1958 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 9639

E X T E N S I 0 N· S 0 F R E M A R K S

The Reciprocal Trade Agreements have or let them rust into uselessness? That overwhelmingly essential. It seems to me surely would be the height of folly and irre­ that this is the proper perspective in which Program sponsib111ty. And yet that is what would to view the reciprocal trade program and to happen if we scrapped the reciprocal trade weigh the many arguments pro and con that EXTENSION OF REMARKS program or crippled it with protectionist will fill the air over the next few months. amendments. I am pleased to report to you These, then, are the essential issues as I OF tonight that the Committee on Ways and see them. HON. HALE BOGGS Means, on which I am privileged to serve, We must be frank about it. This program has resisted these pressures to destroy or cut may cause competitive disturbances and in­ OF LOUISIANA the program. We have reported a good bill jury to small segments of the American IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that is faithful to the principles of our pro­ economy. But that is no reason to throw over gram. I say we do have weapons to fight Tuesday, May 27, 1958 the big idea, the good idea. The benefits this war, weapons that are battle-tested from our trade policy both in terms of the Mr. BOGGS. Mr. Speaker, under and ready and the trade-agreements program benefits to our own econmy as well as in leave to extend my remarks in the is one of these. terms of our national security, are so over­ We must recognize, however, that there whelming that they cannot possibly be per­ ·RECORD I include the following address Is an important difference between what we which i delivered before the World Trade mi~ted to be reversed by the special interests can do through our trade policy and what of a few. The United States economy makes Club of Cincinnati, Ohio on May 20, 1958: the Soviet bloc can and is doing with its adjustments each year to changing competi­ I was particularly pleased to receive your trade policy. In the case of the Soviet bloc tive circumstances that dwarf into insignifi­ kind invitation to speak before the Cincin­ it is the Government that is engaging di­ cance the kinds of adjustments that would nati World Trade Club. rectly in foreign trade, making deals de­ be required in response to a more liberal I need not emphasize the vital importance signed to exploit weak points in the Free trade policy. By and large I feel that the fu­ of the reciprocal tr~de agreements program World economic picture. The basic philoso­ ture growth potential of the United States to your area, and it is on this subject· that phy of our trade program is that govern­ economy will permit these adjustments to I should like to address my remarks today. ments should progressively remove barriers take place without any undue burden on We must look at our trade policy in the to trade so that it will move in response to any segment of the economy or any group perspective of the times. The Soviet Union the needs and decisions of thousands upon of individuals or individual businesses. is challenging us in the struggle for men's thousands of individual businessmen con­ Nevertheless, we cannot afford to undermine minds everywhere. Significantly, the new ducting their businesses in an atmosphere of our program because of the fears, either real Soviet Ambassador to the United States is an . freedom of enterprise. That is the funda­ or imaginary, or what the adverse conse­ expert on trade and equally significant, the mental difference that reflects the basic quences of that program might be on the number two man of the Soviet Union, the philosophies of our two systems and it is a few. Indeed, where problems do arise it Deputy Premier, Mr. Anastas Mikoyan, is a difference that needs emphasis. If we really seems to me that we can exercise our imagi­ trade expert; It has been Mikoyan who has believe in free societies and as~ociations of nation suffi.cien tly to devise other ways of used trade to get a grip on the economies of men, of which free enterprise is one of the treating these problems, ways that would such varied countries as Egypt, Syria, Burma, cornerstones, then it is important to put not undermine or do violence to the basic Iceland, and now missions are to be found all freedom to work for us in the field of trade policy we wish to pursue. over Latin America negotiating for Brazilian relations. The greatest danger to the trade-agree­ coffee, Argentine wheat and beef, Chilean This long-run contest is, after all, a con­ ments program, however, does not come from copper, wool from Uruguay, and similar raw test of ideologies, of economic and political those who would like to throw it overboard, materials. · systems. We seek to unleash the energies, and who would vote against any extension The events of the last fortnight in Latin the initiative, the ingenuity of freemen of the program. Rather it comes from those America demonstrate more eloquently than throughout the Free World for · the purpose who are willing to vote for extension of the any words that I may command the effi­ of developing the economic life of that world trade-agreements program if-and that is a ciency with which the Communists exploit so that the benefits of increasing produc­ pretty big if-if ·amendments are made in it our trade diffi.culties. Of course, all of the t! vity and growth can be shared by all. that will take care of certain groups ·who demonstrations in Latin Amel;'ica against our :Trade, and expanding trade, in an atmos­ want protection, or if some of the procedures Vice President were Communist inspired. phere of greater · and greater freedom is a under the program are changed, or if the :But, had it not been for 'festering discontent vital means of accomplishing that objective. period of extension is something less than caused by our lack of policy in trade matters Our greatest strength, therefore, is also _· our 5 years, or if the authority to reduce tariffs toward many of these countries, I doubt if greatest weapon. It is strange then that is something less than 25 percent. It ill the Communists would have been quite so so many leaders of business at home who from this kind of alleged proponent of the successful. believe in free enterprise call for Govern­ program that the greatest danger to the In this connection let me read a quotation ment interference the moment trade crosses program lies. from a recent article in Business Week maga­ a national frontier. I think our committee in reporting the zine concerning the Soviet trade offensive: There is a second important characteristic bill that we have, has served the interests of "The Communists, for their part, are play­ of the trade policy that deserves more atten­ our foreign trade program well. We have ing the political angles just as they did in tion than it has received. Unlike other pro­ recommended a 5-year extension of the re­ 1955 before the last summit meeting. Soviet posed solutions to the difficulties that beset ciprocal trade agreements program and au­ leaders keep stressing that 'mutually ad­ us, such as greater military expenditures and thority for the President to reduce duties by vantageous economic ties' will help ease in­ increasing foreign aid, trade is a weapon 25 percent, as the President requested. We ternational tension. From more normal that brings us good returns today and in the have made some other amendments in the trade relations the Communists obviously future. By making trade freer and permit­ legislation, many of which are of a technical hope to gain political respectability. ting it to expand, we are not only letting it nature. There is one amendment that I am "That would speed their political penetra­ go to work as an effective instrument of for­ sure you have already read about and that tion of the Free World and help promote eign policy and as a tool for strengthening you will hear more about in the future. their already fast-expanding trade with the the Free World and, therefore, indirectly That is an amendment which would permit underdeveloped countries, including Latin weakening the Soviet bloc, we are also-and both Houses of Congress by a two-thirds America. In addition, the Reds probably this is fundamental-adding to our own eco­ vote of each House to put in effect recom­ stand to gain some real, if marginal, eco­ nomic strength, improving our own econom­ mendations of the Tariff Commission under nomic advantages from increased trade with ic productivity, giving better and more jobs the escape clause after the President has re­ the West." to people in the United States, providing fused to do so. I am frank to say that I did Just a few months ago Mr. Khrushchev ourselves with increasing raw materials at not like this amendment, for I think there told American reporters in Moscow: "We de­ lower costs and giving the consumer a great­ are sufficient procedures and provisions in clare war on you-excuse me for using such er break in terms of the range of things he existing law that can offer remedies for an expression-in the peaceful field of trade. can buy and the prices he has to pay for domestic industries that are seriously in­ "We declare a war we will win over the them. Viewed entirely from the point of jured as a · result of import competition. I United States. The threat to the United view of our selfish economic interests as a States is not the ICBM, but in the field of nation, freer and expanding trade would be do think that the amendment that the com­ peaceful productions. We are relentless 1n a policy that is very desirable to follow. But mittee accepted was carefully worked out to this and it will prove the superiority of our when in addition to purely selfish economic be consistent with the basic framework of system." interests, we add the dimension of foreign the trade-agreements program. Although I How shall we respond to this new chal­ policy and the contribution that trade can think that our committee's b111 is a good b111, lenge? How do we propose to fight this new make to the economic health and prosperity and I should point out that all its amend­ kind of war and with what weapons? Can of the Free World, then the development of ments have been accepted by the adminis­ we afford to throw away what weapons we an effective and sound trade policy becomes tration, I must say in all candor that it is a 9640 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-" HOUSE May 27 baste minimum that should not be compro­ these restrictions against United States Im­ gathered in their homeland, at the foot mised if we are to have a meaningful trade­ ports are very burdensome on our export agreements program in the years ahead. I trade, and progress has been made in their of their historic Mount Ararat, and pro­ say this for reasons that are very important. . removal over the last few years. But they claimed their independence on May 28, Let me cite one that relates to the extension were put on and they exist today because of 1918. for 5 years and autho-rity to reduce tariffs by the need to protect the J:!alance of payments The newly born state began under se­ 25 percent. I believe that this feature of and foreign-exchange reserves of these coun­ vere handicaps. Economically it was in the bill is absolutely essential. tries. The dollar shortage is still a problem 1·uins; politically it was insecure. Never­ One of the leading amendments being that confronts a great many countries. If theless, in the course of about 2 years a talked about most provides for a 3-year ex­ you don't have enough dollars to pay for all democratic government was instituted tension. Now it is perfectly true that in the the goods you want, you have to ration the past the trade agreements legislation has supply of dollars for use on goods that enjoy there. It was recognized by the leading been extended for a maximum of 3 years from the highest priority. powers of the West, and it succeeded in time to time. Why then, should it be ex­ The fact is that in 1957 our exports of mer­ mainta ining the country's precarious in­ tended for 5 years as the President has asked? chandise exceeded our imports by $6 billion dependence. In the fail of 1920, however, The J~,nswer is very simple. Through a 5-year and foreign countries lost some $800 million the enemies of freedom and independ­ extension we hope to accomplish something of reserves in that period. ence were readied to attack Armenia. that could not be accomplished by a 3-year Surely the best way to gain the removal The combined Communist Russian and extension. We hope to enter into a mean­ ,of these restrictions against United States ingful trade agreement with the six coun­ exports is to increase the dollar earnings of nationalist Turkish forces put an end to tries that make up the common market in foreign countries, to close that $6 billion gap Armenia's independence early in Decem­ Europe and possibly with several of the other by increased trade. Instead of taking the ber of 1920. Since then, independent countries who make up the larger free-trade constructive route that offers a long-run Armenia lives only in the memory of area in Europe for the purpose of reducing solution to the problem, the protectionists freedom-loving and patriotic Armenians. the tariffs that they will be imposing against want to imitate these varied devices that will They celebrate their independence day in goods from the outside, particularly from further burden International trade. due solemnity wherever they are per­ the United States. A 5-year extension is nec­ These are just some of the amendments essary so that such an effective agreement _to the legislation that are now being pro­ mitted to do so. I join them in the cele­ can come into being. The timing of the posed. There will certainly be others. There bration of the 40th anniversary Inde­ common market is