MRD21 14 LEBEN Himalya-Abenteuer Ladakh.Indd 86-87
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1962 Sino-Indian Conflict : Battle of Eastern Ladakh Agnivesh Kumar* Department of Sociology, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
OPEN ACCESS Freely available online Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs Editorial 1962 Sino-Indian Conflict : Battle of Eastern Ladakh Agnivesh kumar* Department of Sociology, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India. E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL protests. Later they also constructed a road from Lanak La to Kongka Pass. In the north, they had built another road, west of the Aksai Sino-Indian conflict of 1962 in Eastern Ladakh was fought in the area Chin Highway, from the Northern border to Qizil Jilga, Sumdo, between Karakoram Pass in the North to Demchok in the South East. Samzungling and Kongka Pass. The area under territorial dispute at that time was only the Aksai Chin plateau in the north east corner of Ladakh through which the Chinese In the period between 1960 and October 1962, as tension increased had constructed Western Highway linking Xinjiang Province to Lhasa. on the border, the Chinese inducted fresh troops in occupied Ladakh. The Chinese aim of initially claiming territory right upto the line – Unconfirmed reports also spoke of the presence of some tanks in Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) – Track Junction and thereafter capturing it general area of Rudok. The Chinese during this period also improved in October 1962 War was to provide depth to the Western Highway. their road communications further and even the posts opposite DBO were connected by road. The Chinese also had ample animal In Galwan – Chang Chenmo Sector, the Chinese claim line was transport based on local yaks and mules for maintenance. The horses cleverly drawn to include passes and crest line so that they have were primarily for reconnaissance parties. -
General Awareness Capsule for AFCAT II 2021 14 Points of Jinnah (March 9, 1929) Phase “II” of CDM
General Awareness Capsule for AFCAT II 2021 1 www.teachersadda.com | www.sscadda.com | www.careerpower.in | Adda247 App General Awareness Capsule for AFCAT II 2021 Contents General Awareness Capsule for AFCAT II 2021 Exam ............................................................................ 3 Indian Polity for AFCAT II 2021 Exam .................................................................................................. 3 Indian Economy for AFCAT II 2021 Exam ........................................................................................... 22 Geography for AFCAT II 2021 Exam .................................................................................................. 23 Ancient History for AFCAT II 2021 Exam ............................................................................................ 41 Medieval History for AFCAT II 2021 Exam .......................................................................................... 48 Modern History for AFCAT II 2021 Exam ............................................................................................ 58 Physics for AFCAT II 2021 Exam .........................................................................................................73 Chemistry for AFCAT II 2021 Exam.................................................................................................... 91 Biology for AFCAT II 2021 Exam ....................................................................................................... 98 Static GK for IAF AFCAT II 2021 ...................................................................................................... -
Nuclear Capability, Bargaining Power, and Conflict by Thomas M. Lafleur
Nuclear capability, bargaining power, and conflict by Thomas M. LaFleur B.A., University of Washington, 1992 M.A., University of Washington, 2003 M.M.A.S., United States Army Command and General Staff College, 2004 M.M.A.S., United States Army Command and General Staff College, 2005 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Security Studies KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2019 Abstract Traditionally, nuclear weapons status enjoyed by nuclear powers was assumed to provide a clear advantage during crisis. However, state-level nuclear capability has previously only included nuclear weapons, limiting this application to a handful of states. Current scholarship lacks a detailed examination of state-level nuclear capability to determine if greater nuclear capabilities lead to conflict success. Ignoring other nuclear capabilities that a state may possess, capabilities that could lead to nuclear weapons development, fails to account for the potential to develop nuclear weapons in the event of bargaining failure and war. In other words, I argue that nuclear capability is more than the possession of nuclear weapons, and that other nuclear technologies such as research and development and nuclear power production must be incorporated in empirical measures of state-level nuclear capabilities. I hypothesize that states with greater nuclear capability hold additional bargaining power in international crises and argue that empirical tests of the effectiveness of nuclear power on crisis bargaining must account for all state-level nuclear capabilities. This study introduces the Nuclear Capabilities Index (NCI), a six-component scale that denotes nuclear capability at the state level. -
Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the Peoples’ Republic of China on the Boundary Question
Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the Peoples’ Republic of China on the Boundary Question (Introduction & Item I till page 40) Ministry of External, Government of India 1. The Prime Minister of India and the Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China met in Delhi from the 19th of April to the 25th of April 1960 to discuss certain differences relating to the border areas which had arisen between the Government of India and the Government of the People's Republic of China. The two Prime Ministers explained fully the respective stands of the two Governments and as a result, there was a better appreciation of the points of view of the two Governments. The talks, however, did not resolve the differences that had arisen and the two Prime Ministers decided that officials of the two Governments should examine the factual materials in the possession of the two Governments in support of their stands. 2. The Joint Communiqué issued on the 25th of April 1960 at the conclusion of the talks of the Prime Ministers in Delhi embodied their decisions and served as a broad directive for the official teams who were to undertake the examination envisaged by the Prime Ministers. The Joint Communiqué inter alia stated as follows: The two Prime Ministers, therefore, agreed that officials of the .two Governments should meet and examine, check and study all historical documents, records, accounts, maps and other material relevant to the boundary question, on which each side relied in support of its stand, and draw up a report for submission to the two Governments. -
Sino-Tibetan Relations 1990-2000: the Internationalisation of the Tibetan Issue
Sino-Tibetan Relations 1990-2000: the Internationalisation of the Tibetan Issue Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie dem Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Philosophie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Tsetan Dolkar aus Dharamsala, Indien 29 Februar 2008 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dirk Berg-Schlosser Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Wilfried von Bredow Sino-Tibetan Relations 1990-2000: the Internationalisation of the Tibetan Issue Submitted by Tsetan Dolkar Political Science Department, Philipps University First Advisor: Professor Dr. Dirk Berg-Schlosser Second Advisor: Professor Dr. Wilfried von Bredow A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Social Sciences and Philosophy of Philipps University in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science Philipps University, Marburg 29 February 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement vi Maps viii List of Abbreviations xi PART I A GLIMPSE INTO TIBET’S PAST Chapter 1 Tibet: A Brief Historical Background 1 1.1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.2 Brief Historical Background 4 1.1.2.1 Tibetan Kings (624-842 AD) and Tang China (618-756 AD) 4 1.1.2.2 The Buddhist Revolution in Tibet (842-1247) and the Song Dynasty (960-1126) 8 1.1.2.3 The Sakya Lamas of Tibet (1244-1358) and the Mongol Empire (1207-1368) 10 1.1.2.4 The Post-Sakya Tibet (1337-1565) and the Ming China (1368-1644) 11 1.1.2.5 The Gelugpa’s Rule (1642-1950) and the Manchu Empire (1662-1912) 13 1.1.2.6 Tibet in the Twentieth Century 19 -
Zhou Enlai] Held on 23Rd April, 1960, from 4.30 P.M
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified April 23, 1960 Record of Talks between P.M. [Jawaharlal Nehru] and Premier Chou En-lai [Zhou Enlai] held on 23rd April, 1960, from 4.30 p.m. 7.45 p.m. Citation: “Record of Talks between P.M. [Jawaharlal Nehru] and Premier Chou En-lai [Zhou Enlai] held on 23rd April, 1960, from 4.30 p.m. 7.45 p.m.,” April 23, 1960, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, P.N. Haksar Papers (I-II Installment), Subject File #24, 54-68. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/175920 Summary: PM Nehru stated to Premier Zhou regarding his viewpoints on Sino-Indian border disputes by referring the historical legacy. Original Language: English Contents: Scan of Original Document TOP SE@ET .! 'P.~ · H°'h~'" P~l:J· (Record of talks between P.M. and Premier ( J _1 - ~'] tfi\11 ~~is) Chou En-lai held on 23rd April, 1960, f' rom · f\( 4.30 p.m. to 7.45 p.m.) S~Ject: fi'/e #llf-- ~ Yesterday afternoon some officials trom both sides met but I am afraid the result did not go as far as I had hop·ed because I unders·tand the Chinese officials only listened. ' They said thay had come to listen and not to say anything. I had thollght that the purpose of such a meeting was that we may discuss and note down points of agreement and disagreement and he ones on which there was doubt so that the area of discussion might be limited. -
