Working Paper Series Working Paper 15 Local Dimensions of the Colombian Conflict: Order and Security in Drug Trafficking Ingrid J. Bolívar Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Conflict Research Unit July 2003 Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Clingendael 7 2597 VH The Hague P.O. Box 93080 2509 AB The Hague Phone number: # 31-70-3141950 Telefax: # 31-70-3141960 Email:
[email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl/cru © Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holders. Clingendael Institute, P.O. Box 93080, 2509 AB The Hague, The Netherlands. © Clingendael Institute 3 Table of Contents Foreword 5 List of Abbreviations 7 Executive Summary 9 I. Introduction 11 II. The Local Dimension of the Political Economy of the Colombian Conflict 15 2.1. Territorial Rationalities of the Conflict’s Protagonists 15 2.2. Guerrilla Finance 16 2.3. Paramilitary Finance 19 2.4. The Nexus of Economy, Region and Politics 20 2.5. The Colombian Economy and the Emergence of the Guerrillas 20 2.5.1. Guerrillas and Coca 22 2.5.2. Guerrillas and Legitimacy 25 2.6. ‘Plan Colombia’ 27 2.7. Developments in Urabá 28 2.8. The ELN and Oil 29 2.9. The United States and Oil 30 2.10. Control over Local Governments and Taxes 31 Bibliography 36 © Clingendael Institute 5 Foreword This paper is part of a larger research project, 'Coping with Internal Conflict' (CICP), which was executed by the Conflict Research Unit of the Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael' for the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs.