernment of North Vietnam that if it has Judge Atkins' speech are such that they no hesitancy. The police knew what to do, not ceased its aggression by that time, can be applied fully 365 days of the and they were sent in to the troubled areas immediately. They shot and wounded one the United States will immediately initi­ year. Because this address contains some looter, and the trouble was over almost be­ ate such military action as may be re­ exceptionally meaningful views, I insert fore it began. quired to force a decision. it into the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD and Now, let us carry our analysis of weakness This appears to me to be the only way commend it to the attention of my col­ and strength to the national level. in which the United States can w~ leagues. The speech follows: July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS 1OF ·· REMARKS 24067

. RIOTS. VIOLENCE Pun. FREEDOM, JuDGp; No .segment of .our gavernment can permit . To widen our contracts wi.th the 750 mil­ CAUTIONS groups, large or small, to resort to violence lion people who 11 ve in mainland China, the A century ago the Commander . of the or disregard of the law in order to advance United States should lift restrictions on trade Grand Army of the Republic decreed the their cause no matter. how valid the cause. in nonstrategic goods. first Memorial Day. It was a day set aside It is not a case of "the end justifies the to honor those soldiers who died in the war means". If we are to permit such a result it The Vice President made no condi­ between the states. This observance has is anarchy. If we are to say that the validity tions, suggested no limits and did not since been expanded to include an expres­ of the cause justifles its violent assertion mention reciprocity. He probably ex­ sion of honor and tribute to those who sur­ the question then arises, who determines the pected that nothing much would come rendered their lives upon the battlefields justice of the cause? out from his gesture, because in all such of aU confiicts in which our nation has Another concept has become popular in previous gestures, we have met with been engaged from the Revolutionary War recent years although it has been borrowed nothing but, in Mr. HUMPHREY'S own to the present conflict in Viet Nam. from elsewhere, namely so called "civil dis­ words, "rebuffs, rejection, and insult." It ·is these men and women whom we honor obedience". In fact this concept has taken But trade, unlike the lifting of travel tooay while we enjoy the liberty and freedom on an aura of respectability. It appears to they gained and protected for us. It is our support the violation of law so long as the restrictions which we have proposed and responsibility to insure that the freedom violation is not accompanied by violence and which has been rejected by Peking, is a and liberty so dearly bought shall not be so long as the violator does not approve of much more complicated issue. The eas­ cheaply sold. the law being violated. Its purpose seems to ing of restrictions on trade with Red A few years ago we were told that the be to so disrupt orderly processes that the China, inaugurated during the Korean greatest danger to our freedom was Com­ desire of the violator will be granted just war, will affect almost every American munism. Today a fair sized segment of our for the sake of avoiding further inconven­ ience. It 1s called civil disobedience even sooner or later. If we should unilaterally people suggest that the danger today is not lift the trade embargo with Red China, so much from Communism but that it really though the violation does in fact constitute comes from the faScist right. There is no criminal conduct. even in nonstrategic goods, many things freedom as we think of it in' either. The justification for this kind of action is would happen, all of them to our dis­ Although much of the agitation for. change that the object sought to be attained is advantage. Although Mao Tse-tung and is attributed by the opponents of change allegedly good and the law being violated his Red guards depict us as the enemy to one or the other of these extreme philos­ is a bad law, coupled with an urgency that of mankind, they are not above taking ophies, we must not as..sume that change is is so compelling that it cannot await orderly American dollars, particularly if it helps bad. Change is ever present, although at legal process. ·This is also a form of anarchy. When prac­ to bolster their tattered economy and times it is more far reaching than it is at strengthen their war potent~al. other times. Many of the changes that are ticed on a small scale it presents no serious pressing upon us today are more far reach­ problem to law enforcement but when en­ First. We would be Hooded with cheap ing than any that most of us have seen gaged in on a large scale is just as serious Chinese goods made with slave labor. before. Because of this the new concepts are a violation of the law as any act of violence. Mr. HUMPHREY'S advisers may think somewhat disturbing, if not actually a bit Therefore on this Memorial Day if we are there are not too many things we could frightening. But disturbing or not the old to truly honor those who cUed for this land buy from Red China. Perhaps no sophis­ concepts of social relationships as well as we shall rededicate ourselves to a perpetua­ ticated wares, but such consumer goods economic relationships are undergoing a tion of the Uberty they fought to obtain and preserve for us through the orderly processes as textiles, food items, wigs, furniture, revolution. It started first as an economic rugs, and all kinds of light industrial phenomenon .and more recently it has moved of law and order. over into the social field but still with eco­ This requires a guarantee that the laws of products are exported by Communist nomics as its major impetus. our land be just and that they are fairly China. In addition, there are such tra­ administered. This is the only climate in .The reaction by its proponents and by its ditional items as tea, .silk, hog bristle, which true freedom and liberty can exist but tung oil, and tungsten ore. opponents has in some areas assumed an it will not, unless all people face up to their emotional rather than a reasonable aspect. responsibillty to not only use their abillty .In 1967, Peking sold more than $1 bil­ The result has been riots and demonstrations to its utmost to insure just laws and their lion worth of such goods to free world accompanied by forcible seizure and destruc­ fair administration but to so live in daily life countries. Chinese Communist goods tion of property with attendant loss Qf life that their every a.ct will be one of justice and have cornered the market in Hong Kong and serious bodily injury with permanent fair treatment to all mankind. dl.sabili ty. and most Southeast Asian countries, be­ Such violence is always the result when cause they undersell everybody, includ­ reason gives way to emotion. Considerable ing the Japanese. We must remember words have been spent debating whether that the state owns .everything in Red this violence came about as a result of so­ TRADE WITH COMMUNIST CIDNA: A China. Peking has no shareholders to called "outside agitators" or whether it was PANDORA'S BOX account to, no regard for balance sheets a spontaneous reaction on the part of the where foreign exchange is concerned, people resident within the specific area con­ and no problem with wage or welfare cerned. Does it really make any difference? HON. PAUL J. FANNIN demands· from its enslaved labor force. Some have sought to jW>tify or at least ex­ OF AIU"ZONA to cuse such conduct on the domestic scene Second. Peking would not have come while strongly condemning violence as a IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES down from its high horse. It would not means of resolving differences between na­ Monday, July 29, 1968 have to admit American businessmen to tions. Others seem to approve restort to vio­ the Chinese mainland as a reciprocal lence as a suitable weapon to promote ~ome ·Mr. FANNIN. Mr. President, it seems measure. It could keep up its torrent of causes but frown upon its use in support of that the present administration is deter­ denunciations against us. other concepts. mined to implement a trade policy that Plenty of Chinese Communist-affili­ It has been suggested that there could be hurts our friends and helps our enemies. ated businessmen in Hong Kong and no justification for the return of fire to I commented recently on the lamentable other Asian ports are eager to earn the snipers who shot firemen while those fire­ fact that our Government is allowing men were attempting to prevent the !spread American dollar. If the United States of fires set by rioters, fires that not only were long-staple cotton to be imported into abolished the requirement for certificates destroying property but which also en­ this country from Egypt-a nation with of origin in imports, the rush would dangered lives of many people. which we have broken off diplomatic re­ begin. Mr. HUMPHREY'S advisers miscal­ College administrators are told by rioters lations. I stated that these cotton im­ culated if they thought Peking must re­ who seize college buildings that they will ports affect adversely sales and jobs in ciprocate if we attempt a trade initia:tive. return the buildings after the buildings and our textile industry and only serve to Trade would be a one-way street, with their contents have been subl:!tantially dam­ strengthen economically a nation with the Chinese Communists reaping all the aged only upon a granting of amnesty to whom we are at diplomatic odds-ahd benefits. those wh<>se irrational · conduct brought rightly so. about the damage and chaos. Third, many other safeguards against I suggest th.at the framers of the· Consti­ Now, Vice President HuMPHREY has Chinese Communist infiltration would tution did not exactly have that kind of gone a step farther and suggested that crumble. For example, once trade re-. thing in mind when they authored the pro­ we trade with a nation with which we sumes on a limited seale, remittance . tection against the loss of life, llbel1;y or have never had diplomatic relations­ would have to be allowed. The 300,000 property ~thout due process -of law. An odd Communist China. In a statement orig­ Chinese-Americans in the United States twist t;eems also to be given these days to inally prepared for delivery at the Com­ would be pressured to send money to the right of petition that is guara'nte'ed by monwea:Ith.Club in San Francisco on JUly their families who are virtual hostages that same revered document. 12~ the Vice President said:· on the Chinese mainland. The ihfamou8 24068 EXT-ENSIONS· OF,·REMARKS - July 29, 1968 extortion rackets of the early 1950's general armaments and defense expenditures local disputes from disrupting the broader would be repeated. Hundreds of millionS by all nations. peace. · (2) Reciprocal reductions of American and These organizations can help to conciliate of dollars of Chinese assets frozen ih Soviet, and allied forces in the heart of disputes among their members; over the American banks since 1950 would have Europe. longer-run, they may be able increasingly to to be returned to Red China to oil its war (3) Accelerated technological and eco­ meet peacekeeping needs. machinery. nomic interchange among developed coun­ We should try to enhance the United Na­ Mr. President, the present administra­ tries of all ideologies, and in turn among tions' peacekeeping capability: tion seems to spend much of i.ts time at­ these nations and the developing countries. by supporting creation of a UN Staff Col­ tempting to open this or that Pandora's (4) United States-Soviet action to avoid lege and a UN Training Center for Pea,ce­ box. Trade with Communist China would wasteful competition in space--including keeping; coordination of United States and Soviet by using US aid to encourage more ear­ open a Pandora's box we might not be post-lunar manned space exploration. marking by the smaller powers of national able to close again. Commonsense and These are goals we cannot achieve alone. miUtary units of peacekeeping; business sense dictate tha.t we keep this I offer them with full awareness of John by joining other countries in studying the particular lid closed tight. Kennedy's warning against the illusion that use of independent sources of revenue for I ask unanimous consent that the text there can be "an American solution to every financing UN peacekeeping. of the Vice President's statement on for­ world problem." As we strengthen the ability of the UN eign policy be printed in the RECORD. But we can take concrete initiatives to­ and of regional groupings to meet peacekeep­ There being no objection, the state­ ward achieving them. ing needs in developing areas, we can provide The task of reconciliation can obviously an effective alternative to great power mili­ ment was ordered to be printed in the proceed much more quickly once a peace is tary involvement-and thus help to ensure RECORD, as follows: achieved in Vietnam. It must be a lasting against future Vietnams. THE NEXT ERA IN AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY and stable peace--one which will not lead * * • * * (Statement by Vice President HuBERT H. to new crises that can drag us back into We can talk neither about reconciliation HUMPHREY, at the Commonwealth Club in the era of confrontation. nor about increasing the stability and prog­ Sa.n Francisco, Calif., Friday, July 12, I have been asked where I stand on the ress of the developing world without taking 1968) Vietnam war. full account of mainland China. I want to talk with you today about the I want to end that war. Although the prospect for cooperative pro­ next era in America foreign policy. I want to end it the only way it can be grams with China in the next decade are not For I believe we--a.nd indeed the rest of ended-by a political settlement. good, we should make it clear that we are the world-are truly at a turning point. I want a political settlement which will prepared to replace conflict with cooperation Twenty years ago, the United States was permit the people of South Vietnam-all the whenever the Chinese are: virtually the only source of power in the people of South Vietnam-to shape their own ·we must expect rebuffs, rejection, and in­ non-Communist world. future. And I want to see a cease-fire at the sult ... and still continue to seek more We faced an aggressive and highly cen­ earliest possible moment. normalized relations with the mainland. tralized Communist bloc. Right now, however, the most effective To widen our contacts with the seven We feared its designs on the developing peace effort we can make is to back our nego­ hundred and fifty million people who live world. Western Europe and Japan tottered tiating team in Paris, headed by Ambassador in mainland China we should: on the brink of chaos. Averell Harriman and Cyrus Vance. ( 1) lift restrictions on trade in non-stra­ America's policies were geared to these They are wise and experienced diplomats. tegic goods, problems. Large successes were achieved. They are trying hard to secure peace. (2) encourage interchange of scholars, Now, partly because of these successes, we We must not make their job more difficult journalists and artists; face new conditions: by misleading Hanoi into the belief that our (3) make it clear that should China make The cold war between the United States negotiators may not be speaking for America. its decision to become a responsible, par­ and the Soviet Union is waning. Looking ahead, how can we avoid future ticipalting member of the community of na­ The Communist countries no longer pose Vietnams? tions, we will welcome it. And we should, a monolithic threat. Parts of the developing world-not only in now, encourage it. There is a prospect of further accelerating Asia, but Africa and Latin America-will be The need for reconciliation and an end to mutual efforts toward disarmament. turbulent for some time to come. Our policy the arms race derives not just from the The new nations are moving into a period objectives should be to prevent this turbu­ danger of war, but from the fact that the when they increasingly look toward self­ lence from breeding wider conflicts. world urgently requires a major reallocation development, and the concrete works of na­ To this end, we should do three things: of resources to the work of providing better tional independence. First: Try to define clearly, in our own lives for people-both here in America and Western Europe and Japan can stand on minds, what our national interest is, and in the world. their own two feet, and they want to do what it is not, in each of these developing Pope Paul said "development is the new just that. areas. name for peace." A new generation is emerging in the United That interest surely does not run to main­ Unless and until the needy ... hungry ... States and other industrial countries which taining the status quo wherever it is chal­ ill-clothed ... ill-housed . ... undereducated rejects the old premises of war and diplomacy lenged. majority of mankind has some substantial and which wants, rightly I believe, to see We are not the world's policemen. How hope for the future, something worth pro­ more emphasis placed on human and per­ peoples wish to govern themselves, and how tecting-peace will be sullen and precarious sonal values-like having enough to eat ..• they wish to change their governments­ at best. being able to learn ... living free of fear. that's their business. Our interest runs only We all know the case for foreign aid: These conditions demand new priorities, to avoiding the kinds of violence which It is right and decent. new policies and a new sense of purpose in can transcend national frontiers and threaten It contributes to peace and security. our engagement in the world. the wider peace. It is not a significant cold drain because They demand a shift from policies of con­ Second: We also have to recognize that, virtually all of it is spent in this country frontation E,nd containment to policies of whatever our own intentions, others may be for goods and services. reconciliation and peaceful engagement. . prepared to violate frontiers and foster local A little bit can be the catalyst that puts The most i~portant area of reconcilia­ turmoil for their own ends. We must there­ much larger resources to work in the recipient tion-and the top priority for American for­ fore be prepared to fulfill specific and clearly­ nation. eign policy in the next decade--is that of defined mutual-defense commitments ap­ We can afford it. East-West relations. This particularly in­ proved by the President and the Congress of cludes relations among the United States and The United States has made a good start. the Soviet Union, Western Europe and East­ the United States. We have helped put Taiwan, Western Eu­ ern Europe. By making this willingness clear, we can rope, South Korea, Iran, Greece and Turkey Adherence to this priority will minimize help to deter direct major aggression and on their feet-and others of our aid recipi­ .the possibil1ty of direct conflict. help reduce the incidence of externally­ ents are on the way. It wlll minimize the possibility that con­ sponsored insurgency. Other nations are now aid donors-at flict among the developing nations may in­ We should firmly insist, however, that any least five of them give a greater share of their volve the major powers. threatened country to which we are com­ Gross National Product than we do. Finally, it will permit a re-allocation of the mitted-or a potentially threatened coun­ But neither the developed nor the de­ world's resources away from massive military try-actively develop programs of economic, veloping nations have been doing enough, budgets to constructive, human development. political and social development, including well enough, to get the results that a lasting I favor the following actions in pursuit of land reform, which will win the support of peace demands. reconciliation: the people. It is time to start fresh ... together ... and ( 1) Early United States-Soviet agreement Third: If we are to avoid big-power con­ this time with the clear purpose before us of to freeze and to reduce offensive and de­ frontation over small-power conflicts, the doing what is necessary to see that there is fensive strategic armaments. And, following world must look primarily to regional orga­ visible progress for the people of the develop- that, 1n1tiat1ves toward mutual reductio~ of niza~ions to prevent indirect . ag~ression and ing wor~d. - July 29, 1-968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS· 24069 The urgent business of national develop­ the advice and conl>ent of the United States August 22, 1967: $221,417 to. St. Mary's ment can no longer 'be left to a thin patch­ Congress and of the American people. Hospital, Quincy, for the establishment of a work of bilateral contributions and occa­ Although it is an obligation of the Presi­ community mental health center. . . sional consortia. It is the great international dent to propose, our tradition assumes a August 25, 1967: $114,676 to Quincy Pub­ challenge of our times, and one that can high degree of participation by the people lic School District # 172 to Continue Head- be met only on the basis of the fullest in­ and the Congress--especially the Senate­ start program. - ternational cooperation. in the making of critical national policy September 29, 1967: $325,824 to Sunset Our neighbors in the Western hemisphere decisions. Home, Quincy, for an addition. are already engaged in a major cooperative Involvement by the Congress, and by the October 5, 1967: $34,511 to Illinois Employ­ effort, together with the United States, to people, will continue to be a necessity if ment Security and Educational Agencies to accelerate the development of this area which national decisions are to be truly reflective of train unemployed workers. is of vital interest to us. the national will. December 15, 1967: $600,000 to Midwest As I see it, America's role in a new inter­ For foreign policy is the people's business Dredging Co., Ursa, Illinois, for Stage 4 in national development effort demands the fol­ in 1968 just as politics is their business. Indian Grave Drainage District. lowing: We understand especially today that a ·December 22, 1967: $555,000 loan to Adams First. A steady increase - rather than a new foreign policy for a new decade stands Electrical Co-operative in Camp Point to steady decrease in the amount of aid we make little chance of success unless it can in­ finance distribution line. available. spire the new generation of Americans who May 22, 1968: $1,005,000 loan to Adams Second. Leadership toward family plal).ning wear the nation's uniforms, renew the na­ Telephone Cooperative, Golden, for new toll in the developing nations on a scale many tion's political processes, and in the long run facilities and lines. times larger than now being considered. determine the success or failure of American June 19, 1968: $375,000 !or Hunt Drainage Third. New emphasis in our development society at home and abroad. District and Lima Lake Drainage District for programs to food production and the bu.ild­ I have attempted to outline here a policy construction. ing of rural economies. to serve the people--not merely nations or Total for Adams County, $9,068,741.13. Fourth. World-wide commodity agreements ideologists. BROWN COUNTY which stabilize prices enough so that raw­ I believe it can command the support of February 24, 1967: $76,948.58 under Title materials-producing nations may have at the American people. I, Elementary and Secondary Education Act least an even chance of earning their own I believe it can re-establish America as a of 1965 as amended for programs for edu­ way. symbol of the aspirations of men every­ cationally disadvantaged children. Fifth. Leadership toward international where. Total for Brown County, ~76,948.58. agreements and guarantees which will sharp­ ly increase the flow of private investment CALHOUN COUNTY to the developing countries. FEDERAL LOANS, GRANTS, AND February 6, 1967: $47,281 to Illinois Valley Sixth. A new emphasis on multilateralism CONTRACTS IN 20TH DISTRICT Economic Development Corporation for rural in aid P.rograms, with maintenance of only DURING 90TH CONGRESS resources center. limited bilateral aid programs, and greater February 24, 1967: $47,478.91 under Ele­ reliance on the World Bank, the United Na­ mentary and Secondary Education Act of tions, and African, Asian and Latin Ameri­ 1965 as amended for programs for educa- HON. PAUL FINDLEY tionally disadvantaged children. · can institutions for investment and develop­ OF n.LINOIS ment. February 20, 1968: $45,767 benefitting from Seventh. Active encouragement of econom­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES grant to the Illinois Valley Economic De­ velopment Corporation in Carlinville to pro­ ic and political regionalism so that other Monday, July 29, 1968 nations may enjoy the benefits of large units vide administratio:J;l for anti-poverty effort. of people, resources and markets such as the Mr·. FINDLEY. Mr. Speaker, set forth May 2, 1968: $35,790 to Hardin for con- United States and European Community now below is a partial list of Federal loans, struction of a sewage treatment plant. - possess. grants, and contracts in the 20th Con­ Total for Calhoun County, $176,316.91. Eighth. New priority to modernization of gressional District of Illinois during the CASS COUNTY an international monetary system which 90th Congress. It is, of course, not com­ February 24, 1967: $80,768.72 under Ele­ must be able to provide the capital needed plete, partly because the 1968 listing 1s mentary and Secondary Education Act of · to finance the developing as well as the incomplete. It should also be noted that 1965 as amended for programs for educa'­ developed. many such items are on a regional basis, tionally disadvantaged children. Ninth. The steady removal of barriers to May 8, 1967: $264,000 loan to Midland trade among the prosperous nations, and the and therefore may not be listed at all, or Telephone Co. to finance facilities. establishment of a global preference l>ystem if listed, benefit other counties in addi­ March 8, 1968: $6,564 for Headstart pro­ for the goods of the underdeveloped. tion to the one where listed. gram in Cass County for pre-school training • • • Not included are payments to individ­ plus medical, social, and psychological A more stable peace ... reconciliation ... ual citizens, such as those under the services. redirection on international effort from the various programs of the Department of Total for Cass County, $351,332.72. wasteful arts of war to the humane work of Agriculture, social security, Veterans' GREENE COUNTY development-! believe those are the only Administration. February 2, 1967: $104,228 to Thomas H. realistic policy goals for America in the The list referred to follows: Boyd Memorial Hospital for an addition. months and years ahead if we mean to en­ ADAMS COUNTY February 6, 1967: $47,281 tO Illinois Valley hance the security of the American people. ·Economic Development Corporation for rural They reflect the values of ordinary men January 23, 1967: $47,779 to Manpower resources center. and women-not the habits of mind we asso­ Development and Training Act Project to February 24, 1967: $105,144.87 ·under ciate with traditional diplomacy. train unemployed workers. Elementary and Secondary Education Act of January 24, 1967: $3,224,000 for flood con­ Let me empha~>ize, however, thrut our suc­ 1965 as amended for programs for educa­ cess in achieving such goals can be no trol projects near Quincy. tionally disadvantaged children. greater than our success in dealing with the February 3, 1967: $17,600 preliminary loan February 20, 1968: $45,767 benefitting hard questions of the present: for new low rent public housing in Quincy. from grant to Illinois Valley Economic De­ February 24, 1967: $320,528.13 under Title velopment Corporation in Carlinville for ad­ -How to convince the Soviet Union it I, Elementary and Secondary Education Act shares a common interest in building a com­ ministration for anti-poverty effort. of 1965 as amended for programs for educa­ Total for Greene County, $302,420.87. munity of developed nations, and avoiding tionally disadvantaged children. conflict in developing areas when some Soviet April 19, 1967: $1,503,639 approved loan HANCOCK COUNTY . ideologitsts declare the reverse; for construction of low rent housing in January 4, · 1967: $777,000 electrification -How to promote the kind of economic Quincy. loan to Western Illinois Electrical Coopera­ growth in the poorer nations which will in­ April 27, 1967: $53,000 to Quincy College tive, Carthage, for distribution line. volve and benefit the common man, even for the construction of the classroom por­ February 24, 1967: $142,982.47 under Ele­ while these nations resist-and rightly-any tion of a new library-classroom building. me;ntary and Secondary Education Act of suggestion of external intervention in their May 8, 1967: $39,516 to Manpower Devel­ 1965 as amended for programs for education­ internal affairs; opment and Training Act Project to train ally disadvantaged children. -Above all, how to involve the private unemployed workers. February 27, 1967: $61,200 to city of Nauvoo cltizen, and particularly young people, mar~ May 12, 1967: $26,609 to Quincy College for primary sewage treatment plan and put­ arid more in the business of making foreign for. special equipment (under-graduate edu­ fall sewer. policy? cation). _ June ·2, 1967: $37,770 to LeHa.rpe for con.­ I don·~ have all the answers, I doubt any­ M~;~.y 12, 1967: $1,602 to Quincy College for struction of intercepting sewers. one has. closed circuit television equipment. June 27, 1967: $3,580 for comprehensive. I do know that a significant depi\J;ture in June 30, 1967: $603,040 contract to improve planning and growth of Hancock County. . American foreign policy will require t}lat the 3rd section of levees protecting Indian Grave May 29, 1968: $132,000 for a sewage treat­ new President will continue to be guided by Drainage District. ment plant in Nauvoo. EXTENSIONS OF .REMARKS July 29, 1968

May 31, 1968: $16,752 for an Urban Plan­ March ~. 1968: $25,537 to Pike County April 16, 1968: $370,445 to Manpower De­ ning Assistance grant to Hancock County and Headstart program for Pittsfield area to pro­ velopment and Training Act Program for Carthage. vide .school training for children from low the training of unemployed workers. Total for Hancock County, $1,171,284.47. income families. May 17, 1968: $1,453 for comprehensive JERSEY COUNTY May 2, 1968: $6,158 to Pike County for planning in Sangamon County. comprehensive planning far growth and May 22, 1968: $1,:.:l21,100 to Springfield f:Jr February 6, 1967: $47,281 to Illinois Valley development. water and sewer facilities. Economic Development Corporation for rural Total for Pike County, $3,424,690.82. May 29, 1968: $10,000 to Springfield and resources center. Sangamon County Community Action Pro­ February 24, 1967: $87,863.27 unde~ Ele­ SANGAMON COUNTY gram to provide recreation for youths. mentary and Secondary Education Act of February 1, 1967: $856,603 grant for "Area May 31, 1968: $4,492 to Rochester for com­ 1965 as amended for programs for educa­ I" Code Enforcement Program of Springfield. prehensive planning and growth. tionally disadvantaged children. February 14, 1967: $3,000 public works June 20, 1968: $308,826 to Sangamo Electric March 30, 1967: $5,310 to help pay for planning advance to Divernon to finance Co., Springfield, for equipment to be used in the comprehensive planning and growth de­ planning of a sanitary sewer system. Spokane, Washington. velopment of Jerseyville. February 24, 1967: $457,689.44 under Ele­ June 21, 1968: $398,000 loan to Rural Elec­ April 27, 1967: $7,725 to Principia College mentary and Secondary Education Act of tric Convenience Cooperative Co., Auburn, for single and integrated concept films in ~965 as amended for special programs for for distribution line. color for geology. educationally disadvantaged children. July 1, 1968: $267,503 to the Hope School May 10, 1967: $132,000 to Jersey Commu­ March B, 1967: $68,870 for new boiler!3 and for Blind and Multiple Handicapped Chil­ nity Hospital for an addition. heating system repairs at U.S. Post Office and dren, Springfield, for expansion and day care August 9, 1967: $197,198 to Grafton Boat Court House in Springfield. facilities. Co. (contract) for aluminum diesel powered March 31, 1967: $174,266 to Division of ~uly 11, 1968: $146,303 to Springfield and survey boat. Tuberculosis Control of Illinois Department Sangamon County Cqmmunity Action Pro­ October 2, 1967: $70,000 to lllinois De­ of Health for expanded and intensified pro­ gram to provide administrative staff and partment of Conservation to acquire land to gram of tuberculosis control for selected services for anti-poverty efforts: to provide add to Pere Marquette State Park. areas in down state Illinois. a focal point for low income residents; and February 20, 1968: $45,767 benefitting from .April 1, 1967: $59,770 to Manpower De­ to provide community development and en­ grant to Illinois Valley Economic Develop­ velopment and Training Act for the training couragement to low income residents to par­ ment Corporation for administration for of unemployed worker!3. ticipate in anti-poverty programs. antipoverty effort. June 2, 1967: $17,900 grant to St. John's Total for Sangamon County, $6,530,642.24. July 1, 1968: $24,510 to Jerseyvi11e Indus­ Hospital School of Nursing in Springfield. trial Development Commission to help plan June 6, 1967: $11,760 to the Department of SCOTT COUNTY and carry out programs to stimulate growth Children and Family Services in Springfield. March 11, 1968: $858,000 to Illinois Rural in Jersey County. June 15, 1967: $82,500 to the Land and Electric Co. for extensive system improve­ Total for Jersey County, $617,654.27. Conservation Fund for Pasfield Park land. ments and for the financing of dis~ribution M'DONOUGH COUNTY June 15, 1967: $52,246 to Springfield ·and line. February 24, 1967: $49,843.76 under Ele­ February 24, 1967: $111,329.86 under Ele­ Sangamon County Community Action, Inc. to benefit low income families, to provide a mentary and Secondary Education Act as mentary and Secondary Educa.tion Act of amended for special programs for educa­ 1965 as amended for programs for educa­ focal point for services available through outreach and referral and follow-up services. tionally disadvantaged children. tionally disadvantaged children. Total for Scott County, $907,843.76. June 19, 1967: $100,000 for acquisition of June 24, 1967: $27,800 for Springfield San­ land to add to c1 ty reservoir to be developed itary District for construction of additions SCHUYLER COUNTY for recreation-Macomb Park District. and improvement to existing sewer systems. February 24. 1967: $70,581.68 under Ele­ June 27, 1967: $372,000 electrification loon June 27, 1967: $28,875 to Sangamo Electric mentary and Secondary Education Act of to McDonough Power Cooperative, Macomb, Co, for furnishing continuous tape recorder 1965 for special programs for educationally for distribution line. system -to be used throughout Bonneville disadvantaged children. June 20, 1968: $1,704,283 grant to Western power system. May 12, 1967: $112,200 to Sara D. Culbert­ Illinois University, Macomb, for physical sci­ June 27, 1967: $39,383 to implement plan son Memorial Hospital, Rushville, for an ence building, under' the Higher Education 'for cUltural services to the community and addition. Fac1lities Act. people of the state (Illinois Arts Council). Total for Schuyler County, $182,781.68. Total for McDonough County, $2,287,- July 1, 1967: $284,184 for the purchase and Total for all 13 counties, $27,783,291.85. rehab111tation of low rent homes in Spring­ 612.86. SUMMARY OF WORK IN AGRICULTURAL MATTERS MORGAN COUNTY field. July 11, 1967: $14,119 to Springfield and DURING THE 90TH CONGRESS January 2~, 1967: $36,000 to MacMurray Sangamon County Community Action to pro­ Mr. Speaker, since I entered Congress College for the training of professional per­ vide summer activities for youth of low in­ sonnel needed to conduct programs for the in 1961, I have taken an active role come families. in agricultural legislation. From 1961 mentally retarded deaf. August 10, 1967: $41,392 to Manpower De­ February 8, .1967: $619,920 to Jacksonville velopment and Training Act Program for the through 1966 I was a member of the for interceptor sewers and a new sewage training of unemployed workers. House Agriculture Committee. In 1967 I treatment plant. August 15, 1967: $58,587 to Springfield and became a member of the Foreign Affairs February 24, 1967: $114,058.54 under Ele­ Sangamon County Community Action to Committee. As the summary below at­ mentary and Secondary Education Act of benefit low income residents (to provide staff tests, I have continued an active role 1n 1965 for special programs for educationally and services for anti-poverty effort). matters before the House Agriculture disadvantaged children. August 16, 1967: $278,900 to Springfield March 2, 1967: $82,250 to the village of Committee, while at the same time in­ South Jacksonville for interceptor sewers Sanitary District to assist in construction of :fiuencing broad agricultural aspects of and two waste stabilization ponds. sewage facilities. foreign programs. June 28, 1967: $146,600 to MacMurray Col­ August 30, 1967: $182,000 to the Dlinois State Office of Public Instruction for a COMMITTEE WORK lege to be used in the biology, chemistry and HOUSE FOREIGN AFFAIRS COMMITTEE physics departments. comprehensive educS~tional program for mi­ October 5, 1967: $34,421 to Illinois Employ­ grant children of migratory agricultural This committee has a heaVY responsi­ ment Security and Education Agencies for workers. bility in many agricultural matters be­ the training of unemployed workers as psy­ October 5, 1967: $40,349 to Illinois Employ­ cause of its jurisdiction over the foreign chiatric aids. ment Security and Education Agencies to aid bill. As a result of prior legislation December 19, 1967: $1,511,824 to Turnkey _provide training for unemployed workers. November 1, 1967: $92,210 to Neighbor­ almost all equipment and material goods Project, Jacksonville, to aid in the purchas­ hood Youth Corps to provide young men required for the foreign aid program ing of low rent housing for the aged. and women with pa-rt-time employment so must be purchased in the United States. March 22, 1968: $149,958 to Jacksonville's that they may return to school. "Town Square No. 1" urban renewal project In 1968 alone the committee considered for rehabilitation and spot clearance of most December 7, l967: $465,860 to Neighbor­ legislation involving $877 million in agri­ of the central business district. hood Youth Corps to provide opportunities culture investment. Added to the 1967 Total for Morgan County, $2,694,631.54. for out of school enrollees; $218,687.80 to figure this means that in the 90th Con­ Sangamo Electric Oo. for equipment for use PIKE COUNTY in Oregon and Washington. gress alone this committee dealt with January 24, 1967: $3,224,000 for flood con­ February 7, 1968: $3,828 under the Urban agricultural matters at home and abroad trol projects. Planning Assistance Program to Illiopolis. totaling well over $1 billion. February 24, 1967: $168,995.82 under Ele­ April 4, 1968: $241,741 to Springfield to In 1967 I secured committee approval mentary and Secondary Education Act of assist in acquisition and development of sites for five key amendments relating to re­ ~965 for special program!3 for the educa­ in Lincoln Home Area for use as a park and vamping the foreign aid program into tionally disadvantaged children. rest area. one of famine prevention. Three of these July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS -24071 amendments-outlined in greater detail isting cropland adjustment and other I proposed a $25,000 limitation, and in below-were signed into law by the similar programs. 1968 a $10,000 limitation. Later in 1968 President. They dealt with annual agri­ H.R. 8057, to require the Federal Crop I pressed for a $10,000 limitation on pay­ cultural production targets, establish­ Insurance Corporation to assume the ments as a part of the proposed extension ment of tropical agricultural research operating and administrative costs of of the Agricultural Act of 1965. centers, and greater emphasis on the Federal crop insurance program. CORPORATE DISCLO~URE food production in the underdevel­ Public hearings were held March 25, This amendment to Public Law 480, oped countries. 1968. It would phase out Government approved by an overwhelming vote in HOUSE AGRICULTURE COMMITTEE subsidies of the FCIC over the next 4 years thereby enabling the program to the House and later enacted required Because of my earlier service on the operate on a sound financial and actuar­ all grain exporters under Public Law committee and continued interest in ag­ ial basis. 480 to file with the Secretary of Agri­ ricultural matters, I was invited to con­ H.R. 17145, to establish a Presidential culture a list of foreign-owned subsid­ sult and participate in legislative hear­ Commission on Hunger. This Commis­ iaries and their principal officers. These ings on a number of important bills be­ sion would investigate the effectiveness exporters must certify that no foreign­ fore this committee during the 90th Con­ and operation of present domestic food owned subsidiary is engaged in trade gress. I participated in an extensive dis­ distribution programs such as the food with North Vietnam. cussion with the committee on the Fed­ ARBITRATION OF COMMERCIAL DISPUTES eral crop insurance program and the stamp program and others. AMENDMENTS OFFERED INVOLVING AGRICULTURAL Many of the loans guaranteed by the feed grains, wheat, and cotton program Export-Import Bank of Washington in­ extension. Representative FoLEY, aDem­ MATTERS TROPICAL RESEARCH CENTERS volve agricultural matters. An amend­ ocrat from Washington on the commit­ ment to the extension of the Bank I tee, said of my knowledge of agriculture: This amendment was part of the 1967 proposed would have required satisfac­ He is an expert on farm programs . . . he Foreign Aid Act and required the Presi­ tory provisions for settling commercial knows these programs as well as any Member dent to submit recommendations in the disputes that might arise under the con­ of this House. 1968 Foreign Aid Act regarding the es­ tablishment of tropical research centers tract by reference to an impartial third I also participated in committee con­ in agriculture in Mrica, Latin America, party for settlement. sultations on the Public Law 480 exten­ and Asia. The President submitted rec­ EXEMPTION FROM SPECIAL TAX ON TRAVEL sion-revisions I had made in the Food ommendations and they are pending be­ CONDUCTED UNDER TOURIST-DOLLAR EX~ for Peace Act earlier while on the com­ fore the Foreign Affairs Committee. CHANGE PROGRAM mittee were retained in the extension. Hearings on this proposal were held Several amendments I suggested were ANNUAL PRODUCTION' TARGETS by the Ways and Means Committee in incorporated in the electric bank pro­ This amendment was also part of the February of 1968. Widely praised by posal reported by the committee. I was 1967 Foreign Aid Act and required the committee members, my proposal would author of an amendment to the Indian President to report to the Congress each expand the existing tourist-dollar ex­ Food Aid Resolution and Act of 1967 year the food production and population change program, thus making greater which calls for advance public notice of control targets for all food deficit coun­ use of U.S. holdings in foreign curren­ Public Law 480 programing as an aid to tries receiving foreign aid from the cies. Authorization for use of local cur­ the grain merchandising industry and to United States. These reports inform the rencies for these purposes was granted Congress whether planning goals have in 1962 as a result of my amendment to farmers. been set in food deficit countries and REPUBLICAN AGRICULTURAL TASK FORCE Public Law 480. what the prospects are for achieving the INVESTIGATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This Republican group, on which I targets established. It helps to implement serve, is a part of the House Republican the self-help requirement not only under IMPORT OF SOVIET VEGETABLE OIL conference and helps set agricultural foreign aid bills but also under the food­ In 1967, as today, the domestic soy­ policy for House Republicans and ana­ for-peace legislation. bean and soybean oil markets were in a lyze administration farm policies and USE OF LOCAL CURRENCY slump. On August 25 I learned that programs. This amendment passed the House Hunt-Wesson Co. planned a massive pur­ BILLS INTRODUCED AND ACTION ON THEM Foreign Affairs Committee. It would have chase of Soviet vegetable oil-an import H.R. 6141, prohibiting unfair practices authorized the use of U.S.-owned local without precedent, and planned with such as discrimination, boycotts, coer­ currency to guarantee private invest­ the admitted purpose of holding down cion, or intimidation against producers ments and agricultural and/or popula­ U.S. prices. solely because of their membership in tion control industries in food deficit I opposed the importation for these marketing associations. Basic proposal countries. reasons: its adverse effect on prices to U.S. producers; the possibility that Soviet reported by Agriculture Committee. FOOD PRODUCTION PRIORITY H.R. 8001, to change authority for oil might be used to supply our forces Th1s amendment was enacted into law in Vietnam; the obvious economic ad­ wheat and feed grain programs to per­ and requires that priority be given in mit the market system to work more vance to the Soviet Union. In October the allocating foreign aid resources to food Hunt-Wesson firm responded by cancel­ effectively. Public hearings were held production and voluntary family plan­ on this bill. The three essential provi­ ing a 20-million-pound shipment then ning. approaching New Orleans. The firm said sions of this bill are, first, to repeal all' ELECTRIC BANK BILL ' authority for acreage allotments, mar­ no furtheF Soviet imports were contem­ keting quotas, marketing certificates, di­ Several amendments I proposed deal­ plated. The Defense Department investi­ version payments, and price support ing with interest rates and equity were gated and assured me no Soviet oil was adopted and the bill was reported from being sent to Vietnam. payments on wheat; to base acreages, the Agriculture Committee. diversion payments, and price support RENT-A-TRAIN payments on feed grains; second, to GRAIN MONOPOLY I conducted an investigation of the prevent the disposal of current stocks of An amendment I offered to the Public implications to farmers and country ele­ wheat and feed grains in the CCC in­ Law 480-food for peace-extension pro­ vators of the proposed rent-a-train. I ventory in a manner which disrupts posed that no grain exporter be allowed met with elevator processor, producer, market prices and, third, to make avail­ to export more than 15 percent of the central market, and railroad represent­ able insured recourse loans to producers grain sent under Public Law 480. This atives. of wheat and feed grains. The net ef­ amendment was aimed at curbing mo­ SUBSIDY OF WHEAT EXPORTS fect of this bill would be to replace the nopolistic tendencies in the Public Law On October 24, 1966, I requested the existing Federal control programs for 480 export business. General Accounting Office to undertake grain crops with a system of Government LIMIT ON GOVERNMENT PAYMENTS a study of the Department of Agricul­ insured recourse loans, thus allowing the In 1967 and 1968 I offered amendments ture's procedures under which it estab­ farmer to borrow against his harvested to the agricultural appropriation blll lishes subsidy payments on wheat ex­ crops, enabling him to move his produce which would limit the aggregate size of ports. This exhaustive study was con­ onto the open market at a time of his payments to individual farmers under ducted for 6 months and a final report own choosing. It would leave intact ex- the various commodity programs. In 1967 with recommendations was released in '

24072 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 29, 1968 the summer of 1967. It disclosed inade­ presented generally to agricultural econ- . lngs held in Committee on Foreign Affairs; quate procedures for determining the omists at land grant universities for re­ March 20, 1967. subsidy prices and led to reforms in the H.R. 7600, .grant asylum to Svetlana Sta­ view and therefore general endorsement U.na-; Asylum was granted; March 21, 1967. USDA's administration of the program. of them did not occur~ Instead, what ac­ H.R. 7834, extend rural mail service, In December 1967 the Departments of tually happened was that Dr. Walter Wil­ April 3, 1967. State and Agriculture attempted to com­ cox of the USDA met informally with H.R. 8001, change authority for wheat and plete a Public Law 480 transaction which nine selected agricultural economists at feed grain programs to permit market sys­ involved a subsidy of more than $2 mil­ a midwestern airport terminal. Several tem to work more effectively, Aprtl 5, 1967. lion on a shipment of wheat to Yugo­ indicated general support, but even in H.R. 8057, require Federal Crop Insurance slavia. This attempt by USDA was in this carefully selected group exceptions Corporation to assume costs of federal crop insurance program; Agriculture Committee contravention of an amendment of mine and sharp reservations were notable. The hearings held, April5~ 1967. which had been enacted into law. As a full story of this perversion of scholar­ H.R. 8854, charter National Home Owner­ result of the -protests I made, substan­ ship was widely reported in numer.ous ship Foundation. Included inS. 3497; Passed tiated by legal opinion secured from the agricultural publications across the July 10, 1968, April 20, 1967. General Accounting Office, the subsidy to country. The exchange of letters revealed .H.R. 9151, amend Central Intelllgence Yugoslavia was canceled. However, over an extensive misrepresentation of facts Agency Act to authorize annual appropria­ my protests, the USDA did approve the by USDA, conclusions for which assump­ tions, April 25, 1967. shipment of a large quantity of soybean H.R. 9152, Joint Congressional Committee tions and computations could not be fur­ to investigate CIA, April 25, 1967. oil which again involved a substantial nished and worst of all a shocking abuse H.J. Res. 586, amend Gulf of Tonkin Reso­ subsidy, this time in the form of below­ and misuse of the scholarship symbolized lution to send Vietnam dispute to Interna­ cost interest rates. I requested a GAO in the highly respected term--land grant tional Court of Justice, May 18, 1967. opinion on whether this was a proper universities. H. Res. 562, provide for consideration of expenditure of the Government in view PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS H.R. 421, on interstate activity to incite civil disturbance, June 1'5, 1967. · of my 1966 amendment. The GAO under­ My work in agricultural legislation and took an investigation and reported to the H. Con. Res. 403, maintain U.S. sovereignty investigation led to a full-length book, and jurisdiction over Panama Canal Zone, Congress that the USDA had indeed "The Federal Farm Fable," scheduled for June 29, 1967. spent funds for the shipment in viola­ publication this fall, in which I review H. Con. Res. 410, President lacks authority tion of law and had therefore made an Federal farm programs over the past 30 to commit military forces to Congo, July 12, illegal use of appropriated funds. years and suggest ways to strengthen 1967. HAWAUAN SUGAR GROWERS H.J. Res. 761, Neighborhood Action Cru­ farm market income. sade, August 1, 1967. On March 28, 1968, I called attention At the request of the American Legion, H. Res. 850, creating select committee to to large excess subsidy payments re­ I supplied an article calling for an end study impact of East-West trade and assist­ ceived by Hawaiian sugar growers. I rec­ to farm commodity subsidies for the No­ ance to nations which support ~gression, ommended to the Department of Agri­ vember 1967 issue of the organization's directly or indirectly, August 2, 1967. culture that it critically review the legal magazine. · H. Res. 869, to call for hearings on the Gulf basis for making these payments. In a An article I wrote for the March 1968 of Tonkin Resolution (Public Law 88-408), letter to the administrator of the sugar August 10, 1967. Reader's Digest reviewed the failures of H. Con. Res. 508, Congress to consider and pol1cy staff <>f ASCS, I charged that five Federal farm programs. It was entitled report whether further Congressional action large sugar-producing holding com­ "Let's Plug the Billion-Dollar Farm is desirable in respect to U.S. policies in panies in Hawaii together received Drain." Southeast Asia, September 25, 1967. $1,960,000 more in annual payments In May 1968 I addressed the annual H. Con. Res. 530, express the sense of Con­ than they deserved. The policy of es­ meeting of the Agricultural Editors of gress that a fight against organized crime is tablishing _payment rates on the basis America. inseparable from effects to reduce urban of production by each individual sub­ poverty, October 12, 1967. BILLS INTRODUCED IN 90TH CONGRESS BY H.R. 13482, to prohibit electronic surveil­ sidiary plantation instead of the com­ REPRESENTATIVE PAUL FINDLEY lance by persons other than duly authorized bined total clearly defeated the purpose law enforcement officers engaged in the in­ of the sliding scale of payments. Mr. Speaker, I include at this point in the RECORD a list of bills and resolu­ vestigation or prevention of specific cate­ WHEAT EXPORT SUBSIDIES gories of offenses, and for other purposes, tions I introduced in the 90th Congress: October 12, 1967. USDA policy often discriminates un­ H.R. 117, establish National Commission H.R. 13483, to provide for extended prison fairly against soft wheat varieties grown on Public Management, January 10, 1967. terms when it is found that a !elony was in Illinois and other Midwestern States. H. Con. Res. 98, administration should act committed as part of a continuing illegal During 1967--as in other years--! to improve farm prices, January 26, 1967. business in which -the offender occupied a sought from USDA an explanation of H.R. 4610, credit against income tax to em­ supervisory or other management position, how export rates for Soft and Hard ployees for training, February 2, 1967. October 12, 1967. Winter wheat varieties are determined H. Con. Res. 232, Atlantic Union Delega­ H.R. 13484, to amend the Sherman Act to and why the subsidy spread between the tion. Reported from Committee on Foreign prohibit the investment of certain income Affairs as H. Con. Res. 48 on July 9, 1968, in any business enterprise affectin,g inter­ two classes of wheat may change from February 23, 1967. · state or foreign commerce, October 12, 1967. 0 to 10, 12, or even 14 cents within H.R. 6141, control unfair trade practices af­ H.R. 13485, to permit the compelling testi­ a relatively short time. I charged that fecting producers. Favorable report from mony with respect to certain crimes, and the rates are jiggled and rejiggled, not Department of Agriculture on May 12, 1968, the granting of immunity in connection in response to changes in world market February 27, 1967. therewith, October 12, 1967. prices but rather to favor export from H.R. 7278, postage stamp to commemorate H.R. 13486, to provide for the abolition of the United States of one class of wheat Dlinois Sesquicentennial. Stamp issued, the rigid two-ness and direct-evidence rules against another. March 15, 1967. in perjury cases; and to provide for the H.R. 7279, amend Social Security Act to prosecution of contradictory statements POLITICAL PERVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL increase earnings permitted before deduction made under oath without proof of the falsity SCHOLARSHIP from insurance benefits, March 15, 1967. of one of the statements, October 12, 1967. In the spring and summer of 1967 Sec­ H.R. 7280, amend Social Security Act to H.R. 13487, to provide protected facillties retary ;Freeman attacked legislation I in­ for the housing of government witnesses and provide cost of living increases 1n insurance the families of government witnesses in or­ troduced. Freeman predicted that the benefits, March 15, 1967. ganized crime cases, October 12, 1967. proposed legislation would cut farm in­ H.R. 7366, credit against income tax .tor H.R. 13488, to establish a Joint Committee come by one-third and said agricultural certain higher education expenses, March 16, on organized crime, October 12, 1967. economists from nine land grant univer­ 1967. H. Con. Res. 574, to express the sense of sities agreed with .him. After much ef­ H.R. 7367, amend Internal Revenue Code the Congress with respect to the Great Lakes fort, I finally secured the names of the to allow teachers deductions for expenses in Basin Compact and the Great Lakes Com­ pursuing education, March 16, 1967. mission. Reported out of Foreign Affairs Com­ nine land-grant colleges involved. I wrote H.R. 7402, amend Social Security Act for the deans -of each school of agricultural mittee and aw.alting a rule for floor action, certain state · hospitalization coverages, November 6, 1967. economics at these institutions to deter­ March 16, 1967. H.R. 14251, to amend the March 4. 1909 mine whether the colleges had in fact H.R. 7486, promote private U.S. participa­ Act, as .amended, to obtain information for approved them. My correspondence tion in international organimtlans_; estab­ agricultural estimates from county exten­ showed that the predictions were not lish Institute of International Affairs; Hear- mon agents, December 7, 1967.

