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Mieczysław Madaj, Roman Nir the Polish Parish Organization in Chicago

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Mieczysław Madaj, Roman Nir the Polish Parish Organization in Chicago Mieczysław Madaj, Roman Nir The Polish Parish Organization in Chicago Rocznik Kolbuszowski 16, 237-253 2016 KS. MIECZYSŁAW MADAJ, KS. ROMAN NIR – Chicago The Polish Parish Organization in Chicago The title „Polish Parish Organization in Chicago”, must be explained and its extent adjusted for our purpose here. „Polish Parish Organization” means the establishment of parishes for Americans of Polish descent both Catholic and non – Catholic. Although I am reasonably sure of the situation outside of the Archdiocese of Chicago, I am certain that in Chicago and its metropolitan area the only parishes are those of the Roman Catholic Church and those of the Polish National Church. Polish Americans may belong to congratulations of other denominations but there are no special parishes for them in the other persuasions. The word, „Chicago”, in the title is expanded here to include the metropolitan area of the city; more specifically this means the Archdiocese of Chicago. According to the 1975 edition of the Official Catholic Directory there were 2,466,294 Catholic in the Archdiocese of Chicago which consists of Cook and Lake Counties in northeastern Illinois. To serve all these people there were 455 parish churches, 5 missions and 345 chapels. At that time there were still 57 parishes and 2 missions that were considered Polish. In the same manner as these parishes are no longer exclusively Polish the re- maining 399 parishes also include Poles among their members. The national lines were held rather firmly until World War II, but following it these be- came increasingly obscured. Not only in territorial parishes but also in what are still loosely considered Polish parishes one finds Blacks and Hispanics among the members. The change is due to a shifting population in the city of Chicago and also in the suburbs. More and more Poles are leaving old Polish neighborhoods and moving into sections with better homes and surroundings. Even before the last big war there were not enough parishes exclusively Polish; hence many Polish speaking Catholics joined territorial parishes. Taking into consideration census and other tabulations as well as the opinions of pastors in parishes throughout the Archdiocese it would 238 ks. Mieczysław Madaj, ks. Roman Nir be safe to assume that the nearly 400 non – Polish parishes have anywhere from 5 percent to 50 percent of their membership of Polish extraction or birth. Sixty of these parishes definitely have congregations, each of which consists of 50 percent either Polish born members or who are of Polish descent. To accommodate these parishioners most of these pastors with a heavy percentage of Polish parishioners introduce some Polish traditional customs during Christmas and Easter1. Although this paper will not concern itself in detail with the Polish National Church, it might be well to mention something about it in the Archdiocese of Chicago. Within the boundaries of the Archdiocese there are 7 Polish National parishes, which upon thorough investigation are not very large, their largest being equal in size to an average Roman Catholic parish. From the various data assembled by this author it might be safe to assume that the total membership of these parishes can be conservatively estimated somewhere between ten and fifteen thousand2. Limiting the discussion here to Polish Roman Catholic parishes it will be my purpose to give general location of these parishes, the reason for their establishment and some of the statistics pertaining to them. At this juncture a word of caution might be given regarding the statistics cit- ed in the United States census in reference to the Poles. According to the Census Bureau third generation Americans of Polish descent are no longer considered polish but American. This is quite inconsistent since a Hispanic American remains a Hispanic American no matter what generation he is because his or her surname remains Latin. Furthermore, Hispanic are not distinguished according to the various countries from which they come. The Blacks also have a distinct advantage according to the Census Bureau standards because they always remain Black and because neither are they enumerated according to the countries in which they originated. Following this method of enumeration by the Census Bureau it would be more eq- uitable either to list the Hispanics by the countries from which they came and also the Blacks or to include the Poles with the rest of the Slavs in the United States. It is commonly conceded that there are about thirty million Slavs from various countries together with their descendants. The basic or general reason for the establishment of the 57 Polish parishes in the Chicago Archdiocese is the settlement of immigrant Poles 1 The Official Catholic Directory. Anno Domini 1975, Published P.J. Kennedy, New York 1975, p. 1325. 