The Indian Police Journal the Indian Police Journal
The Indian Police Journal The Indian Police Journal The Indian Police Journal Nov - Dec, 2018 Editorial Board Contents Dr. A.P. Maheshwari, IPS 1. From the Chairman, Editorial Board ii DG, BPR&D Chairman 2. From the Director’s Desk vi Shri Sheel Vardhan Singh, IPS 3. Indian Police : The Sentinels of Peace vii Addl. Director, Intelligence Bureau 4. Prime Minister dedicates National Police Memorial to the Nation 2 Spl. Editor 5. Towards a More Secure Nation 6 Shri V.H. Deshmukh, IPS 6. Hot Springs: Saga of Heroism 14 ADG, BPR&D Member 7. The Story of Hot Springs 20 Shri Manoj Yadava, IPS 8. Honouring Our Martyrs : More than Cenotaphs are Needed 34 Addl. Director, Intelligence Bureau 9. A Pilgrimage to the Home of Brave 44 Member 10. Police Martyrs : A Statistical Study 50 Dr. Nirmal Kumar Azad, IPS IG (SPD), BPR&D 11. Life of Policemen 58 Member 12. Police Martyrdom: Through the Decades 62 Shri Sumit Chaturvedi, IPS 13. National Police Memorial Complex 74 Dy. Director Intelligence Bureau 14. A Memorial in Stone 76 Member 15. The Making of the Monument 86 Shri S.K. Upadhyay DIG (SPD) BPR&D 16. The National Police Museum : A Dream Come True 96 Member 17. Making the Last Man Stakeholder 102 Shri R.N. Meena Editor, BPR&D 18. From the Archives 106 From the Chairman, Editorial Board From a Policeman’s Heart Society which honours its heroes produces more heroes! he Martyr’s Memorial standing, proud and strong, at an altitude of 16000 Dr. A.P. Maheshwari, IPS DG, BPR&D Tft. -
Events Leading to the Sino-Indian Conflict of 1962 | 1
EVENTS LEADING TO THE SINO-INDIAN CONFLICT OF 1962 | 1 IDSA MONOGRAPH SERIES NO. 58 FEBRUARY 2017 EVENTS LEADING TO THE SINO-INDIAN CONFLICT OF 1962 SUNIL KHATRI 2 | SUNIL KHATRI Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sorted in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). ISBN: 978-93-82169-71-0 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this Monograph are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute or the Government of India. First Published: February 2017 Price: Rs. 300/- Published by: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No.1, Development Enclave, Rao Tula Ram Marg, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi - 110 010 Tel. (91-11) 2671-7983 Fax.(91-11) 2615 4191 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.idsa.in Layout & Cover by: Vaijayanti Patankar Printed at: M/S Manipal Technologies Ltd. EVENTS LEADING TO THE SINO-INDIAN CONFLICT OF 1962 | 3 CONTENTS PREFACE .......................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 9 Chapter I NON-ALIGNMENT: AN INDIAN RESPONSE TO THE COLD WAR ...................................................................... 14 Chapter II THE MACHINATIONS OF THE DALAI LAMA'S BROTHERS .................................................. -
Border Conflict and Tibet: the Asian Giants and Their Ih Story of Power Struggle Evan Towt SIT Study Abroad
SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2010 Border Conflict and Tibet: The Asian Giants and Their iH story of Power Struggle Evan Towt SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Asian Studies Commons, and the Defense and Security Studies Commons Recommended Citation Towt, Evan, "Border Conflict and Tibet: The Asian Giants and Their iH story of Power Struggle" (2010). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 882. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/882 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Border Conflict and Tibet: The Asian Giants and their History of Power Struggle Towt, Evan Academic Director: Onians, Isabelle Senior Faculty Advisor: Hubert Decleer Franklin and Marshall College Anthropology Asia, India, Himachal Pradesh, McLeod Ganj Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Tibetan/Himalayan Studies, SIT Study Abroad, Spring 2010 “You are undone if you once forget that the fruits of the earth belong to us all, and the earth itself to nobody." -Jean Jacques Rousseau’s Defender of Anarchy A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality 2 Abstract The South Asian world is dominated by India and China, their combined populations equaling almost a full half of humankind. In 1962, the two countries clashed over their border. -
Border Disputes, War and the Changing Dynamics of India's China Policy
