Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5
:}i .. ,.,. 1,.,: .. ; . "' ' The Magazine For People Who Need To Know ( Volume 4, Number 1 $2
NOTES ON: PRINCETON-CIA➔ MIDDLE EAST .. p. 3
JOAN BAEZ-TOM DOOLEY OF THE '80's ...... p. 4
TRANSAFRICA??? p.5 US INTERVF"NTION IN AFGHANISTAN ...... p. 8 CIA: PLO'lVSHARES INTO SWORDS? ...... p. 19 · CIA IN INDONESIA: 1965 ...... p. 23 US INTELLIGENCE IN NORWAY ...... p. 33 US INTELLIGENCE: GUATEMALA ...... p. 42 HAITI ...... · _ ...... p. 43 FRANCE ...... · · .. p. 43 JAPAN : ..... •···········:······: ...... ;·•·······--····:··················.··· p. 44 ENGLAND ...... : .._ ...... · ...... p. 45
Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved •,It . ,,. Unique, indeed. Obviously, this depot could serve as a secret staging EDITORIAL area for the Bhah. loyalists led by the Shah's son who trained with these same The response to our "alert and plea" officers in Texas and who i�- also in the for public suppo_rt has given us the US. The American and Iranian peoples courage and strength to continue and have a right and a need-to-kno� why affirmed' the need for CounterSpy. The this dangerous situation continues. range of persons endorsing CounterSpy include: Bob Moore (National Secretary Carlos Anzaldua Edinburgh, Texas of the Mobilization for Survival *), Sister Mary O'Keefe (Chicago), · Kathie _Ricardo· Anzaldua U. San Diego/Ca .. Sorachild (New York City), Jose Buckland ( farmer/Oklahoma) , Rev, H. Jane Barry Philadelphia, Pa. C. Mulholland (North Care>lina), Allen Fisher (England), John Cavanagh (fellow/ Robin Broad Princeton U. ,:, Princeton University), Rev. Richard Preston (Michigan), and others listed Fred Clarkson CALC•:, below. We are, of course, grateful for the expression of gra�sroots support Ellen Davidson Guardian* and urge others to do the same and, if possible, contribute financially to . Ruth. M: Fitzpatrick Fairfax, Va. CqunterSpy. Since· our last issue, we have pre Sally_ Hanlon Big Cove Tannery sented papers at several conferences (Pennsylvania) and completed special reports on the Carol Hanisch New Paltz, N. Y. · CIA in Nicaragua and US universities . . CounterSpy presented a paper, "The CIA Ruth Heiss Rockford, Illinois Goes To Work" at the VIII Conference of the International Peace Research Janet Higgins Manchester, Eng. ,·Association in Koenigstein, West Ger:.. many; and editor, John Kelly, organized Flo Littell Kelly San Francisco and chaired a panel on the CIA in aca demia for the 1979 Annual Convention of Dr. Lawrence Kirby Princeton U _ ,:, American Political Science Association in Washington, D.C. and !!)resented a . Lee Miller Washington, DC paper, "CIA an-:1 Academia". A catalogue I. of these papers and the special reports Stu Ozer Guardian* is available upon-request. _ ·.Finally, we mentioned in our last · Colette Price J':Tew York City issue, and the Pentagon has now con- . firmed that Iranian military personnel, . REDSTOCKINGS New York City who came here as members of the Shah's ,military forces, are still receiving mili Claire Schub Princeton U. * tary training from the Pentagon in the US. T1'!,e Pentagon has ·also confirmed our re Prof. Steve Slaby Princet<;>n U. * velation of an Imperial Iranian Air Force (IIAF) depot at McGuire Air Fore� Base in · Curt Wands W �shington, DC New Jersey which· USAF Co�onel, E. Arcane McSmith, Jr. has described as ·' --Martha Wenger CALC* j1 · · .a "unique arrangement". between the ·! . · .[JS Afr Fqrce an.cl the _!!AF. ( Scott Wright Washington,, DC 2 . :: *for identification only
Appr�ved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 2010/06/03 : c·1A-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 ·. ..,. Approved For Release tions. CIA academician Ray Cline has admitted that covert operations are un dertaken to "try to change the situation that you analyzed in R+A (research and analysis)". In short, CIA academi cians, researchers, and analysts, like the SD predecessors, are part of the total CIA. In the Middle East, the CIA has ser viced and furthered the exploitation by U.S. corporati,ons and repression of Zionism and dictatorial regimes such as that of King Hussein in Jordan. There is PRINC�TON-C�A not a singe instance where the CIA - MiDDLE EAST acted in the true interest of Middle East peoples. As always, the CIA' s The SD, was the elitist intelligence R+-A provides the wherewithal for it to agency of academics that became a carry out its exploitation, oppression, branch of the SS under the command and repression. of Reinhard Heydrich. According to a Given the history and on-going 1975 study by George C. Browder of the role of U.S. corporations and the CIA State University of New York, the SD's in the Middle East, it is with outrage Nazi academicians considered them-. that we report that during October 2 S- selve s an "idealistic intelligence ser- 26, 1979, Princeton University (PU) vice". separate "from the unpleasant hosted a conference "The Middle East and distasteful activities of the Ge- and the Superpowers" which featured · stapo and from much of what the total acknowledged member of the CIA and SD implied". Indeed, the SD offered U.S. corporations. Corporate partici- this separateness as its defense at pants include: Abraham Almany (The Con- the tribunals at Nuremberg. The tribu- tinental Group, Inc'.); Bruce C.A nderson nal rejected this defense for as {Ebasco' Services, Inc.); C. Andrew Browder observed "try as they might, Brau.er (New York Life Insurance Co.); they were members of the total 88" . Parker T. Hart (International Business Publicly, the CIA also claims a. Consultant}; Richard H. Hittle (Conoco separation between its "dir�y tricks" International); Richard A. Macken {Gulf and its research and analysis. CIA Oil Corp,); and William A. Stoltzfus, Jr. academic recruiter, John F. Devlin ,told (William Sword and Co., Inc.). The the American Historical Association ack,nowledged CIA presence was Harry CIA research " begins and ends with Gelman who spoke in place of Arnold a piece of paper". In a secret meeting, Horelick. Harold Saunders, a well- CIA criminal Richard M. Bissell, Jr. . know0 "former" CIA officer was sche- . came closer to the truth when he noted duled to speak but was replaced by that the objective of CIA analysis is Michael S. Sterner from the U.S. State to provide- "timely knowledge" of Depa.rtment. Monroe Berger (PU), a for- "tactical significance". Furthermore, mer consultant for the 'CIA's Congress "intelligence collection and covert for Cultural Freedom {1958-61), chaired action interact and overlap ... to the "· the panel. 'I s rationale noted pointII of being almost indistinguish- The conference' able . righteously that II •• more than ever be- lt is patently obvious that the so- fore the peoples of the region are seek-· called academic branch of the CIA pro� ... ing to control their destiny and to· shape vides the ammunition for covert opera- their political, economic,· and social in- 3
Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 s : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 tutt-Approved For Release 2010/06/03 and values". And, what does this call for ? "This emerging position of the Near East calls for examination. First, the view of the region from outside - from Washington, Moscow, and the financial world as exemplified by ·wall Street - requires comment. II The ratio-· nale concedes that internal views and II interests must be considered 11• But ac- cording to the question: "To what extent are they compatible with the goals and JOAN BALEZ, TOM policies of the supeq:�owers ? 11• (De- . spite the expressed concern for DOOLEVOF · I "Moscow's II view, there were no Sqvlet participants. Harry Gelman present�id THE SO's? II 11 Moscow's vie\-'! ! ) On May 7, 1954, President Dwight We feel the aforementio·ned persons Eisenhower wrote to Bao Dai after the II deserve the light of day" particularly defeat of the colonialists at Dien Bien in the Middle East whose peoples de Phu to expres� "adrniration"on "behalf serve an explanation. We feel the same of the American people" to the Vietnam about the following scheduled speakers ese who fought on the side to the French and panelists whose conscious· partici against their own fellow compatriots. pation provided a legitimate forum for Eisenhower concluded that: "We of the the U.S. . corporations and the CIA,. the Free World are determined to remai.n exploitative oppressors of the Middle faithful to the causes for which they East peoples. Nehama Rezler Bersohn, have so nobly fought." William G. Bowen, L. Dean Brown, Shortly thereafter, Eisenhower dis Jerome Clinton, Martin Dickson, Normen patched CIA operative Colonel Edward Itzkowiz, Charles Issawi, BernardLewis,, Landsdale to Vietnam� Prior to his Viet Robert Tignor, Richard U,llman, and John nam assignment, Landsdale, along with Waterburg (all from Princeton University); CIA' s Na pole on Valeriano, had directed Oles Smolansky (Lehigh U.}, Bayly the extermination of thousands of Huks Winder (NYU), Ernest Dawn (U. of Illi in the Philippines 'under his so-called nois/Urbana, Willlam B. Quandt propaganda campaign of the Filipino . · (Brookings Institute), J.C. Hurewitz Civil Affairs Office. Stanley Ka mow · (Columbia U.), Ann Lesch (Ford Founda described a typical psychological war tion), Dankwart Rustow (City U., New fare operation: "When a Buk partol York), and Ali Banuazizi (Boston College) passed, !he ambushers snatched the last man, punctured his neck vampire- ·. fashion with two holes, hung his body until his blood. drained out, and put the corpse back on the trail. 11 Landsdale I was sent to Vietnam to undertake a similar propaganda and psychological warfare campaign to save Vietnam from itself and the "communists" and co- incidentally replace the French coio- '· nialism with U.S. neo-colonialism, such_ as was imposed in the P�ilippines. An integral ·component of , Landsdale' s psychological warfare and· 4
CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 A. . pproved For··-· Re Iease 2010/06/03: Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 .. campaign to slip the U.S. into Viet with limousines and plush hotels - nam was a worldwide propaganda cam the haunts of exploiters and war crim paign about the tremendous food and inals. medical needs of the Vietnamese (the propaganda, of course, never men - · tioned the American role in producing these needs). Spearheading this cam paign was CIA agent, Torn Dooley. Dooley propagandized from one end of the U.S. to the other about Vietnam; his image was based, in part, on - what even Holy Mother Church called - false CIA reports filed by Dooley. The ultimate hypocritical conclusion of all this was the Food-for-Peace The CIA is an ideological institution program whose monies were used to whose indoctrinated members seldom buy weapons and ammunition with the really leave. They do, however, engage permission of the U. $. government. in "sheep-dipping". This is a process Now we have a latter-day Tom whereby a CIA member ostensibly Dooley, Joan Baez, telling us Vietnam leaves the CIA to join another organiza has to be rescued from itself again and tion v:hile maintaining loyalty to the hymning the CIA' s line on Cambodia. CIA, sometimes with no contact wi.th It is like a re-run of the 1950's night the CIA for years. mare with Baez telling President It has been documented that the CIA Carter: "Either we bluff our way in has specifically targeted blacks in the there or pretend ,ne didn't hear Phnom US for cooptation and barring that, Penh's reaction to distributing food." "neutralization". Given these facts, And later at a "Georgetown house CounterSpy feels compelled to call at under the Waterfront chandeliers" tell tention to a Washington Post article ing the like of Edward Kennedy and of May 21, 1978. Chip Carter that: "We just ha_ve to "There has f�r many years been an take our Red Cross and say, 'Here we informal 'Africa Lobby' consisting come'. It's risky, but I don't think of interested blacks from the State they want to shoot us." With Chip Department, the CIA, Capitol Hill Carter responding: "We support her and private organizations. Robinson wholeheartedly. The President thinks said TransAfrica includes many of her work will change world opinion the same people ... ". (Randall and help us to proceed. Vi.le're going Robinson is Executive Director of to go into Cambodi_a under the pretext TransAfrica, a black lobby on Africa that they will let us. " and the Caribbean.) We don't know what's happening CounterSpy believes strongly in every in Vietnam and Cambodia. But neither one's 1 ability to change else we would does·Joan Baez, her ilk and even Ed not struggle as we do. It is not Counter - Bradley of CBS News. conceded that the .fu2y but the CIA' s nature that requires CIA is propagandizing about Cambodia. persons in TransAfrica to come forward We do know, however, that the U.S. and state whether they were in the CIA government through the likes of Dooley • and vvhat is their position on the CIA. and Baez has been lying t_o us about This is particularly essential since Trans Indochina for over 25 years. Africa owes it to it$elf and persons con Thus, to Baez we say: "_Hell No, sidering working with it to be up front · We Won't Go" particularly in light of about any relationships, even past, which her saying she is now "comfortable" its members may have had with the CIA. 5
Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 06-5 · CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150� Approved F or R I e ease 2010/06/03.. .· September 6, 1979 Statement
We feel that_ \W 111ust respond to the latest in a series of attempts ations-they sent a letter to each of CTlJ's 32 board members. to suppress inquiry into the details and nature of Gloria Stcin Board members cannot be individually sued for a corporation's em·s associJtion with the Central Intelligence Agency. We are acts, except in a few instances not relevant here (many non alar111ed that th� most visible wrnmentaryon these events has lawyers may not know this); but Steinem's attorneys stated in co111e from several well-known figures in the feminist movement · their letter to the board members that publication of the who not only condone but endorse this suppression. Because material "could subject [them] to individual liability." }!eights feminism·s ;ippealand impact spring from a fundamental intel . & Valley News stood up to this attempt at intimidation and lei.:rual honesty. it is particularly_ distressing that the suppression is continuing the series. uf dissent may be seen as some kind of official feministposition. In 1975 .. after Reds lockings reseal"ChedGloria Steinem's· All this legal harassment was ill response not to any actual affiliationsand raised questions about her political past, Stein instance of false, malicious defamation,but to the potential em published a ··statement" in connection with her adivities raising of embarrassing questions about some feminists' rela- on behalf of the Independent Research Servke, a CIA-funded tions with the power elite. _ group. Many feminists found this document neither entirely We think that Steinem and her associates have not made a credible nur to the point. and they have persisted in seeking convincing case for cutting off discussion. At question is not more enlightening answers. just the right to debate one woman's past associarions, although Because of the consciously counterrevolutionary role the this is often important. There is an urgent need for wide CIA has played at home and abroad over the years, it makes ranging debate in the feminist movemen� on such questions as: · sense to expect a participant in the women's movement - Do feminists think there are speciJl topics on which it is especially one who has come to symbolize it-to fully discuss defensible.to stifle discussion? Why do we put up with bad- her past relationship to the CIA. We are still waiting to hear faith appeals to "sisterhood"? Steinem's opinion of the Agency; the last one she gave charac - How far should feminists go in m�king compromises? terized the CIA as ''liberal" and "farsighted" (17teNew York Which kinds of compromises help us reach our goals? Whid1 Times. February 21. 1967). hurt? - Is there a conflict-of-interest problem that our movement The events that prompted us to send out this letter include: needs to solve-as other movements have tried to solve it -when 1) Gloria Steinem. Clay Felker (most recently publisher of movement representatives accept positions on the government Esquire), and Ford Foundation president Franklin Thomas or corporate side of the bargaining table'? were among those who threatened to sue for libel if Random - Are "right-wingers" the only reason for the growing num House allowed the CIA chapters to be published in the Random ber of setbacks for women? Or is the feminist movement fail editionof Redstockings' Feminist Revolution. At the same ing to discuss its own serious mistakes? time. Newsweek/Washington Post publisher Katharine Graham - O�s dependence on government and corporate funding and Warner Communications-a major Ms. stockholder-also and foundation grants increase or decrease the effectiveness of· complained. The offending chapters were deleted. Thus, feministgroups? Does it distort their politics and activities? Steinem and her powerful supporters successfully used the - What is to be done about government and corporare spy threat. of litigation to exercise prior restraint over publication. ing and intervention in the feminist movement? 2) ,When Steinem learned that the Village Voice had assigned journalist Nancy Borman to prepare an article on the censo,• These questions are not personal but political. They an� at ship of Feminist Revolution, her attorneys, Greenbaum, Wolff the heart of our survival as a movement. We will not be silenced. & Ernst, threatened suit against the Voice if any mention of Steinem's CIA association appeared in the article. After some Note: Copies of the two articles reviewing Steinem's CIA asso delay to-allow the Voice's legal counsel to review the material, ciations, which were in the original edition of Feminist Revolu the Voice published the article (May 21, 1979). and in subse tion, are available for $1 from Redstockings, P.0. Box 1284, quent issues several letter--writersrespon ded_ with attacks on New York, NY 10009; Redstockings' information packet on Borman.and the Voice. the censorship of the book's Random edition is $1. Copies of 3) lri May 1979. when Heights & Valley News, a New York the Sept. 6, 1975,Majority Report, containing Steinem's state City neighborhood paper published by the Columbia Tenants ment and annotations to it, are S.75 each from Majority Report, y p arti Union; began a series on the material deleted from Feminist 49 Perr St., New York, NY l0014. Co ies of the Voice p Revolution, Steinem's attorneys again threatened suit. But cle and letters of response are $.50, cash or stam s. from the Statement Group, c/o Nancy S. Erickson, 619 Carroll Street, instead of threatening the Columbia Tenants Union corpora Brooklyn, NY·! 1215. tion-as they had the Random House and Village Voice corpor-