such that the first .ad­ will be many ingenious attempts to scuttle pendence Day. justment in the external tariff of the 6 will and undermine the reciprocal trade-agree­ take place in 1962, that is, 4 yea:t:s hence. ments program. These have to be fought That will be the time to effect a change and defeated if we are to have a program that in their external tariffs to the advantage makes sense in terms of the position of ouT Dedication of the Shippingport (Pa.) of our trade. Now it takes time to nego­ country in the world today. Atomic Power Station tiate a trade agreement and more than that Yes, I think we have a crisis In our trade we need preparatory time so that the six policy today. I think it will still be difficult will be on notice of our intent to e_nter to obtain a strong new law, although the ac­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS into a trade agreement with them. With 1;\ tion of our committee is very encouraging in OF 3-year extension of authority, the President this respect. would find himself without authority to But at the same time I am confident-! HON. JAMES E. VAN ZANDT enter a trade agreement just at the time am cautiously confident-that we will suc­ OF PENNSYLVANIA when he would be able to use that authority ceed, for I believe that the ·American people IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in making a trade agreement with the com­ recognize what is at issue in this fight. We mon market. have an awesome responsibility. One that Tuesday, May 27, i95~ There are other amendments that will be must be shared by every citizen, by every Mr. VAN ZANDT. Mr. Speaker, on pushed by the opponents of the trade-agree­ Member of the Congress, and not the least of ments program both in the House and in the all, the President of the United States, whose Monday, May 26, the world's first full.;. Senate after the House completes action, position will be crucial in the course that this scale atomic power station devoted ex­ which I hope and expect will sustain the legislation follows through the Congress of clusively tO peaceful uses was dedicated decisions of our committee. Many of these the United States. The stakes are therefore at Shippingport, Pa., in accordance with amendments would, in effect, return the high and we have to play to win. If we do, the following program: whole process of fixing rates of duties to we will win, and the rewards will flow for 12:50 p. m.: Welcome, Philip A. Fleger, the Congress without regard to the Presi­ many years to come. dent and without regard to the obligations chairman of the board, Duquesne Light Co. 1 p. m., dedication (on television): Re­ that we have undertaken in trade agree­ marks by Ph111p A. Fleger, chairman of the ments negotiated under the program so far. board, Duquesne Light Co.; Mark W. Cresap, Such amendments, of course, turn the Armenian Independence Day Jr., president, Westinghouse Electric Corp.; clock back to the Smoot-Hawley days: This Lewis L. Strauss, Chairman, United States means that Congress would be attempting Atomic Energy Commission; the Honorable to write thousands upon thousands of tariff EXTENSION OF REMARKS James E. VanZandt, member, Congressional rates. Imagine, if you will, the log-rolling OF and back-scratching which would be substi­ Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. tuted for a constructive foreign-trade policy; HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER Dedication (from Washington) by Presi­ The late Senator Arthur Vandenberg, after dent Dwight D. Eisenhower. . (At the con­ the tremendous labors of the Smoot-Hawley OF NEW YORK clusion of his dedication speech the Presi­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dent will wave a neutron wand over a neu­ tariff, commented that never again should-the tron counter which, by remote control, will Congress attempt to write a general tarHI Tuesday, May 27, 1958 bill. He pointed out the utter fut111ty of open the main valve on the turbine gener­ ator at Shippingport and raise the electric this attempt and since that time the ~umber Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, May 28, of commodities subject to tariff rates has 1958, marks the 40th anniversary of Ar­ power load to full capacity, 60,000 kilowatts, increased by many, many thousands. sending electricity into homes, stores, and menian Independence Day. industrial plants in the Pittsburgh district. A third type of amendment that is being Armenian Independence Day is not proposed would provide for the extensive use Both the wand and the neutron counter of import quotas as a means of regulating marked as a great, or significant event were used by the Pres~dent for the Ship­ in world history, but that day marks a pingport groundbreaking, September 6, manufactured imports. This is to my mind 1954.) a most curious and ·dangerous kind of prop­ momentous landmark for the Armenian osition. One of the major arguments that I people. That day stands for the rebirth Representing the Congressional Joint have heard the opponents of this legisla­ of Armenia as a nation after the lapse of Committee on Atomic Energy, it was my tion make over the years is that the recipro­ more than 500 years. The Armenian privilege to deliver the following brief cal trade-agreements program has not been people had lost their national independ­ reciprocal enough. The argument is that address titled "Shippingport-Our An­ foreign countries have used import quotas, ence long before the discovery of Amer­ swer to the Russians": licensing arrangements, and exchange con­ ica, but they had succeeded in keeping SHIPPINGPORT-OUR ANSWER TO THE trols to regulate imports into their countries alive their nationaf consciousness for RUSSIANS and that the use of these weapons tends to freedom and independence. And for {Speech by Hon. JAMEs ·E. VANZANDT, mem­ reduce or ellminate the tari1f reciprocity holding to these ideals they were massa­ ber of the Joint Committee on Atomic that we expe~ted to ~njoy as a result of the cred by their implacable enemy, the Energy, at ceremony for dedication of traqe agreements that we have entered into Turks. During the First World War Shippingport plant on May 26, 1958) with them. Now, of course, as every busi-' n~arly 1 million _Armenians lost their It is a distinct honor for .me to have the· nessman familiar with foreign trade knows, lives, and the survivors of that holocaust privilege of representing the Congressional 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 9641 Joint Committee on Atomic Energy on this best mousetrap, and make an honest dollar Gurion, "Never mind. Have decided to important occasion. in the process, we will develop atomic power. keep the body in the Kremlin." From the standpoint of the Joint Commit­ If we encourage private industry and help Now that we have mentioned Israel, tee, our eyes have been foc'!-lsed on this proj­ it to get started for just a few more years in ect from its inception and this project 1s this new and difficult field we will lead the it might be appropriate to call attention truly considered one of our favorites. Russians. to the fact that Israel is hemmed in Already you have heard from distinguished This, then, 1s our answer to the Russian closely by enemy states. Wherever you guests on this program and you have 'been sputniks. are in Israel, you can well nigh see a furnished with many of the details of this, We are developing the atom for peaceful border. Conductors on the railroad the world's first commercial atomic power­ purposes and we are doing it by means of that goes to Tel Aviv from Jerusalem, go plant. partnership between Government and in­ through the cars and yell, "Ladies and Therefore I should like to touch bri~fiy dustry. gentlemen, please don't put your head on another aspect of this tremendous ac­ All of us, the Atomic Energy Commission, out of the state." complishment in the field of atomic energy. Admiral Strauss, Admiral Rickover, and the Just 2 weeks ago the Soviet Union Atomic Energy Commission laboratories, and . The other day in my desultory read­ launched Sputnik No. 3, a 3,000-pound satel­ the Duquesne and Westinghouse Co.'s can ing, I ran across a few Scotch jokes. lite, which 1s now circling the earth every be justifiably proud of this, the first all­ You know a Scotch joke is as persistent 106 minutes. commercial reactor. in growth as is the thistle; as universal The Soviets are tremendously proud of Let us consider it as a monument to Amer­ as whisky; sometimes as difilcult to their sputniks and, shortly after Sputnik ican genius and our system of free enterprise, understand as the bagpipes. No. 3 was launched, Soviet Premier Khru­ which is the envy of the world. shchev boasted to the world that Russian It is said that the kilt was invented advances in modern science and engineering Yes, Shippingport is our answer to Mr. because it had no pockets and what use were superior ·to those in the United States. Khrushchev and his sputniks. have the Scotch for pockets? We are here today, in my home State of I am told that in the treaty which Pennsylvania, to give the American answer concluded the union with England way to Mr. Khrushchev in dedicating the Ship­ back in 1707, the Scotch retained the pingport reactor which will be used for Some More Stories That Tickle-Excerpts right to manufacture whisky. That peaceful purposes and as the first step in the development of atomic power to benefit From Broadcast, June 15, 1958, New may be the reason why there is no the consumers in our country and in the York Station, WINS · English whisky-only Scotch whisky. Free World. Speaking of whisky, I recall the story of It is true that the Soviets have made tre­ Lady Astor speaking in the interests of mendous accomplishments in modern rocket­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS temperance. It was during the time of ry, obtaining a thrust which many experts OF . our "noble experiment"-or shall we say have estimated to be around 500,000 pounds. ignoble experiment," namely, prohibi­ But of what value are the Soviet rockets HON. EMANUEL CELLER tion. She was addressing a group of to Ivan consumer, who is still enjoying an OF NEW YORK inferior standard of living? rough and grimy London dockworkers. While the Soviets have been: working· on IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES In speaking of .the perils of drink, she their rockets we in the United States have Tuesda_y, May 27! 1958 said, ''I'd rather commit adultery than been working on a vigorous defense program, drink a glass of beer." The dockworkers and, at· the same time, have been making a Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, in one of with one voice yelled, "Who wouldn't?'' reality of President Eisenhower's pledge of my previous broadcasts, I included som~ Now back to Scotland again, I am told atoms for peace. stories and witticisms. I also told of the Last October I visited Soviet Russia for an example of rigid economy is a dead gentle art of insult. There has been a Scot. And of course, there was the 6 days, together with some of my colleagues considerable number of requests ·for on the Joint. Committee, and inspected Rus­ Scotchman:who sent his·pajamas to the sia's atomic energy research centers. · more. This,.therefore, is sort of a repeat laundry with a sock in each pocket. Again and again we asked to see-the large­ performance. · · The Scotch doctor lay dying. After scale atomic powerplants which the Soviets I have been reading John Gunth_er's 50 years of helping others into and out ha,d previously claimed to be under con­ Inside Russia, and he tells of a gathering of this world, he himself was to be called struction. , at the Turkish Embassy. Former Am­ to face death, the noblest experiment of We were given evasive answers, delays, and bassador Bohlen introduced John Gun­ refusals. · them all. With almost .his last breath Does this mean that the Soviets have ther to Khrushchev as a writer and jour­ he said to his wife, the faithful com­ abandoned their atomic-power program and nalist. Thereupon, Khrushchev gave it panion of his joys and sorrows: "When are doing little or nothing to develop atoms as his opinion that journalists were an I'm to be buried I want a nameplate on for peace? extremely low breed of cats. This strong my coffin.'' "Ye shall have it," assured Shippingport to me is a good answer to the remark was as unexpected as it was the widow7 to"':be; and contentedly, the ~ussian sputniks, since in this <;ountry we boorish. ·Gunther saw a few feet away ancient physician turned his face tQ have built an atomic powerplant that is ex­ Shepilov, who was then foreign minister. clusively for peaceful purposes. the wall. And on the morning of his This reactor is the first of a series of large­ He was conducting some sort of press funeral the passersby noticed that the scale .atomic powerplants_:_fz:om which will conference. . Gunther remembered that polished brass plate which had graced stem the secrets of the art---,.as far as atomic he had been editor of Pravda. Gunther the doctor's doerpost was missing; and power is co~cerned. then responded to Khrushchev, "If you the graveside standers read through their In addition, this reactor is a good example have such a low opinion of journali~ts, tears, as they lowered the casket into of Government and private industry pioneer­ why did you make a journalistyour for­ , the earth, "Angus Abernethy, M. D., Ing together in a new field of great technical eign r.linister?'