·~ - July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24073 H.R. 14336, to require that buses and Among items touched on before the sub­ won the Battle of Midway against seemingly trucks operated in commerce be equipped committee was the growth of Soviet nuclear superior odds. with instruments to provide for a record of capability, the inability of the United States Unfortunately, the battle has slipped into certain operating data, and for other pur­ to make progress in Vietnam, the impotence the past. Today there are far too many civil­ poses (tachograph legislation), December 7, of the United States in the seizure of the ians who do not understand sea and air 1967. intelligence ship, Pueblo, by North Korea, power. As civilians they perhaps are not ex­ H.R. 14779, to establish the Travel Incen­ and a lag in development of new planes, pected to understand the subject. Their fail­ tive Act, January 23, 1968. submarines and other major weapons by the ure is that they too often try to have H. Con. Res. 619, safe recovery of crew and United States. punched cards or perforated tape fed into vessel, January 25, 1968. In what almos·t amounted to a challenge a computer as a substitute for nearly two cen­ H. Con. Res. 696, U.S. should not increase to the White House to change the course turies of American sea-power heritage. But its military involvement in Vietnam, January of United States policy which has brought machines are not brains and experience. 14, 1968. the nation to a precarious condition in na­ As a result of the failure, the United States H.R. 16305. Manpower Policy Act of 1968, tional defense, General Wheeler added that of America again is letting its maritime power March 28, 1968. the trends which alarm him "do not neces­ age at a critical time when it should be mod­ H.R. 17145, American Hunger Commission sarily have to continue by ·any manner of ernized for the critical new challenges to our Act, passed as H.R. 17144, May 8. 1968. means." freedoms. H.R. 17497, Government Program Evalua­ It has been evident for years that the A deep knowledge of sea and air led to the tion Commission, May 23, 1968. Joint Chiefs and civilian military officials decisive United States victory in the battle H.J. Res. 1375, constitutional amendment were in basic disagreement over some of the for the Midway Islands in 1942, where the to reduce voting eligibility age to eighteen, major facets of military planning-partic­ Japanese had hoped to decimate the Ameri­ June 27, 1968. ularly the development of new and more can fleet. Our sea power won and kept the H.R. 18296, to amend the Employment Act powerful weapoDJ.i. enemy from attacking the Pacific Coast of of 1946, July 2, 1968. Perhaps Defense Secretary Clifford will be our homeland. H.R. 18575, to establish the Commission for more receptive to the recommendations of Unfortunately and ironically, United States the Improvement of Government Manage­ military leaders than former Secretary Mc­ sea power is again fighting for survival, but ment and Organization, July 15, 1968. Namara was. It is difficult to refute the opin­ the enemy 26 years after Midway is apathy H.R.18451, to amend the Act of March 3, ion the United States has not progressed and lack of understanding, not an enemy 1905, relating to the dumping of certain ma­ in military strength in recent years. fleet. terials into navigable waters of the U.S., July 10, 1968. MID-SOUTH SPEAKS ON VIETNAM APATHY IS SEA POWER'S ENEMY NOW U.S. POLICY HON. DAN KUYKENDALL OF TENNESSEE HON. BOB WILSON IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF CALIFORNIA HON. STROM THURMOND Monday, July 29, 1968 OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. KUYKENDALL. Mr. Speaker, un­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, July 29, 1968 der permission to extend my remarks in Monday, July 29, 1968 Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, under the RECORD I would like to include the Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, the leave to extend my remarks in the REc­ first of a series of articles from the Mem­ July 24, 1968 edition of the Greenville ORD, I include the following: phis Press-Scimitar in which the people (S.C.) Piedmont, contains an interesting HISTORY'S LESSON MUST BE HEEDED: APATHY of the mid-South express their concern editorial entitled "Military Leader Is Is SEA PowER's ENEMY Now over the war in Vietnam. Tense Over U.S. Policy." "The Pacific War," wrote a Japanese naval The series, written by Margaret Mc­ Editor William F. Gaines has writ­ commander, "was started by men who did Kee, illustrates the dissatisfaction of the ten an editorial based on a report re­ not understand the sea and fought by men people from an important sector of the cently released by the Senate Prepared­ who did not understand the air." country with the conduct of a war the The commander, Matasake Okumiya, was administration is unable to end and re­ ness Investigating Subcommittee. Al­ speaking with the wisdom of hindsight in the though a great deal of the report was book he coauthored: "Midway, The Battle fuses to win. deleted for security reasons, editor That Doomed Japan." The first article follows: Gaines was able to discern a difference "Had there been a better understanding of [From the Memphis (Tenn.) Press-Scimitar, of opinion between the Joint Chiefs and sea and air,'' he added, "Japan would have July 24, 1968] civilian military officials. pondered more carefully the wisdom of going THE WAR AND THE M'ID-SOUTH: EARLE, ARK.­ He pointed out that Gen. Earle to war." ToWN BEWILDERED, CONFUSED ABoUT VIET Wheeler described trends in military de­ Today as we note the 26th anniversary of (NoTE.-The war goes on-and on. Last that decisive battle which turned the tide month it became the longest war in Ameri­ velopment which alarm him. At the same of World War II there are lessons implicit in can history. And as the war goes on, life time, he noted that General Wheeler be­ its examples. appears to go on as usual in small-town lieves that these trends "do not neces­ On paper, the Japanese should have won America. But does it? Just how close to home sarily have to continue." This statement the battle. It was seven short months after is the war in Vietnam for the people in the by our top military leader is, in effect, the disaster at Pearl Harbor that sank much Mid-South? The Press-Scimitar sent Staff a challenge to the White House to take of the American Pacific Fleet. Writer Margaret McKee and Photographer action on many of the Joint Chiefs of The Japanese fleet, approaching to attack W1lliam Leaptrott to probe beneath the ap­ Staff recommendations for improving Midway, had a vast numerical superiority­ parently placid surface. The first of a three­ our military posture. three to one in numbers of aircraft carriers part report appears today.) alone. Their best trained men were aboard (By Margaret McKee) Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ the vessels. And the fleet was commanded by sent that the editorial be printed in the popular Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto, Japan's EARLE, ARK.-The noon sun pops sweat out leading authority on air power. on Coach A. B. Wood's forehead, and he Extensions of Remarks. swipes it away with the side of his arm. There being no objection, the editorial When the fog of the battle ended three Sweat darkens the underarms of his ma­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, days after it began, four of the Japanese car­ riers were at the bottom of the Pacific along roon knit shirt and glistens on his forearms as follows: · with a heavy cruiser. The Japanese fleet had as he drives a tractor, seeding the Earle High MILITARY LEADER Is TENSE OVER U.S. POLICY School football field. He stops work long been decisively routed and the stage was set enough to talk a minute. On April 23, Gen. Earle G. Wheeler, chair­ for the extension of American seapower to man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, testified Japan itself. "We've got to do one of two things in Viet­ in closed session before the Senate Prepared­ What the Japanese did not have were men nam," he says, gripping the steering wheel ness subcommittee. Only now is part of the like Fleet Adm. Chester A. Nimitz, com­ with brown cotton work gloves. "We've got to general's testimony revealed, and a meager mander-in-chief in the Pacific, and Adm. whip their tail or get out." part at that. Raymond A. Spruance, the battle commander "IF THEY CALLED . . . ? " But enough is known about what the at Midway. These were men who did under­ The young coach shifts his green cotton general told the senators to see Wheeler stand the sea and the air. pants on the tractor seat. "Communism has is concerned about the trend of some present It was the genius of American planning, · got to be headed off somewhere and it can United States policies and the effect they ·the depth of American intelligence and the just as well be in Vietnam as anywhere else. · may have on national survival. heritage of American naval sea power that If they called me tomorrow, I'd kiss my wife 24074 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 29, 1968

good.by. If it weren't for the family, I'd be pletely healed. His father wants to keep it BEWILDERED gone right now." that way. Earle, Ark.-bewildered, confused, colored But right now the football field has to be Rogers rocks back in his leather swivel and white. Mrs. Albert Davis Sr. .speaks for seeded, the leftovers from last year's team chair and puffs on a fat cigar. "I don't want many people of both races as she leans on have to be worked out with weights, the my son to go back," he says. "The only thing the porch railing of the beige-and-white ·bleachers need a coat of point. "Earle had a to do is win it or pull out. Either one suits house where she lives with her son, prin­ 2-8 season last year. They haven't had a win­ me, either one. I don't think we should be in cipal of Dunbar School. Chlldren's toys are ning one in four years. They don't talk much it.'' scattered on the sxnall lawn, where zinnias about Vietnam in this town. They talk about "FORTIFY OURSELVES" and day lilies bloom. ·football," the coach says and cranks up the Rogers' words eeho the neoisolationism A massive woman in a pink-and-red dress, tractor. heard in many parts of the country today. Mrs. Davis says, slowly: "Don't very many On this hot summer Thursday in a flat­ "I would like to see our country do like of my friends say much about the war. They land, Arkansas Delta tow~ (population Switzerland-bring our boys home, fortify say, 'What a pity. What a shame. We are 3,000) ,.they talk about football and the crops ourselves and quit meddling in the affairs losing so many boys.' and new industry for a town starting to grow of the rest of the world. "But we don't know what is the reason again after a serious decline. "We're playing soldier, playing Santa of the fight. We would love to know. Every­ LONG WAY Claus and I'm not for it. I couldn't care body said they could feel better if they whether the rest of the world perishes or could just know what is happening." The war in Vietnam is a long, long way not. Probably I would prefer to see _it per­ from the junction of Highways 64 and 149 in ish." the middle of town, from the red paint on A politicians' war, one of those never-win the curbs and the stores whose windows deals, the nastiest war we've ever gotten in, EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL have changed little in 20 years. a hopeless quagmire-Rogers uses .all these To Earle, Vietnam means frustration and terms to describe Vietnam. confusion, a bewildering no-win war where Then, with resignation, frustration and a HON. GEORGE BUSH American boys keep dying and the U.S. gets flash o:( humor, he says: "This war is like OF TEXAS pushed around. Over and over the people of the old proverbial tar baby. We don't know IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Earle refer to the forces controlling the war how to turn it loose." as "they"-"they" could win if they wanted Unlike Billy Rogers Jr., Nathaniel Dancy Monday, July 29, 1968 to, "they" are holding the military d-own. Jr. won't recover completely from his Viet­ Sam Bratton, Earle superintendent of nam injuries. Three fingers won't be much Mr. BUSH. Mr. Speaker, in a time schools, hears it from his students. "It's hard use to him again. Nathaniel Dancy Sr. has when we are very much interested in to put your finger on the feeling about the closed his grocery store on this Thursday equal opportunity for all, I think it rea­ war," Bratton says, pushing aside the gov­ afternoon to work on the books of the St. sonable that we take a look at a policy of ernment-money paperwork he is doing in Luke Mission Baptist Church, but he in­ the U.S. Government that would seem his air-conditioned office in the high school. vites the strangers into his white frame to deny this opportunity. "With most of the boys, it's resignation­ house next to the store to talk. certainly not enthusiasm toward it. There is no doubt that the real answer FEEL THE SAME to poverty is jobs and education. We NOT AS PERSONAL The circular fan sitting on the floor stirs must give every incentive possible to our . "This war is not as personal as World the air in the living room, where papers and young people to attend high school and War II. Then the feeling was, 'Our country books share the tables with pictures of college. But the evidence is mounting is involved. I've got to participate in it.' Dancy in his World War II Naval uniform, that our labor laws regarding teenagers Now it's something that 'they' got us into, pictures of his three children, and a Bible and we've got to go on and do it." bound in red leather. "I think colored and under 19 and the economic consequences If we've got to do it, Earle says do it and white feel the same about it," ·says Dancy, of minimum wage legislation have in­ get out. Turn ·on the fire power, turn the a deacon in his church and a member of creased the unemployment rate of teen­ troops loose, win the war. Quit pussyfooting the Crittenden County Republican execu­ agers-particularly nonwhite teenagers. around with the Communists. The towns­ tive committee. "This is our country. We As a result of the last wage increase in people of Earle want out of Vietnam. Most want to do our best to save it. February 1967, the teenage unemploy­ want to leave with honor. Some just want "My son is in the reserve, and he would ment rate rose by 13.2 percent. A fur­ to leave. go back to Vietnam now if necessary. I Mrs. J. H. Williams, an apron tied around would go myself to save this country. It ther breakdown of white and nonwhite the waist of her blue-and-white gingham seems .like all the boys around here feel teenage unemployment will reflect that dress, checks out the laSt of the lunch like they should go. None of them are dodg­ the rise in nonwhite teenage unemploy­ crowd at WWiams Restaurant in downtown ing the draft board or like that. ment is 2% times that of his white coun­ Earle. A few aawdlers linger over their coffee "Of course, it looks a little hard, losing terpart. A complete analysis of this situa­ at the orange naugahyde booths and formica so many men. I'd rather us be there than tion WaS placed in the CONGR.ESSIONAL tables. for them to be over here. But it looks like RECORD of March 26, 1968, by the Honor­ ' ' UNNECESSARY'' they'd try to get it over with, like World able THOMAS B. CURTIS on page 7758. The small, gray-haired woman looks sur­ War I and II." HIS VIEW It seems inconsistent to me that we prised as strangers seated at her front coun­ should pass legislation which will pro· ter ask her opinion on Vietnam. "That war?" That nebulous "they" again, controlling she says. Then quickly, emphatically: "I the war but not really pushing it. "They vide grants for education and yet not think it's very unnecessary. It's all uncalled could end that doggone thing in 60 days if take a look at a section of the law that we for. We don't have any business over there. they wanted to," says Charlie Blanz, whose are being told is keeping teenagers from What do we have over there anyway?" auto dealership is one of the more prosper­ completing high school. Taking a lunch check. Ann Williams makes ous-looking buildings in the town. In addition, the present certification change, thanks the customer and barely "Millions and millions of tons of bombs procedure for student employment cer­ stops. "We've had a lot of little boys go from have been dropped in those jungles. All tainly adds to the reluctance of many here--colored and white. Those boys' lives we're doing is clearing those jungles. For who smaller businessmen to hire students over there are worth about 50 cents. I just and for what, I don't know. don't understand why we're there." "It's like getting caught in quicksand. under 19. The same is true for handi­ She gestures toward the two waitresses We're in quicksand so far and so deep, we capped workers. wiping tables and picking up dirty dishes. don't know how to get out. I think we Therefore, I think the Congress should . "These two girls that work for me, they have should go on and finish the job and bring take a good look at the effect current sons. One of them is liable to go any day. our boys home." labor law and practices has on the un­ We talk about it right smart. I think most Fewer people in Earle want the war over employment rates of teenagers and of the women feel like I do. I would pull_out more than -Clyde Snyder. He lives with it handicapped persons. For this reason I or bomb.'' The big bomb? "Yes, the big one." every minute of every day. His 20-year-old son, Ronald, a sergeant in the paratroopers, am, today, introducing legislation that Around the corner from the restaurant is would. direct the Secretary of Labor to Billy Rogers real estate office, a yellow brick has fought there since last Aug. 16. Snyder, building with green curtains in the wide an invalid from a heart attack followed by present to the Congress, no later than a stroke, could get his only son home, but February 1, 1969, proposals, including front windows. he won't. Under the glass top of a long table are recommendations for legislation that "Once we start a job, we've got to finish will provide differentials in the minimum clippings about Billy Rogers' son, Billy-a it," Snyder says. "When Ronald first went newspaper picture of the spot in Hue where over, like many of the rest of us, he couldn't wage to encourage employment of stu­ young Billy was shot during the Tet offen­ understand why. Now he says he can see the dents, unemployed youth under the age sive, the State Department telegram noti- reason, that we're fighting for a good cause." of 19, and partly or wholly untrain­ . fying his fatper ·of t:h:e wounds. Young Billy Then he pauses: '.'I just wish we'd hurry up able handicapped; to revise the hazard­ is out of Vietnam. His wounds are com- and get it over." ous occupations orders to encourage .July 29, .19.68 .EXTENSIONS OF REMARK~ 24075 safe employment of studenu and youths morning in what local authorities said was Par two miles along both sides of Superior under 19; to simplify .rules and proce­ a black power plot to begin "major disturb­ Avenue, a major thoroughfare, firemen ances" simultaneously here and in Chicago, bravec;t sniper fire to battle blazes ignited by dures under the Fair Labor Standards Detroit and Pittsburgh; Molotov Cocktails. · Act in order to free employers from un­ Ten persons were shot to death during the The flames ranged from East 105th Street, necessary constraints. in employing disorder. · in the area where the snipers were holed up, youths and the handicapped, to place The flgh ting which had turned a large sec­ to the city limits two miles aw~y. . part Cif the responsibility tmder the Fair tion of Cleveland's predominantly Negro The shooting lasted more than five hours Labor Standards Act for proof of age East-Side into a battleground was declared last night and early today. It subsided during and student status under the law upon "under control" by Ohio authorities shortly a driving rainstorm, then erupted again at before noon, EDT. an intersection in the heart of a five-block the employee as well as the employer Mayor Carl B. Stokes, a Negro, said that area where the disturbances first broke out. and; to assure that students, youths, prior to the outbreak he had received infor­ · Fred "Ahmed" Evans, a Black Nationalist and handicapped persons employed at mation from military and FBI sources and leader arrested by three policemen before lower minimum wages do not replace local police intelligence sources that "at dawn, told officers he and 17 others instigated full-time worker employed at higher 8 a.m. today (Wednesday) major disturb­ the shooting. wages. ances were to occur in Chicago, Detroit, "If my carbine hadn't jammed I would Cleveland and Pittsburgh." have killed you three," police quoted him as TASK FORCE IN AREA saying. "I had you in my sights when my rifle jammed." ANTIRIOT BILL AND THE RECENT "For that reason," he said, "we had a police CLEVELAND RIOTS Patrolman David Hicks said Evans boasted task force in the area last night, and that that he and 17 other men began firing at is why we were able to respond so quickly." officers because "you police have bothered HON. WILLIAM C. CRAMER Stokes did not elaborate on the alleged us too long." inter-city plot. When told that three snipers had been OF FLORIDA "Our poUce were unable to fully substanti­ slain, Evans said, "they died for a worthy IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ate the warnings of planned disorders in the cause," according to Hicks. four cities," he said. Monday, July 29, 1968 Gov. James A. Rhodes mobilized the state's In Pittsburgh, Public Safety Director David 15,200 National Guardsmen and sent 4,000 of Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, under Craig said, "We received similar information them to Cleveland. Stokes first requested the and we took precautionary steps early yester­ troops be kept from the area of violence to leave to extend my remarks in the RE:c­ day evening." He declined to elaborate. ORD, I include the following: give the Negroes a chance "to see if they can (The FBI in Washington had no comment control their community." Moments later, CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, on the reports at this time.) he relented and 2,600 troops took to the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, Stokes admitted he had requested Ohio streets ~ Washington, D.O., July 29, 1968. National Guard authorities last night that Cleveland, the nation's eighth largest city, Hon. RAMSEY CLARK, looters not be shot, but he said this matter experienced a major riot in 1966. The election Attorney General of the United States, was the "responsibility of the commander of of Stokes last year had given rise to hopes Department of Justice, the troops." the city would be spared racial disturbances Washington, D.O. (The Associated Press quoted the mayor during his tenure. DEAR MR. CLARK: The enclosed articles and as saying last night's violence was the work of Police said the d1sturbances first began other supporting material -which you must a "small and determined group.") about 8:30 o'clock last night with a surge of have available indicate that outside influence TWO-MILE AREA and well planned organization took place gunfire at the intersection of Lakeview and with regards to the recent Cleveland riots. Looting, firebombing and attacks on Arbondale Avenu€6. I call your particular attention to the civilians ranged over a two-mile area from Witnesses said a group of five Negroes statement of State Adjutant General S. T. the east side to the city limits. It was the armed with carbines and automatic rifles Del Corso, commander of the Ohio National nation's worst racial disorder since the de­ poured bullets into a police cruiser and a structive Washington rioting which followed tow truck that pulled up to the intersection Guard in which he states, "I believe this to pick up an abandoned car. is a conspiracy of black militant groups to the assassination of the Rev. Dr. Martin cause disturbances not only in Ohio but all Luther King Jr. in April. Within 30 minutes, the violence flared in a across the United States to prove they are An assault force of 2,600 National Guards­ five-block area around the intersection. a power to be reckoned with and that they men using armored personnel carriers and Police were pinned down by heavy fire from can do anything they want to at any time." trucks borrowed from Brink's, Inc., moved apartment houses ringing the intersection. As, author of the Anti-Riot Bill that passed into the battle area at sunrise with orders to Witnesses said one of the five gunmen, who the House and became a part of the Anti­ "shoot to kill snipers." retreated into an apartment unit, shouted, Crime Law of 1968, I am specifically request­ At midmorning, officials described the East "we'll shoot anything that's white." fug that this matter be thoroughly investi­ Side as "quiet." A newsman, however, re­ Moments later, the sounds of gunfire rolled gated and that those responsible for the ported sporadic sniping and arson. across the hot, sultry night, and large bands killing of the three police omcers and the of Negroes gathered at various intersections. The 10 persons killed by gunfire included Stores were firebombed and looted. triggering of the riots and looting in Cleve­ thre~ white police officers, three Negro land on and after the date of July 23, 1968 snipers and four Negroes apparently caught Police deployed their men, who were fired be prosecuted to the fullest extent of this in crossfire. Eighteen other persons, 10 of at as they crouched behind cars and utility new anti-riot law. them policemen, were wounded. Two of the poles. Gunfire was so heavy at times police · I believe it imperative that the law en­ could not go to the aid of wounded comrades. wounded omcers were in critical condition. A UPI reporter was trapped for two hours forcement authorities of the United States Police made 53 arrests, most of them for show bevond a doubt and at this crucial by crossfire between police and snipers in an looting. apartment building a few blocks away. He hour, before other uprisings OC terrible night to an end, it will July 24, 1968]- · kind used in M16 rifles in Vietnam. He said depend on the kind of cooperation we get TEN DEAD IN CLEVELAND GUN BATTLE-THREE the governor's office had received informa­ 1;:rom the citizens." Po~CEMEN AND THREE SNIPERS AMONG tion "something was going to blow today." Police reported several cases of large g~ngs VxcrxMS-CITY Now CALM, OFFICIALS He said ~he sniping,may have started a day of Negroes stopping cars and beating tP.e CHARGE BLACK POWER PLOT early to prevent "a leak in the black power drivers. In one case, in which a young man CLEVELAND.--8nipers with automatic wea.p- organization.'' ~n his 20s was being beaten in the st~et, at on.s fought police through the night ~:~.nd Apartments, stores and cars were set afire. least 15 policemen with drawn revolvers 24076 . EXTENSIONS.OF REMARKS _ July 29, 1968, plunged into the crowd and rescued the . "I believe this is a conspiracy _by black point in North America-brings a sense youth. militant groups to cause disturbances not_ of rever.ence to the beholder. It is no on!y in Ohio but all acr.oss the U.S. tp prove [From the Washington (D.C.) Daily News, they are a power to be reckoned with and wonder that our Congress made it into July 24, 1968] that they can do anything they want at any a national park. Two other areas in GUARDSMEN DISPATCHED TO SCENE OF SNIPER time," said State Adj. Gen. S. T. Del Corso, Alaska, Glacier Bay ·and Katmai, have BATTLE: TEN KILLED IN CLEVELAND commander of the Ohio National Guard. been declared as national monuments. CLEVELAND, July 24.-Snipers With auto­ Glacier Bay in southeastern Alaska 'is the matic weapons fought police thru the night site of huge glaciers which run to the and early today, turning a major section of sea. Katmai National Monument, at the the city's predominantly Negro East Side into ALASKA'S NATIONAL PARK AND base of the Alaska Peninsula, is best a battleground in what was described as a MONUMENTS known for its active volcanoes. nationwide Black Power plot. In view of the fact that this is summer A force of 2600 National Guardsmen, using and many Americans will be taking vaca­ armored personnel carriers and borrowed HON. HOWARD W. POLLOCK trucks from Brink's, Inc., moved into the area tions, · it is with much enthusiasm that at sunrise with orders to "shoot to kill OF ALASKA I invite my fellow countrymen to visit snipers." - IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES America's last frontier and see these Ten persons were killed by gunfire, includ­ Monday, July 29, 1968 places of beauty and others for them­ ing three police officers, three snipers and selves. Alaska is a place of incompara­ four Negroes apparently caught in the cross­ Mr. POLLOCK. Mr. Speaker, the age ble beauty and majesty and natural fire. in which we live is a very fast moving splendor. Eighteen other persons, 10 of them police­ one indeed. The wonders of science have Mr. Speaker, under unanimous con­ men, were wounded. Two of the wounded offi­ brought to mankind the means for cers are in critical condition. sent I include the text of the Christian Police made 53 arrests. speedily accomplishing those tasks Science Monitor article describing Alas­ Firebombing, looting and assaults on civil­ which must be done, so that our leisure ka's national park and national monu­ ians were widespread. time is substantially increased. Through ments in the RECORD: It was the nation's worst racial disorder television, radio, telephone, and tele­ LEARN AS You ROAM: ALASKAN PARKLANDS-A since the destructive Washington rioting graph, we have been brought closer to­ WILDERNESS OF MANY MooDS which followed the assassination of Dr. gether. Our means of transportation in (By Neil J. Reid, National Park Service, U.S. Martin Luther King Jr. in April. the Nation is so advanced that we can Department of the Interior) MANYFmES board a plane in the morning in Wash­ To the Indians of the Kuskokwim, the Apartments, stores and cars were set afire. ington, D.C., eat breakfast whUe travel­ mountain was known as "Denali" (the High For two miles along both sides of Superior ing, and arrive in Anchorage, Alaska, in One). Rising 2C,320 feet, it towers well over Avenue, a major thorofare, firemen braved time for a late lunch. three miles above the surrounding lowlands sniper fire to battle blazes ignited by molotov But this speed has also brought us of Mt. McKinley National Park. Not only is cocktails. Mt. McKinley the highest paint on the North The fiames ranged from East 105th Street, much tension and pressure. City life­ American continent, but it presents one of in the area where the snipers were holed up, and most of us are urban dwellers-is the largest single mountain masses in the to the city limits two miles away. one of noise and commotion. Many of world. The shooting lasted more than five hours us spend most of our time indoors. Dur­ . One can readily undel'stand the feelings last night and early today. It subsided dur­ ing the day, most Americans are work­ of reverence and respect that the Indians of ing a driving rainstorm, then erupted again ing inside-in office buildings, factories, the region held for the mountain, for its' at an intersection in the heart of a five-block great height and gleaming white beauty in­ area where the disturbances first broke out. shops, schools, hospitals, or retail stores. In the evening, many of our citizens find still within us today those same feelings of Mayor Carl B. Stokes, the first Negro ever awe. A mountain of massive strength, of elected head of a major American city, be­ that their recreation keeps them indoors isolated splendor and loneliness. Mt. McKin­ lieved the violence may have been planned. as well-whether at home watching tele­ ley is the physical symbol of a great wilder­ "There is a definable group involved," he vision or enjoying a play or a concert ness. said. "We've been running it down since yes­ in a public auditorium. If we are not in­ It is a wilderness of contrasts: of jagged terday afternoon. We were trying to ascertain doors, we are stUI inside the city-watch­ snow-capped mountains and broad, verdant just what the fragments of information ing a baseball game in a local ballpark, valleys; of sluggish valley glaciers, and swift, were." swimming in a nearby pool, or playing silt-laden mountain streams; of deep spruce Police said the snipers were using auto­ forests and expansive tundras; of long pleas­ matic carbines, at least one machinegun, M1 tennis at a city recreation ground. ant summer days, and violent, sub-zero rifies and shotguns. But once in a while we need to "get winter storms; of icy barren rock deserts, and RELENTS far away from it all"-far away­ bountiful life. A wilderness of many moods, Gov. James A. Rhodes mobilized the state's where there is no noise or tension, where ever changing, and yet a wilderness that has 15,200 national guardsmen and sent 4,000 of we can relax, think, and truly recreate remained essentially unchanged since the them to Cleveland. Mr. Stokes first requested ourselves. time of the Indian. the troops be kept from the area of violence Though our population centers are To most of us, a visit to Mt. McKinley Na­ to give the Negroes a chance "to see if they tional Park is an entirely new, once-in-a-life­ large, there are still many places in this time experience--an adventure into s,ub­ can control their community." Moments later, land where a person can really ''get back arctic North America. We come with our he relented and 2,000 troops took to the to nature," places where he can enjoy streets. preconceived notions of what the park should (Mr. Stokes earlier had phoned Gov. the wonders and beauty of the great out­ look like, but most of us are totally unpre­ Rhodes, who was in Cincinnati at the Na­ doors-the mountains, deserts, lakes, pared for that first impression. It is an im­ tional Governors' Conference. The Governor forests, and wildlife of our country. pression of vastness-of great distances that It is possible to find solitude on the stretch in every direction to far horizons. then rushed out of the ballroom during a It is also an impression of endless daylight. speech by President Johnson. remoteness of Roosevelt Island right here Dawn breaks early on the Alaskan tundra. In­ Fred "Ahmed" Evans, a Black Nationalist in the District on a Sunday morning, for deed, during mid-June, sunset and sunrise leader arrested by three policemen before wilderness is in fact a state of mind which are simultaneous events. Our time-tested dawn, told officers he and 17 others instigated is conditioned by one's present surround­ concept of "day" and "night" does not apply the shooting. ing coupled with past experience. How­ here. "If my carbine hadn't jammed I would The best time for visiting Mt. McKinley have killed you three, police quoted him as ever, Mr. Speaker, come to Alaska for a real experience in the great outdoors, for Park is from June through August. Not all saying, "I had you in my sights when my park roads are open before June. And by La­ rifie jammed." in our State the wilderness is not just a bor Day, the first snows of winter fall; then BOASTS state of mind. The exhilaration of the most tourists leave rather than risk being Patrolman David Hicks said .Evans boasted truly spacious is a reality. trapped in a blizzard. that he and 17 other men began firing at Throughout this country there are Nature has difficulty hiding her secrets officers because "you police have bothered us several national parks, forests, monu­ from visitors at Mt. McKinley. The long days too long." When told that three snipers had ments, and recreation areas. My own and open country provide opportunities for been slain, Mr. Evans said, "they died for a State of Alaska has a number of them. seeing wildlife activities that further south worthy cause," according to Mr. Hicks. take place under the cover of darkness. After­ .. "We asked him .where his weapon was," said Recently, the Christian Science Moni­ supper walks conducted by naturalists may Sgt. Ronald Heinz, "he pointed to busses in tor carrie.d a full-page article describing tenninate at a beaver. pond where you may front of a house. We. found a loaded carbine. Alaska's places of beauty. The awesome watch a~d photograp]1. a beav~r family }n­ five boxes of ammunition and a first-aid kit.'; majesty 'of Mount McKinley-the highest <1ustdously repairing its dam, or cutting wil- July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24077 low and cottonwood for · its winter food with the glacierS for space on the mountain he did.' There can be no doubt about Jus­ cache. Or you may take the early morning bus slopes.· · tice Musmanno's sincerity, and certainly tour from the McKinley Park Hotel to the Katmai is also known for its large fresh none about his competence in this field. Eielson Visitor Center. water lakes. Indeed, your visit to the monu­ ment will be water oriented. Arrival is by He has been on the bench of our highest Park visitors are active 24 hours a day in court for 15 years, prior to that he was McKinley, and the park r~ad is in almost float plane from King Sa:lmon, and most of continuous use. The major attraction is, of your trip in the area will be by boat on· the a trial-judge for 20 years, and he served course, Mt. McKinley itself. Unlike most lake and river system. This is the home of on the highest court in the world at mountains, the great height of McKinley al­ the Alaska brown bear, largest of the griz- the time, the International War Crimes lows it to make its own weather. Updrafts zlieL · Tribunal in Nuremberg. In addition, he of warm air usually contain sufficient mois­ Most of the trails in the monument were served in the Pennsylvania Legislature ture to form clouds, and even to drop heavy constructed by the brown bear, and have unique designs. In open country the trails of which I was a member, is an author snows almost every ·day during the summer. of 16 books, and holds the rank of rear No respecter of timetables and itineraries look much like miniature prairie roads­ Mt. McKinley often hides behind clouds of two parallel tracks leading to the best fish­ admiral in the U.S. Naval Reserve, re­ its own making. This playful behavior is the ing spots. tired. Thus, his words are worthy of note main reason why the tour bus leaves the No highways penetrate the wilderness and reflection. Mr. Speaker, I include hotel at 4 a.m. surrounding this largest unit of the national Justice Musmanno's speech in the REc­ Another reason to be out in the park at park system. As a result visitation is small. ORD at this point: The monument does have two excellent such an early hour is that this is the period SPEECH BY JUSTICE MICHAEL A. ~USMANNO AT of activity for the largest variety of wild­ camps, boats, and even a tour bus on a primitive road from Brooks River to the CHIEFS OF POLICE CONVENTION, PHILADEL­ life. It is not unusual for bus-tour passen­ PHIA, PA., JULY 24, 1968 gers to see several dozen moose, large bands Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. At the of Dallsheep, four or five grizzly bears, and falls along the Brooks River are the re­ Mr. Chairman and Chiefs of Police o! perhaps up to a thousand caribou. Wolverines mains of an early Aleut vlllage. These people Pennsylvania: It is with extreme reluctance and wolves are rarer, but are seen on occa­ knew Alaska, and gave it a proper name-­ that I am compelled to make this utter­ "Al-ay-eshka"-(the Big Country). ance, but a sense of duty to the law and to sion. The following publications will give you my fellow-citizen compels it. I have come Alaska contains two other large units of more information on these areas: they may to the conclusion, most regretfully, that the national park system-Glacier Bay Na­ be obtained from Mt. McKinley Natural His­ something must be done to curb the irre­ tional Monument in southeastern Alaska, tory Association, McKinley Park, Alaska sponsible decisions coming down from the and Katmai National Monument at the base 99755. Supreme Court of the United States, decisions of the Alaska Peninsula. Both of these na­ Birds of McKinley, Alaska, by Adolph which are crippling the police in their duty tional monuments are mountainous. As its Murie, $1.63. _ to prevent crime, to detect criminals, and name suggests, Glacier Bay is the. home Mammals of Mt. McKinley, Alaska, by to prosecute those who have declared war of huge glaciers that terminate in the sea. Adolph Murie, 75 cents. on society. No one can read the decisions Visitors are generally content to visit Gla­ The Wilderness of Denali, by Charles which have been handed down by the U.S. cier Bay by ship, as the large fields of ice Sheldon, Charles Scribner's Sons. $6.73. · Supreme Court recently in the realm of law make cross-country travel extremely diffi­ Folder on Mt. McKinley National Park enforcement without anguish and pain that cult. It is possible, however, to see many (free). such illogical, fallacious, incongruous, not species of wildlife while cruising in the Folder of Glacier Bay National Monument to say unjust, decisions could be made by Glacier Bay fiords. (free). intellectuals charged with the obligation of The Glacier Bay glaciers are not left over Folder of Katmai National Monument upholding the Constitution, impelling re­ from the Great Ice Age, but are dynamic (free). spect for the law, and ensuring domestic recorders of today's climate. Not only do The following book can be obtained from tranquility. the glaciers accurately measure snowfall, the University of California Press, Berkeley, Let me be specific. Just a little over a they measure evaporation, solar radiation, Calif.: . month ago the Supreme Court invalidated and the melting capacities of warm winds Landscapes of Alaska, by Howel Williams. the conviction of a man (Wayne Bumper) and rain. Generally we think of ice as being $5. who was proved guilty of one of the most brittle. But the tremendous weight of ice revolting crimes in the calendar of hideous causes it to become plastic and fiow under offenses. Bumper held up a young woman the infiuence of gravity. The glaciers termi­ SPEECH BY JUSTICE MICHAEL A. and her male escort with a rifle. Threaten­ nate as ice cliffs in Glacier Bay. Blocks ing to kill them if they resisted, he raped weighing hundreds of tons break away in a MUSMANNO AT CHIEFS OF POLICE the girl. Then he tied them to individual deafening roar and fall into the water. CONVENTION trees and raped the girl again. Then he shot Boats are well advised to stay a good dis­ both of them; fortunately they recovered. tance back from the ice fronts. The pollee obtained a search warrant and ·A series of events known as the "little HON. JOSHUA EILBERG went to the house where the defendant lived ice age" that occurred 200 to 300 years ago OF PENNSYLVANIA with his grandmother. The grandmother said are recorded more completely in Glacier she did not need to see the search warrant Bay than anywhere else in the world. In IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and invited the poljce in to search the house. the late 1700's Glacier Bay was completely Monday, July 29, 1968 They found the rifle which had been used filled with ice. Since then the ice has stead­ in the shootings. The man was tried, he was ily retreated over 60 miles to the faces of Mr. EILBERG. Mr. Speaker, we all positively identified by the victims of his Grand Pacific and Johns Hopkins Glaciers. know that some decisions of the Supreme bestial crimes, and the jury found him Beautiful U-shaped valleys, and new fiords Court of the United States on the sub­ guilty. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the have been uncovered by the retreating ice. ject of law enforcement have come under verdict on the ground that the police did Th.e waters in places are over a thousand criticism in recent months. Last week not read the search warrant to the grand­ feet deep, and on clear still days the sur­ there was held in my home city of Phila­ mother. Now, I say that that is tlie kind o! face reflects, between large icebergs, the a decision that causes people to wonder if images of many towering mountain peaks delphia a convention of the Police Chiefs the Supreme Court, isn't straining at the including Mt. Fairweather, 15,320 feet high. of Pennsylvania, an organization of great gnats of technicalities and swallowing camels New forests are reclaiming the land ex­ respect and dignity. Practically all the of flagrant criminality. posed by the retreating ice. In a sense this speakers at the convention indicated Then there is the incredible Andrew Mal­ is a new landscape, yet ageless. A succes­ their disappointment in decisions ,of the lory decision where the defendant con­ sion of 14 fossile forests dating back to 7,000 Supreme Court which they felt impeded fessed to raping a woman but, because the years ago indicates .that the glaciers of the police in the faithful and efficient police delayed several hours in taking him Glacier Bay have fluctuated many times before a magistrate for arraignment, the Su­ before our visit. discharge of their duties in protecting preme Court released him. And what hap­ Katmai National Monument, at the base the people against criminal elements. pened to Mallory? He went out and as­ of the Alaska Peninsula, also has glacier~. Among those speakers was Justice Mi­ saulted another woman. Still later he was But it is best known for its active volcanoes chael A. Musmanno of the Supreme convicted of burglary. Had the Supreme and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. Court of Pennsylvania. I believe that his Court not released him the first time, he The valley is relatively quiet today. But speech, which received considerable at­ would not have been free to commit his still we need little imagination while look­ tention in the newspapers, should be other crimes. ing out over this sea of pumice to picture printed in full m the CONGRESSIONAL And then there is the fantastic Miranda. the scene as it must have been on that day decision, which should be repudiated by the in 19!2 when several cubic mlles of incan­ REcoRD because it is a speech of sub­ Supreme Court, as soon as there can be ol:>­ descent ·sand roared down the valley cover­ stance. Justice Musmanno said that he tained five justices who are as concerned ing trees, streams, and even' glaciers. There spoke with reluctance in criticizing ·de­ about the rights of the people as they are are a number of active volcanoes in Katinai cisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, but about those who are involved in crime. .The and the fresh lava flows appear to compete he felt that it was his duty to speak as Miranda decision is not an adjudication, it ' 24078 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 29, · ~968 . ls an indictment of the police of•the United not have agreed with -the Communist con­ that, instead of retreating from the No­ States. It accuses the police of trickery, co­ spiracy of which he was willingly a member. Man's-Land of unconstitutional powers, the ercion and "third degree" methods, and then That is like saying that a wolf, devouring Supreme Court appears to be determined to lays down rules for. the police which are the flesh of a sheep dragged to its lair, by plunge further into a domain it was never strait jackets. It says that even though the his fellow-wolves, might not have approved intended it should even visit. suspect has been informed that he does not of the method by which his brother-wolves Some of the individual justices have taken need to speak, unless he wants to, and then got his dinner for him. Then, seeking an­ it upon themselves to proclaim Aristotelian he does speak, he may order the police to other reason to support his decision, Chief wisdom, Cassandra prophesy, and Draconian cease interrogating any time he wishes. Justice Warren said Robel might not have edicts, which are in no way involved in the Suppose the suspect has stated that he shot known of the criminal objectives of the case before it. The Supreme Court is using someone, but not fatally, and then refuses Communist Party. That would be to say that an acetylene torch of arbitrary power to melt to be interrogated further. A regard for hu­ either Robel was a moron or that our whole away the boundaries of the sovereign States. manity and elementary decency requires educational system has broken down, be­ When I speak of the Supreme Court I am that the police ask the admitted shooter cause nothing is better known than the in­ speaking naturally of the majority of the where his victim lies bleeding. Even though tent of the Communists to overthrow our justices participating in a given decision. I the suspect is disinclined to speak further, government by force and violence. According might say that the dissenting Jutsices in the some entreaty on the part of the police might to Chief Justice Warren's reasoning in this cases I have referred to have been far more finally induce him to give information which case, the member of a Communist-action devastating in their criticism of their col­ might save the wounded man from dying. group cannot be kept off an American war­ leagues' views than I. But, according to the Supreme Court, the ship unless he openly brandishes the auger I conclude that something must be done rights of the accused go beyond the rights with which he intends to sink the ship. to curb the self-assumed arbitrary power of of the victim. And then, there was the Keyishian case, the Supreme Court which in some of its ex­ The Miranda case was decided by a 5 to where Justice Brennan said that a college treme cases is crippling the police, releasing 4 vote. Justice White, in his dissenting professor may not be dismissed for teach­ dangerous criminals to prey upon the public, opinion, predicted what has actually hap­ ing and advocating in college or anywhere and introducing confusion into the body of pened. Ever since that decision, district at­ the overthrow of our government by force the law. torneys and courts have been compelled to and violence. According to this reasoning, It is to be hoped that the Court will apply release confessed murderers and savage Benedict Arnold could not be dismissed from its own curb, but if it does not, then it will malefactors, where the guilt was conclu­ teaching at West Point. be well to remind the Court that it is subject sive, only because someone did not play Chief I am afraid that some members of the Su­ to the authority of Congress because the Justice Warren's phonograph record of how preme Court are taking undue liberties with supreme judicial power of the United States the police are to act in dealing with l.dllers. the Constitution. Justice Brennan, who wrote is not vested in the Supreme Court but "in With all respect for Chief Justice Warren's the Majority Opinion in the Keyishian case one supreme court and in such infer'lor courts knowledge, I doubt he knows as much about spoke of academic freedom as a constitu­ as the Congress may from time to time ordain dealing with crime as do the police. Justice tional right. The COnstitution does not men­ and establish." Also that the Supreme COurt White, in his strong dissenting opinion in tion academic freedom. Anyhow, what Jus­ shall have such appellate jurisdiction "under the Miranda case, criticized Chief Justice tice Brennan advocated was not academic such Regulations as the Congress shall make." Warren for not examining "a single trans­ freedom but academic anarchy! Chief Justice And that the supreme law of the land is not cript of any police interrogation." Warren in the Robel case kept insisting that what the Supreme Court says, but the Con­ The public rejoiced when the Supreme Robel was entitled to associate with Com­ stitution of the United States, "and the Laws Court on June lOth upheld the right of the munist conspirators because he is guaranteed of the United States which shall be made in police to frisk a person suspected of carry­ the right of association by the First Amend­ Pursurance thereof, and all Treaties made, ing firearms. But the dancing in the streets ment to the Constitution. The First Amend­ or which shall be made under the authority was premature because on that very same ment does not mention the right of associa­ of the United States." day the Court handed down a decision re­ tion. Nor does any other Amendment. versing the conviction of a trafficker in nar­ Not only is the Supreme Court taking lib­ cotics because the police had searched him erties with the Constitution in its interpre­ and found heroin in his pocket, even though tation of that document, but it is also setting WHAT'S RIGHT WITH AMERICA the suspect had made a quick grab into his itself up as a body that is not by the remotest pocket as if to get a gun. If the suspect had interpretation even mentioned by the Con­ actually had a revolver, that would have stitution. The Supreme Court is acting as a HON. RICHARD (DICK) ICHORD been the end of the policeman, but, accord­ super-Senate. It is now unabashedly making ing to the Supreme Court, the policeman OF MISSOURI law. On June 3rd of this year, the Court in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES was not justified in searching him. the Witherspoon case practically wiped out Only two weeks ago, a brave, young police capital punishment without the slighest au­ Monday, July 29, 1968 officer, Ross F. Brackett, was k111ed here in thority to do so. I, myself, oppose the death Philadelphia by a narcotics suspect. I don't penalty but if it is to be eliminated, this Mr. !CHORD. Mr. Speaker, under know whether Officer Brackett had read the must be done by Congress and the State Leg­ leave to extend my remarks in the REc­ decisions of the Supreme Court, but there islatures. In that case, the defendant was ORD, I include the following: can be no doubt that the Supeme Court has being pursued by the police. He concealed WHAT'S RIGHT WrrH AMERICA so condemned police because of their vigorous himself in a trailer truck and then when a action against criminals that some officers INTRODUCTION policeman arrived, he premeditatedly and Many books have been written telling us have become self-conscious and thus fail cold-bloodedly murdered him. He was con­ to take the aggressive precaution which what is wrong with America., but few have victed and sentenced to death. The Supreme told what 1s right. The United -States has otherwise they might have routinely em­ Court reversed the conviction on the thesis ployed. Let us hope that because of these been called a land of pyramid climbers, pri­ that persons who opposed capital punish­ vacy invaders, waste makers, status seekers, decisions, the lives of officers and the public ment were excluded from the jury. Justice are not being increasingly endangered. a nation of sheep and so forth. In the news­ Stewart who wrote the Majority Opinion said papers we read that our universities are full Whether this was true in the Brackett that the State had entrusted "the deter­ tragedy we of course have no way of know­ of student discontent and faculty misdi­ mination of whether a man should live or rection. We also hear and read. about dis­ ing but this sorrowful event certainly dem­ die to a tribunal organized to return a verdict onstrates the imperative need for unlock­ crimination against various segments of our of death." population and about the misery of large ing some of the legal fetters the Court has Now this was written by a Justice of the placed on police in protecting their own groups within the nation. No doubt much Supreme Court, but it is stuff and nonsense of this is true, yet put together, all these lives, as well as the lives of the people in just the same. The jury was not organized to the communities they serve. criticisms do not give a fair and balanced pic­ return a verdict of death. It could have ture of our country. After all, we a-re now The Supreme Court, as presently constitut­ brought in a verdict of murder with life im­ 200,000,000 people, and it would indeed be ed, has not only impeded the police in the prisonment, second degree murder, man­ faithful discharge of their duties, but some inconceivable in so large a number not to slaughter, or it could have acquitted out­ find some mean, some cruel, some dishonest, of its decisions have interferred. with the rightly. What the Majority did in this case some bigoted, some callous and some incom­ security of the United States in its never­ was to walk across the Capitol grounds and petent. Most of us, however, are decent, hon­ ending battle against spies and subversives take seats in the capitol to sit as a euper­ representing our mortal enemy, Communist orable, compassionate, and competent. legislature. This was an invasion of the leg­ Some of the more virulent critics of Amer­ Russia. On December 11, 1967, the Supreme islative department of government, which, ica have called for the complete destruction Court held that a member of a Communist­ in itself, is unconstitutional. of our society and culture, to be followed by action group, Eugene Robel, could not be I have been hoping for the last ten years a rebuilding in their chosen pattern. There prosecuted for working in a war defense in­ that the Supreme COurt would btlgin will­ are, however, examples of societies,destroyed dustry even though an Act of Congress spe­ ingly to withdraw from the legislative field by force and rebuilt into pe.tterns det,ermined cifically prohibits such employment under which it has invaded. Even Justice Frank­ by politioal ideologies, usually at the cost of penalty of a prison sentence. In that case furter often adjured his colleagues to exer­ millions of lives and the loss of precious Chief Justice Warren held that Robel might cise judicial restraint, but, I am sorry to say freedoms. Everyone · of those societies has July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF ~ REMARKS 24079

lagged far behind the United States in every have enough to live on, without the need ordinary work would find it easy to join. All lmportant positive respect. for welfare agencies. The attraction of this he or she would have to do is select a cate­ There are sound practical reasons for con­ scheme is obvious. By paying the poor per­ gory in which they would like to be classi­ sidering the things that are righ:t in America. son directly, many middleman positions fied, and stop working. We can expect that Despite our accomplishments, there are ad­ could be eliminated, with resulting savings. a sneering contempt for the American "bour­ mittedly many areas in our national life The poor themselves would .prefer a steady geois attitudes" would be a part of the mys­ which should be improved at a more J'apid check, to be spent as they chose, rather than tique of such groups, and that active recruit· rate. However, the best way to speed progress food coupons, rental allowances, and so forth. ing would be part of their program. Before is not through a steady stream of criticism, Superficially, the negative income tax con­ long, a large proportion of the negative in­ condemnation blame, denunciation, invec­ cept seems worthwhile, but careful examina­ come tax payments would be going to such tive, and vituperation. In raising children, in tion discloses some serious flaws. persons. managing patients, in teaching students and Among the poor people eligible for nega­ These beneficiaries of the negative income in working with colleagues, recognition of tive income tax checks will be a proportion tax would surely grasp the value of political positive achievement and building upon of alcoholics not lower than the proportion action, and unhampered by the need to spend existing strengths and a.ccomplishments is in the nation as a whole. What is to stop the time in regular jobs, would become a potent a much more effective way of bringing about adult alcoholics in a poor family from spend­ political and activist group, working cease­ progress and improvement. ing their government checks on alcohol in­ lessly to increase the size of their own checks. For the pressing tasks facing America, we stead of food for their children? They might do much better than the "bread . have many supporting strengths. These in­ A much greater flaw in the negative· in­ and circuses" demanded by the Romans . clude, but are not limited to; a basic sense come. tax concept lies in the effects such a The negative income tax concept, although of decency, morality, and fair-play; courage; program would have on some special groups attractive to economic theorists is likely to a high level of literacy; a common language; who prefer not to work at ordinary jobs. be a disaster in the real world. Fortunately, excellent communications; high mobility; There are several groups who reject the there are less hazardous ways of helping the the highest level of productivity in the his­ values and customs of our society. The most poor. tory of mankind; a fundamentally sound vocal a-re the beatniks, hippies, and some First we must relinquish the myth that economy; and a spirit of ingenuity and motorcycle gangs. They would prefer to do relief activities belong under the auspices of problem-solving which even our adversaries no work whatever, but under present con­ local governments. Poverty is primarily a admire. Applied to most of our major cur­ ditions, many of them accept employment national problem, involving economic fac­ rent problems, these national assets should from time to time in order to buy the necessi­ tors at the national level. Local governments help provide effective, rapid, and humane ties of life and some to extras which they de­ are eager to get federal funds for the relief solutions. sire particularly. If we had a negative income of local poor. Most relief funds today come Some of the ways in which our strengths tax, most of these groups would be quite from the Federal government, and are chan­ and abilities may be better used to help solve content to give up all work and live on the neled through state and local governments, the pressing problems still facing us are government checks. using a variety of complicated, inefficient, presented in Agenda sections at the end of There are other groups· that would find and wasteful devices. Although there have most chapters. There is no special pattern government checks more convenient than been many complaints about Federal bu­ or relationship between the items in the an ordinary job. In several glamorous and reaucracy, little attention has been paid to various agendas; they are just a collection attractive occupations the number of job state and local bureaucracies. The number of suggestions on how to go about making openings is much smaller than the number of state employees is actually greater than the corrections and adjustments needed to of aspirants. Many would-be-movie actors the number of federal employees. The argu­ improve America st111 further. and actresses while waiting for their big ment that local people can best understand In several chapters, the United States is chance, support themselves by working as and handle the problems of the local poor compared to other nations, because some gasoline station attendants, waitresses, sec­ is ridiculous. To handle anti-poverty pro­ kind of comparison is needed, not with an retaries, delivery men, and in other un­ grams, a western state will actively recruit imaginary ideal society which never existed, glamorous but economically necessary posi­ social workers from eastern universities, and but with other societies of real live people. tions. If the negative income tax proposal is vice-versa. Understanding problems of the When critics and adherents of hostile adopted, many of these people would find poor has little to do with geography. A New ideologies use epithets like "rotten" and that a steady government check would enable Yorker raised on Park Avenue between 60th "horrifying" to describe the United States, them to spend more time at casting offtces·, and 90th streets is not likely to have much we have the right and the duty to ask which or practicing techniques. There are also more understanding of the problems of other New other nations have done better. people with talent as artists than our econ­ Yorkers raised on Park Avenue around 128th Some of the evidence presented comes omy and culture can support by buying their street, even though the two are geograph­ from personal experiences and observations works. Everyone of them becomes a candi­ ically close. Someone from Chicago or Los which seem generally representative. Other date for a negative income tax check. There Angeles might be much more understanding evidence comes from library and statistical is a similar disparity between the number of the problems of the New York ghetto sources, not generally known, but deserving of people (with and without talent) who resident. the widest possible recognition and under­ want to become sculptors, concert musicians, The administration of anti-poverty pro­ standing. My selection is necessarily arbitrary singers; models, novelists, poets, circus per­ grams by local and state governments is and limited. There is much, much more good formers, song writers, playwrlters, and tele­ sometimes grossly unfair. In a few areas, in America than one person or one book vision stars. Under our present arrangements economic relief measures are deliberately could possibly cover. a small percentage of these aspirants, by luck withheld from poor people, either as a way THE NEGATIVE INCOME TAX CONCEPT or superior talent, get the available openings, to force them to move elsewhere, or as a and the remainder take other, less glamorous political device to punish them for voting a Agenda jobs, managing to handle their disappoint­ particular way, or even for voting at all. Although the number of people in true ment, or expressing their talents in amateur Probably the most damaging aspect of poverty is much less than we have been led productions. Under a negative income tax local control of poverty relief measures is to believe, there is no doubt that many arrangement, however, a large proportion of the inadvertent impediment to employment. Americans are really poor and they deserve the unsuccessful candidates for the few Almost all states require a minimum period all the help we can give them. A large num­ glamorous jobs will find it feasible, and at­ of residency within the state before a per­ ber of government agencies at city, county, tractive to hang around the fringes of the son is eligible for relief programs. Some­ state, and federal levels are concerned with chosen field for many years, rehearsing, look­ times a person receiving aid can find a job helping the poor, but have, unfortunately, ing for "a break", and gossiping with cronies in his own state. Often, however, because of been much less effective than we expected. instead of working at a more mundane job. changes in technology, entire communities In part, this has been due to the very number At first, this situation might not pose too develop pockets of unemployment, and there of agencies involved, and in part to poor great a problem, but gradually a sub-culture are insufficient jobs available in the state coordination between them. Of the funds would develop consisting of the people in to accommodate those who want to work. allocated to helping the poor, only a small these groups who prefer a government check There might be jobs in another state, but portion perhaps 20 to 25% actually gets to to an ordinary humdrum job. Such a sub­ the family man on relief often considers it those in need. The remainder iS spent in culture is likely to be quite attractive to too risky to move. He has no guarantee salaries and expenses of the people needed many people, carrying elements of the Paris of continued employment if he moves to an­ to administer the overlapping, competing, Left Bank aura. To many, it is more glamor­ other state. Suppose he moves, and is laid disorganized antipoverty programs. ous to be an unemployed actress than an otf after a few weeks. By moving, he has As a result of this unsatisfactory state employed waitress, an unpublished novelist forfeited his eligibility for relief payments of affairs, a new approach to the problem has than a counterman, a songwriter who was de­ in his home state, and he has not lived in been put forward by several influential nied the breaks than the driver of a delivery the new state long enough to be eligible for groups. They advocate a "negative income truck. Why not choose the more glamorous relief under their laws. Poor people are tax." In other words, whenever a person's position if the income is still enough to live well aware of these unfair regulations, and income falls below a set level, the govern­ on comfortably? Sub-cultures of this sort often prefer to· remain at hOille on relief ment would pay that person the difference have in the past and will probably conti~ue ·rather than risk the move. A properly run between his income and the stipulated mini­ to seek publicity, thus attracting new mem­ federal program, however, would automat­ mum income. In this way, everyone would bers. Anyone, talented or not, who dislikes ically eliminate these state residence re- 24080 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 29, 1968 qulrements, and make it much easier for the The Republican Party is concerned with There were several members present of the unemployed to find jobs in areas of labor what i·t calls "weakened security" stemming militant National Black Anti-Draft, Anti­ shortages. from the vise-like central control in a War Union, among them Warren Reeves There is no necessary reason why a fed­ department which spends $75 billion and who told a member of Women Strike for erally run anti-poverty program need be accounts for more than half our total Peace that the only government he approves cumbersome and inefficient. The many fed­ national budget. The GOP NatiGnal Com­ of is the present Cuban government. eral agencies concerned with anti-poverty mittee has issued a 20-page report calling A clergyman smiled at her and said, "We activities (reported to exceed 100) must be for a reassessment of the "isolated and brought down the man in the White House consolidated into a manageable number­ dominant control of defense policies" which and the establishment at Columbia; we can not more than one per cabinet department. came about during the McNaxnara years. bring down the whole system." The agency designated by the President as The incoming Democrat regime in 1961 To bring down our American system will having primary anti-poverty responsibilities inherited from the Eisenhower Administra­ be the aim of phase two in the operations of should coordinate the efforts of all the other tion the National Security Council, with its the leftist "in" crowd. The next president of agencies in Washington. Branch offices of Planning Board and Operations Coordinat­ the United States will have to cope with the anti-poverty agency set up in all areas ing Board as policy-making instruments. them. It would be a mistake for him to un­ requiring assistance would then have full But, as the GOP committee charges: "Im­ derestimate an enemy, who won phase one authority to represent the entire government mediately, and without careful considera­ and is entering on phase two. in helping the poor. A person needing help tion of possibly fateful consequences, both would go to one office only, instead of hav­ boards were abolished. The effectiveness of I insert at this point the column frorq ing to deal with a bewildering multitude of the National Security Council was compro- · the Columbus, Ohio, Dispatch of July 17. bureaus and agencies. mised ..." Unfortunately, there is support here that The emphasis of the anti-poverty program Proof of the many ways in which defense goes beyond mere empathy: should be on job training and employment. was compromised by the growth of power The poor should be encouraged to work, even YALE PADRE PROVIDES CAST FOR GUERRILLA within the secretary's personal orbit has been CINEMA FILM on a parttime basis. Today, most poor people evident in the range of controversies from on relief find that if they take a part-time the TFX aircraft and its ill-fated successors, (By Alice Widener) job, their relief payments are cut by the to nuclear ships, the M-16 rifie and ABM On Tuesday, July 9, the day before the amount of their wages. This, of course, keeps systems. Rev. William Sloan Coffin Jr., chaplain of many from working. A more sensible regula­ In naval affairs the "significant strategic Yale University, was sentenced to two years tion would provide that the first $600 earned weakness" of our defense orientation was in jail and given a $5,000 fine for conspiring each year by a relief recipient would not af­ recently specified by Navy League President to defy the Selective Service Act of our fect the size of the relief payments, and for Charles F. Duchein when paying tribute to country, he happily played host to a leftist each dollar earned above the $600, only 50 the "great maritime leader of our genera­ "in" crowd at the Terrace Room of the Hotel cents would be deducted from the relief pay­ tion," Rep. L. Mendel Rivers, chairman of Roosevelt in New York City. ments. Furthermore, money earned by chil­ the House Armed Services Committee. The printed invitation read, "The Rev­ dren in the family under 18 should not re­ "Had the nation heeded Mendel Rivers' erend William Sloan Coffin Jr., on behalf of duce relief payments at all. These stipula­ warning when he concluded his bi-partisan Clergy and Laymen Concerned About Viet­ tions would encourage the healthy desire for study on block obsolescence of the U.S. fleet, nam and American Documentary Films, cor­ employment. Today, the regulations in many the power of the United States would be dially invites you to be his guest at luncheon areas governing relief recipients discourage vastly different today," said Duchein. ... Mr. David Schoenbrun will speak on the any attempt to find a job. In some localities, The ultimate responsibility for the de­ Paris peace negotiations. His talk will be the money earned by boys who sell news­ fense establishment must constitutionally filmed by American Documentary Films for papers or do odd jobs is deducted from their be exercised by the secretary under presi­ distribution throughout the United States." parent's relief payments. This quickly damp­ dential direction, within statutory guide­ If so, more the pity. ens the desire to work and tends to perpetu­ lines set by Congress. This is not in question. American Documentary Films was started ate poverty in subsequent generations. But the military and technical advisers have in 1966 with a film "Sons and Daughters" The solution to poverty will not be simple. been largely ignored or overridden. about the Berkeley student demonstrations. A considerable amount of trial and error will As the GOP committee reports: "It has Its president Jerry Stoll, says the film can be needed to find the best balance of services brought into question this nation's ability teach parents how to follow in their sons' and regulations, and we must be ready to to respond in timely and effective manner to and daughters' demonstrating footsteps. discard any that tend to perpetuate the pov­ crises which threaten America's vital in­ "Sons and Daughters" won first prize at the erty-unemployment cycle. Above all, the poor terests." Leipsig (East Germany) Internation Film must always be treated with dignity andre­ The weakness of the centralized structure Festival and American Documentary Films spect, and encouraged to become self-sup­ of Pentagon control today is too great to be claims the film was "sold to the cinema clubs porting. ignored. The balance must be restored. in the Soviet Union." American Documentary Films says is copy­ righted last year the title "Guerrilla Cinema" and is sponsoring a "guerrilla theater" STRATEGIC WEAKNESS IN among farm workers, company communities DEFENSE BRINGING DOWN THE SYSTEM and black ghettoes. "A modern commedia dell'arte travels to migrant camps and 'poverty areas,'" says HON. BOB WILSON HON. JOHN M. ASHBROOK the company brochure, "projecting films on OF CALIFORNIA OF OHIO the sides of barns and houses, or uses rear­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES screen projection in a Guerrilla Cinema truck parked in the fields at the end of a row, ready Monday, July 29, 1968 Monday, July 29, 1968 to vanish when authorities are summoned to Mr. BOB WilJSON. Mr. Speaker, un­ Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, it is suppress disruptive unprogrammed educa­ der leave to extend my remarks in the amazing how easily some of the better- tion." known radicals of the far left can sip Rev. Coffin of Yale appealed at his lunch­ RECORD, I include the following: cocktails in the incomparable com- eon for contributions to Clergy and Laymen [From the San Diego (Calif.) Union, Concerned About Vietnam in order that the June 3, 1968] fort of the first amendment and em- latter organization "can make contributions LEGACY OF CENTRALIZED CONTROL--STRATEGIC pathize with Ho Chi Minh. to American Documentary Films." Gerhard WEAKNESS IN DEFENSE It all, of course, is done in the name Elston of the National council of Churches of freedom but in order to keep tabs on sat next to Rev. Coffin and was introduced During the seven years he was secretary of defense, Robert S. McNamara made no the freedoms of the rest of us, I submit as "The Mr. Vietnam on the National Coun­ secret of his belief in his personal central for the RECORD a column by Alice Wid- ell." The guest laughed knowingly and ener. This treatment details the "leftists heartily. control of military affairs. Shortly before he . American Documentary Films says it is retired he actually boassted that he had lost m-crowd" of William Sloan Coffin and developing a "distribution apparatus." only 2 per cent of his ba.ttles with the mili­ his associations with "Guerrilla Cinema." It plans to get wide audiences for David tary and industrial experts and "in those In a subsequent column Miss Widener Schoenbrun's filmed luncheon talk on Viet­ instances we falled to present our case noted that the guest speaker, David nam in which he explains the morality of his properly." Schoenbrun, also attacked "American friend Ho Chi Minh's nationalist Communist The over-centralization in Pentagon con­ imperialism," charged the United States position and t1;le immorality of the United trol as a result of the McNamara years pro­ with using "black mercenaries" in Viet- States' position in Vietnam. But-explains duced an imbalance in our defense eapa­ Mr. Schoenbrun-Vietnam isn't the real is­ biUty and accomplishment which now be­ ~m,daHndCph~M·~nhthe morality of his sue, the main one. It is "the rich-poor comes glaringly apparent. Deficiencies range .... ten o 1 1 . . struggle." from the soldier's personal ri1le to the state She then adds these concludmg para- - He accused ~he . United States (while a ot our missile defenses. graphs: four-man black camera crew was grinding July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS 'OF REMARKS 24&8l away for American Documentary Films) of proached in their complexity those by which urge the United States government and a.U "waging an imperialist wa.r in Vietnam, us­ our society is confronted. • ·• • The under­ freedom-loving nations to prevent another ing blacks as mercenary troops!F standing of these problems is something to Hungary tragedy. William Sloan Coffin Jr., was delighted which one could well give years of disciplined 3. We salute the courageous stand taken with guest speaker Schoenbrun. Before leav­ & restrained study, years of the scholar's de­ by the American Armed Forces in meeting ing for Boston to be sentenced to jail, Coffin tachment, years of readiness to reserve judg­ the communist aggression in VietNam. We predicted a great future for American Docu­ ment while evidence is being accumulated. urge the President of the United States to mentary Films, Inc. With contributions from And this being so, one is struck to see such be alerted to the treacherous nature of com­ American clergymen and sales to the Soviet massive certainties already present in the munist negotiators in Paris and to stead­ Union, the "non-profit" film company ought minds of people who not only have not fastly continue the American policy based to be able to fulfill Rev. Coffin's prophecy. studied very much but presumably are not on the principle of freedom, equality and The leftiSt "in" crowd at Coffin's luncheon studying a great deal, because it is hard to self-determination for an nations. will do their best to make it come true. imagine that the activities to which this 4. We urge the Congress and the President aroused portion of our student population of the United States to initiate in this Na­ gives itself are ones readily compatible With tional Human Rights Year an inquiry into THE REBELLION OF YOUTH quiet & successful study." the problem of violation of elementary rights Mr. Kennan finds the greatest fault With of the Captive Nations oppressed by the com­ the student protesters on the grounds that munist regimes. We also urge our COngress HON. LESTER 1. WOLFF they offer no constructive program. As he to finally create a special House COmmittee OF NEW YORK says. ". . . 1f you find a system inadequate. on Captive Nations which would gather it is not enougA simply to demonstrate ... IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES documentary evidence about the conditions anger.... If the student left had a program in the communist empire and thus repudiate Monday, July 29, 1968 ... many of us ... could view its protests with the Soviet claim of independence of these respect.... "Another disturbing fact in Mr. nations. We request that our Congress de­ Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, the Great Kennan's view is thu.t, "These people also clares offi.cially as Captive Nations also Cuba, Neck News, an important weekly news­ pose a problem in the quality of their citi­ Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Macedonia, and paper in my congressional district, re­ zenship. One thing they all seem to have in East Germany. cently published a timely and thoughtful common-the angry ones as well as the quiet 5. We appeal to the Secretary General of editorial entitled "The Rebellion of ones--is a complete rejection of, or indiffer­ the United Nations to initiate the debate on Youth." The editorial makes the impor­ ence to, the political system of this country." the question of Russian imperial colonial­ tant point that students, understandably He points out that the . quiet ones--the . ism as evidenced by the religious persecu­ hippies & flower people-tum their backs tions and intellectual enslavement in the concerned over certain basic issues in upon our political system as though it did Captive Nations. this country, often do not include in not concern them. The angry ones reject the 6. We urge the United States Congress to their protests suggestions for alterna­ discipline which, as a system of authority, finally pass the Freedom Academy Bill in tives to the practices with which they it unavoidably entails. On the current no­ order that our nation would be in a better disagree. tion that civil disobedience is acceptable if position to cope With communist political The Great Neck News, published and the perpetrators are willing to accept the warfare on the world-Wide scale. edited by Walter Slattery, then quotes penalties, Mr. Kennan has this to say: "Some 7. We are proud to be Americans of -vari­ people, who accept our political system, be­ ous ethnical backgrounds and will continue from an article on the same subject by lieve that they have a right to disregard it to emphasize and defend positive values in Ambassador George F. Kennan. I com­ & to violate the laws that have flowed from America such as Freedom of Assembly, mend this editorial to my colleagues' it so long as they are prepared ... to accept Freedom 0'! Speech, Freedom of Religion, attention, and, under leave to extend : the penalties established for such behavior. and Freedom from Fear. my remarks, I include it in the RECORD I am sorry; I cannot agree. The violation of 8. We urge the United States government at this point: law is not, in the moral & philosophic sense, to continue to issue yearly postal stamps a privilege that lies offered for sale with a commemorating the fighters for human THE REBELLION OF YOUTH given price tag, like an object in a super­ freedom and dignity of man in all parts of There seems to be a worldwide spontane­ market, available to anyone who has the the world. We would greatly appreciate the ous movement among young people to resort price & is willing to pay for it." issuing next year of a postal stamp honor­ to violent demonstrations on university All in all, Mr. Kennan's views will strike ing Ukranian Post Laureate Taras Shev­ campuses as a means of resolving any griev­ a lot of people With the force of bedrock chenko, who was calling for basic liberties as ance that disturbs them. Many look upon logic at a time when our permissive_society interpreted by George Washington. these demonstrations as a legitimate re­ needs such logic in heroic doses. 9. We urge the election to the Congress bellion against the shortcomings of the es­ and to various other elective offi.ces those tablished order of governments & societies. Americans who understand and support the Each generation is said to be Wiser than the CAPTIVE NATIONS RESOLUTIONS right of nations to self-determination and preceding one, thus we assume the dissident who are publicly and openly demanding the students are groping for a better order with end of colonialism as exists in the commu­ a vision not given to parents & college HON. WILLIAM E. MINSHALL nist world. authorities. OF OHIO 10. We urge all Americans who cherish During the months of October & November IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES freedom to refuse to support the subversive of 1967, students staged 71 demonstrations organizations in the United States who are on 62 college campuses. Were these demon­ Monday, July 29, 1968 undermining the traditional American dem­ strations based upon deep philosophical & ocratic institutions, the bulwark of Ameri­ moral premises? There is reason for doubt on Mr. MINSHALL. Mr. Speaker, 15,000 can freedom, and request the schools of that score. Only two demonstrations were participants in the Captive Nation's America to continue to provide objective attributed directly to the war in Vietnam. It Week commemoration ceremonies held information about the challenge of commu­ ranked with college social rules & safer road July 18 in Public Square in Cleveland nism to freedom, teaching them to respect crossings. approved 10 resolutions which I wish to the heritage of their fathers and fore­ At the bottom of the list of causes for the make a part Of the CONGRESSIONAL fathers. demonstrations were campus building pro­ RECORD. The American Nationalities grams & the quality of higher education. Movement of Greater Cleveland spon­ Only one demonstration was attributed to PERSONAL EXPLANATION each. Indirectly, the war was a factor in 27 sored the event and I wish to express my demonstrations against a chemical company strong support of their endeavors. manufacturing napalm. Three demonstra­ The resolutions are as follows: HON. NICK GALIFIANAKIS tions each were attributed to compulsory 1. We are filled with sadness about the OF NORTH CAROLINA ROTC & the quality of cafeteria food. The American government's wilUngness to sup­ foregoing is taken from a tally made by port communist regimes, particularly in East IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the National Student Association which is Central Europe, at the time when these Monday, July 29, 1968 based upon student demonstrations in the regimes are providing guns to be used by U.S. only. North Vietnam and VietCong in killing our Mr. GALIFIANAKIS. Mr. Speaker, due George F. Kennan, former Ambassador to American boys; and we are particularly to unavoidable delay occasioned by heavy Russia & currently a professor at the In­ alarmed about the offi.cial willingness to for­ air traffic, I was not present on rollcall stitute of Advanced Study, writing in The get the suppression of Hungarian liberty by No. 280 and rollcall No. 281, and because New York Times Magazine, presents views the same regimes. of overwhelming support for the bill, concerning the radical left on campus that 2. We are proud and express our admira­ may well stir misgivings in the minds of tion for the courageous position taken by pairs were not available. Had I been pres­ even the most tolerant. Among other things, the peoples of Czecho-Slovakia against an at­ ent, I would have voted "aye" on the he says, "Never has there been an era when tempt by the Soviet government to destroy Scherle amendment, rollcall No. 280, and the problems of public policy even ap- their will to freedom and independence and "aye" on :final passage, rollcall No. 281.