, . . . , . . .· CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 .... Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5
Gild:i Abramowitz, New York City Lisa Forman, Warrington, Pa. Sh:uun Pre sky, :'\storiJ,NY l►.e Alpert, NYC Harriet Fraad, New Haven, Conn. Colette !'rice, NYC R. L. Annchild. NYC Carol Giardina Freeman, Jacksonville, Fla. Lynne Randall, ,\tlanta Marilyn Banzhaf, Washington, DC Elizabeth Griggs. NYC Bt!thany R. Redlin. Lambert, 1'.1ont. Bea Baron, Bronx. NY Sara Grusky, \Vashington, DC Judy Reichler, CallirnonCenter, NY Jane Barry, Philaddphia Stephanie Haftel, Rochester, NY Vickie Richman, Br\ioklyn Pat Barry, Phil:idt:lphia Carol Hanisch, New Paltz, NY Marlrne Rurp, Gainesville Rosalyn Baxandall, NYC Carole Heath, Rochester Susan B. Sands, t--:YC Frances M. Beal, Brooklyn, NY Judith Lewis Herman, Cambridge, Mass. Kathie Sarachi!J. �YC Harriet Bernstein, Philadelphia Nellie fl ester, NYC Kathryn Scarhrough, R Distributed by the Statement Group, c/o Nan(J' S. Erickson, 619 Callo/IStreet, Brook(i•n, NY I J:!15 October 1979 Civil liberties and police CILIP E L I M I N A 'r I 0 N newsletter on civil liberties FOR A J T s 'r and police development us C H I L E A N s y EM A J T /\ s Board of Editors: H. Busch, A. Funk, U. Kauss, W.-0. Narr, F OR U S C I L E N s y 'r EM F. Werkentin. A J A N s M,rnaging Editor: Th. v. Zabern FOR us T C I E s y T E M The newsletter publishes information, news, data and analy- A J U S T J\. H S Y S T scs on the following subjects: F 0 R C I EM T 1. Methodological problems of police research FOR A J U S C I J\. s y S T EM 2. Structural data of police development in Western J A S,Y S T Europe FOR A u s C I EM 3. Legal development s C I s y s 'l' 4. Police in action F 0 R A u A EM 5. Police in Europe A us A S Y S T 6. Police aid to de_veloping countries F OR C I M 7. The public's prerogative: control of the police FO R A A s s M 8. Towards a critical public us C I y 9. Case studies- F 0 R A C ·r A s M 10. Documents u s s 11. Requests for information, contacts F R A u s C I A s s M A A s s M The CILIP newsletter is published in English and German F us C I three limes a year Subscription prices (3 issues) are: F A us C I A s M OM 20.· (US-Dollar 11.·) for individuals OM 30.· (US-Dollar 16.-) for institutions F A s C I A s M Add 3 US-Dollar for overseas airmail A s Address correspondence tq: F C I s M Cilip, c/o Berghofstiftung, Winklerstr. 4a, 1000 Berlin 33, W-Germany Bob Feldman ' Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 .... istan over the last few years . In 1973., the forty year-old dictatorship of King Mohammad Zaher Shah and two of his uncles ended in a coup led by his cousin and brother-in-law, Mohammed Daoud, who had resigned as Zaher Shah's prime minister in 1963 and had seemingly re tired from political life. {Zaher Shah was UmS. in Italy on vacation at the time of the . coup, during a famine in his country, DNTERVENTDON ' and was later offered asylum by Saudi IN Arabia.) There was virtually no one in Afghani:,tan prepared. to fight for the AFGHANISTAN Shah, who had led an extremely re by Konrad Ege pressive and corrupt regime. The end of the monarchy was welcomed by "If Henry Kissinger were still around, most of the people. Daoud's coup �as there would be one hell of a temptation to assisted by various sectors of the 1 get involved"; was the reaction of a Afghan society, especially the leftist U.S. "specialist" to recent events in parties. Afghanistan. But Henry Kissinger is not Soon after the coup, the U .s .. be- "around", and State Department and CIA , came more "involved" in Afghanistan. officials keep assuring us {as they did (Adolph ••spike" Dubs, U.,s. Ambassador during the "secret" war in Laos _and when to Afghanistan from the summer of 19.78 covert aid was being given to the Kurds until he was killed 011 February 14, 1979, in Iraq ) that the U.S. -.is "not interfering and who "had been trying to wean the in any way"2 in Afghanistan. Afghans away from Moscow" 4 was What is happening in- Afghanistan appointed Deputy Assistant Secretary of that might provoke "one hell of a tempta State for Near Eastern and South Asian tion to get-involved" ? Many factors Affairs in 1975.) _Iran, "encouraged by and diverse U.S. interests