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Unconventional Natural Resources ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 288

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Unconventional Natural Resources ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 288 Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper Unconventional Natural Resources ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 288 Mark Wallaker Unconventional Natural Resources The world has a finite amount of natural resources; coal, oil and natural gas have fuelled our transport and powered our generators for at least the last 200 years. But as the world’s demand for these commodities increases the supply itself begins to dwindle, before the age of renewable or nuclear energy fully begins there will be a period of transition. The fuels for this transition will not be based on the conventional resources that currently fuel the world. Instead unconventional natural resources will bridge the gap, these resources are the focus of this report, while some of the resources covered such as tight gas have already been used for the last 20 years other like gas hydrates have yet to be fully researched. While they can be found there is no effective way of turning hydrates into a useable power source. Mark Wallaker Other sources such as shale gas have begun to totally change the energy landscape of the USA and will begin to do so across the planet with vast reserves in rapidly expanding and developing countries like China, India and across South America, as well as help the western world fulfill its demand for energy while researchers develop efficient and safe ways of harnessing renewable or nuclear energies. Heavy oil and its derivatives from Canada are also starting to be pumped around the USA to help them meet their oil product demands. These four resources are known as unconventional due to the novel and unique ways they are both stored in the ground as well as the way they are retrieved or refined. They will be used to bridge the gap once the current conventional resources have been used to a point where they are so depleted they are no longer profitable. This report will cover these resources and go into detail about how they are found, retrieved and used; it will also cover the future of each of the resources. Finally it will give short, medium and long term predictions for the future and how these resources will change the world. Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper Examensarbete E1, 45 hp i Geofysik ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 288 Tryckt hos Institutionen för geovetenskaper, Geotryckeriet, Uppsala universitet, Uppsala, 2014. Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 287 Unconventional Natural Resources Mark Wallaker Supervisor: Christopher Juhlin Copyright © .BSL8BMMBLFS and the Department of Earth Sciences Uppsala University Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Geotryckeriet Uppsala University, Uppsala, 2014 1 Unconventional Natural Resources Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 The Industrial Revolution ............................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Coal ................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.1 Basics ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Methods for Locating and Retrieving Coal ............................................................................ 7 1.2.3 Future Predictions .................................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Conventional Oil........................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.1 Basics ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.2 Methods for Locating and Retrieving Oil ............................................................................ 10 1.3.3 Future Predictions ................................................................................................................ 10 1.4 Conventional Natural Gas........................................................................................................... 11 1.4.1 Basics ................................................................................................................................... 11 1.4.2 Methods for Locating and Retrieving Conventional Gas .................................................... 13 1.4.3 Future Predictions ................................................................................................................ 13 1.5 The Future................................................................................................................................... 13 1.6 Evaluation ................................................................................................................................... 14 2. Heavy Oil .......................................................................................................................................... 15 2.1 What is it? ................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 How do we retrieve it? ................................................................................................................ 16 2.3 What do we do with it? ............................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Is it a suitable Replacement? ...................................................................................................... 19 2.5 Evaluation ................................................................................................................................... 21 3. Shale Gas .......................................................................................................................................... 22 3.1 What is it? ................................................................................................................................... 22 3.2 How do we retrieve it? ................................................................................................................ 24 3.3 Is it a suitable replacement? ........................................................................................................ 26 3.4 Evaluation ................................................................................................................................... 28 4. Tight Gas ........................................................................................................................................... 29 4.1 What is it? ................................................................................................................................... 29 4.2 How do we retrieve it? ................................................................................................................ 31 4.3 What do we do with it? ............................................................................................................... 32 4.4 Is it a suitable replacement? ........................................................................................................ 33 4.5 Evaluation ................................................................................................................................... 35 1 Unconventional Natural Resources 5. Gas Hydrates ..................................................................................................................................... 36 5.1 What are they? ............................................................................................................................ 36 5.2 How are they retrieved? .............................................................................................................. 38 5.3 Is it a suitable replacement? ........................................................................................................ 41 5.4 Evaluation ................................................................................................................................... 42 6. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 43 6.1 Short Term .................................................................................................................................. 43 6.1.1 Short Term Conclusions....................................................................................................... 43 6.1.2 Evaluation ............................................................................................................................ 43 6.2 Medium Term ............................................................................................................................. 44 6.2.1 Medium Term Conclusions .................................................................................................. 44 6.2.2 Evaluation ............................................................................................................................ 44 6.3
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