CXIV--1517-Part 18 24082 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 29, 1968 NEWARK'S PUERTO RICAN DAY QUEEN IS PROUD Rossario praised Newark police for their PARADE Miss Marlinez, a graduate of East Side cooperation. He said the parade moved High School, exclaimed, "It was hot out there smoothly because of police assistance and ex­ and I was nervous but I was very proud." The pressed the belief that each year the parades HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. diminutive brunette wants to become an seemed to be moved nearer to his goals of airline stewardess. establishing "better communications . with OF NEW JERSJ:Y She was chosen last week from among the rest of the community and promoting IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 12 finalists from throughout the state. On greater unity in the Puerto Rican commu­ nity." ... Monday, July 29, 1968 Tuesday she flew to San Juan to participate in a similar parade there. Interspersed with the marching contin­ Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, I was de­ Later in the day, a dinner was held in the gents, the floats and 14 bands were two floats lighted to participate yesterday in Holiday Inn in Newark. Local officials from that drew applause from the spectators lin­ all sections of the state attended. ing the route of march. Newark's fifth annual Puerto Rican Day One, from Somerville, was a replica of the parade. Both at home in Puerto Rico and [From the Newark (N.J.) Star-Ledger, July house in which Gen. George Washington not here on the mainland, the courage, deter­ 29, 1968] only slept in, but may ha¥e spent an addi­ mination, and demonstrated ability of tional day resting up from the rigors of the the Puerto Rican people have won the PUERTO RICANS' BIG DAY Revolutionary War campaign, according to admiration of all their fellow citizens. (By Dan Shifren) Rossario. The Puerto Rican community of New Jer­ The other floats bore a faithful representa­ There are now almost one million sey made its annual bid for better under­ tion of a Puerto Rican peasant's thatched Puerto Ricans here on the mainland. In standing and communications with other hut. my own city of Newark they comprise Americans yesterday as thousands of march­ about 10 percent of the population, and ers, representing 24 Puerto Rican communi­ ties in the state, paraded along Broad Street LOSS OF NATIONAL PRESTIGE are making significant contributions to in Newark. our civic life and cultural enrichment. Newark Mayor Hugh J. Addonizio was host I am pleased to call to the attention of to a party in his office for parade officials and HON. JAMES H. (JIMMY) QUILLEN other dignitaries before the parade began, my colleagues some newspaper accounts OF TENNESSEE then joined Gov. Richard J. Hughes and of yesterday's festivities, at which I was IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES hBIPPY to extend my "felicidades" on this others in the reviewing stand. About 17 girls, ranging in age from 12 to Monday, July 29, 1968 475th anniversary of the discovery of 17 and dressed in colorful Puerto Rican cos­ Puerto Rico. tumes, halted in front of the reviewing stand, Mr. QUILLEN. Mr. Speaker, Teddy The articles follow: turned to face the dignitaries and serenaded Roosevelt was right-"Speak softly, and them with songs from Puerto Rico. [From the Newark (N.J.) Evening News, carry a big stick." Besides Mayor Addonizio and Gov. Hughes, But this administration under Presi­ July 29, 1,968] others who listened to the singing included NEWARK PARADE: PUERTO RICANS CELEBRATE Rep. Joseph G. Minish, West Orange Demo­ dent Johnson talks loudly and uses no (By Robert C. Ruth) crat; Rep. Peter W. Rodino Jr., Newark Dem­ stick. It takes courage to put one's foot down Thousands of well-wishers lined Broad ocrat; Archbishop Thomas A. Boland of New­ Street for a mile yesterday a.s brass bands, ark, and representing the government of firmly, but the Johnson-Humphrey re­ colorful floats and pretty girls filed by in the Puerto Rico, Arzilio Alvarado, president of gime has refused to act with any deter­ largest annual Puerto Rican Day Parade in the Puerto Rican House of Representatives. mination at all. As a matter of fact, they Newark. The float that drew the greatest attention have followed a policy of peace at any The parade, to commemorate the 16th an­ of the 32 in the three-hour line of march price and the United States of America niversary of Puerto Rico's becoming a com­ was the one bearing Paterson's 18-year-old raven-haired beauty Myria.m Martinez, who is regarded as fair game and a "paper" monwealth of the United States, lasted 2¥2 reigned over the parade and the day's festiv­ tiger. hours. Police estimated 20,000 persons, at This was graphically pointed out in an times four and five deep, watched as 2,000 ities, which ended with a banquet in New­ marched from Lincoln Park to Washington ark's Holiday Inn last night. editorial entitled "Loss of National Pres­ Miss Martinez was named Miss Puerto Rico tige," which appeared in the Knoxville Park. of New Jersey last week. Last Tuesday night Parade officials billed the event a.s one of Journal on Tuesday, July 23, 1968, and I she boarded a flight from Newark airport am happy to make it available to the the largest Puerto Rican celebrations in this and was received the next day in San Juan country and the largest held in New Jersey. at a small reception by the mayor, Mrs. Felisa readers of the RECORD, as follows: Miss Myriam Martinez, a brown-eyed 18- Rincon de Gautlier in City Hall. LOSS OF NATIONAL PRESTIGE year-old from Paterson and queen of the pa­ On Thursday she took part in parade fes­ Daily life is so replete with international rade, waved to the crowd from her lead float. tivities in San Juan where she represented crises that many Americans had not realized, She was joined on the float, one of 30, by the Garden State's Puerto Rican community until reminded, that six months have gone eight maids of honor. in the celebration of Puerto Rico's attain­ by since the seizure by North Korea of the COLORFUL COSTUMES ment of commonwealth status, before re­ small US intelligence ship Pueblo. Marchers, many dressed in colorful Carib­ turning Friday to prepare for role as queen Since that time American and North Ko­ bean costumes, represented 95 Puerto Rican in yesterday's statewide parade in Newark. rean negotiators for the two countries have and religious organizations from 26 New Flashing a brilliant smile and wearing her been regularly including discussions of the Jersey communities. Rafael Lozada, presi­ crown, Miss Puerto Rico of New Jersey wore release of the Pueblo tn the course of their dent of the parade, said: "This 1s the largest a white gown and a blue and gold cape. meetings in connection with the uneasy truce turnout we've had. This is a success for the The float behind the queen's bore her court .. which is maintained between North Korea whole state. Everyone is happy at the turn­ of seven girls, also dressed in white. and the United States. out." This is the fifth year the parade has The vanguard of the parade stepped off at Only a few days ago there was an item on been held. 1: 15 p.m. from Lincoln Park led by Jose the press wires which recounted the seizure Gov. Hughes and Mayor Hugh J. Addonizio Rosario, the grand marshal and his 11 aides. by Cambodia of an American gunship pa­ were among the numerous state and local of­ They were followed by a detachment of New­ trolling with the objective of shutting off ficials who watched the parade from the re­ ark mounted police, a band, and then the Viet Cong supplies. viewing stand in front of City Hall. At one president of the parade, Rafael Lozada and The seizure of the Pueblo and of this point they were serenaded by a choir of 17 his staff. smaller vessel a few days ago are symbolic of youngsters, Tuna Estudianta (Students' Marching with Lozada were the chairmen the low estate to which the prestige of this Choir) from Cayey, Puerto Rico. Colorful rib­ from each of the 24 cities and towns in New country has fallen during the Kennedy­ bons hung from the youngsters' black capes. Jersey with a sizable Puerto Rican commun­ Johnson-Humphrey regime. The trend was Cesmo Alvardo, speaker of the Puerto ity. Each was resplendent in a tuxedo. established, it will be recalled, following the Rican House of Representatives, and Jorge Before the parade each of the chairmen of­ Bay of Pigs disaster when Fidel Castro prac­ Felices Pletratony, assistant to the Puerto ficiated in the raising of the Puerto Rican ticed the most flagrant blackmail against this Rican commissioner in Washington, rep­ flag in his community. Coordinator of the country. He demanded and received about resented Puerto Rico. parade was Dlnas Montalvo, president of the $60,000,000 in goods, medical supplies, and According to Loza.do, the parade was a Spanish Association of Long Branch. cash for the release of political prisoners show of solidarity for the 150,000 Puerto Rossario, the grand marshal, founded the captured during the Bay of Pigs incident. Ricans in the state. Newark's Spanish speak­ Puerto Rican Day parades in 1963, as a means, Later, when Nikita Khrushchev made a mis­ ing population is estimated at 40,000. Ameri­ he said yesterday, "of getting together with sile base out of Cuba, instead of invading can and Puerto Rican flags were on buildings the power structure" in all towns in Amer­ Cuba and eliminating this Communist base along the parade route. City Hall was decked ica where Americans of Puerto Rican descent from the Western hemisphere, we meekly out in reel, white and blue bunting. lived. agreed not only to take no retaliatory steps July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF .REMARKS 24083 ourselves but to protect Castro's regime ·from REMEMBER WHEN notes. When criminals went to jail. When attacks by any other military force. you could get away from it all for a while. Thus under a policy of peace at any price When you bragged about your home state we have by easy steps arrived at a point HON. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON and your home town. When politicians pro­ where the United States of America is re­ OF WYOMING claimed their patriotism. When clerks and garded as fair game and a "paper" tiger. repairmen tried to please you, or else. When IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a Sunday drive was an adventure, not an Monday, July 29, 1968 ordeal. When you had to be brave to fly. When you could always find someone willing Mr. HARRISON. Mr. Speaker, the SWITCHBLADES: INSTRUMENTS OF and able, whenever you wanted something Star Valley Independent, one of Wyo­ done. When riots were unthinkable. When VIOLENCE ming's leading weekly newspapers, and the clergy talked about religion. When you printed in the magnificent Star Valley took it for granted that the law would be en­ country of Wyoming's Rocky Mountains, forced, and your safety protected. When HON. FRANK HORTON carried in its July 18 issue an editorial Christmas was merry, and Christ was kept OF ~EW YORK entitled, "Remember When." in it. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "When the flag was a sacred symbol. When As Editor Lee Call writes in introduc­ our government stood up for Americans, any­ Monday, July 29, 1968 ing the editorial: where in the world. When a man who went Mr. HORTON. Mr. Speaker, there are With Pioneer Day approaching, our wrong was blamed, not his mother's nursing thoughts go back to bygone days when the habits or his father's income. When everyone serious loopholes in the Switchblade pioneers we now honor with this annual knew the difference between right and wrong, Knife Act which this Congress adopted holiday in the West suffered what we often even Harvard professors. When things weren't in 1958. The measure has not been effec­ referred to as "hardships." perfect, but you never expected them to be. tive in curbing the use of these senseless When you weren't made to feel guilty for and vicious weapons. Editor Call then proceeded to reprint enjoying dialect comedy. When people still This House has taken steps toward comments contained in the bulletin of had the capacity for indignation. When you reasonable and realistic gun legislation. the Conservative Book Club which I considered yourself lucky to have a good job. Now we must take steps to eliminate think are particularly relevant to the When you were proud to have one. When sick meant you weren't feeling well. When a com­ switchblades, gravity knives, and exces­ America of the fast buck, the slow con­ science, and the long war. I place the plaint could accomplish something. When siyely long folding knives. people expected less, and valued what they I am cosponsoring legislation to dry Star Valley Independent editorial in the had more. When everybody was not entitled up the supply of switchblades and pre­ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD at this point: to a college education. When college kids vent further manufacture. REMEMBER WHEN? swallowed goldfish, not acid. When America Existing legislation only bans the With Pioneer Day approaching, our was the land of the free, the home of the manufacture or distribution of switch­ thoughts go back to bygone days when the brave." blades and gravity knives from inter­ pioneers we now honor with this annual state commerce. Our new measure goes holiday in the West suffered what are often referred to as "hardships." When judged in NO ESCAPES the next step and prohibits any person comparison with modern conveniences, the who deals in interstate commerce of any pioneers truly were required to lead lives kind from manufacturing or distributing that lacked the comforts and luxuries of HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI these knives. modern times. OF ILLINOIS The apparent fine difference between But we are inclined to somewhat envy the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES these wordings has been enough of a simplicity of life in frontier America, when loophole to allow continued use of these we compare it to the technically complicated Monday, July 29, 1968 brutal knives. existence we live in today. Maybe they didn't Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, the have it so bad after all, everything con­ This new bill will, with proper enforce­ sidered. outbreaks of violence across the country ment, effectively banish these knives "And Right So,'' Bulletin of the Conserva­ last week and the pessimistic predictions from our society. tive Book Club, introduces some comparisons of turmoil outside the two major political Switchblades have no redeeming social of earlier periods that perhaps don't go back conventions, paint a picture of civil dis­ value whatsoever. They can be used only quite as far as frontier times, but reach far order that seems to be growing rather to perpetrate violence. They are the enough into the past to recall some of what than abating. weapon of street gangs and back alley might be called "the good old days" of an A thoughtful, precise commentary on thugs. era that is, regretfully, probably gone for­ the relation between civil disorder and ever. We reprint these observations as a There are no words to describe the Pioneer Day thought. the effect on all citizens was carried in sudden horror the victim of a switch­ "You're old enough to reznember the real the July 27 Riverdale-Dolton, Ill., blade attack faces. America if you can remember when you Pointer, as follows: No legitimate use of a knife requires never dreamed our country could ever lose. No ESCAPES its blade to be thrust ·forth in an instant When you left the front door open. When Civil disorders have virtually wrecked large of terror. you went to church a~d found spirit­ areas of many American cities. Pictures show The bill prohibits manufacturing or ual consolation. When people knew what riot-torn streets, buildings demolished, stores distributing any prohibited knife for in­ the Fourth of July stood for. When you took gutted and police standing helpless while it for granted that women and the elderly terstate commerce; carrying any prohib­ hoodlums make off with stolen merchandise and the clergy were to be respected. When by the carload. Reporters have accurately ited knife in interstate travel; selling a girl was considered daring if she smoked such a knife to any nonresident of a termed these civil disorders "the other war." in public. When a girl was a girl. When a boy Most of us, when we read the news about State where the sale occurs; using any was a boy. When they liked each other. When a riot in a city a few hundred or a few thou­ interstate communications facility to you didn't feel embarrassed to say that this sand miles awa:y, tend to thank providence sell or buy such a weapon, and possessing is the best damn country in the world. When that we have escaped the unpleasantness. But a prohibited knife with intention to socialist was a dirty word. When liberal have we escaped? We most decidedly have wasn't. When a nickel was worth five cents not. violate any section of the act. and could buy you a magazine, or a good It also prohibits any person, who is cigar, or a 12-ounce Pepsi, or a big ice cream All wars are expensive, including "the other engaged in any trade or business involv­ cone with chocolate sprinkles, or a beer. war." Destruction of public and private prop­ ing interstate commerce, from manu­ erty will be reflected in insurance rates, in the When two nickels got you into the movies cost of government and hundreds of other on Saturday afternoon, and you saw three facturing, selling, or possessing a switch­ direct and indirect ways that are inescapable blade. pictures. When taxes were only a nuisance. no matter where we live. These knives have no practicable ap­ "When the poor were too proud to take charity. When you weren't afraid to go out Just as we all have a stake in the tragic plication for which other knives are not at night. When Protestants and Catholics cost of the war in Viet Nam, so we have a better suited. The only use for a switch­ stake in "the other war." We should think thought enough of their beliefs to argue about this the next time we see or read of blade is for violence. about them. When ghettos were neighbor­ I firmly believe it is necessary for the looting and burning. It may not be our own hoods. When you knew that the law meant property going up in smoke or being carried Federal Government to take steps to justice, and you felt a little shiver of awe off by vandals, but 1 we will be paying part eliminate these weapons. I urge this at the sight of a policeman. When young of the cost of both the lost property and the House to take quick action to adopt this fellows tried to join the army and navy. forces of law and order that must be called measure. When song;s had a tune. When you wrote love upon to bring the destruction to an end. 24084 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 29, 1968

FREEDOM OF PRESS IN me shortly before midnight at Ba.Iiska RoTH]· for his factfinding effort and for CZECHOSLOVAKIA Bystrica, a spa· in the Tatra mountains 130 recognizing the need for a Hoover-type miles from Bratislav. I had been under arrest approach to the problem. for 14 hours-3 of which .had been sp~nt 1n HON. JOHN M. ASHBROOK Russian hands, and 8 under interrogation by . I might add that such an approach Czech security officials. has in the past proved to be quite re­ OF OHIO warding for the taxpayers of this Nation. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES COLUMN BELIES CLAIMS I was arrested by Russian officers and men In the 85th Congress I introduced legis:. Monday, July 29, 1968 of an armored unit. The inoldent took place lation pursuant to a Hoover Commis­ Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, until near the town of Z1lina. in Slovakia, the sion recommendation which would place Thursday, July 25, Charles Douglas­ easternmost region of Czechoslovakia border­ the Federal budget on an annual accrual Home, nephew of former British Prime ing on the Soviet Union. I had discovered a expenditure syste~. '!'his legislation be­ Russian armored column on Monday after a came Public Law 85-759 and experts esti­ Minister Alec Douglas-Home, was in long search thru Slovakia. It consisted of Czechoslovakia as a correspondent for 500 vehicles, including tanks and armored mated that this improvement in account­ the London Times. When the Times re­ cars. ing ·practices could save billions of dol- porter came upon a Russian armored The armored column's size belied the lars annually. · column consisting of approximately 500 claims that only a few small units were left. There is no doubt that there is over­ vehicles, including tanks and armored This column must have numbered 2,000 men lapping and duplication in the operation cars, tended by an estimated 2,000 men in fighting units. ItS immobility contradicted. of Federal assistance programs. in fighting units, his troubles began. Ac­ the impression generated. by Prague that the There are estimated to be some 112 columns were all on the move eastw~rd. cused by the Czechs of writing things On Monday night I left my car and ap­ programs which provide assistance to about the Russian troops, the younger proached the tank concentration to see if the poor, and these efforts are divideg, Douglas-Home was ousted from Czecho­ they were preparing to leave. The Russians among the Social and Rehabilitation slovakia. brusquely shooed me away. Service, the Office of Education, the Pub­ The question naturally arises as t~ how So I stayed in the vicinity. He Health Service, and among eight many more Russian troops are still in On subsequent days I drove past the col­ other departments and agencies. umns three or four times a day. The Russians be Czechoslovakia despite the announce­ looked more and more determined to stay. There are estimated to some 470 ment that all Soviet troops were leaving. Czech police suddenly had erected a "no education programs spread among 20 Of particular significance is the fact that entry" sign on the road leading past the executive agencies and departments. . Soviet mllitary maneuvers are being con­ soviet column. They had done this because Some overlap may be justified in terms ducted along a 1,000-mile line which i~­ the Russians had complained about the many of the best means of implementing the cludes the border of Czechoslovakia. cars passing near their encampment. programs, but this should be determined These maneuvers, according to a UPI STOPPED BY SOVIETS by the commission with the thought to dispatch from Moscow- on July 27 quote I was stopped when soviet armed guards, giving proper direction to the assistance Soviet newspapers as saying that the supported by several officers, blocked the programs. Red air force had joined the massive road. games and that heavy air activity ap­ An officer climbed into my car and ordered me to get out. I asked to see the Czech police. FARM BILL FINANCIAL DEBACLE parently included airborne troop move­ This angered him. His men then dragged me ments to supplement the divisions of from the car. ground troops and antiaircraft units I argued with one officer that we were in ordered into the mock war last Tuesday Czechoslovakia, and that the matter should HON. RAY J. MADDEN by the Kremlin. be handled by the Czechs. He indicated that OF INDIANA In view of the brutal past record of the as far as he was concerned it was tantamount IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to soviet territory. U.S.S.R., it is to be hoped that there will Monday, July 29, 1968 not be a repetition of what happened in After about an hour I heard a car draw Budapest, Hungary in 1956. On the other up, then a Czech army captain entered the Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, there tent. seems to be great concern about what hand, in evaluating the liberation of He told me I was accused of writing things the Dubcek regime, it might be well to about the Russian troops. will happen to certain other programs remember that we have placed an em­ "Yes," I replied, "that is my job." administered by the Department of bargo against Rhodesia because of re­ Agriculture if the Congress fails to ex­ strictions against voting in that country, tend the act of 1965 beyond its expira­ a policy, incidentally, which I bel~eve to tion date of December 31, 1969. There be totally ill advised under the circum­ HOOVER-TYPE COMMISSION FOR have been some rumors spread that this stances: To be consistent, we should ap­ EXECUTIVE REORGANIZATION will greatly affect such programs as the praise the Dubcek government on Its AND IMPROVEMENT school lunch, school milk, the food stamp, eventual granting of freedom of choice the pilot breakfast program, consumer to its citizens in choosing their represent­ HON. PAUL G. ROGERS protective and regulatory service, rural atives. In the meantime, the U.S.S.R. community development service, and should be made to understand that an­ OF FLORIDA many others. Let me assure the Members other use of force as in Hungary will re­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the House that these programs are sult 1n a review of diplomatic, cultural, Monday, July 29, 1968 not involved in the consideration of the trade and other relations with this Na­ extension of this costly act that has Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr. Speaker, failed to solve any of the problems the tion ~nd possibly other countries in the I am today introducing legislation which free world. proponents said it would solve. would establish a Hoover-type commis­ The truth of the matter is an exten­ I place the article, "Finds Departed sion to undertake a modern, indepth Red Army-Is Expelled," from the Chi­ sion of this act will in fact jeopardize analysis of the assistance and aid pro­ many of the very fine programs being cago Tribune of July 28, 1968, in the grams of the Federal Government. RECORD at this point: carried on by the Department of Agri­ This bipartisan commission would be culture. The reason this is so is that of FINDS DEPARTED RED ARMY-IS EXPELLED charged with the responsibility of find­ the $6% to $7 billion annual budget for (EDITOR'S NOTE.-This dispatch was written ing ways to improve the management of the Department of Agriculture, more by the defense correspondent for the Times, the $20 billion-a-year assistance pro­ than one-half of this budget is for pay­ London, who has been covering the soviet grams being operated by the Federal troop withdrawals in Czechoslovakia. He is ments to cotton, feed grain, and wheat a nephew of Alec Douglas-Home, former Government. farmers for supposedly not growing these British prime minister.) The commission would also be charged crops or as a substitute for depressed (By Charles Douglas-Home) with studying the effect of Federal as­ market conditions. I believe that the sistance programs·on the State and local LoNDON, July 26.-I was expelled from Members of the House who are vitally Czechoslovakia yesterd~y morning after I ·governments with a view to preserving concerned with some of the programs came upon a Russian a~:mored column wh·!c:P, the concept of federalism rather tha~ enumerated above would do well to take contradicted Czech reports t~t soviet troops moving toward more centralization. . into consideratio:p these facts. _ 'had departed. ' . l also wish to congratulate my distin­ - With the House of Representatives The formal expulsion order was served on guished colleague from Delaware [Mr. having voted overwhelmingly to increase July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ~408~ taxes and drastically reduce expendi­ tained in an editorial in the Suburban What we have then is a balanced re­ tures in 1969, it is inconceivable to me Life, serving west suburban Cook County view of recent political developments in that the Members of this House would communities, in its Thursday, July 25 Vietnam which highlights the fact that give consideration to a premature ex.;. edition: substantial progress is being made in the ten'sioli of an act that will obligate the WHY APOLOGIZE? political area. This report should give Treasury to spend $3 billion or more in It was just a routine publicity release from the pessimists cause to reconsider. I fiscal 1970. the American Red Cross asking for the sup­ commend this splendid article to the at­ Mr. Speaker, I submit for the informa­ port of individuals, firms and clubs to send tention of my colleague and the people our men in Vietnam Christmas presents in tion of the Members annual farm pay­ .the form of ditty bags of small, personal of the United States: ments under the program for 1967: gifts. SAIGON Is BUILDING MORE VITAL REGIME Government payments under farm programs, But the Red Cross, obviously bowing to (By Gene Roberts) by States and territories, calendar year the trend of thought so prevalent today, saw SAIGON, SoUTH VmTNAM.-An editor whose 1967, in order of amount received fit to apologize for itself. Tucked away i:t;l newspaper had been closed by Government 1. Texas ------$457, 205, 685 one of the paragraphs were the words, "The decree sat in his cramped office six months 2. Kansas ------211, 367, 759 program has not and does not imply any ago and told why he had little hope for 3. Mississippi ------· 146,914, 128 stand for or against the war effort." South Vietnam. 4. Iowa ------142, 839, 395 Why should the Red Cross have to apolo­ The government, he said sadly, was run by 5. Nebraska ------133, 113, 432 gize for its program of bringing Christmas the military. The military, in turn, was dom­ 6. North Dakota______130, 224, 183 cheer to our men serving overseas? inated by refugee generals from North Viet­ 7. Missouri------115,838,406 Why must it, in effect, say "I'm sorry" nam, rather than by native-born- southern 8. Oklahoma ------111, 025, 376 when it is only trying to spread a little Vietnamese. Furthermore, the military lead­ 9. California ------110, 289, 443 Christian cheer in a world rampant with ership was divided. Part of its top echelon 10. Arkansas ------103, 289, 026 wrath? supported Vice President Nguyen Cao Ky. 11. Illinois ------97, 673, 527 Whether we like it or not, that dirty war Another part supported President Nguyen 12. Minnesota ------95, 250, 735 in Vietnam is our war, and the men fighting Van Thieu. Still another group straddled the 13. Alabama------89,180,305 it, many of them not through choice, deserve fence. 14. Georgia ------77, 825, 112 the help as well as the thanks of all of us. The editor smiled ruefully and continued. 15. Indiana ------77, 316, 643 The nation had no sense of purpose and had 16. Tennessee ------73, 782, 608 lost its will to win. You had only to look out 17. Ohio ------70,354,682 the window to see draft dodgers putt-put­ 18. Montana ------68, 480, 121 POLITICAL PROGRESS IN VIETNAM ting down the street on their Hondas. Cor­ 19. South Dakota______65, 399, 780 ruption was widespread. The Government 20. North Carolina______61, 696, 043 was aloof from the people and the newly 21. South Carolina______57, 437, 028 HON. WM. JENNINGS BRYAN DORN elected National Assembly held little prom­ 22. Colorado------56,192,011 OF SOUTH CAROLINA ise of bridging the gap and reaching the 23. Michigan ------56, 039, 398 peasantry with reforms. 24. Louisiana ------55, 463, 315 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Only six months later, there have been 25. Washington ------52, 321, 475 Friday, July 26, 1968 many changes in the South Vietnamese Gov­ 26. Arizona ------46, 784, 896 ernment and Ton That Thien, the once­ 27. Kentucky ------41, 526, 696 Mr. DORN. Mr. Speaker, we are all forlorn editor, is symbolic of them. Today, 28. Wiscon!;;in ------41, 226, 935 interested in the political scene in Viet­ Mr. Thien is Minister of Information in a 29. Idaho ------37, 069, 593 nam and many observers are all too new Cabinet that is largely independent of 30. New Mexico______32, 621, 733 energetic in their efforts to criticize the military influences and made up, for the 31. Oregon ------22, 626, 745 Government of Vietnam as being a dic­ most part, of native-born southerners. 32. Pennsylvania ------21, 191, 008 tatorship run by the generals. These Already this month, the new Premier, Tran 33. New York______20, 214, 630 Van Huong, a former school teacher, has re­ 34. Florida ------17,643, 379 same critics see a government that has placed 23 district chiefs in what he describes 35. Virginia ------17,581,651 no sense of direction or purpose. as a war against corruption and inefficiency 36. Puerto Rico______11, 958, 974 Therefore, it was most encouraging at levels of government close to the people. 37. Wyoming ------10, 938, 854 to read in the New York Times of July A tough new mobilization law is yanking 38. Utah ------8,953,706 25 an article by Mr. Gene Roberts. Mr. draft dodgers from their motor bikes. Gov­ 39. Hawaii ------8, 554, 348 Roberts traces recent political develop­ ernmental leaders who once gathered at fash­ 40. Maryland ------5, 317, 123 ments there and points out that Saigon ionable Maxim's to drink Martell Cordon 41. New Jersey______4, 2QO, 894 Bleu at $5 an ounce now worry more about 42. West Virginia______3, 883, 727 is building a more representative gov­ their images. Maxim's is closed. 43. Maine------2,145,496 ernment against a background of strains The most dramatic changes, however, have 44. Vermont ------1, 714, 733 caused by the Tet offensive, a change of come in the office of the presidency, which 45. Nevada------1,686,712 government and uncertainty about the was considered weak in January. President 46. Delaware ------1, 566, 725 future which the Paris talks have created Thieu has since trimmed the authority of 47. Connecticut ------887, 315 in some South Vietnamese circles. As the the military ·and Vice President Ky and, at 48. New Hampshire______675, 397 article shows, viable political institutions the same time, has enhanced his own. To 49. Massachusetts ------656, 507 the delight of many Americans here, he has 50. Rhode Island______75, 904 are taking hold in Vietnam. The Presi­ done it by broadening the governmental 51. Alaska------69,713 dent, Nguyen Van Thieu, is consolidat­ base. 52. Virgin Islands______47,527 ing his power by broadening the Gov­ To replace the Nguyen Van Loc Cabinet, ernment base, and the National Assem­ which was Ky-oriented, he sought help from Total ------1 3,078,340,537 bly is learning to play a constructive role. the fledgling assembly and in the process 1 Excluding an undistributed amount The political problems in Vietnam are increased the assembly's prestige and made totaling $3,629,088 repre!3enting amount de­ not overlooked by Mr. Roberts. The Gov­ it aware of its own power. To curb the mili­ ducted from producers' incentive payments ernment still must prove that "it is flex­ tary, he fashioned alliances with civilian and paid to American Sheep Producers' politicians and brought them into Govern­ ible enough to survive both war and ment. Now, American officials here are con­ Council, Inc., for advertising and sales pro­ is motion programs. peace-whether the Government tending that the Government ls probably the reaching the peasant population; most representative one in South Vietnamese whether it is likely to bring about eco­ history. nomic reforms and strike a meaningful Many of them quickly concede, however, WHY APOLOGIZE? blow against corruption.'' The Johnson­ that it is the middle class that is represented Thieu communique issued following the broadly-not the peasantry. July 19 to 20 meeting in Honolulu also "PROGRESS IS BEING MADE" HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI takes note of the complex problems the "Only a dreamer would say that democracy OF ILLINOIS Government of Vietnam faces in its de­ has arrived at last in South Vietnam," said a United States official not noted :for his IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES velopment and reiterates our continued support and assistance in helping to :find optimism. "But when you consider that elec­ Monday, July 29, 1968 ti\'e, cons.titutional government is less than solutions. It was gratifying to see there a· year old in the country, I think you have Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, a very a renewal of President Thieu's o:tier of to admit that p~ogiess is being made. There pertinent, proper, and logical commen­ full participation in political activities are ·definite democratic trends here." tary on the need to give positive sup­ to all those who agree to renounce force But wh.ile the Government has changed port to our individual servicemen is con- and accept the Vietnamese constitution. somewhat, so has the situation in Sou,th 24086 EXTENSIONS OF .REMARKS July 29, 1.968

Vietnam. Six: months ago, the primary nee~ if President ..Thieu agrees to a settlement student hangout where cynicism seems as was for the Government to win the p~ople based on coaUt19n or one that poin:ted 1!0 inexhaustible as the supply o! cheap beer, to its side through reforms and improved the possiblllty of Communist-oriented neu~ Mr. Huong 1s respected as a man of integrity. services and to prepare more aggressively for tralism, it 1s hardly ~nconceivable that the "He belongs to the older generation," says war. Assembly would try to impeach the President Nguyen Bang TrUng, chairman of the stu­ Now the Government not only has to steel and replace him. . dent executive committee at Saigon Uni­ itself for war, but-with the Paris talks . The Assembly w91,1ld not have to look far versity. "But he is a true patriot and he under way-has to prepare itself to deal with to find a successor to Mr. Thieu. Although understands us." · 11: peace 1! peace should come. Vice President Ky had enough m111tary power At 64, his long yea.rs of teaching and his only a few months ago to have attempted participation in politics (he ran third in MAJOR QUESTIONS POSED a coup, he seems never to have seriously con­ last year's presidential election) have made The questions are whether the Govern­ sidered the ~d.ea. him a well-known figure in South Vietnam. ment can do it; whether it is flexible enough However, few people in Saigon doubt that The students and the middle class delight in to survive both war and peace; whether .the Mr. Ky could be persuaded to become chief of the way he leans heavily on his cane and recent changes in Government are merely state if conditions were right. "Ky still coop­ speaks candidly and in metaphors. superficial or show signs of permanency; erates with Thieu when a show of solidarity When he named his cabinet, for example, whether the Government is reaching the is needed," one said. "He is not going to be he made it clear . that it was not as good peasant population; whether it 1s likely to accused of not cooperating when his country as he would have liked. "I'm like a man who bring about economic reforms and strike a needs him. But he leaves one with the 1m­ went to the market to get the right kind meaningful blow against corruption. pression that he is waiting in the wings. Some of fish for his dinner guests," he said. "But For the answers, some American officials of his friends say he will be ready when the they didn't have the kind of fish I wanted here are looking increasil1gly to the National country needs a 'strong military leader.'" and so I had tot~~ wl?;at they ~ad." Assembly. Although the new national mobil­ WORKING CLASS MILITANT RESPECT OF PEOPLE SOUGHT ization law 1s the only signiflca~t piece of legislation it has passed, the Assembly 1s Why is the Assembly so militant in a na­ He has also made it clear that, at the proving to be a highly independent and tion in which m·any people--and particularly moment, social reforms are not high prlority important check on possible excesses by the those in rural areas-appear to be neutrals items on his list of things to do. He says executive bra~ch. who are willing to settle for anything that that with enemy troops still threatening the The ASsembly, for example, slashed a big will bring them peace? Why isn't this atti­ nation, the most urgent need is to make the budget presented by the Vice President's of­ tude reflected in the Assembly? For one people respect their government by making flee. This prevented Vice President Ky from thing, last year's election laws b!"-rred candi­ it honest and efficient. This, he adds, will be building up a patronage system and thus was dates who supported the Vietcong or pro­ a full-time job. in line with the new Constitution, which Communist neutralism although "strict neu- His job is complicated, he says, because visualizes the Vice Presidency as a weak office tralists" were free to run. .. he cannot dismiss all of the corrupt officials. in the American tradition. For another, almost no peasants or work­ "We wouldn't have enough people left to ing class candidates filed for office, apparently THIEU'S REQUEST DENIED run the country," he adds. There is a prob­ considering the Government to be the prov­ lem, too, in finding competent replacements. The Legislature was equally forceful with ince of the educated middle class, and in Mr. Huong announced late last month that President Thieu in the wake of the enemy's south Vietnam, the middle class tends to be he would oust 50 to 100 district chiefs. He Lunar New Year offensive. The President m111tantly anti-Communist and conserva­ still plans to live up to his promise, his asked for authority to rule by decree during tive. aides say, but thus far he has been able to the national emergency. The Assembly re­ There is also a third reason: More than find only 23 captains and majors to take fused. 1,000 pedple ran for the House seats, and the place of the old chiefs. "You can't. send "The Assembly was worth its weight in 480 ran for the 60-seat Senate. This meant in civilian chiefs with so much war going gold during Tet," says an American official an assemblyman could be elected with a on," says an aide, "and the military doesn't who has dealt for years with the South Viet­ small percentage of the vote, a development want to release its best officers. It needs namese Government. "The country was that tended to favor candidates with a small them." stunned by the enemy offensive. Conditions but tightly knit following. And in South AMERICANS ARE IMPRESSED were ripe for a coup. But, fortunately, many Vietnam, the most active political factions Many of the ~ Americans who work closest of the coup-plotting types were in the As­ tend to be those that are militantly anti­ sembly and had an outlet for their frustra­ with the Saigon Government are impressed Communist, such as Roman catholic blocs by the way President Thieu has quietly con­ tions. They circulated petitions demanding and the fiercely nationalist and anti-Com­ the dismissal of the Loc Cabinet and they solidated his power without precipitating .a munist revolutionary Dai Viet party. Catho­ national crisis. Still others dismiss the moves made speech after speech. They were too lics, for example, hold half of the Senate busy doing all of this to think of overthrow­ as political intrigue, which has yet to bene~t seats although they make up only about 10 the peasants. ing the Government. After a while, the per cent of the nation's population. danger passed." Whatever the motivation the consolida­ LITTLE DEBATE IN ASSEMBLY tion has had its practical advantages. Amer­ ASSEMBLY IS CONSERVATIVE The conservatism of the Assembly is ican officials now know who to talk with in For all of this, however, the Assembly marked by an almost total absence of debate, order to promote a program. Once, virtually stands like a stone wall against making any let alone legislation, on programs that would an of the nation's top generals had to be major concession to the Vietcong or the improve the lot of the peasantry. There is regarded not only as important m111tary lead­ North Vietnamese Government as a condi­ no apparent interest, !or example, in land ers but as powers behind the throne." tion for peace. Even the barest mention of reform or in significantly increasing the num­ Mr. Thieu also won plaudits from Amer­ a coalition government with the Vietcong, ber of high schools in the rural areas and, ican officials when he removed province or with any organization friendly to the Viet­ thus, giving the peasant youth a doorway chiefs from the control of m111tary corps di­ cong is enough to set off fiery speeches in the into the middle class. rectors, placed them under the Interior Min­ Assembly. There is also no discussion of fighting cor­ ister, and repl8.9ed 16 of them. In some ·in­ As the Legislature appears to see it, there ruption by ilnproving the salaries of the stances, the President dismissed province is only one possible solution to the war. military and civil service, although one of chiefs who supported Vice President Ky, but That is for North Vietnam to withdraw all of the assembly's first orders of business was one official who regularly sees reports from its troops from South Vietnam and stop to vote its membership monthly salaries of American provincial advisers says the move supplying the Vietcong with arms. In return, 60,000 piasters, or more than $500. This is resulted in improved government. ~. the United States would stop bombing North considered a princely sum in Vietnam. By "None of the advisers say they have a worse Vietnam and then help the South Vietnamese contrast, a major general in the army re­ chief than they had in the beginning," he Army defeat the last of the Vietcong insur­ ceives the equivalent of $175 a month and a said. "Several say they noticed some improve­ gents. Then the United States also could go private first class $39, even when all of their ment. And quite a few say their new man is a home. allowances are included. A department head major improvement. Some of the chiefs who The hawkishness of the Assembly is dis­ in the Governme:Q,t gets $155 a month, and went were very corrupt and inetncient.'• quieting to Americans here. Many of them some clerks as little as $40. "Thieu is a quiet, cautious man who works look upon the Thieu Government, which "Some officials have to be corrupt to sur­ quietly and plans ahead," another American emerged from the Lunar New Year offensive vive," concludes an American who has lived says. "He cannot be rushed, but he acts when stronger than it entered it, as durable enough in Saigon for three years. "Look at the way the time is ripe. The Tet offensive and then to survive almost any contingency. The ex­ Saigon policemen bum cigarettes from us. the Paris peace talks scared people into ac­ ception is a negotiated settlement that They can't afford a pack of their own. This cepting change, and Thieu acted. He is well smacked, even faintly, of a "sellout" to the makes them wide open for corruption." aware that there must be forward movement enemy. if the country is to survive. This is what is This, some of them say, would produce PREMIER IS RESPECTED prompting him to work with people alid enough turmoil in the Assembly to bring In the absence of pay i'eforins, can Premier · broaden his base. It wasn't us." about a governmental crisis. It is a crime to Huong make progress in cleaning up cor­ · It is ·clear; however, · that the toughest advocate "pro-Communist neutralism" or ruption? Almost no one here doubts that he hurdle--the possibility of a negotiated settle­ coalition government in South Vietnam. And will try. Even in La. Pagode Restaurant, a ment to the war-has yet to be faced~ July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24087

A DIFFICULT POSITION aviation and the aerospace sciences, but also to other countries, Is one o! the ways In On the one hand, he has to deal with an because of the common feelings we sha.re which we pursue this goal. angry legislature, a m111tant Vice President about international exchange-of-persons and This is essentially the work the :Bureau and a group of generals made restless by the the international exchange of ideas this of Educational and Cultural Affairs is en­ loss of some of their power. On the other makes possible. gaged in: conducting and encouraging ex­ hand, he cannot risk alienating the United You who are taking part in this year's changes that weave together many kinds of States. International Air Cadet Exchange--the common interests men and women share Thus far, he has coped by refusing to de­ 21st-will also share common feeling with across the world. We have exchanges with nounce the Paris talks while at the same time your counterparts in other countries. You do some 135 countries and territories; and we assuring the legislature that he will insist have a common tie. Vice President Hum­ have already "exchanged" more than 125,000 that South Vietnam play the leading role if phrey-then Senator Humphrey-said it in persons under the programs Congress has the talks turn into "real negotiations." these words: "The CAP exchange . . . be­ authorized us to conduct. This is a major ac­ gins with young men who already have a. tivity. But it is only a beginning, I believe, If the Unit~ States lets South Vietnam play the leading role, it may jeopardize the basic, common area of understanding and in­ towards the kinds of continuing, cooperative negotiations, as Mr. Thieu has made it clear terest-aviation." relations-in educational, scientific, cul­ in the past that he is opposed to any major And it is out of· just such common areas tural and other fields-of which this adven­ compromise. . But if it does not, it could touch of understanding and interest that broader turous, ingenious and inventive race is off a major legislative and political crisis areas can be--and are--developed. Athletes capable. just when the negotiations were beginning share common interests. Artists do. Scholars Y.ou may very wen ask whether we have do. And these shared interests are so strong, been successful in attaining the goal set to tell. so magnetic, that they pull people across · And the crisis, some of the President's forth in the Mutual Educational and Cul­ continents and oceans-beyond their own tural Exchange Act. supporters have reflected; could jeopardize geographical boundaries. This is essentially Mr. Thieu's position and the constitutional Let me state that the United States Ad­ what has led to the great :flow and counter­ visory Commission on International Educa­ form of government, which the United States flow of persons across the world-a phenom­ insisted upon in South Vietnam. tional and Cultural Affairs in 1963 conducted enon we now take for granted, but one that an extensive survey of the · effectiveness of is not really very old, at least in anything the person-to-person exchange program ad­ like its present dimensions. ministered through this Bureau, and made This is an important new fact about the the following major findings: SPEECH OF DR. EDWARD D. RE modern world-that people in great numbers Testimony is overwhelming from all sources do move about for educational purposes. And that the program as a whole is effective. they bring with them customs, cultures and The evidence is also conclusive that the HON. LESTER L. WOLFF ideas to the country they visit, just as they program has proved itself an essential and OF NEW YORK leave with new experiences and perceptions valuable part of America's total international IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in the intellectual possessions they take home effort. · with them. There is impressive testimony that the ex­ Monday, July 29, 1968 And so exchanges-both those supported by change program increases mutual under­ governments and those supported by private standing. Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, on Monday, individuals and organizations--set up im­ July 22, i had the privilege of being Evidence is abundant that the exchange portant currents of ideas and information in program has succeeded in helping dispel toastmaster at a dinner honoring the our world. among foreign visitors many misconceptions Civil Air Patrol cadets from across the Exchange itself is a great current of our and ugly stereotyptes about the American Nation who are participating in the 21st time. You of the International Air Cadet people. · .Annual International Air Cadet Ex­ Exchange are a part of that great current. The program has effectively established change Program. I have sometimes thought of the many channels of communication between the This 1s a valuable program that sends lines qf communication that exchanges es­ people in other countries and the United tablish in terms of a cable. I suppose I was States. American youths abroad and brings to first impressed. by a phrase I have heard the United States young people from The exchange program has effectively sup­ Secretary of State Rusk use--"the infinity ported one of the nation's most basic inter­ many foreign nations. Their common in­ of threads which bind peace together." national objectives-that of helping support terest is aviation, but their various Exchanges are, in a sense, like threads, strong free societies able to work together, backgrounds makes this a valuable step or like strands of wire. And, as we know, in mutual trust and understanding, on the toward complete international under­ strands of wire, taken together, have cable grave issues of our times. strength. standing and mutual respect. One could perhaps paraphrase Horace Surely these exchanges are matters of high Many of my colleagues and several im­ Mann, when he spoke of habit as a cable. interest around the world. The report of the portant military men, including Gen. International Conference on the World Crisis "We weave a strand of it every day," he said. in Education last fall-held at President William Wilcox, national commander of "And at last we cannot break it." Johnson's initiative--said: "Education is now the Civil Air Patrol, attended the din­ As we weave more and more strands of ex­ a central preoccupation of every nation in ner. change relationships-as you are doing the world." The speaker for the evening was my through the Civil Air Patrol and the Inter­ national Air Cadet Exchange--we can weave The opportunity is therefore clear for this dear friend, the distinguished Assistant a cable to carry friendly, fruitful, produc­ country to maintain and enlarge its programs . Secretary of State for Educational and tive kinds of communication between us for cooperative educational relations with Cultural Affairs, Dr. Edward D. Re. Dr. and others like us in other countries. And other countries. Let us all hope ways will be Regave an eloquent address on the im­ such a cable can be so strong no one can found for such growth in both non-govern­ portance of international exchange pro­ break it. · mental and governmental activities. I know of nothing that deliberately sets May there be more lines of communica­ grams. I commend Dr. Re's excellent tion like yours--between young people of speech to my colleagues' attention and out to create international ties more directly or more effectively-as a matter of conscious the world sharing the interest you so well include it in the RECORD at this point: government policy-than the Mutual Ed­ represent. Those who have "invested" in this REMARKS BY THE HONORABLE EDWARD D. RE, ucational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. exchange have, I am sure, invested well. You ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE FOR EDUCA­ This is the act administered by the Bureau will be able representatives of your contem­ TIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS, AT THE CON­ of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the poraries and your country. And you will also GRESSIONAL BANQUET FOR CIVIL AIR PATROL Department of State which I have the honor ably attest to the commitment you have to CADETS AND ESCORT OFFICERS, AT ANDREWS to head. this field of activity-aviation-and to its AIR FORCE BASE, JULY 22, 1968 The Act opens with a noble and eloquent utilization through this program for greater Distinguished Members of Congress, Dr. statement of purposes. It is an act, and I international understanding and greater Marrs, General Bowe, General Wilcox, Gen­ quote, "to provide for the improvement and good will among young people. eral oastle, my dear Cadets, and friends: strengthening of the international relations I must at the very outset thank my good of the United States by promoting better friend, Congressman Lester Wolff, for that mutual understanding among the peoples BLOODLE'ITING IN CLEVELAND very gracious introduction. It is a great pleas- of the world through educational and cul­ . ure for me to be here with you this evening. tural exchanges.'' I feel very much at home with aviation­ This states succinctly and accurately the HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI minded people. Not only. have I been in the purpose of this legislation. The attainment of Air Force, but I have just recently com­ this goal is the great end toward which the OF ILLINOIS pleted the necessary two weeks of reserve Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES officer duty to make sure I continue a rela­ works. Monday, July 29, 1968 tionship I have ~njoyed for many years. Bringing students, teachers and scholars But I am wi~ c you tonight not o~ly be­ here from other. countries, and sending Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. .. Speaker, .the . cause of the common feelings we share about American 'students, teachers and scholars Chicago Daily News in its· editorial page 24088 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 29, 1968 July 25 carried significant and proper in Anchorage, to the extreme inconven­ conference committee compromised on 1,500. commentary on the continued complica­ ience of all concerned. In its report, the House committee lists the I might also point out that the recent highways that could be built in different tions caused by extremists dealing in states if additional mileage were approved. race passions. This editorial very discovery of what is believed to be one of In short, there would be "something for the ·effectively speaks for itself. the world's largest oil reserves 400 miles boys" in virtually every state. The editorial follows: north of Fairbanks and Fairbanks' in­ The House had gutted the billboard control BLOODLETTING IN CLEVELAND creasing military significance strongly program. The conferees undid some damage When Cleveland elected a Negro, Carl suggest an even more urgent need for a by restoring to Federal officials the power to Stokes, as mayor, this was rightly hailed new district judge in Alaska and that if set standards for what constitutes an "un­ as a timely triumph for the black cause. at all possible, the new judge should re­ zoned commercial area." But there is still . That it held out no assurances of peace language in the bill which provides that no side in Fairbanks. state may require a billboard to be taken in the streets of Cleveland is now dramati­ I do not intend to imply any criticism cally demonstrated by the carnage wrought down unless Federal funds are available to there by black extremists. of either of the two U.S. district judges compensate the billboard owners--and then The plain fact is that urban violence has as they are doing the best they can un­ authorizes the derisory sum of $2 million no necessary connection with race; there are der the circumstances. for the entire fifty states. If the courts sustain crackpots of every shade who simply ~ke Mr. Speaker, I urge that my b111 be the meaning of the language which its spon­ their pleasure from destruction and blood­ referred to the appropriate committee sors in the House intended, the states could shed. for early consideration. not on their own initiative reduce the num­ Their kind will doubtless be pres-ent at ber of billboards on the Federal highways. Miami during the Republican convention and They could act only within the framework of Chicago during the Democratic convention,· the Federal program which is sure to be waiting their chance to spark a riot or turn chronically starved for funds. · a demonstration into a bloodletting. THE OMINOUS HIGHWAY BILL Another unsatisfactory "com.promise" seri­ Just as decent people of all races sympa­ ously weakens the protection in existing law thize with Mayor Stokes in his efforts to turn which bars highways from parks, wildlife back the murderous rowdies in Cleveland, so HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER refuges and recreation areas unless no must ·all sympathize with the prudent prepa­ OF NEW YORK prudent alternative exists. The House bill in rations of authorities in Miami and Chicago IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES effect repealed this protection. The conferees to prevent such violence 1f possible or sup­ partially restored it for publicly-owned parks press it 1f it breaks out. Any who in those Monday, July 29, 1968 but not for private wildlife refuges and na­ circumstances tried to squeeze racial propa­ Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, the lead ture sanctuaries. This means that important ganda from a community's distress would natural areas owned by private organizations prove themselves enemies of decent people, editorial in this morning's New York such as the Audubon Society and Nature black and white. Times deserves the careful attention of Conservancy are deprived of statutory pro­ every Senator and Representative. It tection against the highway builders. details with clarity and precision just Although Senators from both parties re­ what is wrong with the Federal high­ sisted the House conferees on many issues, way bill, and points out the clear need for the viewpoints underlying the two bills are CREATION OF ADDITIONAL U.S. really irreconcilable. Since the Interstate DISTRICT COURT JUDGESHIP rejection of this measure-one with a Highway Program is already authorized FOR ALASKA little something for almost everybody, through the next fiscal year, there is no and a great deal of nothing for the aver­ urgent or compelling reason for the Senate to age citizen. The bill, in its present form, make these unprincipled and dangerous HON. HOWARD W. POLLOCK is certainly preferable to the bill that concessions. OF ALASKA passed the House-but anyway you want We urge the Senate to reject the conference report.· No bill this year would be infinitely IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to look at it, it is still a sow's ear. I am confident that we could do bet­ better than the House bill or its 111egitimate Monday, July 29, 1968 offspring. ter if we had the chance. I urge the Mr. POLLOCK. Mr. Speaker, today I Senate to give us that chance. The edi­ am introducing a b111 to amend title 28 torial follows: "THE KOREAN WAR" of the United States Code to create one A MONSTROUS ROAD BILL additional U.S. district judgeship for After struggling for more than a week, Alaska. a House-Senate conference committee has HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM At present, the State of Alaska has produced a "compromise" Federal highway OF NEW YORK two U.S. district court judges. Both re­ b111 which is intolerably bad. side in Anchorage. Both judges make As passed by the Senate, the bill was a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES periodic · trips to Fairbanks and other well-drawn measure which made certain im­ Monday, July 29, 1968 provements in the existing Federal highway cities in the State as court business re­ program. But the lobbyists' delight concocted Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, persist­ quires. by the House Public Works Committee was ent demands by some observers for to­ The Tanana Valley Bar Association, a legislative monstrosity which would do far­ tal victory as the goal of American ac­ which includes Fairbanks, is under­ reaching harm in several different directions. tion in Vietnam have been one of the standably concerned over the fact that To begin with the national capital, the most disturbing aspects ~f past and clients in Fairbanks are not obtaining bill orders the building of a bridge across present discussion of the Vietnam con­ expeditious judicial services because of the Potomac which would blight the scenic view at the beginning of the Potomac Gorge flict. Few such observers have bOthered the disadvantage of not having a judge and with its access roads and cloverleaf in­ to spell out or fully consider the total residing in Fairbanks. The estimated tersections would ruin the beautiful pali­ implications of such a prescription. July 1, 1967, population for the Fair­ sades on both banks of the river. The same While the number of individuals urging banks area was 45,600, an increase of 5 section of the bill provides for freeways total victory continues to diminish as percent over the 1960 population. Al­ along specific routes within the city of Wash­ the war drags on, there appears still to though the population of Alaska is ington, which are the subject of bitter local be a significant group--including prom­ sparse in comparison with other States, controversy. Apart from this proposed desecration of the inent public figures and commenta­ because of the circumstances of the in­ capital, these bridge and freeway provi­ tors-that continues to advocate vic­ ordinate responsibilities of the Federal sions set a most dangerous precedent for tory over North Vietnam without any Government in Alaska for both care of every city in the nation. If Congress can pick apparent appreciation of what would Alaskan natives and Federal land man­ routes and choose bridge sites in Washington, constitute such a victory, or what would agement, a great preponderance of the D.C., and get away with it, there is nothing be required to achieve it. court actions in Alaska involve the U.S. to prevent Congress from dictating simiiar Historical example is one way of de­ district court. decisions in other cities. termining the probable implications of I have been informed that there has The pork-barrel ambitions of the House a policy of total victory in a war like politicos are blatantly evident in still an­ been at least one case filed in the An­ other bad provision of the original House the one we are :fighting in Vietnam. chorage diyision where real property in­ b111. That is the section which would au­ Fortunately, historical precedents for volved and all the party witnesses reside thorize addition of 3,000 miles to the Federal this kind of war are few. ln Fairbanks. Nevertheless, a change of interstate highway system. Since the senate The Korean confilct is probably the venue was denied and the case remained had authorized zero additional miles, the closest this Nation has come to a Viet- July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24089 nam-like situation. With that in mind, testimony before the Senate Committee, the While neither Truman nor MacArthur I wish to draw attention to my col­ situation of a local Theater Commander pub­ sought a land war in Asia, Truman and his leagues and other readers of the RECORD licly expressing his disagreement with a pol­ advi·sers simply did not go along with Mac­ to passages from the book, "The Korean icy which superior authority had repeatedly Arthur's plan for the isolation and devasta­ communicated to him in the clearest terms. tio~ of China. What MacArthur sought was, War," by the distinguished former com­ My own feeling toward MacArthur was plamly, a preventive war-the destruction of mander of United Nations Forces in Ko­ always one of profound respect, developed China's war-making potential, regardless of rea, Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway, U.S. through a close association dating from the the danger that such an effort might bring Army, retired. days when he Wa.l? Superintendent at West the Soviet Union into the conflict and result I very much enjoyed and would highly Point and I was in charge of the athletic in her overrunning Europe. Since we were recommend the entire book. But I found program, reporting directly to him. Because already at war with Red China, MacArthur particularly valuable the several sections of his avid interest in sports, I was privileged argued, there was every justification for to see a great deal of him in those years. And such action. And in his view, Europe was al­ in which the author provides his assess­ while my meetings with him in after years, ready lost, no more than an industrial back­ ments of what would likely have been in­ until I went to Korea, were rather infre­ yard for the Soviets. The future of the world volved had the policy preferences of quent, r'never loot my warm personal interest MacArthur believed, would be decided in Asia: those who demanded "total victory" pre­ in his career. Accordingly I came to under­ In presenting his arguments, however, Mac­ vailed in the case of the Korean conflict. stand some traits of his complex character Arthur chose to picture the choice before Ridgway's unqualified conclusion on this not generally recognized: the hunger for the country as one between "victory" and point is that "Victory, immediate and praise that led him on some occasions to "stalemate." When the choice was stated complete"-as General MacArthur put claim or accept credit for deeds he had not that simply, there seemed no doubt about performed, or to disclaim responsibilty for which course a patriot should choose. This it--in Korea would probably have re­ mistakes that were clearly h~s own; the love concept of "victory," set forth with all a mas­ quired eventual attainment of military of the limelight that continually prompted ter's consummate skill, proved difficult to control by the United States over Red him to pose before the public as the actual oppose. It had long been MacArthur's watch­ China and perhaps even the Soviet commander on the spot at every landing and word. Union. at the launching of every major attack in "Victory, immediate and complete!" That, which his ground troops took part; his tend­ A war that is "open-ended"- said MacArthur in 1931, was the proper ob­ ency to cultivate the !solation that genius jective of any warring nation. Twenty years Ridgway writes- seems to require, until it became a sort of later the refrain had not altered as, in his insulation (there was no telephone in his that llas no clearly delineated geographical, classic address to the Congress of the United personal office in Tokyo) that deprived him States, he proclaimed: "There is no substi­ political, and military goals beyond "vic­ of the critical comment and objective ap­ tory"-is a war that may escalate itself in­ tute for victory!". And finally, in May 1962, praisals a commander needs from his prin­ as he addressed the graduating class at West definitely, as wars will, with one success re­ cipal subordinates; the headstrong quality quiring still another to insure the first one. Point, he repeated: "Your Inission remains (derived from his success in forcing through fixed, determined, inviolable. It is to win our General Ridgway has kindly given per­ many brilliant plans against solid opposition) wars ... the will to win, the sure knowledge mission to have sections of his book re­ that sometimes led him to persist in a course that in war there is no substitute for victory." in defiance of all seeming logic; a faith in (Italics are mine.) printed in the RECORD. The first, com­ his own judgment that created an aura of prising the opening 15 pages of chapter These words of course are the creed of the infallibility and that finally led him close to American fighting man, on the ground, on 6, deals with the MacArthur dismissal insubordination. the sea, and in the air~and of those who and includes an analysis of the implica­ A few of these traits were, I believe, de­ breed and sustain him in spirit. Perhaps no tions of General MacArthur's "total vic­ rived from the extraordinary abilities that, rallying cry could have been found better tory" position. Two passages from the from his early boyhood at Texas Military calculated to stir the blood of Americans. It final chapter, entitied "Lessons Learned Academy, made him prominent in practically every activity he entered. His academic, expresses the do-or-die spirit that inspired and Unlearned," are also reprinted: athletic, and leadership achievements at West our armies through the eight years of the ExCERPTS FROM "THE KOREAN WAR" War for Independence, throughout the age­ Point; his ability to cut through detail and long conquest of the Western lands, through CHAPTER 6..---THE PRESIDENT AND THE GEN­ lay bare the heart of a problem; his great the travail of our Civil War, and through ERAL- DISMISSAL OF M'ARTHUR- CAUSES . personal gallantry; and his will1ngness to every other conflict in which our forces have AND CONSEQUENCES- THE CHINESE ARE move swiftly and courageously toward a engaged. Americans are not inclined by tem­ DRIVEN BACK clearly envisioned gpal-these eventually perament to fight limited wars. As in the box­ The -dismissal of General MacArthur--so made men reluctant to overrule him or even face him with strong contradictions. His own ing ring, they want nothing less than a abrupt, so irrevocable, and offering so need- ' knockout. What red-blooded American could less an affront to the General's pride by the persuasive powers, the dramatic manner in which he presented his arguments-these too oppose so shining a concept as victory? It crude manner of its execution-produced would be like standing up for sin against throughout the country a surge of angry pro­ tended to cause opposition to melt and doubters to doubt themselves. He was truly virtue. test. The summary cashiering of a great Yet, as the foot soldier in Korea lea4"lled soldier-statesman whose whole life had been one of the great captains of warfare. That he was bent on embroiling us in all­ one "victory" sometimes requires another: spent in the service of his country evoked With one hill taken, there was always, it a bitter division of opinion-much of it with owt war in Asia-that was the opposite of his aim. Indeed he always held that "no one in seemed, just one more to reach for, to secure strong political motivation, it is true--which the line or to prevent enemy observ&tion. made it difficult for the public to distinguish his right mind" would ever advocate sending ground forces into continental China. He And what might have seemed like "viotory" the basic issue. to most of our citizenry would have been There were, and doubtless still are, ex­ spoke out again .and again against the use of our ground forces beyond the confines of just the winning of the opening battle of tremists who have ascribed the darkest mo­ MacArthur's Grand Design. tives to both sides in this controversy-that Korea. 'Whalt he did argue for earnestly and there was, for instance, an almost traitorous continually was the use of our great sea and When MacArthur spoke of viotory, he did "no win" clique (somehow connected with air power to isolate Communist China and to not mean merely victory in Korea--the de­ the two British Foreign Service members destroy "for a generation" her potential for struction of au hostile forces on the penin­ who had defected to the Soviet Union a armed aggression. sula and the unification of the country un­ short time before) in high places in the ad­ The leaders of the government, both civil­ der a democratic government. Wh&t he en­ ministration; or that MacArthur, on the ian and Inilitary, were motivated by pa­ visaged was no less than the global defeat of ·Comm.unism, deaaing Communism ''a blow other hand, was bent on embroiling 'US in triotism .no less fervent than General Mac­ all-out war on the continent of Asia. Both Arthur's. The real points of disagreement, -from which it would never recover" a.nd these charges were utterly groundless, as however, were not generally understood until which would mark the hls·torical turndng eventually became clear, I think, to the ma­ some of the heat had gone out of the Great back of the Red Tide. His "program" in­ jority of our citizens. Debate occasioned by the 1951 Senate Hear­ cluded not merely driving ix> the Ye.:J.u, but The patrtotism and loyalty of our highest ings, when MacArthur, after an absence of destroying the air bases and industriaJ. com­ government officlals, civilian and military, more than ten years, returned to his home­ pl-ex in Manchurta; block:aging Communist were beyond the slightest question. The Tru­ land to face critics and supporters in a seven­ China's seacoast; demolish1ng its industrial nlan admtnistration was not seeking to ap­ --weeks' confrontation. With the differences centers; providing ..all necessary sru,pport to pease our enemies but rather to avoid a ~ni­ between "the General and the President fina1- Chiang's invasion of the ma.1nland; and the versal holocaust. And MacArthur was always 1y elucidated, much of the public criticism of transportation 0! 'the Nationalist Chinese opposed to the use of United States ground tlle President was stilled. There .did remain, troops to Korea to beef up our ground forces forces on the Asian mainland. The real basle however, and probably always will remain, there. He sincerely believed that these moves issue was neither the wide divergence of 'Widespread disapproval of the summary man­ wou.ld. l:l!realt tlhe Communist bold on the views be-tween Mr. Truman and General Mac­ ner in which MacArthur had been dismissed. m81inland. He was convinced thalt the Ohmese Arthur i()n enlarging the Korean War nor the (The General hlmself dld not learn of his ·masses w~ ready ·to welcome Chdang back, -c1a.eh of two strong personalities. It was 'Sim­ 'being relieved until word reached h'im a.nd he bJad persuaded hims.elf that the Soviet ply, as General Marshall pointed om in hbl through newspaper currespondents.) "Union would not intervene in a eonfllct of 24090 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 29, 1968 the sort he had in mind. But if, in the oourse would have no hope of success, in the Penta­ any less desire for "victory" than their of waging this preventive war on Red China, gon viewJ unless it received major United critics; any narrower view of the world situ­ the threat of Soviet intervention had jeop­ States naval, air, and logistical support­ ation; and less determination to serve the ardized its success, it is not illogical to as­ which of course MacArthur meant it should best interests of their country. Yet such sume that MacArthur would have urged the receive. But we had little of this strength to were the charges leveled against the admin­ further step of an attack upon the USSR spare, and what little we did have could istration, either in open, stinging criticism (whose growing strength, he thought, put be used more effectively in Korea. And even or by impllcation; while refusal to approve time on its side). This would have been if an invasion should_ draw Chinese troops the MacArthur proposals was branded as merely the logical extension of his ultimate out of Korea and thus ease the pressure appeasement. aim, the destruction of Communism through­ there, it was highly possible that a few re­ It was not therefore a "no-win" policy in­ out the world by the use of armed force. verses for Chiang's ground forces would sinuated into our high councils by faceless His plan therefore entailed the very con­ bring wholesale defections, such as had oc­ subversives that guided the administration siderable risk of igniting World War III and curred the.last time Chiang's troops had met in its rejection of MacArthur's recommended the consequent of overrunning of Western the Communis·ts head-on. program. It was essentially adherence to a Europe, with the loss of our oldest and The Pentagon had little faith in the fight­ basically different policy; a different inter­ staunchest allies sure to follow. It should be ing capacity of Chiang's soldiers, and Mac­ pretation of the word "victory"; a different remembered too that we would have been Arthur himself had only shortly before ex­ view of the facts based on a better knowledge running those risks when our own nation was pressed his own lack of confidence in their of the world situation. lamentably unprepared, with our general re­ battle-readiness. Their training levels were It is clear that the nation's top civilian and serve reduced to a single oombat-ready army low. We would have to supply all heavy military leaders, using a wider-angle lens, division. weapons, such as artillery and armor, and with deeper sources of information on the This then was the "victory" MacArthur had provide training in their use for an extended atomic situation in the Soviet Union, and in mind when he uttered his war cry. It was period before we could dare to rely on these with more comprehensive estimates of the an ambitious and dangerous program that troops in battle. But to divert badly needed possible consequences of general war in Eu­ would demand a major national effort. Yet material of this sort from the troops already rope, had a much clearer view of the realities the program was not rejected out of hand in the field could not be justified. In addi­ and responsibilities of the day. In their View, by MacArthur's superiors. The highest eche- tion, we had to reckon with Syngman Rhee's the kind of "victory" sought by the Theater ~ Ions of the United States government-the firm opposition to the introduction of Chi­ Commander, even if it were attained in President, the Secretaries of State and De­ nese troops into his country when, by his Korea, would have incurred overbalancing fense, the National Security Council, the thinking, there was still Korean manpower liabllities elsewhere. They thought their view Armed Services Secretaries, and the Joint not being properly utilized. was right. They believed MacArthur's view Chiefs of Staff, as well as leaders in Congress, Nor did the administration share Mac­ was wrong. Neither rightness nor wrongness pondered and discussed every question Mac­ Arthur's feelings about the relative unim­ could have been proved then, nor can it be Arthur raised. They exami-ned it first against portance of Western Europe. The industrial demonstrated now. It was their duty to ad­ the background of the Far East Command, skills, the manpower, the technology, the vise the President, which they did. It was its responsibilities, and the local situation in mills and factories, the quickly exploitable his duty to decide, and he made the decision. Asia. They considered it further in the light raw materials, the badly needed air bases, The administration's concltiSions, together of the worldwide situation, of current United and above all the close ties of blood and cul­ with the thinking behind them, were com­ States capabilities and limitations, of the ture-all these persuaded Washington that municated promptly to the United Nations state of West Europe's defenses, and of the Europe must come first and Asia second. The Commander. Moreover, that they might not extent to which the adoption of any or all loss of Western Europe· would promptly and lack emphasis and unmistakable clarity, the of MacArthur's recommendations might be decisively tip the scales in Russia's favor. President himself explained them in a per­ the precipitant of World War III. These offi­ NATO would be dissolved and the United sonal letter to MacArthur, dated January 13, cials gave the proposals sober, mature, and States isolated. We would not be allowed 1951. deliberate study. time enough to make ready for a two-front All disagreements finally came down to They did not agree that our Air Force war, if that should develop. matters of opinion. MacArthur's beliefs, how­ could bomb Red China into submission. I The Pentagon thought long and hard ever keen his perceptions, were based in part have mentioned General Hoyt Vandenberg's about the proposal to open a second front on less information on the world situation feeling that our "shoestring air force," should in the south to divert Chinese strength, and (and of course on still less information on we try to knock out the Manchurian bases, they rejected the plan. The use of Chiang's domestic polltical factors completely outside would be so reduced by attrition and com­ troops was wholly unacceptable to the Brit­ his purview) and in part on demonstrably bat losses that it would be two years before ish and other countries of the Common­ erroneous evaluation of intelligence by the we could rebuild it sufficiently to meet a wealth. The extension of hostilities to the Theater Commander himself. test, if one should come, in another part of Formosa area would greatly enlarge our tasks the globe. Beyond this, General Vandenberg Debating the program as a whole in the had no taste for "pecking at the periphery" Jn the Pacific. And we would be faced with course of the Senate Hearings, Senator Lyn­ the cel'tain disruption of the delicately bal­ don B. Johnson asked General MacArthur: by bombing Manchuria--for paying a high anced alliance we had put together for the price merely to nick the edges of the enemy's ". . . assume we embrace your program, and military power. Nor was the Pentagon at all Korea action. suppose the Chinese were chased back across convinced that China's source of industrial And here was another point of disagree­ the Yalu River, and suppose they then re­ strength could be eliminated quite so swiftly ment between the General and the admin­ fuse to sign a treaty, and to enter into an as MacArthur seemed to believe. The bomb­ istration: whether to adhere to our policy of agreement on what their future course will ing would surely involve the slaughter of collective security within the United Na­ be, what course would you recommend at that thousands of innocents-millions, if A-bombs tions or to go it alone. MacArthur quite stage?" were used. And unless we bombed out the clearly had decided that, if our ames would MacArthur had nothing to recommend at Trans-Siberian Railway-an action requir­ not stand by us in a confrontation with all. He simply replied that he regarded that ing sustained operations that might have Communist China and the Soviet Union, we as an unreasonable and irrational hypothesis. been beyond our capacity and that would should shoulder the whole burden by our­ "They go back there," Senator Johnson surely have brought on World War III-com­ selves. The United States, however, had long persisted. "What course are we going to munist China could still have received mili­ been committed to the course of collective take?" tary supplies over that rail link while the security. While the actual manpower con­ "I don't think they could remain in a USSR remained untouched. tributions of other member nations in the state of belligerency," replied MacArthur. Furthermore, the Truman administration United Nations were not great, our ab111ty The fact that MacArthur sometimes based and the Joint Chiefs of Staff were aware to operate under the United Nations fiag lent his estimates not merely on wishful think­ that any attack on the Manchurian bases or a moral flavor tO our actions in Korea that ing but on faulty evaluation of the intel­ even on the Yalu bridges would put an end was of inestimable value in our dealings with ligence was, I believe, demonstrated during to the unspoken agreement that kept our the rest of the free world. the Wake Island conference in early October South Korean and Japanese bases inviolate In the course of the now historic Senate 1950, when President Truman met with him and had limited the war to the Korean Hearings, these conclusions were 'restated for a private discussion of the situation in peninsula. and reconfirmed by most if not all of the Korea. Notes taken at that meeting . record As for blockading the CJiinese coast, that principals who had earlier reached them: that MacArthur estimated that, even if the would be an act of war. A blockade would Acheson, Marshall, Bradley, Sherman, Chinese did enter the confilct, the greatest be reoognized. by the neutral nations only if Vandenberg, Colllns, and many others. These number of troops they could hope to main­ effective, and it could not be made effective men were under oath. Their testimony was tain in Korea was from 50,000 to 60,000. That unless Hong Kong, a British Crown colony, recorded. They were questioned and cross­ would have meant a 2-to-1 superiority for as well as the ports of Dairen and Port questioned. Ultimately, that testimony, the UN forces. In actual fact, Chinese Arthur were included. If we did extend the after deletions for security, was published, strength, when they launched their offensive blockade to those ports, the reaction of Great and the reasons for rejecting MacArthur's in late November, was estimated at 300,000. Britain and the Soviet Union would not program were made a matter of public rec­ MacArthur's mistaken estimate was one of likely have been such to lighten our ord. It would seem preposterous then for several that lay behind the "Home-by­ difficulties. anyone to allege that these officials, and the Christmas" offenSive that brought us close An invasion of China by Chiang's forces President and Vice-President as well, had to disaster. July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24091 The· conviction that we could drive the power, as had been done for two centuries which design and accident surrnunded it, I Chinese out of Korea was not always under the Pax Britannica. · believe the majority of the American people cherished by MacArthur. On January -10, ThiS program was pressed long after Mac­ would have instantly supported the Presi­ 1961, long after the drive that r.esulted in Arthur's release. When the Eisenhower ad­ dent. But the argument was too deeply in­ our . forced retirement· back over -the 38th ministration came to power, its basic· tenet tertwined with other vexing issues, none of parallel, and when our forces were still nurs­ was control of the seas by naval power and which was perfectly understood. One such ing the bruises dealt out by the Chinese New the protection of existing borders through issue, of particularly long standing, was our Year's offensive, MacArthur radioed the Joint threats of "massive retaliation" by the China policy. Others were the proper uses of Chiefs of Staff that, if the United States A-bomb. We could never again transport atomic power, the brand-new concept of decisions stood as they were (that is, no large ground forces overseas, it was now limited war, and the necessary modifications reinforcements, no naval blockade of Red argued, so the Army and the Marines could of sovereignty consonant with the obliga­ China, no bombing of Manchuria, and no be downgraded. We could afford no more tions laid down in the Charter of the United operations by Chiang against the mainland), than the cost of fighting one kind of war­ Nations. then, in his opinion, and "in the absence of a big one-said the Secretary of the Treasury. Still,. the essential issue remained: Was overriding political consideration, the com­ And if war came, the Secretary of Defense as­ the President or the Gen~ral to have the mand should be withdrawn from the penin­ sured us, it would be a big one. authority to decide major issues of foreign sula just as rapidly as it is tactically possible Finally, the Truman-MacArthur contro­ policy? As General Marshall expressed it in to do so." It was only after the resurgent versy brought into relief an issue that was testifying on the matter before the Senate: United Nations Command, its confidence in not widely recognized at the time-that is, "It arises from the inherent difference itself and its fighting spirit restored, again the question of the supremacy of civilian between the position of a commander whose approached the 38th parallel and par­ authority over military authority in the mission is 1imited to a particular area and ticularly after 'the smashing of the two­ determination of national policy. a particular antagonist, and the position of pronged Chinese fifth-phase offensive in As far as I can recall, only once, prior to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Secretary of April and May of 1951, that the call for Korea, had the authority of the President Defense and the President, who are respon­ complete and decisive victory was heard of the United States been in any way ques­ sible for the total security of the United again. tioned by a military officer on active duty. States ... and must weigh the interests As for myself, I never did believe the That was during the Lincoln administration, and objectives in one part of the world with Chinese could drive us out of Korea, without when General George B. McClellan openly those in others to attain balance. Russia's entry into the war. And I was sure, fiouted the orders of his Commander in Chief. "There is nothing new in this divergence, as was the Eighth Army, that we could have Mr. Truman himself notes this parallel in his in our military his·tory," he continued. pushed right on to the Yalu in the spring Memoirs, where he writes: "Lincoln would "What is new and what brought about the o.f 1961, had we been ordered to do so. The issue direct orders to McClellan (then Com­ necessity for General MacArthur's removal price for such a drive would have been far manding General of all the Union Armies) is the wholly unprecedented situation of a too high for what we would have gained, and the General would ignore them. Half local Theater Commander publicly express­ however~ We would have lost heavily in dead the country knew that McClellan had po­ ing his displeasure at, and his disagree­ and wounded-my estimate at the time was litical ambitions which men in opposition ment with, the foreign policy of the United lOO,OOQ--fighting against stern resistance to Lincoln sought to use. Lincoln was pa­ States. [He] ... had grown so far out· of across the rugged northern face of the coun­ tient-but at long last he was compelled to sympathy with the established policies of try, and our prize would have been no more relieve the Union Army's principal com­ the United States that there is grave doubt than many square miles of inhospitable real mander."• as to whether he could any longer be per­ estate, much of it a-swarm with guerrillas Nearly a century later, history repeated mitted to exercise the authority in making for years to come. The enemy would have itself. Even before 1950, according to Mr. decisions that normal command fwwtions shortened his supply routes as we lengthened Truman, MacArthur treated the presidential would assign to a Theater Commander." ours, and he would have faced us finally in authority with disrespect, insidiously at first, Yet I think it can be argued that it was great strength behind the broad Yalu and then with increasing boldness. Finally Mac­ a boon to the country that the issue did Tumen Rivers. Merely pressing the enemy Arthur clearly disregarded, if he did not de­ arise and that it was decisively met by the back without destroying any appreciable liberately ignore, the lawful orders of his elected head of the government, within the part of his forces would, to my mind, have superior. Mr. Truman characterized Mac­ ample dimensions of his own high moral been a very poor bargain indeed. Arthur's actions as "insubordination." courage and without any pressure from At the end of the campaign, our battle Others used politer terms, ranging from "de­ political or military quarters. President Tru­ line would have been stretched from 110 fiance" to "open revolt." man's decision should act as a powerful safe­ miles to 420 miles, and the major responsi­ Like some other great figures on the world guard against the time, in some great future bility for holding it would have been ours, stage, past and present, MacArthur seemed crisis, when perhaps others may be similarly for it would have been far beyond the ca­ at times to have decided that his innate tempted to challenge the right of the Presi­ pability of the ROK army. The questions brilliance, so frequently illustrated by mili­ dent and his advisers to exercise the powers then would have been: Will the American tary successes, rendered his judgment su­ the Constitution grants to them in the people support an army of the size required preme, above that of all his peers and even formulation of foreign policy. of hJ.s duly constituted superiors. But the to hold this line? Will they underwrite the On March 20, 1951, the Joint Chiefs of bloody cost of a Manchurian campaign? Will crux of the matter was not whether the Staff informed Ma~Arthur that the State they commit themselves to an endless war military or the political judgment was su­ perior, but whether civil authority, in the Department was planning a presidential an­ in the bottomless pit of the Asian mainland? nouncement to the effect that the UN was I thought then and I think now that the person of the President, or military author­ ity, in the person of the Theater Commander, preparing to discuss conditions of a settle­ answer to. these questions was "No." ment in Korea. By March 24, the announce­ Another .question that underlay the dis­ was to determine which course the United ment was almost in final form. It would agreement between the General and the States should take. It was MacArthur's privi­ lege, and his duty, to give his views as to make clear our willingness to settle on the President was that of all-out or limited war. basis of a return to the general line of In a sense this was merely a translation of the rightness of a contemplated course, and the pre-war boundary. to offer his own recommendations, before the the "victory or stalemate" issue into more But on March 24, General MacArthur's specific terms: Should we bring all our decision was rendered. It was neither his privilege nor his duty to take issue with the own announcement cut the ground from strength to bear and try to roll back the Red under the President, enraged our allies, and Tide forever or should we endeavor to tailor President's decision after it had been made put the Chinese in the position of suffering our effort to keep the fighting within the known to him. In the heat of selfish political partisanship, and in the shame and frustra­ a severe loss of face if they so much as ac­ confines of Korea? But it should be remarked cepted a bid to negotiate. No one in posses­ that the partisan attacks on the Truman tion of the stinging reverses of late fall and early winter, 1960, a substantial segment of sion of the facts could have been so nai:ve administration, particularly those led by as to imagine that MacArthur was either un­ the late Senator Robert A. Taft, did not the American public seems to have lost sight of these elementary points. aware of what effect his announcement endorse a full-scale land war either in Asia might have or innocent of any desire openly or in Europe. Instead they seemed merely These were the issues that underlay the confrontation of the two dominant figures to oppose the President. A little more than to offer an updated version of the Fortress three months earlier, on December 6, 1950, America concept of an earlier period: Don't on the American scene in the Korean War, and the issue of civilian authority vs. mili­ President Truman had issued a specific di­ reinforce our garrison in Germany. Halt rective to all officials-including General further aid to Europe. Consider (this was the ta:ry authority was the most sensitive that MacArthur-to abstain from any declara­ -suggestion of former President Herbert the war produced. Logic would indicate that tions on foreign policy. But a specific direc­ Hoover) an alternative world policy based on this issue never should have arisen. The prin­ tive was actually superfluous. It is never withdrawal from the Eurasian continent. De­ ciple involved is as long-standing and as within the province of the soldier, under our fend the interests of the United States by firmly established as any in the life of our Constitution, to make foreign policy. That sea and air power (and this was the strategy governmental structure. Had it stood alone, is solely, specifically, and properly a func­ envisioned in the MacArthur program even stripped of the false issues and trtv~a with tion of elected officials, regardless of any­ for the Far East). In short, establish a Pax one's assessment of the "rightness" or Americana for the protection of Western •Some further comments on McClellan and "wrongness" of current policy. Only under a civilization behind a shield of sea and air MacArthur appear in Appendix 1. dictatorship does a military leader take 24092 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 29, 1968 council solely with himself in deciding what starting a war-deliberately provoking a nu­ statements should be -our primary concern. course the nation should pursue in its inter­ clear war, for example-is not the way to Rather we should ask ourselves now if we.are course with other soveign powers. save them. Indeed that phrase from the pre­ not, in this open-ended conflict, so impairing One sentence of MacArthur's wrecked the amble seems to me to set forth the most our strength through overdrawing on our re­ State Department plan to issue its announce­ vital aim of the United Nations. sources-political, -economic, and military­ ment. For MacArthur said: "The enemy, From the time of Rome's greatness until as to find ourselves unduly weakened when therefore, must by-now be painfully aware now-a period of two millennia-the peo­ we need to meet new challenges in other th111t a decision of the United Nations to ples of Europe have been periodically del­ more vital'areas of the world. For there surely depart from its tolerant effort to confine the uged in blood by .:wars which, within the will be threats that bear more closely on our war to the area of Korea, through an expan­ last two centuries, have grown increasingly true national interests. sion of our military operations to his coastal murderous and have laid wider areas to If we find the ·wisdom to husband our areas and interior bases, would doom Red waste. Now, with the existJng potential for strength against the day when those threats China to the risk of imminent military col­ destruction, a new world war would charge appear, then I am utterly confident in Amer­ lapse." This statement so obvio;usly sug­ a price in blood and in annihilation of hu­ ica's future, in the capacity of our leadership gested a radical shift in United Nations man values that would be past all reckon­ to meet those threats, and in the ability of policy that it is hard to imagine anyone's ing. our armed forces to contribute in full meas­ pretending it was merely, as some said, an In the very ghastliness of this possible ure to that leadership. expression of a willingness to accept a mili­ catastrophe should lie the hope that the tary surrender. Even a call for surrender sanity and wisdom of statesmen will devise which MacArthur's statement contained, ways to prevent it. No present obstacle, no UNIVERSITY AND THE ARTS · implied a sudden hardening of the United foreseeable difficulty-certainly not human Nations line and involved a humiliation that greed and lust for power-should be per­ we simply had not the strength to impose mitted to defeat or weaken collective ef­ HON. JOSHUA EILBERG -· · at that moment upon China. forts to stave off the unthinkable. No .:·· It was the setting of the stage for a show­ group of nations has greater stakes at issue, OF PENNSYLVANIA down between the military authority and or stronger reasons-apart from the inher­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES· the civilian authority. And the showdown ent moral imperative-for attaining this ob­ came at once. The outcome was inevitable, jective than do the peoples of Western Monday, July 29, 1968 as it always should be in a democracy. The Europe and America-Europe, because of Mr. EILBERG. Mr. Speaker, on Sun­ civilian authority is and must remain su­ its long history of death and devastation preme. But it was also a showdown, long in by war; America, because of the identity of day, July 28, I had the pleasure of wit­ the making, between the two schools of its cultural and economic interests with nessing a magnificent dance perform­ thought on Korea, those that argued for those of Europe, and both together because ance by the internationally famous Jose "complete vistory" and those that argued, of the extreme vulnerabll1ty of their highly Greco Company, produced by the Tem­ with equal sincerity and with patriotism developed social, economic, and cultural ple University Music Festival and Insti­ no less fervent, for a truce that would give structures. tute on the grounds of the Temple us time to build our strength and bolster The problem of Vietnam lies at the very University Ambler campus. our alliances. heart of this challenge to the wisdom and moral courage of our statesmen. There will The Ambler campus provides the • • * * be decisions to face, as with the problems first 2 years of undergraduate training One mistake we avoided in Korea was an of Germany and Korea, that will try their whereupon students then attend the insistence on "total victory" or "uncondi­ souls and test the character of our people. main campus within the city of Phila­ tional surrender" or even a "halt to aggres­ I feel that the American people own, in sion" before talking peace.-But in the light delphia. The Ambler campus also pro­ abundant measure, the energy and the vides a 2-year program in landscaping of many of the slogans that fill the air and moral principles that give any nation its the public prints nowadays, I am moved to spiritual strength, aneen discon­ Post Office Department has long needed, and national affairs. tinued since the end .of World War II. I am glad it has finally become a reality. An address which Mr. Hoyt delivered And what_is more, most oi the facilities ' Also, I support the new program of air'­ on May 14 of this year to the City Club built in my time are rio longer in the· most lift for first class mail on a "space available" 'of Denver deals with these subjects and 24096 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKs· July 29; 1968 I believe will prove of great interest to Usher of The Denver Post, on May 14, 1968 yea.r-are reminded of it qaily, thanks' to all Members of Congress. to the City Club of Denver.) the mass media, the instantaneous com­ I would like to mention in passing that One of the , greatest problems facing us munication and in fact, overcommunioation. ln 1968 is our failure to recognize the nature One of the reasons there is so much vio­ the Subcommittee on International or..; of our problems. There is a tremendous lack lence today on the part o! the young is that ganizations and Movements of the Com­ of realization on the part of the body politic we now have millions of young people who mittee on Foreign Affairs, which I have that things are different. We are living in a were raised on the violence of television. Re­ the honor to chair, has been conducting vastly different age than most of us think .,_cently while searching for news shows, :("'" studies in this field for some time. we are. tuned in on a number of standard television Last year, our subcommittee held a We know we are living in a time of rapid feature shows-and I found that someone series of hearings and issued a report on change, but we are not aware of what it is was threatened, killed, bound and gagged or doing to the world around us. poisoned in every sequence. To think that "Modern Communications and Foreign Just look for a moment at the pace of such stuff has not had an effect on our Policy." change. To give you some idea of how rapid young would be blindness indeed. And earlier this week, on Monday, it is, I borrow a comparison from a recent TV AND THE GHETTO .J'uly 22, the subcommittee conducted a issue of the monthly newsletter of Litton In­ 1-day symposium on "The Future of dustries. It goes like this: Who looks at television? Millions of people, We know pretty well how the life of man­ in all economic and social conditions, of American Public Diplomacy." course. But don't overlook its effect in the Outstanding experts in communica­ kind has developed and changed through the ghetto. past 50,000 years. To show how the pace of tions testified before our subcommittee this change has been accelerating, however, Recently the American Newspaper Pub­ on such subjects as "The U.S. Image suppose that this 50,000 years were com­ lishers Association published the result of Abroad,'' "The Development of Public pressed into the lifetime of a 50-year-old some studies made of media use in ghetto Diplomacy," and "The Importance of man. areas. Communications in International Rela­ Just 10 years ago, this 50-year-old man One survey indicated that all of the ghetto would have crawled out of a cave. Two years homes-100 per cent--had at least one radio, tions." and almost two-thirds-64 per cent-had The list of those who contributed to ago he could have heard of Christianity. Twenty days ago he would have first learned more than one. The studies also showed that our symposium reads like a "Who's of electricity. Ten days ago he could have almost all of the homes-95 per cent--had Who in American Communications." It heard radio for the first time. And if he was at least one television set, and almost half- includes: truly with it, he would be getting ready 47 per cent--had more than one TV. And 10 Dr. Frank Stanton, president of CBS to take his first ride in a jet airplane, which per cent of these ghetto homes had three and chairman of the U.S. Advisory Com­ would have been invented a few minutes ago. television sets. mission on Information; As Gordon Pehrson, Litton's general man­ On the other hand, only 14 per cent of Dr. Edward L. Bernays, president of ager remarked, we are in the process of "in­ these ghetto households took a dally news­ venting our own future." What will that paper {60 per cent took a Sunday paper). the Edward L. Bernays Foundation, fre­ future be like? I can't say, because we are Obviously, these people are relying heavily quently referred to as the "dean of making it up as we go along. But I can say on the instant communication of the elec- America's public relations"; I am worried about it--for the sake of n1y tronic media. . George Gallup, Jr., president, Ameri­ children and my children's children. · The picture they are getting does not nec..­ can Institute of Public Opinion-Gallup essarily reflect life as f.t is in the United SHADOW OVER FUTURE States. But by giving an impression of an Poll; Something is }).appening in America-and Dr. Lloyd A. Free, director of the In­ America full of goodies to be picked up just perhaps around the world-which is casting for the asking, it may be helping to change stitute for International Social Re­ a shadow over the future. the reality of America-and not necessarily search; We are experiencing a series of "explo­ for the better. Howard K. Smith, ABC commentator, sions" which is particularly troubling for its Nor is it just the person in front of the former foreign correspondent and au­ effect on the young people who are building set who is affected by television. It is also the thor of many books including "Last the future. person who suddenly finds himsel! in front Train From Berlin" and "The State of The outward evidence of the explosions is of the camera. Not long ago, Philip Geyelin the student revolts, the marches, the burn­ of the Washington Post wrote a column for Europe"; ings of cities, the disorders around the Dean Edmund A. Gullion, of the his paper which described something that ·world. happened during the recent Washington riot. Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, These are shaking the values and convic­ At the scene of one fire, about 100 people Tufts University, former career dip­ tions that have been so important to us. and a handful of newspapermen were watch­ lomat; Most of us up to now have believed that all ing the firemen. Spectators were spread Dr. Francis X. Sutton, deputy vice problems of earth oould be solved, that around not creating any disturbance. Then, president, international division, Ford mankind could live in peace, that poverty abruptly, from a group of fire-watchers on could be overcome, that crime oould be an embankment, came a fiurry of fist-shak­ Foundation, who shares responsibility eliminated and law and order made to for the foundation's international pro·­ ing and angry shouts. And, to quote Geyelin, prevail. "every bit of it was aimed a,t the funnel­ grams; Now we have cause to wonder. It is this shaped snout of a television camera." Dean Edward W. Barrett, of the Grad­ ·structure of hopefulness that I fear is in uate School of Journalism, Columbia danger of passing. It is this I was referring INSTANT SHOWBIZ University, former director of the over·­ to in my title-The End of An Erar-which It was, said Geyelin, "as if some unseen seas operations of the Office of·war In­ I put !or tentatively, with a question mark director was calling out cues. It was Instant formation and ·Assistant Secretary of at the end. Showbiz." Geyelin adds: What ·are these "explosions'' I have spok­ "If somewhere, in somebody's living room State for Public Affairs; en of? that evening, a few feet of film showed a Mr. Leonard Marks, Director of the COMMUNICATIONS EXPLOSl'ON small group of angry Negroes, shouting racist U.S. Information Agency; One of them I call the Communication epithets in defiance of whitey and ~ defer­ Mr. M. S. Novik, public service radio Explosion. We have overoommunication and ence to Dr. King, then the medium was in- consultant, and member of the U.S. Ad­ it is one of the great causes of unrest. . deed the message. And the message was not visory Commission on Information; and To illustrate, on April 12, 1940, Bruce Bar­ the way it was." Mr. Hewson A. Ryan, Deputy. Director ton, member of the famous advertising ag­ Obviously, television is here to stay. And .for Policy and Plans, U.S. Information ency of Batten, Barton, Durstine and Os­ we can't turn back the clock. . But I think we born, made a speech in Boston. Speaking of had better recognize that we are definitely Agency. Abraham Lincoln, Mr. Barton said: in an era o! instantaneous communication I believe that the record of our hear.­ "I am here to speak tonight about a man and overcommunicatlon-not only in Amer­ ings, and the report which is being pre­ who was ill-fed, ill-clothed, ill-housed and ica but the world-around. The have-not na­ pared by our subcommittee, will be- of didn't know it." tions know what the have-nations possess, great interest to the Congress and to I had something of the same experience. and it is one o! the great causes of unrest . the American public. .I was a poor boy, raised in Vermont and ·abroad just as it is at home . Mr. Speaker, Hoyt's speech reads as Montana but I was not aware I was poor. Another one of the "explosions" I re­ No one told me, and I didn't think of it in ferred to is the Amuence Explosion, and lt follows: _terms o! hardship. I was glad to get jobs is related to wha,t I have just been talking ARE AMERICANS EXPEIUENCING THE END OF AN and never thought about my economic sta­ about. One of. the many reasons we have ERA? tion. a dissatisfied, rebellioW! class of young peo- (EDITOR'S NOTE.-ln tesponse to r~~rs' Today, those people who are poor by the -ple seeking radical answers to what many requests, The Post.reprints herewith 'the text government's definition-who are members of them oonsider almost unsoluble problems of a speech by Palmer Hoyt, editor and pub·- of families receiving less than $3,100 a is because. they see nothing to gain from July 29, 1.968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS- 24097 the practice of the old Benjamin Franklin upbringing was Dr. Spock, whose authori­ SCIENCE EXPLOSION maxims about thrift and work and diligence. tative "baby books" have become gospel Along with this we have another "explo­ Today's middle-class teen-agers and young for millions of anxious mothers. Spack sion"-the Science Explosion. It has greatly adults have been raised in a prolonged period wasn't exactly an apostle of complete per­ affected the youth of this country and the of plenty and many of them see no relevance missiveness, but a major theme of his was world. to the old idea that one is only entitled to that authority should be rational and flex­ The young people have a more fatalistic what he earns. This atmosphere of aftlu­ ible rather than arbitrary and absolute. attitude than they had a few years ago. They ence has even. affected the poor Negro who In this climate of flexi:t>ility and attempts all know about the bomb. They realize that isn't on the receiving end of the largess of to rule by reason, the younger generation the people of the earth could be completely his parents. acquired a tremendous amount of latitude­ obliterated virtually overnight. Many of these young Negroes have spent and the weapons often to wear their parents This is one of the reasons why there is in much of their lives "on the streets," living down. the oncoming generation less interest in the on their wits-and in many cases in this age PERMISSIVE ATMOSPHERE future life and less concern with what the of general affiuence they are doing better But the permissive atmosphere didn't future will be like. Those of us who have financially or in terms of effort expended necessarily carry over to the adult society lived long enough to know better have learned than others who are working at dull, menial that these children entered-either in the that the future has a way of catching up jobs. They are no more attracted to work schools or when they went to work. with you, but it is hard to get the message than their middle-class peers. Not long ago, Christopher Jencks, writing in the New over to a good many young people today. Stewart Alsop wrote a column for the Sat­ York Times magazine from the point of view . And of course the feelings stirred in the urday Evening Post entitled "A Conversation of a product of one of these permissive young by the war in Vietnam are akin to With Catfish." It was an interview with middle-class homes who reached adulthood those I have been talking about: a feeling Cwtfish, Rufus Mayfield, a bright young in the 1950s, said: that tomorrow you may be dead, bomb or no Negro who had been head of a Negro-run, "We found that adult society was organized bomb, so concentrate on "Now." The trouble federally supported organization called along very different lines from the families is, what we do or fail to do about the war "Pride, Inc." After a few months, Catfish in which we had been raised, and that most in Vietnam today is going to have an even withdrew from Pride. employers were more like the teachers we greater effect on the future of America and CATFISH ARRESTED had learned to hate than the teachers we had the world than many people imagine. After he left Pride, Catfish was arrested come to love.'' But the children-turned­ These "explosions" I have been talking on a car-stealing charge. Alsop asked him if adults of his generation simply regarded about-and other factors-have been con­ the arrest had hurt his reputation. Catfish themselves as maladjusted, and attempted tributing to the general restles~ness among grinned and said: somehow to adjust. Not so the children born the younger generation. Now I think restless­ "Best thing ever happened to me. Some in the 1940s who started coming to the col­ ness in general is a good thing for young guys were saying, 'This Catfish, he's just a lege campuses in the 1960s. people. They should be questioning and work­ Tom, that's all'-know what I mean? Then The children who were by now setting the ing out new answers and preparing for the cops arrested me, and it was in the tone came mostly from permissive homes. change. That is the function of the young. paper; the guys on the streets said, 'That's On campuses they established their own way Particularly the young Negroes-and other ol' Fish, back on the, streets, stealin' cars of life. They joined with rebels from other people of minority background. They have again.'" backgrounds. They responded to the con­ much to be restless about and tremendous Incidentally, Catfish also told Alsop that tradictions that exist in every society with need to build and grow. a lot of his friends were carrying guns­ growing cynicism toward America's professed But restlessness and agitation for change sometimes two or three at a time. When the ideals. And many of them have apparently are one thing. Civil disorder and rebellion reporter suggested that maybe they had been turned against the industrial, capitalistic so­ is another. And that is where we are going looking at too many television Westerns and ciety as we know it. They hate the idea of to have to draw the line. private-eye shows, Catfish replied: becoming organization men and women and Mayor Daley of Chicago drew fire because dream-naively--of an egalitarian world, .he spoke out in a moment of anger and sug­ "Man, you're so right. Lots of these cats, gested harsh action against arsonists and they're just living in television." Alsop wrote something like the permissive family situa­ tion. rioters. But his critics left unanswered the that he had noted the same phenomenon question implied in his blunt statement. It when he visited a group of Ku Klux Klans­ They have also made an important dis­ covery-civil disobedience. They have learned is this: are we going to let our cities be men a year or so earlier-that they were "liv­ ·burned down? Are we going to let our educa­ ing in television." And Alsop commented that they can push civil authority around in much the same way as they did­ tional institutions be destroyed? that "if this country explodes into uncon­ Police Chief Walter Headley of Miami trollable racial violence, the commercial pur­ or would like to have done-with their -parents. And some of them are using it as also drew fire for a tough statement-and veyors of violence on the television screens his tough actions-aimed at preventing the will have a lot to answer for." a weapon to attack the political and social system from which many of them seem breakdown of law and order in his city. Chief Closely related to the question of the Af­ Headley's men in Miami are going ahead and fluence Explosion in its effect on middle­ alienated. It doesn't seem to matter much to them stopping suspects-and they are confiscating class young people is the matter of the per­ about 125 handguns a week. Last week Chief missive atmosphere in which many of these that if they succeed in breaking down Amer­ ican society what would result might be in­ Headley made a pretty profound statement kids have been brought up. in an interview. He said: It isn't all the fault of Dr. Benjamin finitely less to their liking than what they -have now. "When you surrender control of the streets, Spack, much as I'd ~ove to lay it all on his you're dead. Disorder must be contained. And doorstep. POPULATION EXPLOSION ·the sooner you do it, the less likelihood there FAMILY PATTERN CHANGES I've mentioned the Communication Explo­ is for bloodshed." What has been happening is a gradual . sian and the Affiuence Explosion. There's Eric Hoffer, the longshoreman-turned­ change in the traditional pattern of the also the well-known Population Explosion. philosopher, said in a recent column: American family. The adolescents-and even Without our being aware of it much of the "If the riots are allowed to become a part the younger children-have been gaining time, the rapid growth of the population of our pattern of life, the consequences are ground in a kind of continual guerrilla battle of America and the world adds to our ten­ likely to be disastrous. . . . for power against parents. The reason has sions and our problems. "The genuinely humane people who say been that social change has undermined It makes cities bigger and more crowded that riots are unavoidable, that they will the old rules of respectable behavior which and less manageable. It threatens a world cease when every Negro wrong has been before the turn of the century had been food crisis. It adds to the burdens of the righted, and every white heart is cleansed of regarded by just about everyone as fixed poor and promises to be a growing burden to prejudice and selfishness, are not aiding the and immutable standards. those who govern and those who pay the Negro but are hastening the corruption and As parents became better educated and bills for government. debasement of our society." found themselves better off economically · Recent figures indicate that by the year ORDER OR C;HAOS? they began to feel that the old way in which 2000 the population of the world will have And John Gardner, former secretary of they had been reared was no longer suit­ doubled-from the present 3 billion people Health, Education and Welfare, said in a able to prepare their children for a world to something over 6 billion. And that is only recent magazine article: of accelerating changes. So they began eas­ 32 years from now. "Violence cannot build a better society. No ing up on the old absolute rules of behav­ China alone will probably reach a popula­ society can live in constant and destructive ior and the old authoritarian ways of deal­ . tion of 1 billion. tumult. We will have either a civil order in ing with children. In order not to repress It will not be long if this continues, until which discipline is internalized in the breast their children, they tried to make as few . there will not be enough land on the face r o{ each free and responsible citizen, or soon­ choices as possible for their children, forc­ of the earth for the human beings who . er or later we will ·have repressive measures ing the children to make more choices, and inhabit it to stand, which will require some designed to re-establish order. hoped they would take more responsibility inventiveness on the part. of our scientific "The anarchist plays into the hands of the on their own. overlords at that time to cope with the authoritarian. Those of us who find au­ The spokesman for the new school of child problem. thoritarianism repugnant have a duty to CXIV--1518-Part 18 24098 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS J'{lly 29, 1968 speak out against all who destrpy civil order. Agency are overworked in their very ex­ Coast through Cleveland and Chicago's The time has come when the full weight of acting job of supervising air tramc. O'Hare Airport have caused flaring tempers community opinion ·should be brought to ~nd many problems a.t the ticket desks. bear on those who break the peace or seek . But the manpower problem in the tow­ "To save time you have to go a day ahead to force decisions through mob action, or ers is only one factor. There also is the and stay overnight in New York, Washington ·those who bypass established democratic fact that air tramc has increased so fast or Chicago," a traveler complained. procedures in favor of coercive demonstra- that major airports simply cannot handle Another echoed my own petition-"Bring tions." · the volume of aircraft which the airlines back the trains!" Personally, I hope the time never comes are scheduling in peak periods. Meanwhile, the citations of complaints when Americans have to resign themselves to The industry has permission from the grow and a meeting of FAA sector directors totalitarianism in order to get peace and called into an emergency session in Wash­ order. But I do concede that it could hap­ Civil Aeronautics Board to explore ways ington can serve no useful purpose unless pen if internal disorder cannot be stopped. to provide new encouragement for air­ they clamp down on airports and restrict air­ What do we do about all this? I don't have line patrons to travel in off-peak hours. lines to the number of flights each airport any pat answers. But the answers will have One suggestion is to provide a fare dis­ can easily handle. to grow out of an understanding of the prob­ count for :flights at off-peak hours. A recent report told of a jet bound for New lems, and that is what I am trying to spell Clearly, both industry and Govern­ York from Miami that circled so long over out today. ment have a big responsibility to find New York that it had to refuel in Philadel­ We are going to have to create an era of phia and arrived at La Guardia 6¥2 hours responsibility. Within each family we are go­ solutions to the current airport conges­ late. ing to have to teach individual responsi­ tion problem. One airline reported that it lost 77 hours bility. If the responsible people of this coun­ Mr. Speaker, I include with my re­ in delays. The complaints of passengers who try-white and black and Spanish-American marks a column in the Buffalo, N.Y., said they waited hours in their seats for and Japanese-American and Chinese.:.Ameri­ Courier-Express, by Anne Mcllhenney takeoffs flooded my mail and every airport can and whatever-if such people are not Matthews, on July 26, 1968: official's mail. willing to accep-'; more responsibility for put­ A trip to Buffalo's Airport tower is a thrill­ ting things right and streamlining America, BUFFALO AND THE CROWDED SKIES ing-and humbling experience. I wouldn't then maybe this whole thing will go down the (By Anne Mcilhenney Matthews) have a job there for all that they get paid, drain. The overcrowding of the nation's airways and more. You work your shift in a blacked MAN'S RESPONSIBILITY hasn't hit Buffalo directly but as any busi­ out room. There is no margin for error. The I often recall what a great editor of an­ nessman or frequent air traveler out of controllers are on eye-and-brain alert every other era, the late Grove Patterson of the Buffalo's International Airport can tell you, second. The scope tells the air picture, busy Toledo Blade, used to say. In the later years the impact is tremendous. Sit in at any hands write the notes and "idents" (identi­ of his life, it became his principal message. luncheon or dinner rendezvous where travel­ fications) and even the atmosphe·re in the It was this: that it finally becomes necessary ing businessmen gather and you hear the room is electric with tension and suspense. for a man to assume corporate responsibility stories. Congressional action budgeting for the to his family, city, state, nation and, if you They tell of circling the clouds high over training of more traffic tower controllers will please, the world. New York, Chicago, or Washington for hours. help--but not right now. It becomes necessary, that is, if his civiliza­ They say that they boarded a plane and The congressional funds are earmarked for tion is to survive. waited for two or more hours to take off. One the hiring and training of some 2,000 more Our civilization has no more permanent business manager of a Buffalo firm said that controllers. FAA officials say it takes two lease on life than any of those of the past finally "the story came full circle." He was years to train a controller for service in a that have fallen because they couldn't see or advised at a Washington airport to back medium sized airport and an additional year cope with their problems in time. But I have track and take a train to New York because to qualify him for work in an airport like always felt that America, as the world's great­ he'd "get there quicker." Buffalo's. est democracy, not only carries within itself The stacking up of planes over airports is So, in 1971 there will be help. Meanwhile, the seeds of.its own destruction but also the not a. deliberate result of the rebelUon of don't plan on making quick connections with seeds of its own regeneration and revitaliza­ traffic controllers of the Federal Aviation Ad­ planes out of New York, or Chicago. tion as well. ministration or an effort to blackmail the In times like the present, I sometimes won­ agency or airports into more pay and more der whether man is ready for freedom and leisure time, they say. democracy-or whether he's got to go "It is a. slowdown and it is getting themes­ CONGRESSIONAL ROUNDUP through another of those .dreadful purging sage across in the only way that we can" a experiences of violent upheaval and repres­ member of the Professional Air Traffic Con­ sion that have marked human history. trollers' Organization ("Pa.tco") who works in But I do have hope. I believe, as William the tower at Buffalo's Airport, admitted. HON. ROBERT DOLE Faulkner said in accepting the Nobel Prize William A. MacLean, chief of the Buffalo OF KANSAS for Literature some years ago, that "Man will tower FAA pointed out that the slowing IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES prevail." He will, that is, if he awakes to his dowh of air traffic and the demands of problems in time. "Patco" for more personnel and adequate Monday, July 29, 1968 In this regard, I am reminded of some overtime pay, doesn't hit at the hub of the Mr. DOLE. Mr. Speaker, as has been words from Eric Hoffer, this time from the problem which is that the big cities, in par­ September-October 1967 issue of Think Mag­ ticular New York and Chicago, desperately my custom during my 7% years in Con­ azine. Hoffer wrote: need more airports. gress representing western Kansas, I am "When, at the age of 27, I first read how "I admit the traffic tensions of air control­ mailing a summary of our significant God drove man out of Eden, there flashed lers in the towers at Kennedy, La Guardia work, which I call the "Congressional before my eyes a tableau: I saw my ancestor and Dulles and O'Hare, he said: "This is Roundup," to my constituents. This will Adam get up from the dust after he had been ulcer gulch for sure. But more relief person­ be my last roundup as a Member of the bounced out, shake his fist at the closed nel will not solve the problem. You can send House of Representatives. gates and the watching angels and mutter, only so many airplanes off a runway or check 'I shall return!' May it fall to this or the next so many into landings. You can handle them The text follows: generation to redeem the promise." on minute or half-minute schedules-but URGES KANSAS DRAFT REDUCTION only as many as the airport can handle. Gen. Lewis B. Hershey, Director of the Se­ "The giant jets-the 747s-will be at every lective Service, has agreed to review my re­ major airport any time now. Then the traffic quest that Kansas draft calls be reduced. congestion will be tremendous. The Job of I conferred wi.th Hershey for 90 minutes NOT JUST AIR CONTROLLERS the controller will be an expanded head­ recently. I po:inted out that Kansas, with ache here-and everywhere. 1.12 percent of the U.S. population, provided Even though Buffalo isn't in the main 16.2 percent of the total National Guard HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI snarlup of air traffic there have been local and Armed Forces Reserves mobilization in OF NEW YORK side effects at Buffalo Airport. Last Friday May. The number of Kansans activated for several of the airlines canceled plane flights June, July and August is also high. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES into New York to ease the sky stack-up. The To compensate, it seems only equitable Monday, July 29, 1968 Buffalo tower is in the Cleveland sector air that the number of Kansans to be called for space control and there have been "wait" re- induction by the draft in the future should Mr. DULSKI. Mr: Speaker, we are . strictions of from five to 10 minutes on send­ be proportionately reduced. hearing a lot about an apparent slow­ off of planes into the congested areas. In the meeting with Hershey, I outlined down in the handling of air tramc in and For tourists from Buffalo and through suggestions for draft reform. The draft law, out of major airports. Buffalo, the air traffic pile-up has posed ·which affects more American families in a There is no question but what· the many problems. Tie-in connections with personal way than almost any other federal air controllers of the Federal Aviation planes to Miami and overseas or to the west program, is not administered with complete July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ·24099 im~rtiality, _equity' or J-qstice. ¥y ld~.as, in­ APPOINTED TO · URBAN AFFAIRS· GROUP he has given to his Government.· We, in corporated into legislation I _introduced July Recently I was appointed to the Task Force New York, are happy that he is return­ 23, include: national standar~ fPolish language daily problem of airport congestion. In 1967, that problem is reached, I see no choice newspapers, a dozen or so Polish radio pro­ .31 percent of peak-hour aircraft move­ but to provide for priorities for commer­ grams and a TV show or two, four major fra­ ment at John F. Kennedy International cial, scheduled airplanes. Failure to adopt ternal organizations with assets you wouldn't Airport was general aviation. At La such a plan immediately will do immeas­ believe, a bushel of mushrooms and hundreds Guardia Airport, general aviation ac­ to of smashed stereotypes. urable harm the future of aviation. Because after locking themselves into self­ counted for 61 percent of peak-hour air­ imposed exile for 75 years, the Poles have craft movement. At Newark Airport, broken out into that cornucopian American general aviation accounted for 52 per­ mainstream. About 400,000 of them-leather­ cent of peak-hour activity. A NEW PRIDE IN OLD POLONIA handed factory workers to junior executives­ The past decade has in fact witnessed have pushed out into the suburbs and dis­ a startling increase in the growth of appeared in clouds of barbecue smoke. And general aviation in relation to commer­ HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI there are still some 400,000 others left in the city-around the Milwaukee, Ashland and cial, scheduled aviation. In 1967, Ken­ OF U.LINOIS Division triangle, Back of the Yards, South nedy Airport handled 67,551 general IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Chicago, Bridgeport and Brighton Park. aviation flights, showing an increase in Monday, July 29, 1968 Suburbs With that distinctive Polish flavor the decade of 252.2 percent; commercial include Niles, Norwood Park, Park Ridge, flights numbered 354,905, showing an in­ Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, the Chi­ South Holland and Dolton. In lots of places, crease of 103.1 percent. cago Sun Times in its Midwest magazine you can't even tell the Poles anymore, be­ La Guardia field in 1957 handled 115,- section of July 28 devoted most of its cause they've changed their names. 