~ Khrushchev reddened. difficulties. Truly it is free enterprise at its office hours, 9 to 11 a. m.'' best. He replied, "He is the only good journal­ It was a Scotchman who walked into Therefore, the Russians should take a good ist in Russia, so . we had to ~tve him a a dairy and asked for a pound of butter look at private industry in this country, and job.'' That must have made the faces of wrapped in today's paper. carefully examine this partnership between many other journalists red. "Jock, why are you beating your little Government and business. It is said that when Stalin died and boy?" "He bought an all-day sucker at In Russia, the Government owns every~ Khrushchev was on his · rampage of 3 o'clock in the afternoon." thing, and there is no competition with the Government, as Mr. Bulganin, General Zhu­ de-Stalinization he did not know what to When they reduced the carfare in kov, Mr. Malenkov, and scores of others can do with the body of Stalin. He cabled Glasgow from eightpence to sixpence the testify. Eisenhower whether he would want the natives were furious. It enabled them But here things are different. body of Stalin. Eisenhower cabled back. to save only sixpence instead of eight­ Even in this very first reactor private in­ "We don't take Commies, dead or alive." pence by walking home. dustry participated and I would like to con­ Khrushchev then cabled Eden. Eden One cautious Scotsman r~fused to go gratulate the Westinghouse Electric Corp. said he was embarrassed enough by Suez to a banquet because he did not know and Duquesne Light Co. for helping·to share part of the cost burden for thiS' first proto- and, therefore, would not take Stalin. what the word gratis on the invitation type reactor. . Khrushchev then cabled Ben Gurion ·of meant. Next morning he was found In this country we believe in private in­ Israel, asking him to take Stalin. Ben dead before an open dictionary. dustry and in competition. Gurion replied, ''We will take the body' Sandy pulled out his handkerchief and We believe that through the normal Amer­ but remember Israel is the land of res-. a set of false teeth hit the deck. "They ican incentives and the desire to make the urrection." Khrushchev cablea ,cBen · are t~e _ auld woman's," he explained, 9642 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 21 picking them up. "I caught her eating it does draw our attention sharply south­ during basic industry in an area of Cuba between meals." ward once again-toward Latin America, .which is almost-literally a wilderness. Sandy's wife lay very ill. In fact, the where only a few months ago our prestige It is a major breakthrough in the devel­ doctor had as good as said that the end and our pride were heavily hit by the opment of Cuban minerals, and it may was only a question of time. Beside the reception accorded Vice President NixoN.. very well herald a future for Cuba as bed, by the light of a single candle, . At the time of that violently anti­ one of the principal mining centers of Sandy kept watch. Eventually he found American outbreak, this count:ry began -the world. For the same ores which it necessary to leave the room for.a short some earnest soul searching about our ·yield nickel and cobalt may also one time. Latin American policy-where it had day yield iron, chrome, and other valu­ "Are ye all right, Maggie?" he ques- failed and what direction it might now .able metals. .. tioned. take-with the aim of restoring some . Of course, the main question at issue­ "As right as I can be this late along," measure of Pan American amity. One in the light of our difficulties elsewhere came the hoarse reply. thing was clear then. One thing is clear in Latin America-is what do the Cubans "Well, I am leavin' ye for a minute or now. We must make absolutely certain think of all this. And, on this question, so. But Maggie-if ye feel yersel' .that our aid programs do not simply the kidnapings shed considerable light. slippin', will ye blow out the candle?" enrich the already rich, to the neglect Throughout this ugly interlude, virtually Now back to England. The English are of the poor. We must endeavor to help all of the Cubans employed by the proj­ sticklers for protocol. I journeyed to .raise standards <>f living for the mass ect stayed right on the job. Though the London some years ago with an impor­ of the people, and avoid contributing entire top management had ·been spirited tant piece of legal business. My solicitors to the imbalance of wealth which is al­ ·away, the construction crews kept the were the firm of Littleton, Littleton, Lit­ ready so prevalent in the area. work going on schedule. Such was the tleton & Littleton. I sought to phone In our consideration of ways and means loyalty of the Cubans to this American one of the partners. After reaching their to achieve this much-to-be-desired end, undertaking that a group of foremen office on the phone, I asked.for Mr. Little­ it would seem to me to be fruitful to stranded in Santiago during the trouble ton. The voice on the other end said with examine those United States projects in actually undertook to charter a plane a decided English accent, "Sorry, sir, Latin America which appear to be al­ to the job site so that the work would but Mr. Littleton is grouse hunting in ready accomplishing our purpose and not suffer. Scotland" I then asked again for a Mr. which may therefore have a lesson for This, I submit. is a sound tribute to Littleton. "Sorry, sir," said the voice us in our future efforts to mend our badly the project and to the Americans who. again, "Mr. Littleton is on vi-cation." damaged fences. The kidnaping in despite formidable difficulties, are bring­ "Well," I rejoined, "I'd like to speak to Cuba puts the spotlight on just such a ing the project into existence. It is tan­ Mr. Littleton." I fear you cannot," re­ project. The scene of the crime was a gible evidence that we can do a good job plied the voice, "for he's ill in the place in northeast Cuba called Moa Bay, of foreign aid. 'ospital." I finally added, "Well, can't where a vast nickel- and cobalt-mining Yet the project does not come under I speak to a Mr. Littleton?" "This is venture is taking shape-a venture any foreign-aid program as such. Ac­ Littleton speaking," finally said the voice which, to my way of thinking, represents tually it was made possible as a result meekly on the other end of the phone. the best kind of aid to Latin American 'of the Defense Production Act. Here is Do you know where the word "tip'' countries. a little of the background. originated? Of all places, Scotland. . A Let me give you a thumbnail sketch The United States has little nickel of Scotchman originated the custom of of the project, which is being conducted 'its own. The Nation has been dependent tipping. by Cuban American Nickel Co., a sub­ on imports-mainly from a single com­ In the early days the English railroad sidiary of Freeport Sulphur Co., and pany in Canada. These imports for trains stopped at the stations for meals. which is creating for the United States years have been inadequate to meet our Naturally the travelers had to dine a major new source of. strategic nickel defense and civilian needs. Congres­ quickly. And once a Scotchman placed and cobalt. sional committees repeatedly have urged a sixpence beside his plate to attract at­ The first step will be the mining of that the Nation's nickel supply be in.:. tention of the waiter. The habit spread ore from the hills above Moa Bay. The -creased. The United States is by far quickly and soon the owner of the tavern ore will then be concentrated in a large­ placed a sign over the door, reading: "'To plant near the mine, and the concen­ the largest user of nickel-and would be insure prompt service, pay the owner." trates will be shipped to Port Nickel, strategically helpless without it. Nickel The first letters of the words "to insure near New Orleans. There the concen­ is essential for defense-in radar, in the prompt service," make up the word tl·ates will be treated in a refinery to Bomarc missile, in atomic-fieet units, in "tips." produce nickel and cobalt in metallic the B-58 bomber, in the experimental form. The annual productive capacity X-15 aircraft for space exploration. Ac­ will be 50 million pounds of nickel and ·cordingly, the prime objective of this We Can Do a Good Job of Foreign Aid 4,400,000 pounds of cobalt. _Cuba-Louisiana project was to enable A total of $119 million is being in­ the Office of Defense Mobilization to vested-$75 million of it in Cuba-to reach its nickel expansion goal-an ob­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS jective, I might add, which has been OF bring this project into being. It repre­ sents the .largest single privately fi­ attained. HON. HALE BOGGS nanced industrial enterprise in the his­ The project is an interesting example OF LOUISIANA tory of Cuba. of cooperation among governments, pri­ vate industry, and financial institutions. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Construction is currently underway, and production will begin in the summer In the first" place, the United States Gov­ Tuesday, May 27, 1958 of 1959. There now are some 2,500 cu­ ernment, acting through General Serv­ Mr. BOGGS. Mr: Speaker, We are bans employed on the job, and when the ices Administration, entered into a con­ all relieved over the release of the construction phase is over and the oper~ tract with Cuban American Nickel Co. American mining men kidnaped in Cuba ation settles down to commercial pro- under which the Government agreed to by revolutionaries. They have been re­ . duction, there will be permanent, year­ buy, at the market prices in effect at the turned to their jobs and homes in good round employment for more than 1,000 time of the agreement and within. certain health and apparently none the worse Cubans. This is tremendously impor• limits, the nickel and cobalt tendered to for wear. tant to a country which is built almos~ it during the early years of operation. The news was especially welcome to us entirely on a seasonal sugarcane econ­ The Government also granted acceler­ in Louisiana, for the great industrial omy, and which must wrestle everlast• ated ·tax amortization with respect to a project on which these men were work­ ingly with an employment problem. substantial portion of the cost of the ing-and are now again working-is In addition, many millions of dollars facilities. The C~ban Government, in partly a Louisiana venture, and the ex­ will accrue to our Cuban friends through turn, accorded the project the. special tax captives have many friends and neigh­ taxpayments and purchases, and status to _which new industries are en­ bors in my State. through the growth of serviee industries. titled under Cuban law. It is difficult to read any sense into And this is no one-shot proposition. · On the strength of these arrangements, this strange, nightmarish episod-e. But This is the creation of a new and en-· Cuban American Nickel Co. was then 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 9643 able to borrow from a group of banks a Politicians in both major parties have almost empty continent, and upon the substantial part of the capital require· constructed dream worlds to accommodate thought and labor of a group of exception­ ments. The remaining requirements the faithful who are afraid to face reality. In ally gifted men, dead more than a century the Democratic dream world the Federal ago. Fighting stoicism and apathy should were supplied by Freeport and by six steel Treasury is an inexhaustible horn of plenty; be the most important duty of young Re­ and automobile companies, all large con­ progress is inevitable, A- and H-bombs to publicans. No person has any moral right sumers of nickel. The six companies also the contrary notwithstanding; and self­ to sit on the sidelines and view with sar­ agreed to purchase substantial amounts reform follows automatically on the heels of donic detachment a world sinking into bar­ of nickel under certain conditions and social reform. barism and decadence. received the right to purchase additional The Republican dream world, followed by · There are many reasons why numerous amounts. but few, looks more to the past than to t:Qe Americans are worried about the submerg­ future. In this dream world national iso­ ence of the individual by the state. Time The United States Government, thus, lation is a practical foreign policy; the is being called upon for very little. There permits me to mention only a few. rugged individualism of the long gone fron­ Consider, for example, the capitulation of is no direct foreign aid involved at the tier is a cherished ideal; and all the anxie­ many schools to what is called progressive or expense of the United States taxpayer. ties of the modern age are ascribed to some life adjustment education. This is by no There is no United States Government political plot or conspiracy. means the etcclusive concern of conservatives. money risked in loans. In fact, the Gov­ The Democratic dream world is commonly called liberal; the Republican, conservative. Almost as many liberals have warned about ernment may never participate even to Neither label quite fits. Both major parties the proliferation of courses having little or the extent of buying nickel and cobalt. have usually managed to satisfy members no intellectual content. You can't bring a. It is quite possible that all of the output of widely varying political coloration. girl into contact with our cultural heritage will be sold to private industry. Leaving the dream world of politics, we by having her write essays on how to clean To sum up the significance of the un­ find many real problems for which a liberal up the city dump or how to hem a dress. philosophy of government wlll provide one You can't teach a boy chemistry or physics dertaking, it is providing the United if he prefers to get equal academic credit for States with a new source of strategic answer and a conservative philosophy an­ other. However, there is a rapidly growing playing in the school band or for learning nickel. It has helped enable the Office of number of crucial issues for which no answer how to drive a car. Defense Mobilization to meet its nickel can be found in either liberal or conservative It is on the quality, I repeat, on the quality, expansion goal. It not only is