Notes

Notes to Chapter 1 1. Karla Hammond, 'An Interview with ', The American Poetry Review, Vol. 8, No. 5 (September/October, 1979), p. 29. 2. Ibid., p. 29. 3. Joyce Carol Oates, 'Margaret Atwood: Poems and Poet', New York Times Book Review, 21 May 1978, pp. IS, 43-45.

Notes to Chapter 2 1. Nina Auerbach, Romantic Imprisonment: Women and Other Glorified Outcasts (New York, Columbia University Press, 1985), p. 133. 2. Ibid., p. 138. 3. Ibid., p. 140. 4. Ibid., p. 164. 5. Sherrill Grace, Violent Duality: A Study ofMargaret Atwood (Montreal, Vehicule Press, 1980), p. 59. 6. Robert Lecker, 'Janus Through the Looking Glass: Atwood's First Three Novels', The Art of Margaret Atwood: Essays in Criticism, eds Arnold E. Davidson and Cathy N. Davidson (Toronto, Anansi Press, 1981), pp. 179-80. 7. Catherine McLay, 'The Dark Voyage: as Romance', The Art of Margaret Arwood: Essays in Criticism, eds Arnold E. Davidson and Cathy N. Davidson (Toronto, Anansi Press, 1981), p. 138. 8. Kim Chemin, The Obsession: Reflections on the Tyranny of Slenderness (New York, Harper & Row, 1981), p. 71. 9. Linda Sandler, 'Interview with Margaret Atwood', The Malahat Review, 4 (January, 1977), p. 19.

Notes to Chapter 3 1. Graeme Gibson, Eleven Canadian Novelists (Toronto, Anansi Press, 1973), p. 29. 2. Ibid., p. 22.

136 NOTES 137

3. Annis Pratt, ' and the Rebirth Journey', The An ofMargaret Atwood: Essays in Criticism, eds Arnold E. Davidson and Cathy N. Davidson (Toronto, Anansi Press, 1981), p. 151. 4. Ibid., p. 157. 5. Annis Pratt, Archetypal Patterns in Women's Fiction (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1981), p. 158. 6. Carol P. Christ, Diving Deep and Surfacing: Women Writers on Spiritual Quest (Boston, Beacon Press, 1980), p. 46. 7. Marie-Frans;oise Guedon, 'Surfacing: Amerindian Themes and Shamanism', Margaret Atwood: Language, Text, and System, eds Sherrill E. Grace and Lorraine Weir (Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press, 1983), p. 91. 8. Jerome H. Rosenberg, Margaret Atwood (Boston, G. K. Hall, 1984), p. 122. 9. Barbara Hill Rigney, Madness and Sexual Politics in the Feminist Novel (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1978). 10. Sherrill E. Grace, 'Margaret Atwood and the Poetics of Duplicity', The An of Margaret Atwood: Essays in Criticism, eds Arnold E. Davidson and Cathy N. Davidson (Toronto, Anansi Press, 1981), p. 57.

Notes to Chapter 4 1. Linda Sandler, 'Interview with Margaret Atwood', The Malahat Review, Vol. 4 (January, 1977), p. 19. 2. Jerome H. Rosenberg, Margaret Atwood (Boston, G. K. Hall, 1984), p. 116. 3. Ibid., p. 112. 4. Judith McCombs, 'Atwood's Haunted Sequences: The Circle Game, The Journals of Susanna Moodie', and Power Politics, The An ofMargaret Atwood: Essays in Criticism, eds Arnold E. Davidson and Cathy N. Davidson (Toronto, Anansi Press, 1981), pp. 36-37. S. Clara Thomas, ': The Narrative of a Fool-Heroine', The Art of Margaret Atwood: Essays in Criticism, eds Arnold E. Davidson and Cathy N. Davidson (Toronto, Anansi Press, 1981), p. 173. 6. Robert Lecker, 'Janus Through the Looking Glass: Atwood's First Three Novels', The An of Margaret Atwood: Essays in Criticism, eds Arnold E. Davidson and Cathy N. Davidson (Toronto, Anansi Press, 1981), p. 203.