862 general aviation flights, up 119.9 per­ space to an excellent article about the The Most Rev. Alfred L. Abramowicz, aux­ cent in the decade; commercial flights 800,000 Americans of Polish descent who iliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Arch­ live in Chicago. Titled: "A New Pride in diocese of Chicago, probably knows as much numbered 173,681, up only 4.3 percent about the metropolitan area's 60 predomi­ in the decade. Old Polonia," the Chicago Sun Times­ nantly Polish parishes as anyone. He notes Newark Airport in 1967 handled 68,- through its excellent writer, Brian Boy­ a big difference between the pre- and post­ 019' general aviation flights, up 156.6 per­ er-has given all Chicagoans a better in­ World War II Pole. cent in the decade; commercial flights sight into this large ethnic group which Education is the reason. An educational numbered 162,361 showing only a 54.7- has played and continues to play a vital escalation from immigrant to the third gen­ percent increase in the decade. role in Chicago's growth. eration has grown a big professional crop in I take the liberty today of placing in place of small businessmen and factory work­ The Aircraft Owners and Pilots Asso­ ers who were the garden variety of the old ciation traditionally have opposed ptriori­ the RECORD, Mr. Boyer's article for I be­ days. ties in favor of commercial, scheduled lieve it is important for all of us to know With economic and social success, Bishop airplanes. The association asserts that the various ethnic groups which make Abramowicz says he has seen the Poles "go such a priority system is no more appro­ up our cities and our Nation. out of the tavern and into the cocktail priate to air transportation than giving Mr. Boyer has captured the spirit of lounge." priority to buses over private automo­ the Poles in Chicago but its as if he were He's not the only one. So has Aloysius biles would be to surface transportation. writing about the more than 10 million Mazewski, president of the Polish National Unfortunately, however, for the associa­ Americans ranging over several genera­ Alliance, which, with 340,000 members-80,- tions who are scattered into almost every 000 of them in Chicago-is the largest Polish tion the granting of priorities to buses fraternal organization in the country. over private automobiles is not a novel single community of America. I am particularly pleased with the Maz.ewski's-and PNA's-headquarters is idea. Many municipalities have pre­ at 1520 W. Division, in a big, decrepit build­ empted lanes for the special and exclu­ scholarly analysis of the Poles which Mr. ing whose gloomy offices look like a bank's, sive use of buses. In our city, we have set Boyer has written. It is refreshing to see circa 1910. aside lanes for the special use of emer­ a writer describe a particular ethn1c Mazewski, an attorney whose white mus­ gency police and fire equipment. Plans to group without going into timeworn tache, horn-rimmed glasses and well-cut suit bar private automobiles from congested cliches which create an impression the mark his as "one of the new blood," ousted urban centers are under consideration in group has just gotten off the boat. Mr. Charles Rozmarek, PNA president for 28 Boyer has captured the meaning of the years, by 20 votes last September. Sitting in many communities. Indeed, if nothing is a red chair in his wood-paneled office with done by way of creating airway priorities, younger generation of American-born Poles who give America an inspiring red draperies and a red rug. Mazewski iden­ the general aviation plans will preempt tified a resurgence of interest in Polish cus­ so much of the airspace that commercial bridge between the old and the new. toms by assimilated Poles, more intermar­ aviation will become as dead as the dodo. Mr. Boyer'3 excellent article rollows: riage With oth~r ethnic groups "because This is clearly indicated by statistics. A NEW PRIDE IN OLD POLONIA-POLISH YOUNG­ their friendships are broader now," and a In 1963, there were a total of 84,121 gen­ . STERS ARE GOING TO SATURDAY SCHOOL AND new reluctance to Anglicize Polish names, eral aviation aircraft in the United GAINING A NEW AWARENESS OF THEIR all because "Polish achievements have made HERITAGE being Polish easier," he said. States. In the eastern region, consisting (By Brian Boyer) Devotees of the melting-pot theory have of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, The old Polish lady sat on a green CTA been surprised lately to find that Poles, like Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti­ bench. The boys who played on the sidewalk American Jews, get interested in their roots cut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, around her wore short-sleeved summer shirts, as soon as they have successfully broken Ohio, Kentucky, Delaware, Maryland, but she was bundled up in black, high-laced away from them. Washington, D.C., Virginia, and West shoes, a babushka and an ancient black coat Saturday schools for youngsters are one Virginia, there was in 1963, a total of that dusted her ankles. way Poles go about retaining ethnic identity. 17,592 general aviation aircraft. It was "Old Polonia" in the flesh-except Held during the school year by such groups for her fluorescent lavender sunglasses that as the Polish Teachers Assn. and the Polish In 1967, the total general aviation air­ even scared the pigeons pecking away in the Women's Alliance, they teach Polish, ethnic craft in the United States increased to little park, near Milwaukee and Division. dances and traditional songs. The one held 104,706 and will reach 152,000 by 1973. In She didn't know it, but she was one reason at Holy Trinity Church has 700 children who the eastern region in 1967, total general why nobody is sure anymore what the city's come to learn something about the old ways aviation aircraft increased to 22,514 and Poles are really like, including the Poles in the new world. will reach 30,200 by 1973. themselves. Paradoxically, this fascination with the Certainly, the increasing demands by There are more Poles than any other ethnic "old" ways, along with the Poles' almost over­ industry for adequate, modern airfields group in Chicago. (Indeed with 800,000 Poles whelming social organization has done much in the area, Chicago is the second largest to slow their entrance into Amercan culture. to handle private, corporate flights must Polish city, after Warsaw.) And though the The insular character and cultural "purity" be satisfied. Of the 100 l,argest corpora­ butt of many low jokes, they do a lot of of the Poles, even after three generations, are tions in the country, 85 operate their laughing themselves on the way to the sav­ entwined with Polish-American history. own planes. Obviously, the location· of ings and loan associations, at least 40 of Although there were already Poles in the sites to accommodate this need is imper- which are Polish-owned. United States before the late 1800s, the real July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF· REMARKS 24101 Polish immigration didn't start· until '1870. long working holirs, travels from home· in Strong sentiments against Germans and It soon began to resemble a stampede, as the search of employment, .and frequent deser­ Russians are due to Poland's tragic experi­ people, mostly peasants, fled Poland, which tions reinforced the woman's power in the ences with bo.th countries. Polish prejudice was under repressive German rule." The ex­ family. .· . . against Negroes is also due to the grim facts odus was encouraged by America's need for But if the nature of the first big Polish of . Poland's history, Dr. Lopata said. She cheap labor, and the glowing tales of ' op­ immigration helped keep Chicago~ s Poles characterized Polish reaction to Negroes in portunity in the United States. Another from rapitl assimilation, the "breakthrough" changing neighborhoods as similar to "their contributing reason was the active recruit­ after World War II was due at least 1n part reaction against invading Germans." ment of immigrants by steamship companies to a second ·wave of immigrants. Many of However, Bishop Abramowicz said that anxious to pack their steerage quarters with those who came that time were intellectuals "Polish prejudice is not a national trait but payi:ng passengers. and professional people-displaced persons one which the Pole shares with the rest of Chicago counted only 20,000 Poles in 1873. and political.refugees. the white community." And he believes there There were at least 53,000 here in 1890 (a The new Poles consider themselves "far su­ has been successful integration of ,minority conservative figure since the nationalitieS of perior" to most members of the Polish-Amer­ groups with Poles-mostly Puerto Ricans-in many were classified as Germans, Russians ican community. The conflict Wa-3 especially such parishes as St. Michael's, south, and St. and Austrians because Poland did not exist apparent in Chicago where about 70,000 of Boniface, around Noble St. as a political unit) and 383,000 in 1918. the 161,252 Polish immigrants since 1946 The visitor can get a taste of ·Old Polonia St. Stanislaus Kostka Church, the first Pol­ settled. before it disappears by visiting the ish church in Chicago, had 50,000 members ·at But the result was healthy, for the new Milwaukee, Ashland, Division area or the its Noble St. address in the late 19th Century. immigrants helped turn the face of the Pol­ Back of the Yards, especially during a Polish Soon Holy Trinity, then a plenitude of other ish community outward and gave young pro­ parade or religious holiday, when native cos­ churches, sprang up nearby to care for the fessional men allies as they scrambled after tumes come out of closets and the old songs devout--though sometimes anticlerical­ success. ring. Roman Catholics. Two good examples of the new breed are Anytime, one hears more Polish than It wasn't long before a two-mile radius John Krawiec, editor.-in-chief of the Polish English spoken in these areas, and a visit to about Milwaukee, Ashland and Division was Daily Zgoda, and Marian Maniewski, na­ an old-fashioned Polish tavern such as Len­ "Little Polonia." Noble became the "Main tional news editor of the Polish Daily News ard Liquors at 1172 N. Milwaukee might un­ Street" of American Poles, and the United and archivist of the Polish National Museum. cover an old mushroom hunter talking shop States became known as the "Fourth Prov­ Both men survived German concentration over the little bar counter in back. "I. keep ince" of Poland. camps, came to the United States with the the spot secret and go after a. rain, then a. An important authority on the city's Poles major wave of Poles starting about 1950 and frost·, when they're ready. You don't pull out is Dr. Helene Lopata, a sociology professor at · today-except for slight accents-are indis­ the roots, just cut them. If you're lucky, you Roosevelt University and the daughter of a tinguishable from native Americans. While can get five bushels. My father taught me great sociologist, Florian Znaniecki, whose both of their professions are tied in closely how to hunt mushrooms, 40 years ago." "The Polish Peasant in Europe and America" with the community, their interests aren't The way to listen is over a glass of Wawel is a classic study of a nationality grouP.. insu1ar. honey wine or, if you can take it, a shot of She said that Polish assimilation into Joseph Pranica, president of the Polish Zubrowka, a vodka. flavored with a "fragrant 4tnerican life was slowed by "ethnic factors." Roman Catholic Union, at 984 N. Milwaukee, herb beloved by the European bison." It In 1914, people predicted that the Polish is a second-generation Pole who looks 10 tastes like 100 proof May wine. culture would be swallowed up by 1940. It years younger than his 44 years. "The Polish While Old Polonia. is changing, some of didn't happen, she explained, because most today have no need to live in the Polish com­ these.neighborhoods and family customs like of the immigrants had a rural background, munity," Pranica said. breaking and sharing Oplatek, an unleavened no education and a desire for approval from Something he inourns is the disappearance white wafer at Christmas, which is still ob­ the old country, not the United States. of almost all real Polish restaurants. He served by fifth generation Poles, may never As they settled here in communities near doesn't miss real Polish food because his wife, get lost. their work and near each other, they re­ like most Polish women, is a superb cook. He "The process of building an identity 1s constituted their villages back home and­ described pierogi (dumplings with cheese, difilcult, particularly if there is a negative for the first time--developed an orientation meat, or mushrooms), uszka, a small dump­ attitude on the part of the predominate cul­ to Poland. Patriotic and religious organiza­ ling for soup, and czarnina (duck blood soup ture," Dr. Lopata said. "But American iden­ tions and fraternal groups like the PNA, the with vinegar and dried fruit) with misty­ tity is becoming more multidime~onal, so Polish Roman Catholic Union and the eyed devotion. that a person ca.n identify himself with his Polish Women's Alliance protected them "People travel a long way to get czarnina," Polish past without having that as his whole from a hostile outside world, at the same time he said. "I saw a sign advertising it the other identity." keeping them out of it. qay-my mouth is watering-but it cost as With a shot of Zubrowka. under his belt, Dr. Lopata has also noted that the Polish much as $4 a quart." one might wander over to the old Polish lady peasant culture was very different from Some places where Polish food can be found wearing lavender sunglasses at the bus stop American and Anglo-Saxon cultural tradi­ are at Jakes', 4518 W. Fullerton, and the Old and mutter, "Nazdrowie." tions. One big difference was what she called Warsaw restaurant at 820 N. Ashland. "For your health." the "harsh" nature of the Polish family. The PRCU is the nation's oldest Polish Studies of American Poles from 1927 to fraternal organization and the second largest, A POLISH MILLIONAIRE 1950 found a "belief in absolute parental with 154,000 members. Its headquarters, at It's generally unappreciated how extraor­ authority." These studies discovered the Pol­ 984 N. Milwaukee, also houses the Polish Na­ dinary most Polish immigrants to the United ish-American family structure to be the most tional Museum, which will probably take over States were-especially those who came to resistant to change of any immigrant group, the entire building next year. It is not only this country in the great economic exodus and that the culture was characterized by the most important Polish museum in the before World war I. · · "an authoritative religious doctrine and by country, it's also one of the most interesting Many of those immigra~ts, if not the ma­ an authoritative family organization." Con­ museums of any kind in Chicago. jority, were the age of today's Flower Chil­ frontation with native Americans, she said, Among its many treasures is the Paderew­ dren. And they came alone, with only cour­ resulted in social ills that included family ski collection, including a replica of the New age and dreams to sustain them. and personal disorganization, delinquency, York City hotel room where the great mu­ Valentine (Edward) Poransky was one of crime and prostitution. sician and statesman died, his personal effects them. He arrived in Chicago in the harsh There was another unique Polish-American like the solid gold quill pen with which he winter of 1908 with $251n a pocket and peach trait that made adaptation difficult, though signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, his fuzz on his cheeks-14 years old. it helped preserve traditions; a matriarchal cigarettes and his scores. Sixty winters later, this jocular, white­ family organization. It's part of what Adela Also in the museum, overlooking . Edens haired man sits at baseball gaines with Lagodzinski, president of the Polish · Expressway, are the new Warsaw Ghetto ex­ Mayor Daley and dinners with President Women's Alliance, meant when she described hibit; fine bronzes of Polish artists and Johnson. He is sole owner of Pora.y Inc., a the Polish woman as "the center of the family heroes; painting by Polish artists; Polish metals product firm at 3369 W. Grand, a self­ and culture." mmtary uniforms, weapons and folk cos­ appointed, beloved guardian of the Polish · Her observation that "the man rules with tumes; the Silver Caucasian poignard pre­ community, and a millionaire several times the hand and we rule with the heart and sented to Marshal Joseph Pilsudski by Polish over. head" is borne out by professional investi­ soldiers in 1919; pieces of wood and nails Poransky was born in a town of about 2,000 gators, such as Helen Stankiewicz Zand. In from the first Polish church in the U.S.­ persons called Szumsk, not far from old an article on Polish family folkways in the only curator George C. Walters knows the Austria and Russia. John, his prosperous United States, she says that the Polish­ museum's full wealth. father, owned a small factory and blacksmith American woman ruled from the beginning Walters, who is Polish despite the sound of shop that made wagons. because the males usually married better his name, is the best guide to the museum The family was extremely religious and educated, more knowledgeable daughters of and to the library and archives. He's also close, but Poransky was an independent and older settlers. liable to g·et riled by "Polish" jokes, sharing remarkably persuasive boy. He refused to It resulted in the mother having an "un­ the opinion of some Poles that "they were attend the school his father had selected divided sway over the children." The men's started by the Germans." for him and instead, against his mother's 24102 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Ju~y 29, 1968

tears, persuaded .his parents to let him go Valentine Janicki, Sanitary Pistrict Trustee; man, and ~ohn Kenneth Galbraith. They are to the United States. .and John C. Marcin, City Clerk. only too glad to explain away your little In Ohlcago, very much a part. of ·the bus­ State Senate ·flashes of venality, your clumsy goofs, your tling Polish communi-ty, Poransky went to shallow pronouncements. . work 10-hours a day six days a week for Walter Duda (R-15th). Joseph Krasowski . If you're adjudged "old politics," this same $4. He learned English at Wells night school (R-25th), Thad L. Kusibab (D-17th), and gr~p shows you no ;mercy, towering disdain, and, ·also after a .full work day, took courses Zygmunt A. Sokolnicki (D-19th). .. and only occasional decency. in engineering, tool making and mechanical State representatives If you're "new politics," your fans tear at drawing at Lane Technical High School. .John G. Fary (D-23d), Louis Janczak (R- your clothes, scramble to touch you, and At 19, Poransky was an athletic, muscular 17th), Matt D. Ropa. (D-2oth), John F. Wall shriek at you in a nice way. young man who was an expert on the parallel (R-23d), Chester R. Wiktorski (D-15th), and If you're "old politics," they picket your and horizontal bars ("Gymnastics builds William M. Zachacki (D-16th). meeting, walk out on you, and shriek at you character and gives the grace the human in a nasty way. They are expressing dissent body requires"), and confident that the time Chicago city councilmen in a free society. had come to make the fortune he promised Donald Swinarski (12th), Gasimir J. Stas­ The "1,1ew politics" is long on style and wit his mother. With no capital, he started a czuk (13th), Frank J. Kuta (23d), Stanley and form, without which nobody these days business that manufactured -auto parts. He M. Zydlo (26-th), Robert J. Sulski (32d), Rob­ amc;mnts to much, but often not so long on >' met the payroll for his five employees by ert Brandt (33d), Casimir C. Laskowski substance and content and depth. The "new keeping another job. He had to keep things (35th), and Edwin P. Fifielski (45th). politics," you will find, is steeped in artful going because a year later, he married a Cook county towns packaging, lofty wordmanship, the synthetic pretty Polish girl, Sophie Zukowski. Mayor Joseph w. Nowak, Calumet City, and glitter of the carnival midway. Less atten- His auto parts enterprise didn't make it, Benjamin J. Brzezinski, Franklin Park. tion is paid to the grubby, painstaking de­ but another he started at 23, called Indus­ tails of getting the job done, in .matching trial Products, did better. He sold it to a Township committeemen promise with performance. man in Gary and started a third company Chester A. Chesney, Elk Grove; Joseph More than anything, the "new politics" is that produced compacts and cosmetics. It Czekala, Lyons; and Ray J. Rybacki, Palos. the politics of the bold blueprint, the sweep­ went bankrupt in New York City, where ing promise. Poransky had moved it on the advice of a Appointed officials Its appeal is to the escapists, and all of friend who said Chicago was no place for Francis S. Lorenz, Ex-Illinois Dir. of Pub­ us qualify some of the time. We all wish life a cosmetics firm. lic Works; Theodore A. Swinarski, Chief Dep­ could be simplier. We wish we could wave a Back in Chicago in 1930, Poransky started uty Clerk Circuit Court, Chancery, Divorce; wand or rub a lamp and vanquish mankind's Poray,Inc. Walter A. Conrad, Secretary of Board of Ap­ age-old ills. We wish we had some super ray­ Poray grew into a prospering firm with peals; Stanley Kusper, Chief Attorney, Board gun to atomize the obstacles that stymie and more than 1,100 employees, 90 per cent of o.f Education; Jack Przybylinski, Ohief Clerk, frustrate us. them Polish, with more business than it could Board of Election; Louis J. Kasper, Chief So all us escapists to some degree are handle from automotive and electronics Deputy Sheriff; Peter J. Piotrowicz, Assistant begiled by the "new politics." firms, and a national reputation for quality. Treasurer; and Theodore Szczepanski, Super­ The "new politics" is indeed the escapist's Deliberately, because "I have no sons (but visor, Treasurer's Office. dream. two daughters), no stockholders, no partners, The "new politics" offers easy answers, in- no debts and all the money I need," Poran­ stant answers: sky began to liquidate Poray eight years ago. Instant peace. His work force now is down to about 150 VIEWPOINT FROM MID-AMERICA Instant atnuence. persons, most of them still Polish and some Instant solutions. who have been working for him since 1920. Instant happiness. He answers his own phone ("If somebody HON. ROBERT H. MICHEL Beguiling. Tempting. Hard to resist. New. spends a dime to call me, they must have a OF ILLINOIS These days new is always better than old. reason") , sponsors old people for Chicago's The disct:ples of the "new politics" tell us "Senior Citizens Hall of Fame," is a soft IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES we can have peace and plenty and harmony touch for charities. Monday, July 29, 1968 simply by stopping the shooting, bringing Poransky will never retire because he feels the boys back home, spending more, saving there's always something to do and that he's Mr. MICHEL. Mr. Speaker. we have less, loving more, hating less. Easy as pie. ''about 50 years behind," but he does look heard a lot of nonsense lately extolling We can wipe out in one fell federal swoop back at times. the virtues of something called the new all poverty, pestilence, bigotry, and crab­ "In my book, the world is not better than politics. I have read several definitions. grass. it was 30 or 40 years ago," he said. "We have but it seems to me that the most dev­ And we can do all this by doing on a more comfortable things, but I sometimes grander scale what we have been doing with­ wonder whether it is for the better-or astatingly accurate description can be out notable success for the better part of worse." found in a column written by William four decades. More money, more government, But then he smiles, and displays color H. Rentschler, an outstanding citizen of more central direction, more everything, only photographs of the new home he is build­ my home State of Illinois whose regular moreso. ing on the ocean front in Palm Beach. It's newspaper column. "Viewpoint From That, my friends-take a hard look-is the a long, long way from Little Polonia in the Mid-America," has become a rich source "new politics." winter of 1908. of commonsense and practical discussion When stripped of all its surface glitter, of A DISTINGUISHED LIST OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS its thick layer of pancake cosmetics, the of the problems confronting our Nation "new politics" is really the oldest politics of Many distinguished ·polish-Americans of today. I place the column under date of all, the politics of the impossible promise, the Chicago area are on the roster of public July 20, 1968, at this point in the RECORD: officials. Among those serving Illinois, Cook VIEWPOINT FROM MID-AMERICA County and Chicago are: (By William H. Rentschler) Judges It is called-somewhat grandly-the "new DEATH TOLL IN BIAFRA Illinois Supreme Court: Justice Thomas E. politics." Kluczynski. Illinois Appellate Court: Thad­ This is the late-model, very chic term, deus V. Adesko. Circuit Court: Casimir V. much in vogue this year, which is meant to HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM CWiklinski, Raymond P. Drymalski, Walter J. distinguish the good guys from the bad guys. OF NEW YORK Kowalski, Edward E. Plusdrak, and Sigmund At least that's the way the trend-setters IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES J. Stefanowicz. Associate Circuit Judges: An­ among the nationally-syndicated columnists ton J. Smigiel, Chester J. Strzalka, Joseph have chosen to use it. Monday, July 29, 1968 M. Wasik, and Arthur V. Zelezinski. Munic­ So you won't be confused, everybody who's · ipal Division: Chief Judge Eugene L. Wach­ not classed as a devotee of the "new politics" Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, the death owski. is mired hopelessly in the "old politics," toll in Biafra has already reached ap­ U.S. Representatives heaven forbid. palling proportions and, according to the Edward J. Derwinski (R-4th), John C. Definitions are hard to come by when these International Red Cross, may go as high Kluczynski (D-5th), Daniel D. Rostenkowski new terms spring up. So I'll _give it a try as 2 million within 2 months. Efforts (D-8th), and Roman C. Pucinski (D-11 th). myself. to organize relief operations have been County Board Commissioners As nearly as I can tell, if you're lucky frustrated by t4e military and political Matthew W. Bieszczat, Lillian Piotrowski, enough to be labelled "new polltics," you're situation. and Charles S. Bonk. in the front rank of the in-group. That means you get the gracious treat­ The U.S. Government has, in my view, Elected officials ment from Look, James Reston, Marietta been correct in its view that a solution to Edmund J. Kucharski, County Treasurer; Tree·, the New York Times, Clayton Fritchey, the BiafJ,"an revolt must be achieved pri­ Bernard J. Korzen, Board of Appeals Member; Evans & Novak, PaUl Newman, Dustin Ho1f- marily under African ausPices. Our aim July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS '24103 should be to support the efforts of the There is a special section in this book by Roth's call for streamlining government's Organization of African Unity Con­ Morris Victor Rosenbloom, a highly regarded function is well documented. He has pro­ professional. He writes from rich and long posed a Program Information Act which calls sultative Committee on Nigeria to achieve experience in Washington, D.C. Public rela­ for a yearly publication of federal programs a settlement, or at the least, to produce tions work with the federal government is a and a monthly updating of them. a means to facilitate relief operations. unique field that requires specialized treat­ As the situation now exists, the possibility The latest communique indicated some ment, and Mr. Rosenbloom is most capable of overlap is great, its probability even hope for reconciliation, with both parties of providing this particular section of the greater. If tax money is to be wasted, the agreeing to preliminary talks. book, which is the only part not written by taxpayer has a right to know how it is being The American people have a strong the author [A. R. Roalman]. wasted. tradition of assisting in efforts to prevent Mr. Rosenbloom is a contributor beca~se or relieve starvation regardless of polit­ his experience and reputation qualify him [From the Omaha (Nebr.) World-Herald, to be so. After extensive investigation of July 4, 1968] ical views. As soon as arrangements can public relations counselors working in Wash­ be made, the U.S. Government will surely ington, D.C., I invited him to author the JUST LIKE SEARS, ROEBUCK want to play a major role in coming to section about public relations in that city. Last year the Oftlce of Economic Oppor­ the aid of the millions who fa.ce starva­ In addition to - owning a long record for tunity published a fine broth of a book, a tion in this tragic situation. honorable and effective performance in "Catalog of Federal Assistance Programs." It Washington, he is chairman of the Govern­ was, said OEO, "a description of the Federal ment Affairs Committee of the Counselors Government's domestic programs to assist Section of the Public Relations Society of the American people in furthering their social America and a member of the PRSA's Gov­ and economic progress." COOPERATION BETWEEN THE ernment Affairs Committee. It was 701 pages thick, weighed in at 3 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS pounds 3 ounces, and listed 459 separate pro­ grams designed to help the American people one way or another. HON. LESTER L. WOLFF One might have thought such a volume OF NEW YORK FEDERAL PROGRAM INFORMATION about as comprehensive as possible; surely, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ACT there couldn't be many more than 459 dif­ ferent assistance programs for the benefit of Monday, July 29, 1968 HON. JAMES V. SMITH Americans. Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, having But a Delaware Congressman, William V. spent more than 20 years in private OF OKLAHOMA Roth, Jr., wasn't so sure. So he and his staff IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES went to work, devoted eight months to the business, I have a high regard for the task and came up with a total of 1,271 pro­ progress that can be achieved through Monday, July 29, 1968 grams. cooperation between the public and Mr. SMITH of Oklahoma. Mr. Speaker, Now that, we submit, is an awful lot of private sectors. All government officials, the American people are paying more programs. especially those of us in the Congress, than $20 billion a year on federally oper­ But the disturbing thing about what the are called upon, or have occasion to call ated programs providing assistance to gentleman from Delaware learned is, in his upon, individuals or assocations in the words, that "no one, anywhere, knows ex­ the American public-yet there is no one, ,actly how many Federal programs there private sector for information and dis­ anywhere, who knows exactly how many are . . . nowhere is there a central, com­ cussion. Such cooperation is an integral of these programs there are. prehensive repository where meaningful in­ part of our system of government and, That is why the 8-month study of formation on all operating programs can when properly pursued, serves the best Federal assistance programs made by be found . . . more than 20 billion dollars interests of all Americans. my colleague, Congressman WILLIAM V. a year is being spent on such programs, yet In this regard, and as a former public ROTH, of Delaware, is of such importance. only with long and great effort can one be­ relations executive, I was very much I am glad to be one of his cosponsors in gin to find meaningful information about interested in a chapter entitled "Effec­ the legislation he has introduced, called all of them." tive Public Relations With Washington, Congressman Roth and a number of co­ the Federal Program Information Act. sponsors have introduced a bill to create D.C.," appearing in Profitable Public Re­ This act would require the executive a centralized catalog of all programs, and lations, a book recently published by branch to publish a catalog that would maybe that is a goOd thing to do. But we'll Dow Jones-Irwin. This chapter was contain complete, accurate, and up-to­ bet our copy of the OEO's "Catalog of Fed­ written by Morris Victor Rosenbloom, date information on all F~deral assist­ eral Assistance Programs" that Congress, if who has distinguished himself as a ance programs. it devoted a little effort to it, could find a public relations consultant, an author, As proof of the public response to this few hundred of them that could be lopped and an official of the Federal Govern­ legislation, at this point I would like to off entirely and wouldn't need to take up ment during a career spanning three introduce some newspaper comments. space in the proposed centralized catalog. decades here in Washington. The geographical spread of these news­ Mr. Rosenbloom's chapter provides an papers indicates the wide acceptance of [From the Kokomo (Ind.) Tribune, July 10, excellent and substantiated study of the this fine proposal by Congressman RoTH. 1968] means and desirability of effective co­ The comments follow: THE TANGLED MESS ordination in Washington between pri­ [From the Sacramento (Calif.) Union, It isn't uncommon to hear someone say vate business and the Federal Govern­ July 10, 1968] he believes the federal government has grown so massive that no one knows how to handle ment. He provides, in effect, a primer for SAND DOWN THE RAT HOLE dealing with the Federal Government in it. Rep. William V. Roth, R-Delaware, has If one of the national polls was to ask a manner beneficial to all concerned. completed an eight-month statistical study Americans if they think the government is "Effective Public Relations With of government and now asks a very pertinent being run efficiently or confusedly, we'd bet Washington, D.C.," might well be made question. on confusion coming out ahead. compulsory reading for all businesses "How many federal programs are there?" Lots of people think the maze of bureaus, and associations represented here in The Great Society doesn't know. Neither agencies, commissions, etc. in Washington is Washington. Then the area for con­ does anyone else. so thick that only a committee of supermen structive cooperation between the public That leads to a second question: how does could bring any order out of it. They could and private sectors would be better de­ President Johnson know that his new budget be more right than they know. is indeed "bare bones" as he proclaims? He It isn't surprising to read that a member fined, thereby increasing realization of doesn't. of Congress from Delaware--William V. the best interests of all Americans. Roth's study lists 1,571 identifiable pro­ Roth-has declared the government is in I commend Mr. Rosenbloom's article grams. The Oftlce of Education lists 53 p;ro­ such a tangled mess that no one knows how to the attention of my colleagues and grams. The Office of Economic Opportunity many federal programs there are. Roth goes all individuals doing business in Wash­ says there are 52 education programs. An­ farther than that--he says that worse than ington as a practical outline of the other education pamphlet lists 82 programs. not knoWing the number of programs, there A recent Oftlce of Education pamphlet lists is no place to go in the federal system to means for a productive partnership be­ 111 programs. Roth's study turned up 120 find out. tween the public and private sectors. education programs. He asserts that Congress doesn't have the In closing I would like to q~ote from Some 478 programs in Health, Education information to determine which programs the preface to Profitable Public and Welfare were queried as to their pur­ should be continued and which should be Relations: pose. Only 21 responded. stopped. Nor, he adds, does the executive 24104 ·EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 29, 1968 branch have the information on which pro­ asking for detailed information on those that sadistic means of torture and deprived grams are overlapping and wasteful. seemed to be in operation. of their rights. Roth isn't alone in bemoaning the cumber­ Ironically, one of the more promising pro­ some, costly composition of the government. grams was defunct before it really got started. The atrocities of this torn State of Daniel Moynihan, an assistant secretary of This was one in which the new Department Greece can truly be conveyed only by a labor in the Kennedy administration and of Housing and Urban Development had first-hand observer, James Becket's now head of the Harvard-MIT Urban Af­ established a program to provide an expediter ''Torture in Democracy's Homeland", fairs Center, holds that the federal govern­ for cities and towns to cut through govern­ which appeared in the May 27 issue of ment is massively efficient in collecting reve­ mental red tape. Although authorized, no Christianity and Crisis, is an astounding nue and massively inefficient in administer­ money was actually appropriated for the delineation of life in Greece under the ing federal services. service-which led Roth to wonder how military rule. All of this could be expected to produce many mayors applied for a consultant to proposals by presidential candidates for an help cut the red tape "only to find that red LIFE IN GREECE UNDER THE MILITARY REGIME: overhaul of the government-a consolidation tape had outfoxed them again, because no TORTURE IN DEMOCRACY'S HOMELAND of agency functions, and an elimination of such program actually exists." (By James Becket 1) waste and duplication. At least one of them­ Roth believes that considerable overlapping I celebrated New Year's Eve alone in my Richard Nixon-has given the problem con­ could be eliminated and costs reduced if the hotel room in Athens high above Cons·titu­ siderable thought and has come out with a executive branch were required to catalog tion Square. At one end of the Square neon plan for a major government reorganization. every aid program and keep the list up to signs glared Litton and Esso Pappas and Nixon would seek to transfer some of the date. He has introduced a bill to require American Express, while at the other end functions to the state and local levels of not only this but annual recommendations stood the dark lifeless Parliament building. administration, thus reversing the trend to by the President on how the programs could Beyond, the Acropolis rose dimly out of the a more powerful federal government. He be administered more efficiently. glow of the city. From behind the National would assign to the Vice President the task He found, for instance, that 211 separate Museum, on the top floor of the Security of determining how to untangle the massive scholarship programs are handled by 14 dif­ Police Headquarters at Bouboulinas St. came federal jungle. ferent agencies. the sound of a motorcycle engine, the favor­ This is a laudable goal. Maybe the reason NOT SURE THEMSELVES ite method, I would later learn, for drowning it has not been achieved in the past is that According to Roth's listing, there are two out the cries of persons being tortured. And the task is so formidable it frightens any­ separate programs for financial assistance far out in the Aegean night in the island one who thinks about embarking on it. for conserving and developing anadromous concentration camps, political prisoners Compll.oo.ting everything is the strong de­ fishery resources (these are fish that ascend shivered in the bitter, winter cold. Greece gree to which the federal bureaus and agen­ rivers from the sea to spawn). Although seemed as good a place as any in which to cies are entrenched. They have close con­ appearing to be almost identical. Roth's in­ greet 1968, Human Rights Year. gressional connections and any effort to formation indicates each program has a I had arrived in Athens the day before, eliminate or consolidate them doubtless different "contact man" in Washington. sent by a London-based organization called would run into bitter resistance from some Even the agencies administering programs Amnesty International. Amnesty, "a humani­ members of Congress. apparently aren't sure exactly how many they tarian organization without any religious or Many Americans would applaud a President have. Roth said that a letter he received in political affiliation," was founded to help who could bring order out of the government May from the Office of Education broke the political prisoners, those "prisoners of con­ setup. They would, that is, if they were not appropriations for that office down into 53 science" who have neither advocated nor too astonished to be able to applaud. categories while a catalog put out by the practiced violence, but are imprisoned for Office of Economic Opportunity lists 62 pro­ their ideas. That evening, down in the lobby [From the Newark (N.J.) News, July 8, 1968] grams for the Office of Education. And he where a string quartet played to a few faded CAPITAL CLOSEUP; ROTH EXPLORES FEDERAL said a recent Office of Education reprint of ·aristocrats clicking away at their worry beads, Am MAZE a document entitled "Where the Money Is" I met my British colleague, Anthony Marreco. (By Paul Hope) lists 111 programs. Roth's own listing indi­ A lawyer and publisher who had participated in the Nuremberg trials and had recently WASHINGTON.-Rep. William V. Roth Jr., cates more than 120 programs for the Of­ fice of Education. been to Paraguay for Amnesty, he was a freshman congressman from Delaware, is charged with dealing with the Government. a persistent man. But in his quest for a com­ Roth plans to introduce another bill call­ ing for a complete study of all domestic aid My task was to gather information from plete list of federal aid programs, he's begin­ private sources. rung to feel a little like the storied messenger programs. He hopes it would reach the con­ clusion that "block grants" would be a bet­ Shortly before our arrival the regime had who became an old man looking for an office announced an amnesty for political prisoners. in the maze of Pentagon corridors. ter approach to handling federal assistance. Under a block grant arrangement, financial This provided us a starting point, and we Roth figured that a government that were instructed to "investigate the extent spends $20 billion a year on domestic federal assistance would be given states and locali­ ties in broad categories and it would be up and implementation of the amnesty." Our aid projects ought to know who's spending it basic task, however, was to find who the and where one goes to get it. But what he to local officials to determine exactly how the money would be applied. The theory is that political prisoners were and why they were found, he said, is that the growth of these being held. (This "Christmas Axnnesty" programs has created a "kind of information much of the red tape would be eliminated and the localities would have greater free­ turned out to be a cruel hoax for the prison­ crisis"-no one knows for sure how many ers and their f'ammes as only 284 out of programs there are or where such informa­ dom to put the money where it is most need­ ed rather than where some Washington bu­ more than 4000 were Uberated.) So there we tion can be had. were, representing an organization that had Undertaking his own massive research reaucrats thought it should go. Roth thinks that ultimately the best an­ only "Consultative Status with the Council effort. Roth has come up so far with 1,091 of Europe and the United Nations," in sum, programs. He filled 150 pages of a recent swer is "revenue sharing"-that is, the states would be given a percentage of federal in­ having no power. The context of the prob­ edition of· the Congressional Record with a lem was so unknown, so vague; what were brief description of each. And he isn't finished come taxes, and presumably federal strings would be reduced even more. we to do? Y.et. The next morning from the veranda of the Roth started his unusual project last fall hotel we watched members of the "National after he kept running into blank walls when Revolutionary Government" speed by toward people back home wanted to know what kind the Metropolis for the traditional New Year's of federal help was available for this or that POLITICAL TORTURE IN GREECE Te Deum. Soldiers stood shoulder to shoulder project and whether it would be worth taking on both sides of the street, far outnumbering the time to go after it. the curious. The King had only recently gone Uninitiated to the mountainous red tape HON. BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL into humiliating exile, and foreign govern­ of Washington bureaucracy, the Republican OF NEW YORK ments had not yet recognized the new re­ congressman said he was amazed to find that IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gime. The ambassadors boycotted the cere­ one university sets aside a storage room half mony. However, the conspicuous presence of as large as his Washington office just to keep Monday, July 29, :1968 the Pentagon's representatives, the American material relating to government assistance Mr. ROSENTHAL. Mr. Speaker, the Military Mission, showed prominently in the programs and hires a full-time librarian to torture, terror, and fear inflicted upon next day's pa.pers. At last Prime Minister keep track of it. Papadopoulos drove by wearing the face of the Greek citizens under the present a man trying to keep back a smirk-his de- SISYPHEAN TASK junta is comparable to that of most pre­ It took a member of Roth's staff four vious police states. While some of our months to draw up a preliminary list of pro­ 1 James Becket, an American lawyer and grams from catalogs and other data put out presidential candidates, Congressmen, economist who lives in Geneva, went to by various government agencies. Then he set and neighbors applaud the junta as op­ Greece early this year as an investigator for out to verify whether the programs were still position to anarchy and lawlessness in­ Amnesty International. He is international in existence and finally sent a questionnaire numerable Greek citizens are subject to correspondent for ·Renewal. July 29, 1.968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24105 light and self-pleasure at, after a career of '[EDrroR's NOTE.