helping doctrine. A political party which has the of American education that the long-range Cuba qut also is providing some 600 jobs courage to face these new problems and the effectiveness of our foreign and national de­ in my State and is contributing in many intelligence to solve them holds the key to fense policies wholly and absolutely depends. other ways to Louisiana's better-than­ human survival and human freedom. I I will 9onced~ that on this issue of so-called hope, and I believe, that the Republican progressive education the differences be­ average strength in the current reces· tween the Republican and Democratic par­ sion. Most important, projects in Latin Party will assume this grave responsibility. The first necessity is a searching reap­ ties are somewhat blurred. But differences America such as this are helping to cre­ praisal of the goals of our society and the do exist. Republicans are not so foolish as ate friendly relations with our neighbors relationship which ought to exist between to believe that the ills of our educational sys­ to the south and a solid front of good will. our society and that of other peoples. In tem can be cured by bandages made Of green­ suggesting that neither liberalism nor con­ backs; or that some good doctor in Washing­ servatism provides any rule of thumb for sal­ ton has a sovereign remedy. We know that vation, I do not mean that we should scuttle .a decent respect for learning must be won Republicans Face the Future the traditional tenets of either philosophy. at the local community level, not only in the In the future, as in the past, we shall need local schools, but in homes and churches as the conservative's reluctance to fling away .well. We know also that if parents expect EXTENSION OF REMARKS the lessons taught by the long struggle of something for nothing from Washington OF human beings to free themselves from des­ their children will naturally believe that potic or paternalistic authority. We shall their teachers, not they, must bear the labor­ HON. WILLIAM E. MINSHALL need also the conservative's disinclination ing oar in the classroom. OF OHIO to accept, in the place of these lessons of his­ Liberals and conservatives, Republicans tory, the slogans used to justify the vesting and Democrats, seem equally disturbed about IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of authority and responsibility in a central­ an obvious decline in morality and by what Tuesday, May 27, 1958 ized bureaucracy. seems, in spite of increased church attend­ In the future, as in the past, we shall need ance, to be a weakening of religious faith. Mr. MINSHALL. Mr. Speaker, the the liberal's compassion as reflected in the Obviously, there is no political solution. we distinguished senior Senator from Ohio abolition of slavery; the liberal's tolerance may well be concerned, however, about the the Honorable JOHN W. BRICKER, on May for unorthodox views, as evidenced by op­ steady expounding of a collectivist social 24 addressed the Ohio State Convention position to censorship; and the liberal's in­ gospel. It was this gospel to which Dr. of Young Republicans, and it is with sistence on political equality, as shown by Henry Wriston referred in his convocation great pleasure that I bring to the at­ extension of the franchise to women. Un­ address several years ago at the Yale Divinity tention of my colleagues his remarks. fortunately, we live in a time when words are School. It is easier, said Dr. Wriston, "to The address follows: mercilessly abused and, often, deliberately ride the crest of the new wave of the future distorted. Traditionally, "liberal" referred of social reform and legislative equalization REPUBLICANS FACE THE FUTURE to persons who wanted to emancipate in­ than to preach individual responsibility." (Address of Senator JoHN W. BRICKER before dividuals and groups so that they might The Republican Party has been less willing the Ohio State Convention of Young Re­ freely exercise their powers, so far as this than the Democratic Party to supply the publicans, Cleveland, Ohio, May 24, 1958) could be done without injury to others. surfboard. This is a campaign year. This is a Re- Nowadays, liberal, more often than not, iden­ There has been, in general, a dangerous publican audience. But in discussing the tifies a particular type of collectivist. weakening of political, social, and moral tra­ future with you this evening, I am going to Nine years ago Bob Taft said, "the battle ditions. The results are reflected in increased look beyond November, 1958. between liberty and totalitarian government juvenile delinquency; in growing rates of There are several reasons why I take the permeates every problem of life." That is divorce; in disrespect for the constitution­ long view. In the first place, I suspect you even more true today. ally reserved powers of the States; in a are not interested in hearing a political pep We like to think that men and women wm shrinkage of the sense of individual initia­ talk. You know the record of this adminis­ never surrender the idea of freedom without tive and responsibility; in dehumanization tration. You know its frustrations in deal­ some struggle, big or Iitle, before they admit of labor; in increased pressures toward con­ ing with a Democratic Congress. You know defeat. Yet numerous Americans by their formity; in widespread social boredom; and, that President Eisenhower deserves a Re­ failure to vote seem to be admitting defeat. as I have previously mentioned, in anti-intel­ publican Congress during his last 2 years in The admission stems from a paralyzed ac­ lectualism. But what I especially want to office. ceptance of the idea that a complex web of emphasize is that our cherished traditions Also, I suspect you are more concerned circumstances-the bomb, big government, have been weakened much less by conscious about the next generation than about the the spread of communism, and so forth­ design than by strong impersonal forces. next election. If you are not, you certainly taken altogether, constitute a process of. Among these strong impersonal forces are ought to be! change so profound and so revolutionary a mushrooming population growth, rapidity And finally, I think you may be fed up that individuals have no choice but to resign of transport and communication, and fan­ with political panaceas, including those ad­ themselves to whatever the :(.uture may bring. tastic economic and scientific progress. vanced by Republicans. The huffing and Already we are hearing the rationalization The future of this great country of ours, the puffing of the great game of politics is for throwing in the towel before the fight for assuming we can avoid atomic annihilation tolerable, even amusing, in tranquil times. freedom is won. Freedom in America. we and Soviet conquest, will depend on how However, the perils of the hour do not per­ are told, was simply a piece of accidental and· successful you young people are in recon­ mit us to play with trifles. transitory good fortune, dependent upon an ciling the powerful impersonal forces of CIV--607 9644 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 27 which I have spoken with the political, eco­ provide some evidence of its willingness to which will be much needed as Americans nomic, and social institutions essential to negotiate in good faith. Those who argue move forward to cope with their current the preservation a.nd perpetuation of human for a summit conference without these con­ educational problems. freedom. I assure you that this will be no ditions being met have substituted wishful Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend easy task. The answer does not lie in any thinking for prudential logic. body of political doctrine. It has not yet An even more dangerous manifestation of my remarks in the RECORD, I include the been written into any party platform. But sentimentality is on the subject of nuclear following article: perhaps I can indicate by a few questions weapons testing. You will recall that the SOME IMPRESSIONS OF RUSSIA that the challenge to you young Republi­ Democratic Party's candidate for President in (By Congresswoman EDITH GREEN, of cans is greater by far than any presented 1956 called for stopping these tests without Oregon) to your elders. any enforcible agreement to insure Soviet How long can you gobble up 1,100,000 compliance. Since then, the hazards of (Pt. 1, April24, 1958) acres of farmland every year for highways, radioactive fallout have been grossly exag­ The one overriding impression I had as I factories, and subdivisions without destroy­ gerated. The gush of sentimentality on this left Russia was that it was a country of ing needed agricultural production or na­ subject has been so great as to partially ob­ startling contrasts-a country where the dead tional elbowroom in the great outdoors? scure these facts: hand of the past still shows its control in How are you going to close the gap be­ First. There is no real health danger in unexpected places but where over 200 million tween technological power, increasing on a the present rate of atomic-bomb testing. people are directed-and, more often than nearly vertical curve, and the relatively con­ Second. The problem of antimissile de­ not, dictated to-by a government that not stant supply of human wisdom and moral­ fense is insoluble if we halt these tests; only puts 5-year plans into operation but ity needed to control that power? Third. We have learned, as a result of these also fully expects to see long-range plans How are you going to adapt the organic tests, how to make clean bombs, which materialize. law written for a nation of 3 million people means that if global war cannot be avoided A country with an educational program, to a nation that may become almost as the human race will still have a fair chance immediate and long range, that is most im­ populous as India or China? of survival; pressive-almost un"believable-with a gov­ If people do not sink deep roots into rela­ Fourth. We have learned, as a result of ernment not only interested in launching tively stable communities, what substitute these tests, about many peaceful applications sputniks 'but also in launching a generation for community censure will you devise to of atomic energy; of highly educated citizens and milUons of check crime and immorality? Fifth. If we unilaterally stop our tests, the skilled technicians. Without abridging freedom of speech how Soviet Union can continue some of theirs A country where the government is actively are you going to cope with the political and without detection; and antireligious but where, despite the govern­ social dangers inherent in mediums of mass Sixth. Communist Russia has violated al­ ment's activities, the churches are crowded, communication concentrated in a few most every major international agreement it and at the Easter service, thousands of hands? has signed. young and old were on the streets vainly If the Republican Party does not have the Young Republicans in company with other trying to enter but being unable to find room answers to these questions on the horizon, young Americans face a difficult and challeng­ in the Greek Orthodox churches. at least it has the honesty not to pretend ing future. You and your friends, as reason­ A country where long lines form for 350 to have them. We can tell the voters in all able and honest men and women, may well rubles ($3.50) tickets to superb opera and honesty~ however, that unless the cold war disagree on how to solve problems without ballet performances at the Bolshoi Theater is honorably and peacefully ended there will precedent. But I hope you will tell as many every night except Monday but where long be no opportunity for free Americans to people as you can during this 1958 campaign lines also form to buy bread and other foods grapple with the problems of the future. in Ohio that there will be no future at all if which they carry home without benefit of And this brings me to the most immediate the balance of political power in this country any wrappings. concern of the American people-the power passes into the hands of those who are willing A country that can successfully launch of the Soviet Union and the moral irrespon­ to sign a suicide pact with the man who has a good-size satellite and build the magnifi­ sibility of its leaders. sworn to bury us all. cent Univers~ty of Moscow 33 stories high Foreign policy ought to be a major issue but builds "10 grade" schoolhouses that look in this campaign year. I am not one who 40 years old after only 2 years use. believes that politics should stop either at A people with tremendous interest and the water's edge or outside the doors of the Congresswoman Edith Green's Report on enthusiasm for music, dancing, and paint­ Pentagon. The people have a right to know ing, but who can give 'uttle, if any, expres­ and a duty to decide. It is unthinkable to Russian Education sion to their artistic tastes in their dress, stifie political discussion of issues inti­ their personal belongings, and their homes. mately related to the survival of the human EXTENSION OF REMARKS A people who lay great stress on the race. OF place and importance of women but who As Republicans we can be very proud of have crews of older women repairing streets, the record of the Eisenhower administra­ HON. AL ULLMAN throwing bricks into trucks, and shoveling tion in avoiding war while at the same time dirt. OF OREGON confining communism to virtually the same Moscow-a city where countless families territory it held 6 years ago. We can be IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES live in 1-room apartments and where several sure that President Eisenhower, notwith­ Tuesday, May 27, 1958 share kitchen and bathroom facilities, but a standing extreme Soviet provocation, is not city with a tremendous housing program going to abandon the quest for