Notes to Chapter 5 I. Linda Hutcheon, 'From Poetic to Narrative Structures: The Novels of Margaret Atwood', Margaret Atwood: Language, Text, and System, eds 138 NOTES

Sherrill E. Grace and Lorraine Weir (Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press, 1983), p. 29. 2. Frank Davey, Margaret Arwood: A Feminist Poetics (Vancouver, Talonbooks, 1984), p. 92. 3. Sherrill Grace, Violent Duality: A Study ofMargaret Atwood (Montreal, Vehicule Press, 1980), p. 135.

Notes to Chapter 6 I. Sherrill Grace, Violent Duality: A Study ofMargaret Atwood (Montreal, Vehicule Press, 1980), p. 67. 2. Jerome H. Rosenberg, Margaret Atwood (Boston, G. K. Hall, 1984), p. 92. 3. Judith McCombs, 'Atwood's Fictive Portraits of the Artist: From Victim to Surfacer, From Oracle to Birth', Women's Studies, Vol. 12 (1986), pp. 69-88. 4. Margaret Atwood, 'Surviving the Critics', This Magazine is About Schools (1973), p. 33.

Notes to Chapter 7 1. Sherrill Grace, Violent Duality: A Study of Margaret Atwood (Montreal, Vehicule Press, 1980), p. I. 2. Frank Davey, Margaret Atwood: A Feminist Poetics (Vancouver, Talonbooks, 1984), p. 153. 3. Ibid., p. 1. 4. George Woodcock, 'Bashful but Bold: Notes on Margaret Atwood as Literary Critics', The Art of Margaret Atwood: Essays in Criticism, eds Arnold E. Davidson and Cathy N. Davidson (Toronto, Anansi, 1981), p. 237. 5. Ibid., p. 241. 6. Frank Davey, op. cit., p. 163. 7. Philip Stratford, 'The uses of Ambiguity: Margaret Atwood and Hubert Aquin' Margaret Arwood: Language, Text, and System, eds Sherrill E. Grace and Lorraine Weir (Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press, 1983), p. 113. 8. John Wilson Foster, 'The Poetry of Margaret Atwood', Canadian Literature, Vol. 74 (1977), p. 5. 9. Jerome H. Rosenberg, Margaret Arwood (Boston, G. K. Hall, 1984), p. so. 10. Karla Hammond, 'An Interview with Margaret Atwood', The American Poetry Review, Vol. 8, No. 5 (September/October, 1979), p. 29. Bibliography

Primary Works (All references are to the following editions. Paperback books were used when possible.)

Poetry (Toronto, Hawkshead Press, 1961). : Short Fictions and Pros~.~ ~ms (Toronto, Coach House Press, 1983). Power Politics (New York, Harper and Row, 1973). Procedures for Underground (Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1970). Selected Poems (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1978). The Animals in That Country (Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1968). The Circle Game (Toronto, Anansi, 1978). The Journals of Susanna Moodie (Toronto, Oxford University Press, 1970). True Stories (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1981). Two-Headed Poems (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1978). (New York, Harper and Row, 1974).

Novels and Short Stories Bluebeard's Egg (Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1983). (New York, Bantam, 1983). Dancing Girls and Other Stories (New York, Bantam, 1985). Lady Oracle (New York, Avon, 1978). (New York, Warner, 1983). Surfacing (New York, Popular Library, 1976). The Edible Woman (New York, Popular Library, 1976). The Handmaid's Tale (Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1985).

139 140 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Non-fiction Second Words (Toronto, Anansi, 1983). Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature (Toronto, Anansi, 1972).