-Declarations are a tradi­ each sound from outside she started. At conspiracy, truly becoming Master of the tional instrument for repression in Greece. points in her story she had to stop and cover "Hellenes. They usually consist of a pledge to abstain her face and try to compose herself: These -vere the men who put the prisoners from any opposition to the Government and "They ca~e to the house at two in the in prison and who had the power to set them require a repudiation of all "anti-national morning; there were six of them. They tore free. Though they easily received foreigners, it activities," thus becoming a virtual admission the house apart and took away many books was futile to speak with them, and we would of having acted in a way opposed to the and the typewriter, but they treated me never bother to get closer than this Sunday country.] correctly. I was driven to the Security Police morning. In that last sentence is the story of a small Headqu11.rters and put in a cell downstairs. number of Greeks. For refusing to sign a "I was left there for about three days. It "ORDER AND SECURITY" BASED -ON FEAR piece of paper, they have passed their lives is dark and wet and full of lice, and you lose So, armed with a few addresses, we went in jail. A question of conscience that most sense of time. I was given nothing to eat out into the city. Athens is to the eye as it people simply cannot understand. A sad story or drink. Some prisoner passed me a card­ was before April 21 (1967). There are no ad­ under this regime well demonstrates the dif­ board box in which I urinated once, but the monishing posters or portraits of the totali­ ference in mentality between the regime and other times I had to go in my tiny cell. After tarian state. A democracy brings its tensions its enemies. A man of 60 who had, like the three .days my relatives ... [could] bring into into the streets in demonstrations, man above, spent much of his life imprisoned me food. strikes and -special editions. A police state re­ because he refused to sign the declaration "In the evenings I was taken out for in­ solves its tensions behind doors. In Greece had a child late 1n life. He was arrested on terrogation. They used the worst language .all is "order and security" based upon fear. April 21 and sent to the islands. His nine­ and called me a "dirty communist." They Soon the days took on a routine: up 1n year-old daughter contracted cancer. A rela­ hit me and slapped me and threatened to the morning and down to breakfast and a tive went to the authorities to plead that he torture me or said if I didn't speak I would look at the newspapers in the empty dining be let out without signing just to see the be found as a suicide . .room of chandeliers and marble floors. There daughter and then sent back. The officer re­ "After a few days I was taken up to the are two English-language dailies in Athens: plied, "You see, they are animals. Here his top floor the terraza: They stripped me, and the Athens Daily Post and the Athens News. daughter is dying and crying for him, and he then five men began to beat me; one had a Like -all news:?apers in Greece today they are refuses to sign." He finally signed, but it was kind of wire whip in his hand. They tore not simply censored; they are just required too late. The difference in mentality is hair out of my head and I couid feel the to print junta-provided articles, headlines unbridgeable. blood. Then they tied me to a bench, tying and pictures. The. church has also been attacked. The my thighs and shoulders. One started beat­ The semiliterate declarations of the Gov­ a.ge-old que&tion of the man of God and the ernment pass through the incompetent hands ing the soles of my feet with a pipe, another secular power has been powerfully posed. banged my head on the bench, another was of its press office with the result that the The head of the Greek Orthodox Church, press is barely intelligible even to the Greek grabbing at me and a fourth was thrusting reader. Once this is semi-translated into Archbishop Ieronymos, has chosen accommo­ fire at my eyes. English, it creates .a fantasy world without dation with the new government while others "They started a motorcycle engine to truth or syntax. Headlines .can be straight­ have spoken up against it. I spoke with one drown out my screams, and one of them, I forward, ranging from the locally ridiculous­ such man in his simple house in a poor part think it was Mallios, beat on a barrel with a "April 21 Established No Police State: Prem­ of the city. A humble man who dedicated his definite rhythm that seemed to orchestrate ier"-to the worldly sublime--"Kasparek Is life to helping the poor, he was imprisoned all the blows on me. Lambrou was there, Dead, but No Rejection." And there are items for speaking against the regime from the but he did not hit me, though I knew others of hard news such as "Hearst Praises the pulpit. Released and fearful, he is not per­ he has hit so much as to exhaust himself. .Revolution" or "Church Leader .Billy James mitted to perform his priestly duties. They said they would put a filthy rag in my liargis lEd. note: Hargis is a notorious right­ (Billy James Hargis, however, offers an­ mouth if I screamed. I screamed and they wing, anti-Communist evangelist, who has other view: shoved it down my throat, gagging me. They greater influence abroad than at home.] Con­ "I believe that the greatest victory thus only took it out at what seemed like the last gratulates PM." Amusing or revolting, such far against Communism 1n 1967 was won in possible second. Finally they untied me, and was the New Order's public face. this country. All free people all over the Dr. Koupis examined by feet very carefully. After breakfast .it was out into the chilly world praise God for this very extraordinary They had to cauy me down to put me back J.anuary streets. Stop at a kiosk to make quick victory against Communism. And since my 1n my cell. phone calls that could not be tapped or country, the U.S. have [sic] undertaken for "Every night they brought me back up to traced. Head circuitously for a rendezvous, several years now a crusade to prevent the the fourth floor and said I would go to the run a hundred yards, stop at a shop window, subjugation of free world by atheist Com­ terraza unless I spoke and told who the go through a building and out another door. munism .and to liberate those poor people." others were in my group. They only took me Exposed to spy spoofs in our James Bond • .. Athens Daily Post, Jan. 10, 1968.) once more to the terraza, [but] I passed out era, one begins by feelinG ridiculous; it takes The arbitrary rules in Greece today: purges more than once. Koupis kept reviving me so time to take it all seriously especially as of those holding "anti-national" opinions they could continue, but I only remember that green US passport protects you but not have been wholesale: 56 university professors waking up in my cell. I could not sleep and your contact. out, thousands in the civil service, workers, I could not eat, and my condition got worse Soon you hear about the cases of people journalists, people from every walk of life. and worse. I know now that I had a con­ sentenced to four years in prison for criticiz­ The police are absolutely unrestricted, literal­ cussion. It seemed that even they began to ing the govel'nment, three years for "insulting ly holding the power of life and death over worry. Two people had to support me when­ -authority," thTee -years for listening to a re­ the citizen. ("The State has delegated you ever I moved. cord of Theodorakis, or one year for giving with the mission of spotting the weak cells "After 36 days I was moved upstairs into three dollal's to feed a neighbor's children of the society which should be expelled with a cell with others. It was better to be with whose father was in prison, that is, "aiding a view to having the social life purged.... " others and see light and know it was day; Communism." Soon you absorb the fear The Premier's words in a speech to Security but there we could hear the screams of and realize that your negligence could have Police members at the Palace Theater: others being tortured, and that drives you people arres·&;ed. Foreigners have been respon­ Athens Daily Post, Jan. 21, 1968.) crazy. Finally they released me. I still can­ sible for the arrest of many Greeks, and in "FIVE MEN BEGAN TO BEAT ME" not sleep and I have terrible nightmares, and January theJ were wary-especially of Amer­ What shocked me most deeply in this spec­ I cannot think of those there now going icans. Some refused to see me, saying that I trum of arbitrariness and injustice was tor­ through much worse things. Please help us. must be a CIA agent. ture. The deliberate and systematic infliction We need help.'' After a few conversations the tedious and of pain on one human being by another is The resistance in Greece until then was tragic picture of a military dictatorship took perverse, and when it is the policy of a gov­ based on nonviolence. Its main activities shape. A document such .as the European ernment, one can only question what ends were writing slogans on walls and mimeo­ Convention on .Human Rights, which Greece would ever justify those means. graphing leaflets. This girl had .had a leaflet signed, becomes a list of violations rather We heard many stories of torture second in her house. Some people with leaflets got up than of rights as each article is systematically hand. Because of the fear of those victims to 18 years in prison. These groups, mostly violated: freedom of the press, of assembly, who have been released, it toOk a long time of young people, were fairly easily broken up of speech, sanctity of the home, privacy of before someone dared to come and speak with by the Security Pollee. "We had enthusiasm correspondence, right to counsel, etc. us. The first person we heard was a young but not experience," said one young man. A slow stream of Amnesty forms began to woman. We had hoped rather naively that My stomacll was to stay in a knot that come back, each with a separate tragedy. torture victims would sign an affidavit that whole month in Greece. It was the sheer in­ "Dimitrios Doumuras: age 59, teacher. Ar­ could be kept with a reliable person abroad justice of so many cases that was most ulcer­ rested April 22, no charges, refused to dis­ who would swear that they were signed. Cred­ ous. And the sheer sense of frustration, the own democratic opinions. Deported to island ibility abroad and protection at home was to helplessness of these people. And my help­ prison camp, his health seriously disturbed: be a dilemm-a. One look into this woman's lessness. Like 11sten1ng to a friend who has stomach ulcer, .kidney stones, arthritis. Wife eyes and any legalistic demanus on her ·suf­ cancer. And ln case after case, there was a is also ill: stomach ulcer, arthritis and fering appeared a kind of atfront. gratuitous brutality and cruelty. "Why,•• diabetes. • . • He has never signed "the She was as many others would be: 'her asked one victim of torture, "did they have to declaration." hands shook, -she chain-smoked, and With be so brutal; don't they have drugs nowadays 24106 EXTENSIONS OF_REMARKS July 29, 1968 that make you talk? Don't they have methods especially in a dictatorship, this is where the The weapons one has are very feeble com­ that are psychological?" heaviest price is paid. pared with those available to a government. As my black briefcase began to fill up with That case finished me, I could not take any In Europe there is the press, the television cases of torture, I became more frightened. more. It was time to go. I was scared. My and the radio, but there is also the Council of Though each case was only a number and not black bag was full. The cases in it came .from Europe. This organization has received a a name, there were details in each case his­ every social class and from every political complaint from the three Scandinavian tory-such as date of arrest, days of deten­ opinion from monarchist to Communist. countries and Holland about the violation of tion, types of torture, names of torturers­ But who were those that tortured them, human rights in Greece. Greece 1s now in that, if they fell into the hands of the police, the Lambrous, the Theophiloyannakos, the the dock, as it previously signed the Euro­ would readily identify my informants. That Kuvases? No single answer ever emerged; pean Convention of Human Rights. The briefcase never left my side, and I was con­ some were sadists, others coldly professional, junta has called press conferences to deny stantly afraid of being stopped. For someone some intell1gent, others just efficient animals, the charges of torture, and they are running who has gone through torture, the one thing some seemed motivated by class hatred, oth­ scared. In the press Amnesty and its dele­ that would be worse than death would be to .ers anti-Communist. Some emerged as dis­ gates have been called "homosexuals," "Com­ pass through it again. They had been warned tinct personalities, and I felt I would recog­ munists" and "spies." that if they told anybody they would be back nize them if I saw them in the street; but I As an American the situation was par­ on the terraza for worse. That was a respon­ felt that I had not gotten any further on the ticularly painful, for our power is such in sibility I could not take. road to understanding why one human tor­ Greece that what we do is decisive. Every When listening day after day to details of tures another. Greek holds the U.S. responsible for what has man's brutality to man, it was hard not to A strange relationship develops between happened there and for the fact that the reflect on human nature and fall into despair. the tortured and the torturer, one that an junta remains in power. Every day in the Many Greeks are in despair: "perhaps we outsider cannot understand. It is a deep and newspapers there was some gesture by the are just beasts." For someone from a quiet intimate contest; and an invisible depend­ Johnson Administration of support for the New England background, many things came ence, a bond, grows between the two. One Colonels, some military man getting a medal, clearer: why, for example, m..any writers can never predict, it seems, who will speak or Johnson expressly excluding Greece from despair of any good in man. and who will not. One young man bravely his ban on capital exports. If any humanity showed, it stood out in whistled Theodorakis at the start of this It has been said that all the world should bold relief. I recall one in particular. Many torture; a few hours later he was signing any­ have the right to vote in American elections, places of torture were described, but the thing. Another said: for they are often more affected than we. The worst is probably the Dionysos Military Camp "You must make up your mind that you choice of a Presidential candidate will not between Athens and Marathon. The military are willing to die rather than talk. Once you make the difference for the average American take prisoners there, and, for fanaticism and have decided this you are all right, they will that it will make for the Greek. For the lat­ brutality, it is hard to imagine worse. not torture you. They realize that all their ter it is the difference between dictatorship A SENTRY'S TEARS expenditure of effort will be fruitless. The and democracy. Robert Kennedy has said he would cut all aid to the junta, as has Mc­ "Case 15" recounted how she was taken minute you have some doubts and want to save your skin, they sense it and they will Carthy, while Nixon has expressed his sup­ there, thrown in a cell carved out of Mount port for the Colonels, and Johnson has proved Pendelli in which the water always stood four never let up on you until they have every­ thing." his affection. inches deep, water that mixed with her own The junta has contracted the public rela­ excrement. Day after day she was taken out For the 10ver of paradox: one must be will1ng to die to live. tions firm of Thomas J. Deegan to improve to be "interrogated" by the chief torturer, its "image" in the U.S. Mr. Deegan, who has Major Theophiloyannakos. She was beaten, At the end of every interview I always asked what should happen to the torturers, clients like Time, Inc., and Coca-Cola, has burned, hung up, whipped, etc. It took them said, "What we try to do is to be the Tiffany's two months to conclude that they had made "when this thing is over." The answers varied widely: some had the "save him for me" of the business." Reports of torture and re­ a mistake and that she had nothing to do ligious persecution have been labeled "totally with what they were investigating. attitude, others said they didn't think any­ thing should happen-they felt "sorry for undocumented" by the firm. Mr. . Deegan has One day after she had been particularly called the Coke bottle, "a symbol of peace savagely tortured and was covered with blood, them," they should be given amnesty. One lesson to be drawn from the Greek case and freedom" and has suggested that Greece, she was thrown back into her cell. Struggling which in the past has always refused· a Coca­ her way up to the small hole in the door to is that one speaks of a meaningful reality when he speaks of the rule of law. When the Cola bottling pl·ant for valid economic gasp for air, she saw the face of the sentry, reasons, would admirably qualify for one a boy; tears were streaming down his face. police have absolutely no restriction on their action and can arrest anybody anytime and now. When Mr. Deegan signed the contract (Prime Minister Papadopoulos's New Year's for $243,000 per annum, Greeks were being Message to the Armed Forces: hold them for any length of time without being accountable to anyone, the chances are tortured and priests were being persecuted. " ... Having shown mercy towards all and What kind of values treat a soft drink like having granted a forebearing pardon, you that torture will occur, especially when the police identifies their survival with that of a political system? No amount of money or hate taught everybody that moral grandeur handouts or personal attacks can change does not lie in the acquisition of force but the government. Though lack of restriction permits torture, it does not explain every­ the fact that Greeks have been tortured. in its creative use. You have maintained un­ Just as nothing is going to change the fact shaken the faith in the revolution, in the thing. A certain attitude is also needed. This was made clear to me one night when I ;.;as that the world has its Lambrous and its national ideals and in strict discipline." Deegans, its fist of brutality and its handful Athens News, Jan. 3, 1967.) invited to dine with some people I had met before on past trips to Greece. of silver coins. Just as there are sentries who I thought I had become rather hardened cry and human beings who care. to this peculiar task of listening to this daily ·The dictatorship has taken its toll in hu­ man relations, many old friendships have (NoTE: Deegan terininated its contract with litany of man's inhumanity to man. It even the Greek Government May 13, 1968.) became possible to gently urge women to been broken. And apparently some marriages discuss having fingers or even gun barrels have been propped up; now the husband and sb,oved up their vaginas and wrenched vio­ wife can swear at the junta instead of each lently around, or to speak of the device on other. My hosts and their guests, a high the terraza that, when mounted, drove water ranking naval officer and his wife, told me PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR under enormous pressure up the prisoner's why the regime was necessary and why it THE PRESERVATION OF OUR anus. had to be supported. Finally, after two hours, SOCIETY ("And the State will make the required of defensive exposition, they asked me what. effort to make available to you, along With I thought. I said I had mainly seen the other its other teachers, the necessary material side, and it wasn't easy to be favorable after HON. EDNA F. KELLY ... ". The Prime Minister's previously cited speaking with victims of torture. The ladies OF NEW YORK speech to the Security Police, Athens Daily doubted the stories of torture, but after IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Post, Jan. 21, 1968.) some discussion the naval officer announced, "Torture is necessary to defend our civiliza­ Monday, July 29, 1968 WHAT SHOULD HAPPEN TO THE TORTURERS? tion." The last week I was in Athens I met a Mrs. KELLY. Mr. Speaker, during the "case" that still makes me tremble, that THE JUNTA AND THE UNITED STATES past several months, I have had the op­ even now I am unable to describe; a human I was scared the day we went to the airport. portunity of speaking to many individ­ being shattered mentally and physically; a I had managed to send out the case histories, uals and groups in Brooklyn and in the delicate spirit caught up in the maelstrom but I had extensive notes, documents and Greater New York City area, concerning of violence and brutality, which put a sad other material. Many have been thoroughly infinity in the eyes that will never go away. searched at the airport, but we passed with the many complex questions facing our Wht..t comfort, what wise t'eflection can some­ no difficulty. In a few hours I was back home Nation today. Together, we posed some one comfortable give? Torture might last a in Geneva, a city of order but also a free city. questions and made some suggestions on short time, but the person will never be the Since then it seems I have never stopped; the solution to conditions at home and same. We never measure war or catastrophe . that "Please help us" is impossible to ignore. abroad whlch are summarized in the tn the unseen ravages to the psyche, but, And every day brings reportS of new suffering. following speech which I would like to 'July 29, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24107 include in the .CONGRESSIONAl. ..RECORD Yet, -if we look araund, ·what do we find? Already, the pinch is felt in many areas. for the benefit of my colleagues: Our cities are jungles of concrete, choked Some education programs, approved by with traffic .and surrounded by a polluted Congress two years ago, are still waiting for I want to speak to you bJ.'letiy about some environment. their first appropriation. of the problems .confronting our nation­ -our schools are overcrowded, and of uneven Other undertakings-in the field of hous­ indeed, the entire free world. quality. ing, social welfare, and health-ar-e ,being I am not referring in this instance tO the Our crime ·rates are so high that we are reduced. conflict in Vietnam-the danger of nuclear afraid to leave our homes after sundown. And the total amount earmarked for in­ proliferation-the .challenge of worldwide Our .slums are a blot upon our national ternational programs-programs designed to Communist subversion-or the aggressive conscience. strengthen free world defenses, to stave off posture of Red Ohina. Shall I go on? wars, to promote peaceful evolution and prog­ · What I have in mind is anotber type of I could add that according to a recent ress, and to create a sound foundation for crisis-a crisis which begins with the in­ nation-wide survey, more than 20 million of our own economic well-being (because we -dividuaL, but sometimes snowballs and be­ our people-nearly 1 out of 1Q--live at the are an expanding nation which needs for­ comes a very strong force-either for good -edge of poverty and hunger. eign markets)-the total amount earmarked or for bad. Is this a. proper condition for the most for these undertakings is approximately one Today's crisis is, essentially, a .crisis of advanced, progressive and atlluent society in half of one per cent of our Gross National wi11-the wm to uphold certain standards, human history? Product. to ,act in a responsible manner, to endure I don't think that it Is-and neither, I am There is little room for further cuts in the some hardships for the sake of higher princi­ certain, do you. in the 1969 budget-or for the starting of ples-and, generally, to work and strive in Why, then, do we tolerate these unattended new and expensive domestic undertakings. order to advance the human condition to the needs-these terrible scars on the face of our For this reason, I would hope that each next, and hopefully higher, stage. nation? and every one of us would pause and give We see the fruits of a crisis of .negation This question brings me back to my earlier some further thought to the role which we all around us. remarks about a crisis of will. I think that play in our community-and the individual We see it in the violence which roams our the answer to it lies at least partially in the contribution which we make to the solution streets-in our rising crime rates-and in the loss of enthusiasm, and of the will to work of its problems. large number of beatniks, hippies and other and change things, which is so apparent in Can we enlarge those contributions? self-indulging delinquents; Can we, through more active personal in­ We see it in the lethargic attitudes of those today's world. We in Congress are exposed to it every day. volvement in the work of our community local and state governments . which fall to We can hardly keep up with requests for agencies-the diocesan charities, the school respond effectively to the needs of their Federal assistance-from individuals, groups, boards, elective offices and other organiza­ people and simply say, "Let Washington communities, and local and State govern­ tions-help to move our community forward do it!" ments. without imposing any further tax burdens on We see it in the realm of private conduct­ Many people and many communities ex­ the already-overtaxed homeowners? in the record of broken families-in the pect the Federal Government to do the jobs Can we recapture some of that spirit of widening gap between the generations-ami that they used to do themselves. self-help that made our country great? in the deliberate withdrawal of a large num­ During my service in Congress, I have voted I hope and believe that we can. ber of our fellow citizens from the problems for dozens of progressive measures designed We have wonderful human resources. We of their immediate communities: their par­ to improve our national well-being-for bet­ have many good institutions and organiza­ ish, their neighborhood, their school district, ter Social Security, Aid to Dependent Chil­ tions through which we can expand our their borough, town and city. dren, Assistance to Education, Grants for efforts. And we also see the fruits of this condi­ Hospitals and Nursing H0mes, Consumer Pro­ What we need is the will to use both-to tion .in the wider panorama of the several tection, Highway Construction, Air and use them wisely and widely for the better­ continents- Water Pollution Control and many others. ment of our community and our nation. In the pampered, self-indulgent existence These measures were needed and neces­ I pledge my best efforts to this end. of the ruling oligarchies of Latin America­ sary. They deserved to be enacted into law. In the riot-prone urban areas of Western And there are others, still pending, which Europe- also should be approved by the Congress. In the ridiculous, petty squabbles of the The point is, however, that the Congress CONGRESSMAN HAMILTON SUP­ newly-arrived rulers of some of the less­ cannot do everything for everybody. Neither, PORTS CONSUMER LEGISLATION developed "mini-states." in some respects, can our local and state And in the bottomless fatalism, and per­ governments. -vasive corruption, of large segments -of the Basically, the individual has to do .more HON. LEE H. HAMILTON prtvileged classes of Asia, Arabia and the for himself. And so does each and every local OF INDIANA Far East. community. . I realize, as -you do, that I am focusing Let me give you some figures to underline IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES attention on only one part of a larger whole. this point. Monday, July 29, 1968 There are, of course, other, brighter as­ How much of our Federal tax revenue is pects to the society in which we live and spent on operating all of the civilian-oriented Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, the the free societies which surround us. national programs of the Federal Govern­ 90th Congress has been called the Con­ But I am "accentuating the negative•• on ment? sumer Congress. _purpose. Would you say 100 billion dollars a year? Labels do not always fit, but this one I do so because I want to stress that we Or $75 billion? or perhaps $50 billion? does because the 90th Congress has are doing much too little with our abundant Would you ~ surprised to learn that the taken historic steps to protect the Amer­ resources-with our manpower, our indus­ amount is much smaller than that? trial know-how, and our scientific and tech­ ican consumer against impure and un­ In fiscal year 1969, the Federal Govern­ nological skills. wholesome meat, death and injury on ment will spend some $134 billion dollars­ our highways, unsafe tires, misleading We are not using them wisely-or ful1y. _ exclusive of various Trust arrangements like We pay too little attention to the needs of Social Security and the Railroad Retirement labels and packages, undisclosed high our own people and communities. Fund. interest charges, clothing and blankets We pay too little attention to the prob­ During that same year, approximately 100 that are fire-prone, rather than fir~­ lems of others-problems which are begin­ . billion dollars will be used to pay our de­ proof, toys that endanger our children, ning to loom ever bigger on our national fense costs, veterans benefits and interest and substandard clinical laboratory horizon. on our national debt-which, as you know, tests. And in so doing, we are failing to meet the is largely due to past wars. challenge posed to our civillzation, our way One of the major thrusts of this Con­ The remaining $33."5 billion-or about one­ gress, then, has been consumer legisla­ of life, by the tightly-disciplined, single­ fourth uncommitted Federal tax revenues­ minded, driving Communist societies of Asia will be available to run all other activities tion, and I have been pleased to support and Eastern Europe. of the Federal Government. this legislation because I believe it will But let's forget for a moment about the Even that figure may be too generous be­ help every American get a fair, honest, rest of the world and look at .our o-..yn society. cause the Congress is right now in the proc­ and safe exchange for his hard-earned Here we are, the strongest and the richest ess of cutting ·the next year's budget-and dollar. nation in the history of man- · · · most 'Of these cuts are being 'Illade in non­ A hundred years ago we were a rural . With a gross national product api»-oach­ defense programs. ~ation of farms arid small towns. Even mg -865 billion dollars a year- . · This $33.5 billion is about 6 times the an­ in the growing -cities, neighborhoods _With a per capita product several ~es nua1 budget of the State 'of New York-or were closely knit. · higher 1;h:an 'the .average "for 'the rest of 1Jle approximately 4 per cent of our gross na- free world- tion-al product. . Most products were locally produced With 1hdtv.ic1ual and lros1nes-s in:c'Ollles at There are limits to wha't Federal Govern­ and there was a personal relationship · record levets-- ment can do with that amount of moneY'. · · between the -seller and the buyer. If the 24108 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 29, 1968 buyer had a complaint, he went straight and arbitrary coverages, the House has mon criminal; a rapist, entered legisla­ to the miller, the blacksmith, the tailor, acted on legislation that requires the tive history with name affixed to the the corner grocer. Products were less Secretary of Transportation to conduct decision which freed him. complicated and it was easy to tell the the first comprehensive study of the The editor of the Wyoming State Trib­ excellent from the inferior. automobile insurance system. une, Mr. James M. Flinchum, com­ Today all this is changed. A manufac­ Eighth. Water pollution: Congress has mented editorially July 18 on the Mi- · turer may be thousands of miles away enacted legislation to make available $4 randa decision. · from his customer-and even further re­ billion worth of waste treatment facili­ Entitled "Miranda's Offspring," Mr. moved by distributors, wholesalers and ties for local communities, which serve Flinchum's editorial notes that- retailers. His products may be so com­ 66 million Americans, helping clean up Last week three escaped convicts who fled plicated that only an expert can pass 67,000 miles of streams and rivers. This from Utah's State Penitentiary on May 28, judgment on their quality. action came as a result of the hazards of stole three cars in the process and committed A recent report of the National Better filthy and unsanitary water conditions some minor law violations, snarled the proc­ Business Bureau estimates that decep­ that had plagued Americans over the esses of justice because of an unfortunate de­ tive practices in the home improvement past years. cision of the United State Supreme Court. For pa.rt of one day and for some five field alone cost the consumer between Ninth. Hazardous radiation: Because hours of another they delayed just one rela­ $500 million and $1 billion yearly. of some poorly designed X-ray machines, tively simple procedure-that of imposing The 90th Congress has enacted more and even some color television sets which sentence which ordinarily takes minutes­ consumer protection measures than any exceed accepted safety limits, Congress while pursuing a motion to change their Congress in history. The following meas­ has enacted the Hazardous Radiation original pleas of guilty and to substitute ures have either passed or are under Act. Under this act the Secretary of pleas of innocent on the specious grounds consideration by the Congress: Health, Education, and Welfare have be­ that they had not been fully accorded their First. Wholesome meat: This measure gun to conduct studies of the hazards of rights. permits Federal and State authorities to radiation and suggest standards to con­ Mr. Flinchum's editorial makes fasci­ assure by inspection that all meat and trol them. nating and soul-searching reading and I meat products sold locally are wholesome. Besides those bills that have already insert it to be printed in the RECORD with Fifteen percent of all fresh meat and 25 been acted upon, there are still other my remarks: percent of processed meat products do bills under close consideration by Con­ MIRANDA'S OFFSPRING not cross State lines and therefore are gress. These bills include: Last week three escaped convicts who fled not subject to Federal inspection. First. Fish inspection: This bill is the Utah State Penitentiary on May 28, stole Second. National Commission on Prod­ aimed at setting up adequate programs three cars in the process, and cominltted uct Safety: There are 400,000 accidents a for continuous fish inspection, at State some Inlnor law violations in the process, year which are attributed to such "harm­ and Federal levels. This measure has snarled the processes of justice because of an less" household items as cooking utensils, been approved by the Senate Subcom­ unfortunate decision of the United States lawnmowers, tools, and washing ma­ mittee on Consumers. Supreme Court. chines. The Commission will help insure Second. Poultry inspection: This bill For part of one day and for some five hours of another they delayed just one relatively that safety standards for dangerous is aimed to assure the quality and safety simple procedure-that of imposing sentence, chemical, mechanical, electrical prod­ of the food that American housewives which ordinarily takes minutes-while pur­ ucts are adequate and that warnings put on their tables each year. This bill suing a motion to change their original pleas accompanying such products clearly an­ was put before the House as a result of of guilty and to substitute pleas of innocent nounce the dangers involved in their use. the 400 million pounds of poultry that on the specious grounds they had not been Third. Truth in lending: This bill pro­ was adulterated and diseased and was fully accorded their rights. tects the businessman as well as the con­ sold to the American housewife. This bill Such is the Inlschief that is worked in the sumer. The disclosures of true costs of is now being debated in the Senate. conduct of the administration of justice in Third. Deceptive sales regulation: this land by the Supreme Court ruling in the credit protects the ethical lender against case of Miranda vs. United States of America, unscrupulous persons who make mis­ This, measure has passed the Senate. It which is only one of several decisions by the leading claiP-J.s. The bill assures full and would assure that warranties and guar­ so-called Warren majority of the nation's accurate information as to the rate of antees say what they mean and mean highest judicial tribunal that many Ameri­ interest charged on loans. what they say, and encourage improve­ cans feel have contributed to the grave un­ Fourth. Fair labeling and packaging: ment in the quality of service repairs doing of society's war on crime. This law contains both mandatory and and to let the consumer know how long Fortunately in the cases of the three prison discretionary provisions which are de­ he can expect a product to last if prop­ escapees heard in the U.S. District Court of erly used. Wyoming here, the jurist presiding over the signed to assure more accurate labeling proceedings, Judge Ewing T. Kerr, carefully and informative packaging of most Fourth. Natural gas pipeline safety: and patiently pursued the rather tortuous "kitchen and bathroom" consumer This bill is aimed to authorize the Fed­ pleadings of these three defendants before products. eral Power Commission to establish and finally disposing of it in a manner that should Fifth. National traffic and motor ve­ enforce safety standards for natural gas place it above further assault. hicle safety: Since approximately 50,000 pipelines. Versions of this bill have But the inescapable conclusion for any ob­ men, women, and children die every year passed the House and the Senate and server witnessing this transaction is that the on our highways, the importance of this are now being discussed in a joint House­ adinlnistra tion of our courts is being terribly Senate committee. compounded, and justice in many cases legislation becomes clear. Manufacturers thwarted, by the complications that have or dealers are required to equip vehicles been imposed by Miranda. with tires meeting load standards fer A policeman making an arrest must exer­ fully loaded vehicles, including luggR.ge. cise the greatest precaution in carrying out Legislation has also been enacted requir­ MIRANDA'S OFFSPRING-AN EDI- the mechanical functions of the first step in ing the design and installation of safety TORIAL BY THE WYOMING STATE the apprehension of a potential law-breaker, features in new automobiles. Research is TRIBUNE · which not only makes his task more difficult also being financed to make highways but heightens the hazards for society's agent safer with median strips, better signs, in the most perilous circumstances. HON. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON For example, one police detective testified improved design, and construction. for the government here last week that in Sixth. Flammable fabrics: As a result oF WYOMING arresting the three suspects accompanied by of persons being burned from wearing IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a girl on a downtown street here at around highly incendiary clothing, the Flamma­ Monday, July , midnight of last June 9, the former of whom ble Fabrics Act was enacted. This meas­ 29 1968 subsequently were determined to be the ure prohibits the interstate marketing of Mr. HARRISON. Mr. Speaker, who can prison escapees, that not only did his part­ wearing apparel and fabrics to be so forget the Miranda de-Cision? Because ner read the standard "Miranda" warning to Mr. Miranda was not forewarned of his of their rights to the three suspects but highly flammable as be dangerous . . that he did also to make certain that all when worn. nght to counsel pr10r to his interroga- three understood what the trio were advised Seventh. Automobile insurance: As a tion, his signed confession was held in- . of. result of increases in premiums--as valid and his conviction overturned by In such instances not only must a police­ much as 30 percent-policy cancellations the Supreme Court. Mr. Miranda, a com- man or policemen face the dangers inher- July 30, 1968 CONGRESSIONAL. 'RECORD- SENATE 24109 ent in making such an .arrest, but they must The Jurist, Circuit Judge Jean s: Breiten.. lenged in an appellate court, which rejected increase the odds against· themselves by stein of De~ver, noted in the opinion that the challenge. . . concentrating on an action that has been after a lone gunman robbed an elderly post­ As in the case cited here, this creates much decreed by ,the highest court in our l.and: mistress at a small Oklahoma town, he was complication and delay in the administration Reading a set of phrases off a printe.d card, subsequently ·apprehended by a Texas high-: of justice which obviously contributes ·to the distracting them from what could be a re­ way patrolman after a long, high-speed chase burgeoning crime rate in this country be­ quired reaction against physical danger. participated in by several officers. One of the cause every felon becomes a jackleg lawyer This entire chain is pursued up through pursuers immediately orally delivered to the able to conduct his defense from his jail or the courts if a proceeding goes that far un.:.. suspect a "full warning of his constitutional prison cell. This is what decisions like til, in some cases, as in the one cited l'ibove" rights." After the suspect was jailed, a post Miranda, Mallory and Escobedo have done to in the U.S. District Court of Wyoming, :the office inspector investigating the Oklahoma this country. matter is thoroughly disposed of an~ a de­ robbery also warned the defendant of his fendant is acquitted or convicted. Even in rights. Later he was taken back to Oklahoma the latter instances where a. suspect pleads where he was ·subsequently interviewed by guilty. and then in the sentencing proce­ the same postal inspector plus an FBI agent, THE "PUEBLO": HOW LONG, dure attempts to change his plea; there is both of whom again advised the defendant MR. PRESIDENT? no guarantee that final disposition has been of his constitutional rights; later he signed made. a waiver of his rights. Despite all these ac­ One of these controversies recently went tions, the suspect subsequently challenged HON. WILLIAM J. SCHERLE as far as the U.S. lOth Circuit Court of AP-­ in his U.S. District Court proceedings against OF IOWA peals and the ·judge delivering the court's opinion, which found against the defendant him certain statements he made after his IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES . in the lower court and who has appealed arrest and also to the federal agents. Monday, July 29, 1968 his conviction, handed down a decision that The point is -that despite all of these in­ should give renewed encouragement to con­ volved actions, which suggests that today's Mr. SCHERLE. Mr. Speaker, this is scientious officers of the law seeking to do modern policeman needs a law degree to the 189th day the U.S.S. Pueblo and her their duty. carry out his business, they still were chal- crew have been in North Korean hands.

SENATE-Tuesday, July 30, 1968 The Senate met at 10 a.m., and was from the State of New York, be recog­ problem, he throbbed with its signifi­ called to order by the Acting President nized first; that I be recognized following cance, like an Old Testament prophet. pro tempore. his remarks; that there be no yielding This was his prophecy: that the bless­ Rev. Edward B. Lewis, D.D., pastor, on the part of Senators to one another, ings of American life would be trans­ Capitol Hill United Methodist Church, but that each Senator, on an alternating mitted to all Americans; to the poor, the Washington, D.C., offered the following Republican-Democrat basis, be recog­ black, the Mexican-American, the Japa­ prayer: nized during the course of the proceed­ nese-American, and other hyphenated ings this morning. Americans-hyphenated only because Make us alert to Thy presence, 0 Lord, The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ they lagged so seriously behind the con­ as we see our need. Let Thy voice speak pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. dition of other Americans and because to us through moments of prayer and they were oppressed rather than uplifted silence. Teach us to profit by an inspired by the society of which we are all a com­ thought, a glowing word of practical ex­ SENATOR ROBERT F. KENNEDY­ mon part. pressio:Q. to the pressures of the hour. IN MEMORIAM Inspire us with Thy spirit as we face the Senator KENNEDY had a keen under­ Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, first, may standing that 80 percent or more of important handicaps, hindrances, and American society was enjoying a way of irritations so prevalent in this day of I express my gratitude to the majority life. We leader for giving me what I consider to life, a freedom, a health, an amplitude present our prayer in the name be a great privilege in the Senate. of living which had never been vouch­ of Him who was victorious in like cir­ I felt that Senator KENNEDY was not safed to any people in all of recorded cumstance, even Jesus Christ our Sav­ just a colleague, although that alone history. His deep feeling and his burn­ iour. Amen. would be all that would be required to ing zeal for improvement came notwith­ make me say what I am about to say. standing the fact that the disinherited THE JOURNAL But in the course of our association, were a minority-20 percent or less--of which naturally became very much more the Nation. Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask intimate when he became a Senator, he It was this deep feeling which trans­ unanimous consent that the reading of became my friend. I should like to pay muted our relationship from one of col­ the Journal of the proceedings of Mon­ my memorial tribute to him because of leagues working together in the interests day, July 29, 1968, be dispensed with. the deep feelings in his heart, which to of our State, to one of friends. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ me were so very marked, and I shall Mr. President, Senator KENNEDY's pas­ pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. enumerate them in a little detail in terms sion for the integrity and the quality of of the common experiences which we our society and for justice, especially for SUBCOMMITTEE MEETING DURING shared. the oppressed, was coupled with one other SENATE SESSION - His hope and idealism made him a deep conviction-his insistence that what force for constructive change which in­ was done about it should be done in such Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask spired the youth of the Nation. He had, a way as to preserve--or to confer, where unanimous consent that the Subcommit­ so far as I know, the deepest concern it did not exist-the dignity of the in­ tee on Improvements in Judicial Machin­ for the underdog of anyone I had ever dividual. This is where his deep heritage ery of the Committee on the Judiciary met. To put it in very blunt terms, he as a Catholic and as a religious man­ be authorized to meet during the session had deep concern for the people whom and he was that-became evident. of the Senate today. our society-notwithstanding its many His passion for improvement and his The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ blessings, and it does have them-had passion of sympathy for the oppressed pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. disfranchised in terms of opportunity and the depressed was joined with the and in termc:; of the legacy to ·which we determination that every man had a ORDER OF BUSINESS feel all Americans are entitled. He was spark of the divine, was king in his own not the only man in public life to have right. He was determined that whatever Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, on this feeling in hi~ heart; . but, in my was done about the condition of these . behalf of the joint leadership, and in ac­ judgment, it b.urned 1n him more brightly people, they could never be patronized, cordance with the previous announce­ than in any other man I have ever but should be given the ·opportunity to ment, I ask unanimous consent that the known. - . stand up and help themselves as indi­ distinguished Senator from New York He had a great humor and wit. He did. viduals of dignity, These twin ideas so [Mr. JAVITs], the colleague of our ll:i.te not . t~ke .:hWlself all that seriously. ~ut fired and infused his personality that he beloved . colleague Senator . KENNEDY~ when his mlnd directed itself to this became a ·flaming symbol of hope and