Border Disputes, War and the Changing Dynamics of India's China Policy Sibaram Badatya Abstract Relations between India and China, two of the oldest living civilizations had been warm, friendly and cooperative for centuries. Both nations had established greater linkages through cultural exchanges and trade throughout history. Ancient trade and religious pilgrimages had been flourishing through the ancient silk route for centuries. After independence, the civilizational relationship gains new momentum and the spirit of 'Hindi-Chini Bhai Bhai' guided a new era of the Asian century. However, the brotherhood spirit started deteriorating after the Tibetan Uprising of 1959, leading to a trust deficit and subsequent border disputes. In 1962, both the neighbours engage a brief war and stand to juxtapose in many regional and global issues. Over the years, Chinese has emerged as a major international player and India's China policy has undergone a dynamic change to balance the Chinese threat. In this background, the current paper is intended to highlight the dynamics of India's China policy and analyse the changing relationship between India and China over the years. Keywords India-China relations, Border disputes, War, Tibet uprising. Introduction India and China have been sharing a friendly and cooperative relationship since ancient times. This relationship has developed further after the independence of both countries during the late 1940s. The period between post-independence to 1957, known as the "Period of Panchsheel" is perhaps the golden age of India China relationship. India's full support to China's freedom movement and its reorganization, its unconditional support to China's admission into UN, support to China's stand on Korean crisis, annexation of Tibet and India's policies towards Formosa crisis are some of the events on which India and China shared similar thoughts. -
Tradition the Indian Alignme
ITEM II TRADITIONAL AND CUSTOMARY BASIS OF THE SINO-INDIAN BOUNDARY IN THE WESTERN SECTOR PART ONE: Tradition The Indian alignment in the area west of the Karakoram Pass is in accordance with geographical principles, tradition and custom; and the area has always been under Indian jurisdiction. Both the upper valley of the Ghunjerab river and the upper valley of the Shaksgam river, lying south of the Aghil mountains, have always been a part of Hunza in India. The people of Hunza have exercised various rights including agricultural cultivation and pasturage and grazing rights in this area. The Shimshalis in particular used the entire area upto the Shaksgam for grazing and extracted salt at various places in the valley. On the other hand, no one from China ever used this area. The Mirs of Hunza exercised authority in this region, maintained posts and collected revenue, The official maps of the Government of India, including the one attached to the 1907 edition of the Imperial Gazetteer of India and the political maps published by the Survey of India, showed this area in Indian territory. Official Chinese maps published in 1917, 1919 and 1933 also showed this area as a part of India. In the Western Sector east of the Karakoram Pass, the first document presented by the Indian side was an extract from an old Ladakhi chronicle, as proof that the Indian alignment in the Western 'Sector was a tradition at one. The Indian side had already dealt with the location and natural features of the Sino-Indian boundary and shown, among other things, that it had come to coincide with a geographical principle. -
The Guilty Men of 1962, by Vikram Taneja
scholar warrior The Guilty Men of 19621 VIKRAM TANEJA The ensuing narrative attempts to bring to the fore the situation as it unfolded in the 1950s and 1960s in the run-up to the Indo-China War of 1962. Viewed from a ‘non analyst’ perspective, the build-up to the 1962 War does exhibit a considerable synonymity to Indo-China parleys and its implications in the present times. No analysis of the reports transcribed in this piece has been endeavoured so that the enlightened readers can draw their own conclusions from the account. The chronology of events that manifested six decades ago follows the prolific portrayal of the politico-military environment obtaining in those times, well laid down in the book The Guilty Men of 1962 by Shri DR Mankekar. Incursions July 1954-1957: About the same time as the signing of the Panchsheel Agreement, China protested at the presence of Indian troops in Barahoti on the Tibet-UP border. A Government of India communiqué, however, attempted to play it down and stated that Barahoti covered two square miles of territory at an altitude of over 16,000 ft and it had no strategic or other importance. In 1955, Chinese troops camped south of Barahoti and later came ten miles south of the Niti Pass to Damzan. In 1957, the Chinese intruded in the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) region for the first time when they entered Walong in the Lohit frontier division. On July 27, 1957, the Chinese hoisted their flag near Rezang La, three miles within the Indian border.