peace. Mr. ULLMAN. Mr. Speaker, following underway with miles of eight-story apart­ Moreover, the Republican Party will never her return from a recent trip to the So­ ment houses newly constructe·d. launch a war, or permit the Nation to be viet Union, Congresswoman EDITH A country which encourages its students dragged into war, for the purpose of solving to seek the truth in scientific matters and domestic unemployment. GREEN prepared a series of articles high­ lighting her impressions of Russia and encourages investigations into the unknown President Eisenhower and Republicans in in all the physical sciences, but which the Congress have avoided two extremes in of its educational system. While these teaches the "party line" only in Communist foreign policy. The adoption of either ex­ articles have already been published in ideology. treme position would be calamitous. The the Oregon press, I feel that they are of A people who claim they have complete first extreme is that we should not negotiate nationwide importance and that they freedom, but who must get a pass to go to with the Soviet Union except on the terms the library, school, or the Kremlin. of its dissolution. The overwhelming major­ will be of special interest to my col-. ity of Republicans and Democrats have re­ leagues. A country where the older people, by and jected the idea that the only alternative to As a member of the Committee on Edu­ large, are uneducated and untrained by the cold war is the unconditional surrender cation and, Labor, Mrs. GREEN has been American standards, but where this gener­ of the Soviet Union. ation is given educational opportunities un­ directly confronted with the educational di'eamed of by their parents. At the other extreme is a will to believe, challenge facing our Nation. She and in spite of a multitude of broken promises, A country which has undergone a violent that the rulers in the Kremlin can be trusted other members of the committee have revolution and has seen its cities, towns, to carry out agreements to end the threat of examined with close attention the educa­ and much of its industrial potential de­ mutual annihilation. This sentimental view tional system of the Soviet Union, con­ stroyed by war, but by 1958 launched the is largely confined to Democratic circles. sidering both the benefits and short­ first satellite, has jet passenger planes in Not many Democrats actually say we ought comings of that system. operation and is ahead of us in the devel­ to rush headlong in1;p a summit conference, I wish to take this opportunity to com­ opment of the ICBM. but many of them condemn as rigid and in­ What is the potential for 20 years from flexible the conditions imposed by President mend Mrs. GREEN for undertaking her now of this country of strange contrasts Eisenhower and Secretary of State Dulles. long and arduous trip. The firsthand when it is today spending 11 to 15 percent Those conditions are that adequate prepara-· knowledge which she has gained, coupled of its national budget on education? t1ons be made; that an agenda for the sum­ with her close familiarity with education What is the significance of this for the mit be agreed to; and that the Soviet Union in this country, provides a background United States and its educational system? 1.958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ~HOUSE 9645

SOME IMPRESSIONS OF RUSSIA enth grade, attention is concentrated on Ietin board outside the auditorium of stu­ (By Congresswoman EDITH GREEN of Oregon) the academically inclined. All studying is dents pioneering in the "Virgin Lands" (Si­ done at home; in talking with the students (Ft. 2, April 29, 1958) beria). I thought this averaged 4 hours a day. My student guide took me to classrooms, Russia is making a tremendous investment, Teachers in middle schools or at the Peda­ assembly halls, little theater, swimming not only in the sputniks today, but in the gogical Institutes with whom I talked knew pool, cafeterias, and laboratories. She said leaders of tomorrow. They obviously think nothing about achievement tests or IQ tests. there were 1,700 laboratories; I saw sev­ it worthwhile-to the tune of 68 billion Pure accomplishment is the yardstick. A eral that seemed to me exceptionally well rubles a year; this means about 12 percent new program has recently been started for equipped and also a fabulous museum in of their national budget is spent on educa­ the "wonder kids," a special training for the the geology department. tion. An additional amount is spent on most talented. About 25,000 students in Russia took post· science, estimated at 15 billion rubles. (The In the 10-grade schools, lunch is served graduate work this year. A new policy is in current rate of exchange is 10 rubles for a at 2:40 for the upper grades. The student effect requiring graduates to work for 2 dollar.) either brings his lunch or he can buy it for years before taking postgraduate courses; Moscow Middle School No. 6 is probably lYz rubles (15 cents). The parents com­ this is in all fields except theoretical sci­ a little above the average for the 600 mittee of the school arranges to give lunch ences. Quotas at graduate and undergrad­ 10-grade schools in the Soviet capital. But to the poor. The doctor and dentist come uate level can be and are manipulated the educational system is so standardized to the school three times a week; the nurse according to "the plan.'' Next year, for ex- , that there isn't too much difference between comes every day. ample, they will admit only 200 biology stu­ the best and the poorest. By a more concen­ After 4 o'clock those students with the dents. From observation and conferences, trated curriculum· and a 6-day week, the best grades may take additional classes at it was my impression that a very large per­ subject matter covered in 10 years corre­ the House of Pioneers. This 35-year-old centage of the graduates go into the teaching sponds roughly to what we teach in 12 years program is an expansion of the school pro­ field and this might again indicate tha.t of elementary and high school. gram after school, in the evenings and on education is the key to the whole Soviet pro­ I visited kindergartens, middle schools, Sunday. The Palace of Pioneers has 3,000 gram and that the cold war has been shifted lnternats, House of Pioneers, pedagogical in­ members. Each student is limited to two by the astute leaders in the Kremlin from stitutes and universities. The libraries "circles." This may be a circle for ad­ competition in physical strength to compe­ and laboratories I saw were exceedingly ·well­ vanced study in chemistry or music or for­ tition in brains. equipped. I don't pretend to be an expert in eign languages, or it may be a circle for In the 3,642 technicums, technicians are Soviet education; I was there only long special lessons in ballet or speech or paint­ being trained-technicians who can speak enough to scratch the surface. However, I ing or chess or any one of a dozen other English, German, French, Chinese, Arabic, or did take with me the knowledge and obser­ activities. The emphasis is not confined Hindi. I was forced to ask myself many vations made over several years of actual to science and mathematics. Great empha­ times, what is the Russian plan 10-20 years teaching in Oregon schools, plus a great sis is put on languages and the fine arts. from now especially in the underdeveloped amount of study and testimony given before Many of the statues around the city are of countries of the world. I visited a peda­ the House Education and Labor Committee famous poets or painters or musicians, as gogical institute and talked with the head in regard to education in the U.S.S.R. It is well as the statues of Lenin and Stalin. At of the pedagogical branch of the Academy impossible to compare all aspects of Amer­ the House of Pioneers, the school uniform of Scientists; this institution is concerned ican and Soviet systems of education. Each is not required. Originally the Pioneers only about pedagogical research. system has its own strengths-its own weak­ were organized as a Communist youth I asked about teacher training and was nesses. group. Now, more emphasis is placed on told they require practice teaching for 8 It is well established that all Russian Communist indoctrination for those a little weeks; about 25 percent of the courses are schools are teaching foreign languages­ older in the Young Communist League. on methods and psychology and about 75 Life is extremely serious for Soviet percent on subject matter. English, German, or French and, ~n ~orne I visited with many teachers who spoke experimental schools, Chinese, H1nd1, or youth-although juvenile delinquency is a problem there, too. Communist youth English. A tenth grade beginning teacher is Ar&.bic. I am told there are 41,000 English paid 900 rubles ($90) a month for 18 hours teachers in Russia; in every school I visited leaders are discouraging rock and roll, and work a week. If that teacher works 27 there was at least one who spoke English very talking about the rise in "hooliganism." With all the grimness and the relatively hours a week she is paid 1,350 rubles a well. Ordinarily the fifth grader start~ the low standard of living, the Russians are not month. The 27 -hour week includes time study of a foreign language, but in M1ddle spent correcting papers or in extracurricular School No.6, English is studied in the second without a sense of humor. I attended a puppet theater one evening. The opening activities at the House of Pioneers. Those grade. A second grade class of 38 is divided who supervise are paid more. University into 3 small groups to study a ·foreign act was a choir of 60 voices-60 robed pup­ pets on the stage singing in beautiful har­ professors may be paid 5,000 rubles a month. language. In second to fifth grades, they Teachers may retire at 40 percent of their have reading, writing and conversations in mony: "We eat vitamins; we eat vitamins A, B, C, and D; we eat vitaminE; those who salary or after 25 years they may continue English. In sixth and seventh . grades this to teach part or full time and draw in addi­ program is expanded. In the eighth grade eat vitamins will be healthy and live until they die." tion a pension equivalent to 40 percent of they have a study of world geography in their basic salary. English. In the ninth grade history and SOME IMPRESSIONS OF RUSSIA In the schools in Kiev and at the Univer­ literature in English, and in the lOth grade sity of Kiev, it seemed to me there was much a study of English literature. Tenth graders (By Congresswoman EDITH GREEN, of Oregon) greater freedom; teachers were anxious to carried on 15-minute discussions in beautiful (Pt. 3, May 1, 1958) visit and had many questions about Ameri­ English. Their counterparts in other schools In the colleges and universities in Russia can schools. Second grade and tenth grade spoke German or French just as fi~ently. there are 2 million students. The Minister teachers asked me if I knew of students in At School No. 1, I followed these lOth of Higher Education told me that not less Oregon who would want to correspond. The graders around for the better part of a day. than 75 percent are studying English. In head of the zoological museum at Kiev had There is very strict discipline in the class­ the technicums there are an additional exchanged exhibits with 51 other countries. room-absolutely no funny business, no 2 million students. Did I know of American Universities who whispering, no joking, no laughing. Edu­ Moscow University is one of the show­ would exchange exhibits? Their museum cation is very serious-they know that if they places of the city. The main building is a had been completely destroyed in the war; have high marks, the doors of the Institute magnificent structure 33 stories high with he apologized it was not as good as it used or University will be open to them. Other­ 22,000 rooms in it. There are other build­ to be-now they had only 1 million speci­ wise they will go to the technicum or join ings for chemistry, biology, the humanities, mens. But they would soon build it to what the labor force. Between classes they relax. etc., altogether 40,000 rooms with 6,000 for it once was. Besides studying English, the lOth graders dormitory facilities. There are 24,000 stu­ In spite of seemingly more freedom, yet I were completing their fifth year of physics, dents. No one over 35 may be enrolled as never felt that either the students or their fourth year of chemistry; they had either a full-time student or for evening teachers really let down their guard. There completed 5 years of biology and were also classes. The 40th university is just being was a shield of conformity-a sense of civic studying math, Russian language and litera­ completed; it is in Siberia and will be the duty. Daily routines and long-range plans ture, astronomy, history of the U. S. S. R., second scientific center of all Russia. There seemed geared to the demands of the system. and gym. (In schools visited in the Ukraine, are 727 institutes which are schools of spe-. As I left the country, it seemed to me the the same course of study but with the cial study, such as law, medicine, engineer­ Russians were putting more emphasis on mother tongue added.) ing, teaching. At least 96 percent of .all their education for their purposes than Adequate school construction is a prob­ students enrolled in higher education are Americans are putting on our education for lem there as well as in the United States. there on scholarships or have all university our purposes. Our immediate security needs Double shifts are well known. expenses paid. Those students who get ex­ must be met, but. we should also be con­ An undetermined number of students at' cellent marks receive 300 to 800 additional cerned with our rate of achievement and the seventh grade are transferred to the rubles a month. However, if they receive with the Soviet rate 10 to 20 years from technicums, or they may go to a trade the stipend, the Government then dictates now. In large part the levels of achievement school, or they m.ay join the labor force. the kind and place of work for the next 3. in the future are being determined in the so, in the middle schools beyond the .sev- years. There were many pictures on a bul· classrooms now-in their schools and in ours. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD·- · HOUSE May 27 Federal Usurpation-Address by ·aon.· just how great, anci how· imminent, is the· . several States.. The States were by no means danger. This is in part because so many supposed to be mere provinces or adminis~ Strom Thurmond, of South Carolina of our people are also tragically unfamiliar trative subdivisions of the General Govern­ with the Constitution, not versed in its ment, but wer~ separate and. distinct sov­ meaning, its aims and its purposes. ereignties, coexistent with the General Gov- EXTENSION OF REMARKS In order to show how vital is the main- ernment. Thus was a balance set up be­ OF tenance of our constitutional structure to tween the new Central -Government on the the preservation of our individual freedom, one hand and the States on the other. HON. L. MENDEL RIVERS it will be helpful for us to go back for a Second, within the framework of the new OF SOUTH CAR OLIN A moment to the time of the framing of that General Government itself, the founders pro­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES basic document. By examining the fears and vided for a distinct separation of powers. the purposes of the framers, we can more That is, in order to prevent all the powers of Tuesday, May 27, 1958 clearly see the enormous threat to our liber- the new Government from being exercised by ties which is posed by this dual assault on one man or a single small group of men, it Mr. RIVERS. Mr. Speaker, under the Constitution today-this usurpation· by was provided that the legislative, the execu­ leave to extend my remarks in the CoN­ the Federal Government of the rights and tive, and the judicial powers should be in GRESSIONAL RECORD, I include therewith, powers of the States and, within the Federal the hands of separate branches. By a series an address niade by the distinguished Government itself, the usurpation by one of devices, these branches were to be kept junior Senator from South Carolina, the branch of powers rightfully belonging to the independent of one another, insofar as Honorable STROM THURMOND, to the corps other two branches. possible. of cadets of The Citadel on March 29, The men who framed the Constitution It was by these 2 governmental prin- 19·58, titled "Federal Usurpation." knew full well that the greatest potential ciples, these 2 constitutional devices, that threat to the liberty of the individual lay in our forefathers sought to prevent that con­ Mr. Speaker, during his public life, government. That is why they were in- centration of centralized power which they STROM THURMOND has been one Of the sistent that the government they were set- knew would be the death knell of individual most ardent defenders of the basic con­ ting up be limited and decentralized. They liberty in America. Liberty would be safe ception of our Constitution which guar­ were determined not to create a power ap- so long, and only so long, as these two prin­ antees to the States that self-autonomy, paratus which, however well it might work ciples remained intact and were scrupulO\lS• which we refer to as States rights. As and however beneficent it might prove ly upheld. a distinguished jurist, as a distinguished while in th.eir hands, would someday pecome we may express the framers' thinking lawyer, and as Governor of the State of an instrument of tyranny over the people graphically in this way: The structure of should it fall into the hands of evil or our liberty rests upon these two supports, South Carolina, he has passionately de­ power-hungry men. . the twin pillars of States rights and separa- fended this principle. I know of no And, being realists, they knew that the tion of powers. So long as both these pillars person of my .acquaintance, nor of the_ power of government would--on many occa- stand, unimpaired, our liberties stand also. long and illustrious lists of those states­ sions, at least-fall into the hands of evll But if either one of these p1llars be de­ men who have defended this Republic, men of boundless ambition. They knew strayed, or slowly eroded away, then, surely that the idea of benevolent government, and inevitably, the temple of liberty will who is more capable or qualified to oc­ without checks, is a delusion. They knew cupy SUCh a position. STROM THURMOND the utter folly of setting up a government come crashing down. is a scholar and an authoritative student without limitations, in the reliance that Gentlemen, we are nearer to that -eventual­ on the Constitution of the United States. good men would control it. Listen to the ity than is generally realized. We are very As a jurist, some of his :finest opinions words of Patrick Henry: near, dangerously near, to it. By processes were on this, the most precious of our "Would not all the world," he asked, which at first were gradual, but which in re­ "from the Eastern to the Western Hemi-_ cent years have assumed a progressively in­ constitutional concepts. STROM THUR-· sphere, blame our distracted folly in resting creasing rate, the structure of States rights MOND led a :fight on this principle in 1948 our rights upon the contingency of our rul-- has been almost completely eroded away, and received the electoral votes of four ers being good or bad? Show me that age until what was once a sturdy and massive States for the Presidency of the United and country where the rights and liberties support of American freedom has_been whit­ States. He is the only man in the long of the people were placed on the sole chance tled down to a very tenuous column indeed. and illustrious history of this Nation who of their rulers being good men, without a . Actually, the process of infringing on the has ever been elected to the Senate by consequent loss of liberty. I say that the rights of the States is not new. It began what is known as a write-in vote, and he loss of that dearest privilege has ever fol- - early in our history. Thomas Jefferson saw lowed, with absolute certainty, every such the beginning of this process of usurpation later resigned and offered for reelection mad attempt." by the Federal judiciary; he feared its ulti- and received no opposition. STROM Or as Thomas Jefferson later expressed it, mate result, and he expressed his fears as THURMOND is respected and admired by in his famed Kentucky Resolutions: follows: men and women of this Nation who love "It would be a dangerous delusion were a . "There is no danger I apprehend so much the Constitution. confidence in the men of our choice to as the consolidation of our Government by Mr. Speaker, he is a qualified person silence our fears for the safety of our rights: the noiseless, and therefore unalarming, in­ to speak on the question of Federal that confidence is everywhere the parent of strumentality of the Supreme Court." usurpation, and he took as his forum the despotism-free government is founded in With prophetic vision, the great Virginian jealously, and not in confidence; it .is jeal- warned further that the germ of dissolution corps of cadets at The Citadel, Charles-· ousy and not confidence . which prescribes of our Federal system lies in the Federal ton, S. C., the greatest military college limited constitutions, to bind down those judiciary, "* • * working like gravity by in this or any other nation. Mr. Speak­ whom we are obliged to trust with power: night and by day, gaining a little today and er, the speech follows: that our Constitution has accordingly fixed a little tomorrow, and advancing its noise­ FEDERAL USURPATION the limits to which, and no further. our less step like a thief, over the field of juris­ confidence may go. • • • In questions of diction, until all shall be usurped from the (Address by Senator STROM THURMOND, of power, then, let no more be heard of con- States, and the Government of all be con­ South Carolina, -at The Citadel, the Mili­ fidence in man, but bind him down from solidated into one.'' tary College of South Carolina, Charleston, mischief by the chains of the Constitution." S. C., March 29, 1958) What were the chains which the framers Jefferson's description of the process and I wish to speak to you today on the sub­ fashioned, to bind man down from mischief, methods of judicial usurpation is truly re- markable. It could well have been written ject of a clear and present danger to Amer­ in defense of liberty? Principally, they were today. These are his words: ican freedom. two simple and workable devices, which to- I am not speaking of the threat posed by gether form the main components of our "The Judiciary of the United States is the any foreign nation. · well-known checks-and-balances system. subtle corps of sappers and miners con- I am speaking of a grave domestic prob­ First, the newly established Central Gov- stantly working_underground to undermine lem: Usurpation of power, the arch threat ernment was to be kept' small and limited. the foundations of our confederated Re­ to individual liberty in America. I am· It was a government of enumerated powers public . . They are construing our Constitu­ speaking of a two-pronged attack on the only, all powers not delegated to it by the tion from a coordination of a general and Constitution of the United States, an attack Constitution (nor prohibited to the States) · special government to a general and supreme which has already achieved an alarming being reserved to the States or to the peo- one alone. This will lay all things at their degree of success, and which, if not checked pie. In other words, the Central Government feet. • • • They skulk from responsibility now, . will result in the complete extinction would exercise power over only a limited to public opinion. • • • An opinion is of individual freedom in this country. number of fields of general concern to an the· huddled up in conclave, perhaps by a rna­ This is, I assure you, no exaggeration. States. Among these would be foreign af- jority of one, delivered as lf unanimous, and We are faced with an issue the gravity of fairs, military defense, commerce of a with the silent acquiescence of lazy or timid which cannot be overemphasized. Our free genuinely interstate nature, and so on; while associates, by a crafty chief judge who institutions are in critical danger. Yet the the great bulk of domestic matters would sophisticates the law to 'his mind, by the American people are tragically unaware of continue to be under the jurisdiction of the turn of his own reasoning." · 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 9647 This process which Jefferson depleted was sequent Steve Nelson and Girard College breaking down the principle of States rights beginning even in his own day. Neverthe­ cases. In 1957 the Congress and the execu­ and thus destroying · what is, in the long less, despite this early beginning of judicial tive branch joined in the attack. The pas­ view, the greatest single bulwark of our indi­ usurpation; despite the War Between the sage-in an atmosphere of bogus sanctity vidual freedom. States and the force-imposed postwar and mock legality-of the miscalled civil Perhaps they rely on the idea that it is safe amendments, which radically altered the rights bill was followed shortly by the sub­ to destroy the rights of the States and create original concept-of the Union;· despite the jection of a once-sovereign State to bayonet a centralized government so long as, within nationalizing influence of the commercial rule, which still continues. this centralized government, the principle of expansion of the postwar period--despite Before leaving the subject of States rights separation of powers is strictly enforced; that all of these things, the basic principle of and going into this second aspect of usurpa­ the latter principle is all that is really neces­ States rights remained fundamentally in­ tion, within the Federal Government itself, sary to guarantee individual liberty. tact. The North, the Nation as a whole, I should like to pause for a moment to re­ Nothing could be more wrong. The two might have rejected the Southern conten­ flect upon a circumstance which frankly pillars, States rights and separation of pow­ tion that States rights included the right puzzles me. ers, are complementary to each other. De­ to secede and dissolve the Union; but within I can easily understand why those who stroy or remove one, and the other will soon the framework of Union, the country was are at heart enemies of America and ene­ collapse. Jefferson warned that "• • • when still dedicated to the principle of local self­ mies of liberty would seek to destroy States all government, domestic and foreign, in lit­ government. rights. I can easily see why our secret tle as in great things, shall be drawn to In 1868 Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase enemies, those who would weaken our civili­ Washington as the center of all power, it will echoed the prevailing view when he char­ zation and bring our Nation to its knees, render powerless the checks provided of one acterized the United States as "an inde­ would seek to destroy local self-govern­ government on another, and will become as structible Union composed of indestructible ment. venal and oppressive as the government from States." What I cannot understand is, how it is which we separated." . Thus, until the 1930's, our governmental that many loyal and sincere Americans, con­ And even the arch-Federalist Alexander system was still fundamentally based on scientious and zealous advocates of civil Hamilton saw clearly that the fate of indi­ States