2 Polish National Catholic Church of America, Department of Commerce, Washington. Census of Religious Bodies: 1926 p. 1-3; P. Fox, The Polish National Catholic Church, Scranton. Penna. 1953, p. 23, 63. The Polish Parish Organization in Chicago 239 and their descendants in the different parts of the metropolitan area. The numbers of immigrant Poles to Chicago and vicinity were so great during the years of the great East European immigration that they could not possibly be contained in a ghetto – like area, but had to be scattered in different sections. Rather than repeat the same story monotonously for each parish, the parishes will be separated into clusters and each cluster will be discussed. The reasons for settling in the separate neighborhoods were slightly different. If a particular parish was established for a special reason this too will be pointed out. The three principal thorough – fares along which most of the Polish neighborhoods arose were Milwaukee Avenue, Archer Avenue and the Kennedy Expressway3. Before the first wave of the Great Immigration no one of the new nationals, who came in such large numbers later, made up as much as one percent of Chicago’s population from 1850 to 1870.1 The German States, Ire- land and the rest of the British Isles, and the Scandinavian countries had made up the main source of the foreign – born population in the city in the 1850’s and 1860’s. They continued to predominate, but in the course of the 1870’s and 1880’s they slowly gave way to the newcomers who arrived in increasing numbers. Within the 1890’s they were to make Chicago, of all the American cities, the home of the largest number of Poles, Bohemians, Croatians, Slovaks, Lithuanians, Italians and Greeks. By 1890, 77.9 percent of the city’s population was of foreign parentage, and every year additional thousands swelled their numbers even more.2 There were so many foreign – speaking home owners in Chicago that in 1894 water bills were made out also in different languages.3 Hull House became the receiving station of most non – Polish immigrants4. In this new wave of mass immigration to the city a respectable percentage of Poles was included. Tens of thousands of Polish immigrants were caught in the swift current of newcomers drifting to the fast rising metropolis of Chicago5. The less than one percent of the Poles among Chicago’s foreign – born in 1870 grew to 2.7. percent within the decade, 3 J. Parot, Polish Catolics in Chicago: A Religious History, 1850-1920, DeKalb: North- en Illinois University Press 1981, p. 23-45; S. Zahajkiewicz, Księża i parafie polskie w Stanach Zjednoczonych Północnej Ameryki, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 37-87. 4 B. Pierce, A History of Chicago, Chicago 1957, pp. 22, 34, 56. 5 These were not the first Poles in Chicago. According to Miecislas Haiman, the pioneer historian of Polish Americans, the first Pole arrived in Chicago in 1834. He further wrote that two Poles voted in the mayoral election of 1837 and by the time of the Civil War there were nearly five hundred Polish residents in the city. „The Poles in Chicago”, Poles of Chicago, 1937, Chicago, Polish Pageant, Inc., (1937), pp. 8, 9. Cf. Eleanor C. Rawlings, Polish Exiles in Illinois. 240 ks. Mieczysław Madaj, ks. Roman Nir and by 1890 this percentage had doubled as will be shown in detail later. The several colonies of Poles clustered about the Roman Catholic church and parochial school: they formed a unitary cultural segment of Chicago’s cosmopolitanism. The oldest of the Polish settlements was on the northwest side of the city, the area around Division Street, Milwaukee and Ashland Avenues; it grew around St. Stanislaus Kostka Roman Catholic church at Noble and Bradley Streets (now Noble and Evergreen), immediately adja- cent to the Kennedy Expressway, the main route to O’Hare International Airport from the center of the City. Gradually the Poles together with the Scandinavians pushed out the predominantly German population in the old fourteenth ward whose boundaries about 1890 were starting from the North Branch of the Chicago River south along Ashland Avenue to North Avenue, west on North Avenue to Crawford Avenue (now Pulaski Road, the city limits until 1889), south on Crawford Avenue to Chicago Avenue, east on Chicago Avenue to Ashland Avenue, south on Ashland Avenue to Ohio Street and east on Ohio to the Chicago River6. For almost a century the „Main Street” of Chicago’s Polish Ameri- can Community was Noble Street, whose residents up to about 1925 were almost exclusively Poles. Three generations of them called this their home since 1867, when about 150 families lived in what was then a prairie settle- ment. And for almost a century this, the Stanislaus district (Stanislawowo), was the Polonia of Chicago7. Anthony Schermann – Smarzewski was the first Polish settler to establish the area as a trading center; hr arrived in Chicago in 1851 with his wife and children.
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