Secondary Sources

Auerbach, Nina, Romantic Imprisonment: Women and Other Glorified Outcasts (New York, Columbia University Press, 1985). Chernin, Kim, The Obsession: Reflections on the Tyranny of Slenderness (New York, Harper and Row, 1981). Christ, Carol, Diving Deep and Surfacing: Women Writers on Spiritual Quest (Boston, Beacon Press, 1980). --,'Margaret Atwood: The Surfacing of Women's Spiritual Quest and Vision', Signs 2 (Winter, 1976), pp. 316--30. Davey, Frank, Margaret Atwood: A Feminist Poetics (Vancouver, Talonbooks, 1984). Davidson, Arnold E. and Davidson, Cathy N. (eds), The Art of Margaret Atwood: Essays in Criticism (Toronto, Anansi, 1981). Foster, John Wilson, 'The Poetry of Margaret Atwood', Canadian Literature, 74 (Autumn, 1977), pp. 5-20. Gibson, Graeme, Eleven Canadian Novelists (Toronto, Anansi, 1973). Grace, Sherrill E., Violent Duality: A Study of Margaret Atwood (Montreal, Vehicule Press, 1980). Grace, Sherrill E. and Lorraine Weir (eds), Margaret Atwood: Language, Text, and System (Vancouver, University of British Columbua Press, 1983). Hammond, Karla, 'An Interview with Margaret Atwood', American Poetry Review, 8 (September/October, 1979), pp. 27- 29. Home, Alan J., 'Margaret Atwood: An Annotated Bibliography', The Annotated Bibliography of Canada's Major Authors, eds Robert Lecker and Jack David (Downsview, Ontario, ECW Press, 1979 and 1980), Vols 1 and 2. BIBLIOGRAPHY 141

Juhasz, Suzanne, 'Renunciation Transformed, the Dickinson Heritage: Emily Dickinson and Margaret Atwood', Women's Studies, 12 (1986), pp. 251-70. Mandel, Eli, 'Atwood Gothic', The Malaluzt Review, 41 (January, 1977), pp. 165-74. Mathews, Robin, 'Survival and Struggle in Canadian Literature', This Magazine is About Schools, 6 (Winter, 1972-73), pp. 109- 24. McCombs, Judith, 'Atwood's Fictive Portraits of the Artist: From Victim to Surfacer, from Oracle to Birth', Women's Studies, 12 (1986), pp. 69-88. Oates, Joyce Carol, 'Margaret Atwood: Poems and Poet', New York Times Book Review, 21 (May 1978), pp. 15, 43-45. Pratt, Annis, Archetypal Patterns in Women's Fiction (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1981). Rigney, Barbara Hill, Lilith's Daughters: Women and Religion in Contemporary Fiction (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1982). --,Madness and Sexual Politics in the Feminist Novel: Studies in Bronte, Woolf, Lessing and Atwood (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1978). Rosenberg, Jerome H., Margaret Atwood (Boston, G. K. Hall, 1984). Rubenstein, Roberta, 'Surfacing: Margaret Atwood's Journey to the Interior', Modern Fiction Studies 22 (Autumn, 1976), pp. 387-99. Sandler, Linda, 'Interview with Margaret Atwood', Malaluzt Review 41 (January, 1977), pp. 7-27. Index