rights, both in principle and in liberty, have in ~ecent years been in the vidual liberty was inextricably tied up wit h practice. Not to the extent that some of val'y forefront of the effort to break down the fate of the States. Said Hamilton: us had desired, to be sure; not to the ex­ the integrity of the States. "The States can never lose their powers tent that the framers had recommended; These men honestly picture themselves till the whole people of America are robbed but still to the extent that the great ma­ as champions of individual freedom; yet o:r their liberties. They must go together; jority of those vital economic, politica.l, and they are its worst enemies. They see some they must support each other, or meet one social activities most closely affecting the real or ~magined violation of civil liberty common fate." people were the subjects of State control on the State level-generally a situation Let us·now examine the other face of the only and were .outside the province of the in which a member of some racial minority coin; let us turn to the second pillar of our Federal Government. And the country and group is allegedly deprived of an alleged checks-and-balances system, the principle of the people seemed aware of the vital im­ r ight-and, egged on by shrewd and separation of powers, and see how it has portance of keeping them that way. In an conscienceless po~fticians bent on corralling fared over the years. address delivered in 1930, Franklin Delano the vital minority-group vote, these liberals Generally speaking, separation of powers Roosevelt, then governor of New York, em­ become inflamed with righteous wrath and has not been subjected to anything like the phasized the necessity of preserving States filled with deep and honest concern over degree of attack that has so largely eroded rights, when he declared: the fact that an individual's rights are away States rights. This constitutional "To bring about government by oligarchy being violated. support is still in . a COnlparatively healthy tnasquerading as democracy, it is funda­ So what is their remedy? Do they seek condition. But in the past 4 years, espe­ mentally essential that practically all au­ corrective action on the State level? No. cially, the Supreme Cqurt has stepped up thority and ~ontrol be centralized in .our They do all in their power to break down the assault in this direction, too. National Government. The individual sover­ the rights of the States and to build up a You are probably generally familiar with eignty of our States must first be destroyed, supergovernment which is supposed to be a series of decisions handed down by the except in mere minor matters of legislation. for the protection of the individual, a super­ Warren court, in cases invqlving various as­ We are safe from the danger of any such government strong enough to rule the recal­ pects of internal security-commonly re­ departure from the principles on which this citrant States with an iron hand and thus ferred to as the subversion cases. Some of country was founded just so long as the to prevent them from continuing their the decisions in these cases constituted fur­ individual home rule of the States is scru­ alleged denials of the rights of individuals ther restrictions on the rights of the States, pulously preserved and fought for when­ of certain classes. denying them the right to P.rosecute for or ever it seems in danger." But does it never occur to these self-styled even to investigate sedition and treason or As a distinguished commentator has liberals that this supergovernment they are to exclude suspected Communists from the pointed out, the significance of this address building up, this "big brother" to police the practice of law. Others restricted the exec­ by Governor Roosevelt lies in the fact that States, someday may, inevitably will, become utive branch of the Federal Government in it was not merely a statement of the views itself the greatest possible threat to the its antisubversion efforts and limited the he himself then held, but rather was a re­ rights of the individual? That, by tearing power of Congressional investigating com­ phrasing, a restatement, of "the long-estab­ down the rights of the States and centraliz­ mittees in questioning witnesses. , lished American principles which had been ing power in Washington, they are building The net eff'3ct of these decisions, of course, well understood and firmly accepted by gen­ up a power apparatus before which the was to hamper seriously the activities of our eration after generation of the American States first, and later the individual, will be Government in the antisubversion field. · people, and voiced in varying forms innu­ completely powerless? Can they not admit But what principally concerns us here is merable times throughout the country for the inexorable truth of Calhoun's solemn not so much the serious impairment of our almost a century and a half." warning that the powers which it is necessary Government's antisubversion efforts, deplor­ In the last quarter century, however, we for government to possess, in order to repress able as that is. Nor is it simply the fact that have seen assaults on States rights at every violence and preserve order, cannot execute the decisions placed certain restrictions on point. We have seen the 'National Govern­ themselves? They must be administered by the Executive and on the ,Congress. ment in Washington expanded to its present men in whom like others, the individual is The more fundamental cause for concern swollen size, accompanied by a steady dimi­ stronger thari the social feelings. And is th~tt. in some of these cases, the Supreme nution of the reserved powers of the States. hence the powers vested in them to prevent Court has usurped powers rightfully belong­ It is not· my purpose 'to attempt to fix the injustice and oppression on the part of oth­ ing only to the legislative branch of the blame for this development. Suffice it to ers, will, if left unguarded, be by them con­ Government. In other words, the Court has say that all three branches of the Federal verted into instruments to oppress the rest of been guilty of judicial legislation. In the Government participated in it, and that an the community." · Steve Nelson case, for example, the Court acquiescent and desperate people permitted Surely they know that the reins of govern­ violated the intent of Congress by constru­ it. The Supreme Court resisted the trend ment will fall into the hands of such men, ing the Smith Act as giving the Federal Gov­ until 1937, but, in that year, as the Honor­ "in whom the individual is stronger than ernment complete preemption of the anti­ able Hamilton A. Long, of the New York Bar, the social feelings." Or do they naively trust subversion field, to the exclusion of the explains in his brilliant study, Usurpers: that completely good and altruistic men­ States. When the Court thus violates, or Foes of Free Man, the Court underwent themselves, perhaps?-will always be in con­ goes beyond, the intent of Congress, it is, a major policy-revolution. From that time trol? Is not this the very delusio:Q. against in effect, making new laws, or legislating­ forward, the Supreme Court's role has been which the founders warned, the same mad a function which the Constitution bestows one of willing, and then eager, collabora­ folly so eloquently referred to by Patri.ck exclusively upon Congress. tion in the process of aggrandizing the Cen­ Henry and by Jefferson in their insistence That the Court has in fact exercised legis­ tral Government at the expense of the States. upon a system of checks and balances? , lative powers is. clear to lawyers, and they In 1954, with the school segregation decision, Blinded by shortsightedness and by a. have reacted with considerable concern. the Supreme Court really moved into high failure to read history, these zealous liber­ Only a few weeks ago Judge Learned Hand, gear against the States and the Constitu­ als, these self-styled champions of the indi· one of the most eminent jurists in this t ion. It sustained the assault wit h the ·sub- vidual's civil rights, are busily engaged in country, and considered of liberal views. 9648 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 27 observed that the Court was apparently be­ jurisdiction of the Court. I disagree with owned by tbe Federal Government or used coming a third house of the legislature. those who feel that this 1s too drastic a for Federal purposes. This bill is now in Laymen, how~ver, may have some difficulty remedy. It is an effective way to curb the committee in the House and has a most in grasping the significant difference be­ excesses of the Court and to discipline that favorable chance for final enactment this tween interpretation and judicial legisla­ body, and it is a curb which the Congress year. tion and I should therefore like to take a could as easily remove later as it would now In January, I introduced Senate Joint Res­ few moments to discuss this point. The impose. olution 145 to set up a commission on Fed­ Honorable Hamilton A. Long, of New York, Let me cite just two examples of this eral and State jurisdiction. The purpose is of whom we have already spoken, dealt with kind of remedial legislation. to study the usurpation of State powers by this vital subject in an editorial which One such bill was introduced by me last the Federal Government, and the usurpation appeared last year in the Saturday Evening year. It would limit the jurisdiction of the of powers by each branch of Government Post. Mr. Long wrote: Supreme Court in two fields-the activities from the others. The commission would re­ "Few subjects are surrounded by ?lore con­ of local school boards in regulating school port to Congress, recommending legislation fusion than the function of the United States attendance, and the efforts of State govern­ that would redraw the boundary lines in Supreme Court in interpreting the .constitu­ ments to combat subversive activities places where they have become completely tion. There can be no doubt, however, that through legislation. obliterated or obscured. the Court has no right to change this basic Another bill of this sort, one that has I am cosponsoring another important law or to violate the intent of those who been given widespread attention in recent piece of States rights legislation, s. 1723. initially adopted it or of those who later weeks, is Senator JENNER's bill to remove This bill would eliminate the no-man's amencied it. Only the people can change the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction land now existing between State and Fed­ the Constitution, by amendment. in certain cases involving subversion. I have eral jurisdiction in the field of labor rela­ "For the Supreme Court to try to bypass been actively supporting the Jenner bill, be­ tions. This gap was caused by the Supreme this process, by interprettng the Constitution cause I feel that· the Supreme Court has Court's decision last year in the Guss case. contrary to that original intent, is to usurp overstepped its bounds and encroached on S. 1723 would empower the States to act power never given it." the prerogatives of Congress, the executive for the protection of both labor and man­ In other words, the Supreme Court, in branch of the Government, and several agen­ agement rights where the National Labor interpreting a provision of-the Constitution, cies of local government in the cases to Relations Board declines to assert its Juris­ must stay strictly within the limits set by which the Jenner bill is applicable. diction. the intent of the framers and adopters. If Congress will enact laws restricting the I will mention just one more example. Likewise, in the case of construing a statute, jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, I believe This is my bill, S. 6, which was recently the Court cannot violate the intent of Con­ that the Court will see the handwriting on passed ·oy the Senate. It would prevent gress. the wall and curb its impulses. Unless the private contractors executing Federal con­ Once the Court has initially defined this Court is restricted by legislation to judicial tracts from escaping State sales taxes on intent, its decision on the matter becomes matters, we can expect to see new and more their purchases under the guise of Federal binding-on the Court itself, as on all far-reaching forms of judicial legislation in immunity. This would reverse a 1954 Su­ others-becomes, in effect, an integral part of the future. preme Court decision which closed another the Constitution, or of the statute. This The problem of States .rights is more diffi­ State revenue source. legislative intent, as in'itially determined by cult, because here the process of usurpation These are merely examples; they will do the Court in the first pertinent case to come has been going on so much longer. It has for starters. There are many ways in which before it, is absolutely binding thereafter proceeded so far that it will be difficult to Congress can assist the States to regain the and is not subject to change, except, of stop. Tha-t is the great danger in permitting powers they should be exercising and which course, by new legislation or by constitutional "just a little bit" of usurpation, of acquies­ powers are reserved to them under the Con­ amendment. For the Supreme Court to as­ cing in just a little deprivation of one's stitution. sume the power to revise, at will, this initial rights: Before one realizes it, the point ·of Among the many fields of activity which determination of intent completely destroys no return has been reached. are· still under State control, however, there the stability of the law; and for the Court, The States, however, have not quite been are two which are preeminent-law en­ in subsequent decisions, to violate this intent destroyed. If they will stand firm from here forcement