Lecture Three Systems Systems
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Complex Complex Sociotechnical Press... Sociotechnical Lecture Three Systems Systems Stories of Complex Sociotechnical Systems: Measuring Measuring Measurement, Mechanisms, and Meaning Happiness Happiness Some motivation Some motivation Measuring emotional Measuring emotional Lipari Summer School, Summer, 2012 content content Data sets Data sets Analysis I “Social Scientists wade into the Tweet Analysis Songs Songs Prof. Peter Dodds Blogs stream” by Greg Miller, Blogs Tweets Science, 333, 1814–1815, 2011 [15] Tweets Positivity Bias Positivity Bias Department of Mathematics & Statistics | Center for Complex Systems | “Does a Nation’s Mood Lurk in Its Songs and Vermont Advanced Computing Center | University of Vermont References I References Blogs?” by Benedict Carey New York Times, August 2009. () I More here: http://www.uvm.edu/∼pdodds/research/ () Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. 1 of 83 4 of 83 Complex Complex Outline Sociotechnical Happiness: Sociotechnical Systems Systems Measuring Measuring Measuring Happiness Happiness Happiness Some motivation Some motivation Some motivation Measuring emotional Measuring emotional content content Measuring emotional content Data sets Data sets Data sets Analysis Analysis Songs Songs Blogs Blogs Tweets Tweets Analysis Positivity Bias Positivity Bias Songs References References Blogs Tweets Bentham: Jefferson: Positivity Bias Socrates et al.: hedonistic . the pursuit of eudaimonia [8] calculus happiness References 2 of 83 6 of 83 Complex Complex Papers and so on: Sociotechnical Early drafts: Sociotechnical Systems Systems “Temporal patterns of happiness and Measuring Measuring information in a global social network: Happiness Happiness Some motivation Some motivation Hedonometrics and Twitter” Measuring emotional Measuring emotional [7] content content Dodds et al., PLoS ONE, 2011 Data sets Data sets Much better version here: Analysis Analysis Songs Songs http://arxiv.org/abs/1101.5120 () Blogs Blogs Tweets Tweets I “Positivity of the English Language” Positivity Bias Positivity Bias [11] Kloumann et al., PLoS ONE, 2012 References References I “Measuring the Happiness of Large-Scale Written Expression: Songs, Blogs, and Presidents” Dodds and Danforth, Journal of Happiness Studies, 2009 [6] I language assessment by Mechanical Turk (labMT 1.0) I http://www.onehappybird.com () 3 of 83 7 of 83 BREVIA Complex Complex Sociotechnical Emotional content includingSociotechnical the least enjoyable. Although people’s Desiring happiness—not just for boffins: Systems A Wandering Mind Is an mindsSystems were more likely to wander to pleasant topics (42.5% of samples) than to unpleasant topics I Average people routinely report being happy is what Unhappy Mind (26.5% of samples) or neutral topics (31% of sam- [12, 13, 5] ples), people were no happier when thinking about they want most in life Measuring Matthew A. Killingsworth* and Daniel T. Gilbert pleasantMeasuring topics than about their current activity (b = Happiness So how does one measure –0.52,Happiness not significant) and were considerably un- And it matters: “Happy people live longer:. ” Some motivation nlike other animals, human beings spend more of 22 activities adapted from the day recon- happierSome when motivation thinking about neutral topics (b = I Measuring emotional 1. happiness?alotoftimethinkingaboutwhatisnot struction method (10, 11), and a mind-wandering –7.2,MeasuringP <0.001)orunpleasanttopics(emotional b = –23.9, [5] content Ugoing on around them, contemplating question (“Are you thinking about something P <0.001)thanabouttheircurrentactivity(Fig.1,content Survey by Diener and Chan. Data sets events that happened in the past, might happen other than what you’re currently doing?”)answered bottom).Data sets Although negative moods are known 2. levels ofin other the future, or emotional will never happen at all. states? Indeed, with one of four options: no; yes, something pleas- to cause mind wandering (13), time-lag analyses Analysis “stimulus-independent thought” or “mind wan- ant; yes, something neutral; or yes, something un- stronglyAnalysis suggested that mind wandering in our Songs dering” appears to be the brain’sdefaultmode pleasant. Our analyses revealed three facts. sampleSongs was generally the cause, and not merely Blogs of operation (1–3). Although this ability is a re- First, people’smindswanderedfrequently,re- theBlogs consequence, of unhappiness (12). Tweets Just ask peoplemarkable evolutionary howhappy achievement that they allows are.gardless of what they were doing. Mind wandering Third,Tweets what people were thinking was a better people to learn, reason, and plan, it may have an occurred in 46.9% of the samples and in at least predictor of their happiness than was what they Positivity Bias [2, 4, 3] Positivity Bias I Experienceemotional sampling cost. Many philosophical and religious(Csikszentmihalyi30% of the samples taken during et every al.) activity were doing. The nature of people’sactivitiesex- References traditions teach that happiness is to be found by except making love. The frequency of mind wan- plainedReferences 4.6% of the within-person variance in hap- living in the moment, and[9] practitioners are trained dering in our real-world sample was considerably piness and 3.2% of the between-person variance in I Day reconstructionto resist mind wandering and “(Kahnemanto be here now.” higher et than al.) is typically seen in laboratory experi- happiness, but mind wandering explained 10.8% National indices of These traditions suggest that a wandering mind is ments. Surprisingly, the nature of people’sactiv- of within-person variance in happiness and 17.7% an unhappy mind. Are they right? ities had only a modest impact on whether their of between-person variance in happiness. The var- well-being: Laboratory experiments have revealed a great minds wandered and had almost no impact on the iance explained by mind wandering was largely But self-reportingdeal about the cognitive has and some neural bases ofdrawbacks: mind pleasantness of the topics to which their minds independent of the variance explained by the na- wandering (3–7), but little about its emotional wandered (12). ture of activities, suggesting that the two were in- I Bhutan on November 20, 2010 relies onconsequences memory in everyday and life. The self-perception most reliable Second, multilevel regression revealed that peo- dependent influences on happiness. I method for investigating real-world emotion is ex- ple were less happy when their minds were wan- In conclusion, a human mind is a wandering I France perience sampling, which involves[14] contacting peo- dering than when they were not [slope (b)=–8.79, mind, and a wandering mind is an unhappy mind. I inducesple misreporting as they engage in their everyday activities and P <0.001],andthiswastrueduringallactivities, The ability to think about what is not happening I Australia asking them to report their thoughts, feelings, and is a cognitive achievement that comes at an emo- I costly actions at that moment. Unfortunately, collecting tional cost. real-time reports from large numbers of people as References and Notes they go about their daily lives is so cumbersome 1. M. E. Raichle et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98,676 and expensive that experience sampling has rarely (2001). been used to investigate the relationship between 2. K. Christoff, A. M. Gordon, J. Smallwood, R. Smith, www.sciencemag.org mind wandering and happiness and has always J. W. Schooler, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106,8719 8 of 83 (2009). 12 of 83 been limited to very small samples (8, 9). 3. R. L. Buckner, J. R. Andrews-Hanna, D. L. Schacter, We solved this problem by developing a Web Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1124,1(2008). application for the iPhone (Apple Incorporated, 4. J. Smallwood, J. W. Schooler, Psychol. Bull. 132,946(2006). Cupertino, California), which we used to create 5. M. F. Mason et al., Science 315,393(2007). 6. J. Smallwood, E. Beach, J. W. Schooler, T. C. Handy, Complex an unusually large database of real-time reports ComplexJ. Cogn. Neurosci. 20,458(2008). Sociotechnical of thoughts, feelings, and actions of a broad range 7.Sociotechnical R. L. Buckner, D. C. Carroll, Trends Cogn. Sci. 11,49(2007). An easy knock: Happiness, attention, and doing: Downloaded from Systems of people as they went about their daily activ- 8.Systems J. C. McVay, M. J. Kane, T. R. Kwapil, Psychon. Bull. Rev. ities. The application contacts participants through 16,857(2009). 9. M. J. Kane et al., Psychol. Sci. 18,614(2007). their iPhones at random moments during their 10. D. Kahneman, A. B. Krueger, D. A. Schkade, N. Schwarz, waking hours, presents them with questions, A. A. Stone, Science 306,1776(2004). Measuring and records their answers to a database at www. 11.Measuring A. B. Krueger, D. A. Schkade, J. Public Econ. 92,1833(2008). trackyourhappiness.org. The database currently 12. Materials and methods are available as supporting Happiness Happinessmaterial on Science Online. Some motivation contains nearly a quarter of a million samples 13.Some J. Smallwood, motivation A. Fitzgerald, L. K. Miles, L. H. Phillips, Measuring emotional from about 5000 people from 83 different coun- MeasuringEmotion 9,271(2009).emotional content tries who range in age from 18 to 88 and who 14.content We thank V. Pitiyanuvath for engineering www. trackyourhappiness.org and R. Hackman, A. Jenkins, Data sets collectively represent every one of 86 major oc- Data sets W. Mendes, A.