abortion 5, 36, 40, 45, 50, 56 'Camera' 25 'A Bus Along St. Clair; cameras, images of 25, 39, December' 59-60 41-2, 108 'A Descent Through the Campbell, Joseph 52 Carpet' 27 Camus, Albert 107 Alice in Wonderland 2, 6, 7, cannibalism, images of 20-l, 18,19-20,21,23,26,27-8, 33, 34, 109 29, 30, 37, 71, 93, 94 censorship 119, 134-5 'All Bread' 37 'Chaos Poem' 6 Amnesty International 16, Chernin, Kim 33 132 childbirth see fertility myth amputation, images of 47, 49, children, images of 21, 44, 89 62, 69, 87, 104, 111 children's literature see fairy 'An End to Audience?' 133 tales 'A Night in the Royal Ontario Christ, Carol 51-2 Museum' 82-3 Christianity 10, 49, 50, 110 animal imagery 8--9, 24-5,29, Cinderella 73 46,48,50-1,58--9,75,93- 'Circe/Mud Poems' 7-8, 10, 94, 98, 123 14,67 anorexia 22-4, 26, 30, 49, 65 Conrad, Joseph 52 'A Pursuit' 28 'A Red Shirt' 5, 9, 11 Daly, Mary 16 'A Travel Piece' 108--9, 111, Dancing Girls 5, 13, 15, 46, 114-15 108--9 Auerbach, Nina 27-8 Davey, Frank 99, 124, 129 Austin, Jane 13 Demeter, as archetypal Avison, Margaret 14, 130, 133 mother 11, 54-5 'A Woman's Issue' 15-16 detective stories 39, 48 Diana, as stereotype of women Berger, John 105 in fiction 4, 37, 93 birth control pills 97, 99 'Dinner' 106-7 Blais, Marie-Claire 14 Disney, Walt 41, 64, 77 Bluebeard 62, 69, 70, 73, 78 dolls, as images of women 6, Bodily Harm 8, 11, 16, 92, 32-3,34-6 102, 103-13, 114, 115, 117, Double Persephone 9, 67 120, 127 Doyle, Arthur Conan 94 'Brian the Still-Hunter' 49-50 Drew, Nancy 39

143 144 INDEX drowning, images of 6-7, 39, humour 14, 83, 118, 126-7, 40, 68,72 132 Hunt, William Holman 67, ecology 49, 75, 95-6, 100-1 68,71 'Eden is a Zoo' 56 Hutcheon, Linda 99 Eliot, George 13 Eliot, T. S. 36 'Iconography' 111-12 existentialism 47, 78, 93, 113 initiation rites 52 invisibility 45, 94-5 fairy tales 34, 41, 42, 62, 63, Jackson, Shirley 114 66-7' 70, 73, 77' 79 James, Henry 10, 39, 62 fertility myth ~. 36-7, 40- ]aneEyre 11 41, 42, 46, 55, 59, 97' 99 Jong, Erica 29, 127 'Five Poems for Dolls' 6, 35 'Five Poems for labyrinth 70-1, 79, 82, 83, Grandmothers' 11, 60 85, 88 Foster, John Wilson 130 Lady of Shalott, as image of Frankenstein, as image of woman artist 9, 67-8, 77 artist 5, 7, 78 Lady Oracle 3, 8, 11, 24, 62- Frye, Northrop 125 81, 83, 94, 95, 104, 117' 126, 129 'Game After Supper' 54 Laurence, Margaret 14 'Giving Birth' 5 Lecker, Robert J. 33, 80 Goldilocks 34 'Letters, Towards and Away' gothic imagery 10, 62, 67, 84-5, 111 126 Life Before Man 5, 8, 82-102, 'Gothic Letter on a Hot 129 Night' 81 'Liking Men' 15, 129 Grace, Sherrill E. 28-9, 99, Little Mermaid, as image of 106 woman artist 9, 66-7, 116 'Great Canadian Baby' see 'Lives of the Poets' 13 fertility myth Guedon, Marie-Fran<;oise 52 maps, as images of tradition 1, 2, 4, 60, 83 'Hair Jewellery' 15 'Marrying the Hangman' 117- Hammond, Karla 130 118 Hecate 59 martyrdom 10, 49-50, 77 'Hesitations outside the Door' 'Mathews and 62, 78 Misrepresentation' 124 Hitler, as image of evil 15, Mathews, Robin 125 44,48-9 maze see labyrinth homelessness 85, 92-3, 98 McCombs, Judith 79, 113 INDEX 145