and public education-and it is (as initially determined) or to go beyond it, on out, they can preserve a good measure of these two which have been singled out for is to usurp power never given it. their independence and can keep the pillar attack by the enemies of States rights and Where an act of Congress is involved, such of States rights standing as a sturdy sup­ of American freedom. action by the Court amounts to judicial legis­ port of our individual freedom. One of the greatest obstacles in the way of lation. In handing down a decision contrary Congress, too, can play a part in preserving any grab for power, by Communists or any to the intent of the lawmakers, the Court is the power of the States. In the first place, other group, is the existence in this country itself making new law, and is thus .usurping it should examine each piece of legislation of 48 separate and independent police sys­ a function which the Constitution vests ex­ that comes before it to determine whether tems. As was demonstrated in the cases of clusively in the legislative branch. it will expand Federal power at the expense several eastern European countries, which And where the Court is interpreting a con­ of the States. Some bills with admirable fell to communism after World War II, a stitutional provision (or amendment) , vio­ aims must be rejected because of the means useful, perhaps essential, factor in seizing lP.tion by the Court of the framers' and they would employ to reach their ends. power in any country is a centralized police adopters' intent constitutes an illegal An example of such a law is the legisla­ organization, which can be infiltrated, then amending of the Constitution. In such a tion new pending to llmit the erection of controlled, then used at the crucial hour to case the Court would be usurping a power billboards along the new Interstate Highway suppress the opposition. rightfully belonging to the people alone; for System. The purpose of the bill is laudable; So long as we avoid this centralized con­ only the people, through their States, have it would help keep these highways beautiful. trol of our police systems, then, no matter the right to change the Constitution, and However, the method is deplorable; it would what internal crises and tensions the years they can do so only by amendment. The take away the right of the States to control may bring, there is little likelihood of even decision in the school segregation case of and limit the erection of billboards on land an attempt at a Communist-style coup d'etat May 17, 1954, is a flagrant example of this purely under jurisdiction of the States. If in this country. Such would not be the case type of usurpation. states rights is to have a practical meaning, were the weapon of centralized police con­ What are we to do to remedy this critical the principle must ·apply to good proposals as trol available to those who would seize power. situation? What steps can we take to save well as to bad ones. . But a Federal Government bent on usurpa­ these beleaguered constitutional principles, Congress can also take an active role in up­ tion and complete centralization of power, so vital to our liberty as free men? holding the rights of the States by enacting finds it annoying to be confronted with law­ In the case of separation of powers, we, legislation that will help in restoring power enforcement officers who are loyal to State the people, by exercising vigilance and firm to the States. and local governments instead of to the Fed­ determination, can nip the process of usur­ In this connection, I can mention several eral bureaucracy, and who are beyond reach pation in the bud, comparatively speaking. pieces of legislation now pending in Congress. of the threat of federalization. We can We must remember Mr. Justice Brandeis' There is S. 337, a bill which I am cospon­ therefore expect increasing pressure to de­ words: soring. It provides that no act of Congress stroy the independence of the State police ''The doctrine of the separation of powers shall be construed to nullify State laws in agencies. It has already been seriously sug­ was adopted by the Constitution of 1787, the same field, unless the act expressly states gested by one liberal that a special Federal not to promote efficiency but to preclude that this is the intention. The Supreme police force, similar to the Canadian North­ the exercise of arbitrary power. The pur­ Court could not have ruled as it did in the west Mounted Police, be set up to enforce the pose was, not to avoid friction, but, by means Steve Nelson case if this bill had been en­ integration of southern schools. of the inevitable friction incident to the acted. This brings us to the other outstanding distribution of the governmental powers On March 3, the cause of States rights was function of State government-public edu­ among the three departments, to save the · substantially strengthened by the passage in cation. There is a grave risk that this func­ people from autocracy." the Senate of S. 1538, another bill I have co­ tion of State government will be destroyed, The Congress can protect itself against sponsored. It would return to the lndivid-· to be replaced by a centrally controlled further judicial usurpation by exercising its ual States a large measure of legislative school system operated by the Federal constitutional right to limit the appellate jurisdiction over lands in the several States, Government. 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE It is true that the proponents of Fed· to begin in earnest, needing only a strong separation.· of powers, we ·are not fighting for eral aid to education assert repeatedly that and arrogant President to set it in motion. any mere slogans. We are not interested in they are not interested in Federal control. We must, then, fight with all our strength St~~:t~s rights and s_eparation of powers Be that is it may, it can be stated as an ab­ to maintain control over our educational in and of themselves, but our interest in them solute fact that Federal control of educa­ systems and our law-enforcement agencies. lies in the fact that these two principles are tion will follow Federal aid, as surely as the In aadition, we must resist, at all points essential supports of liberty. And liberty, as night follows the day. along the line, any further attempts on the Lord Acton said, "is not a means to a higher The pattern is crystal clear. Once the part of the Federal Government to encroach political end. It is itself the highest political States have geared their whole educational on any right still .held by the States. end." and revenue systems to Federal aid, the It is not enough to put obstructions in the Federal Government will impose certain con­ path of Federal encroachment on the rights The archenemy of liberty is usurpation of ditions. They will appear harmless, even of the States. Obstruction must be joined power. It is, therefore, our duty to resist helpful, at first. Certain minimum stand­ with construction, by which I mean con­ ·this usurpation, from whatever source it ards in school equipment, teacher training structive efforts on the part of State govern­ comes. We would all do well to bear in mind and level of teaching will b~ set up as pre­ ment to provide the essential services the the words of our first President, George requisites for the receipt of Federal aid. people demand. Washington, who, in his Farewell Address, Some substandard schools will be improved. One of the arguments most strongly relied warned the people of this country to allow But is ·anyone naive enough to think that on by advocates of Federal aid to education no change to be made in their Constitution we can have just a little Federal control? is that the States have failed to meet the except by the constitutionally prescribed Not a chance. Within a very few years, a educational challenge of a world of science amending process. These are his words: bureau in Washington would be drawing up and technology. Figures and statistics de­ "If. in the opinion of the people, the dis­ the curriculum and a list of approved text­ signed to support this argument are bran­ tribution or modification of the constitu­ books. The history books, the texts on dished. To counter this argument, we must tional powers be in any particular wrong, let be able to point to effective measures taken government, and the courses in sociology by the States to meet the problem. Such it be corrected by an amendment in the way would be lined out to follow whatever school effective steps will not be forthcoming, un­ which the Constitution designates. But let of thought was, at the moment, most popu­ less you, as individual citizens, take an active there be no change by usurpation; for though lar in Washington. stand in support of independent State action. this, in one instance, may be the instrument From this point, the movement to mass In keeping up a constant struggle to pre­ of good, it is the customary weapon by which brainwashing and despotism would be ready serve the principles of States rights and free governments are destroyed."

of the Journal of the proceedings of nominations in the Regular Air Force be SENATE Tuesday, May 27, 1958, was dispensed confirmed en bloc. with. · The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob­ WEDNESDAY, 1\fAY 28, 1958 jection, the nominations in the Regular The Senate met at 9:30 o'clock a. m. ENROLLED BILL AND JOINT RESO­ Air Force are confirmed en bloc. Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I ask The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown LUTION PRESENTED Harris, D. D., offered the followi'ng unanimous consent that the President prayer: The Secretary of the Senate reported be notified forthwith of the confirmation that on May 27, 1958-, he presented to the of these nominations. Our Father, God. author of liberty: President of the United States the fol­ The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob­ Out of heroic yesterdays we are conscious lowing enrolled bill and joint resolution: jection, the President will be notified of a cloud of witnesses whose peering s.-2498. An act for the relief of Matthew M. forthwith. eyes ar.e upon us. As a grateful nation Epstein; and prepares to hallow its yesterdays and to S. J. Res. 166. Joint resolution authoriz­ remember the cost of its liberties-free- ing an appropriation to enable the United LEGISLATIVE SESSION . doms that are threatened now as never States to extend an invitation to the Inter- "'"" Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ before, by -sinister forces who deal in national Civil Aviation Organization to hold dent, I move that the Senate resume the tyranny and chains-help us to realize the 12th session of its assembly in the United consideration of legislative business. that our glorious heritage is not as an States in 1959. The motion was agreed to; and the ancient heirioom from the past that can Senate resumed the consideration of be handed down to generations following, LIMITATION OF DEBATE DURING legislative business. but that it is a spiritual thing which must MORNING HOUR be reinterpreted, relived, and rewon with every new test that the changing years Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ AMENDMENT OF MERCHANT MA· bring. dent, under the rule, there will be the RINE ACT, 1936, RELATING TO As these days beneath the great white usual morning hour; I ask unanimous PLEDGE OF FAITH CLAUSE dome which in its illumined majesty is a consent that statements be limited to 3 The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the symbol to · the Nation of the American minutes: · · Senate a letter from the Secretary of dream there rests, in honor, on the jour­ The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob­ Commerce, transmitting a draft of pro- ney to the Tomb of the Unknown, repre­ jection, it is so ordered. · . posed legislation to amend section 1105 sentatives of those who gave up the years (b) of title XI (Federal Ship Mortgage that were to be theirs so that their mor­ EXECUTIVE SESSION Insurance) of the Merchant Marine Act, tal bodies might be shields to defend our 1936, as amended, to implement the freedom, may the rotunda, mecca for Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ ·pledge of faith clause, which with the ac­ millions, be a vast whispering gallery dent, I move that the Senate proceed to companying papers, was referred to the where, for multitudes of pilgrims. a voice the · consideration of executive business, Committee on Interstate and Foreign may be heard-"It was for visions we to consider the nominations on the Ex­ Commerce. fell." Stir our hearts with the beauty of ecutive Calendar. that vision which by faith is brought The motion was agreed to; and the CONCURRENT RESOLUTION OF ~e.ar-:when- Senate proceeded to the consideration of executive business. RHODE ISLAND LEGISLATURE "Nation with nation, land with land, If Unarmed shall live as comrades free; The VICE PRESIDENT. there be ·Mr. PASTORE. Mr. President, on be­ In every heart and brain shall throb no reports of committees, the nomina­ half of my colleague, the senior Senator tions on the calendar will be stated. from Rhode Island [Mr. GREEN] and my­ The pulse of one fraternity." self, I submit, for appropriate reference, In the name of that Holy One whose a certified copy of resolution H. 1427 ·truth shall make all men free. Amen. IN THE REGULAR AIR FORCE passed by th.e · General Assembly of the The legislative clerk proceeded to State of Rhode Island and Providence read sundry nominations in the Regula1· Plantations, THE JOURNAl, Air Force. ·. This .resolution is entitled "Concur­ On request of Mr. JoHNSON of" Texas, Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ rent resolution of the .Legislature of the and by unanimous consent, the reading dent, I ask unanimous consent that the State of Rhode Island memorializing