McLay, Catherine 33 Pre-Raphaelites 67, 68 Medusa, as image of woman Procedures for Underground 6, artist 67 8, 53, 54, 56, 134 metamorphoses 10, 14, 20, 59-60, 72, 76--7 rape 25, 29, 48, 84, 87, 90- Miller, Perry 114 91, 96, 104, 106, Ill Millett, Kate 14, 128 '' 96 mirrors 1, 2, 29, 34-5, 42, Rapunzel, as image of woman 47, 57, 62,63-4,65, 67, artist 9, 67 68-9,71,83, lll, ll7, Rich, Adrienne 11, 14, 127, 118, 124 130 mothers and daughters 4, 11- Rigney, Barbara Hill 52-3 12,24,43,54-5,63-5,88- Rosenberg, Jerome H. 52, 72, 89,91-2 113,130 Murder in the Dark 14, 15, 18-19, 112, 133 Second Words 6, 9, 11, 12, 'Night Poem' 3 13-14, 15, 16, 17, 20-1, Nightingale, Florence, as 29, 34, 79, 87, 95, 117, 122, image of woman 31, 86 124-34 'Notes Towards a Poem that Selected Poems 78 Can Never Be Written' Sexton, Anne 14, 130 115, 132 She 86--7 Shearer, Moira, as image of obesity 65-6, 72, 73 woman artist 9, 66, 117 Olsen, Tillie 14 Siamese twins, as image of 'On Being a Woman Writer: woman artist 6, 13, 41, 66 Paradoxes and Dilemmas' Sibyl 74 128 'Siren Song' 11 Orwell, George 114, 120 sisterhood 10-11, 112-13, 116 'Small Poems for the Winter Penelope, as image of woman Solstice' 12 artist 67 Snow White, as image of Persephone, as image of woman 42, 54, 63-4, 71 woman artist 7, 11, 54, 71 'Spell for the Director of Philomela, as image of woman Protocol' 134 artist 67 'Spelling' 5, 31 Piercy, Marge 14 Stevens, Wallace 134 Plath, Sylvia 14 Stratford, Philip 129--30 'Postcard' 106 'Sunset I' 107 pornography 106, 119, 134 'Superwoman Drawn and Power Politics 28, 78 Quartered: The Early Forms Pratt, Annis 51 of She 87,126 146 INDEX

Surfacing 1, 6, 7, 8, 10,11, 'They Eat Out' 28 24, 25, 27, 36, 38-61, 62, 'This is a Photograph of Me' 64, 65, 68, 78, 83, 95, 99, 25 100, 103, 109, 120, 129 Thomas, Audrey 14 Survival: A Thematic Guide to Thomas, Clara 80 Canadian Literature 1-17, 'Torture' 131-2 24, 37' 48, 59, 67' 93, 105, 'True Romances' 107, 109 122-6 True Stories 5, 12, 15-16, 101, 102, 104, 106-7' 109, 115, The Animals in That Country 120, 121, 127, 131-2 9, 28, 82-3 Two-Headed Poems 3, 5, 6, 'The Arrest of the 10, 11, 35, 37' 60, 61, 84- Stockbroker' 109 85, 101, 115, 117-18 The Circle Game 25, 27, 111 'The Double Voice' 58 'Under Glass' 46 The Edible Woman 5, 8, 10, 'Useless' 6 12, 18--37' 38, 42, 47' 49, 65, 83, 90, 93, 95, 99 Venus, as image of woman in 'The Green Man: For the literature 37 Boston Strangler' 29 Virgil 71, 74 The Handmaid's Tale 3, 5, 10, 16, 102, 103-4, 111, 113--21, 127, 131, 134 Waterhouse, John William 68 The Journals of Susanna 'What's So Funny? Notes on Moodie 3, 6, 38, 49-50, 58-- Canadian Humour' 126-7 61, 100, 130 Webster, Mary 114, 131 'The Landlady' 29 'Witches' 131, 132 'The Red Shoes' 5, 9-10, 12- witchcraft, as image of art 67, 13, 64, 66, 73, 117 114, 130-1 '' 6 Woodcock, George 124-5 'The Trappers' 28 'Writing the Male Character' 'The Underwear Man' 26, 29, 132 90 'The Wereman' 59 You Are Happy 6, 7, 11, 14- The Wizard of Oz 90, 93 15, 81, 101