are involved the United States, made a determined - all best illuminated in the light of effort to draw Kabul [Afghanistan's cap recent Afghan history. ital] into a western-tilted, Teheran Afghanistan is a mountainous country centered, regional economic and secu about the size of Texas with a population rity sphere embracing Pakistan, India, and approaching 18 million of many different the Persian gulf states" 5 and to promote nationalities, most o'f them peasants in policies of anti-Communism in Afghan the countryside. This landlocked country istan. The Shah of Iran began a massive borders Iran, the Soviet Union (the bor $ 2 billion aid program to Afghanistan der with the Soviet Union-is some 2_, 000 under the _condition that Daoud crack miles), China, Pakistan, and India; and down further on the Khalq and Parcham even though it has no access to the sea parties who had .been the "backbone of it has strategic significance. The United [Daoud's] 1973 coup" 6 but were con- Nations rates Afghanistan a·s one of the sidered "Communist" by the Shah and the world's poorest countries with an annual U.S. Government. Iran also pushed for the per capita income of.$ 160, an infant termination of Afghanistan's traditionaily mortC:llity rate of so· per cent, and an friendly relationship with the Soviet 3 illiteracy rate of some 90 per cent. Union. The.Shah began to exercise more c Almost all Afghans are Muslims be and more power in Afghanistan, and SAVAK, longing to the more traditional of the •his CIA-trained secret police, got heavily two branches, the Sunnites . involved in Afghanistan's internal affairs. . Events have moved rapidiy in Afghan- SAVAK went so far as· to pinpoint "sus- , 8 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 .... pected Communist symphathizers through eluding the death sentence for opposition out the Afghan Government ·and military" 7 political ac ti vitie s . who were then to be purged by Daoud. At the same time, the Shah of Iran's In the same years, the government of policy see med to succeed: Daoud signed the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) treaties with Iran and Pakistan and stepped up its program of police aid to showed increasing'hostility towards the the Da_oud government. Two million DM Soviet Union. Furthermore, the Shah him- ($ l million) were made �vail�ble "in the . self planned to visit Kabul in June 19 78, form of equipment supplies and top-level and Mohammed Daoud wanted to meet guidance for the Afghani police by two President Carter in the fall in Vlashing German police officers in view of ton .· political developments" . 8 In But Daoud I s alliances with the U.S. addition, the West German magazine Government� - SAVAK, the feudal land Der Spiegel reports that almost all high lords and the Muslim Clergy (often big ranking Afghan· police officers went to the · landlords themselves), could not main FRG for training. 9 Five Afghans were alsc tain his reign. On April 17, Daoud I s trained in the U.S. by the Drug Enforce newly appointed interior minister Abdul ment Agency (DEA) or through CIA program: Quadir Nuristani arranged the assassi in the International Police Academy (IPA) nation of Mir Akbar Khaiber, a popular in Washington, DC and the IIBomb leftist leader whom Daoud and Nuristani School" (Border Patrol Offices, BPO) in considered "Communist". Khaiber' s Los Fresnos, Texas : Abdul Samad Azher funeral turned into a massive anti-gov (DEA); Qader Abdul Azizi (IPA, BPO, DEA); ernment demonstration. Daoud, encour Abdul Vaheed Najmi (IPA}; Miam Rafiuddin aged by the Shah, responded w�th an (IPA); and Khawar Zaman (IPA). attempt to eliminate any and all oppo With this improved police force, Daouc sition. On April 2 4, seven popular got rid of officers and civilians in his "Communist". leaders were arrested, government, often using brutal tactics. and on April 2 6, hundreds of suspected He handed key positions to aristocrats Communist sympathizers were purged and supporters of the big landowners and from their governmental posts. the deposed monarchy. The economic The next day, Daoud was over power stayed in the hands of a few land thrown in what the U.S. press usually lords ·- five per cent of the population calls a "Soviet inspired, bloody mili owned half of the arable land - and the tary coup", but even Selig S. Harrison, corrupt bureaucracy of Zaher Shah· was a long time South Asia corresponcfent only slightly refonned. for the Washington Post , saw no Soviet The economic situation in Afghanistan masterminding behind the "bloody coup" and that "it is misleading deteriorated quickly in spite of the big wrote to foreign grants. Unemployment increa_sed - depict the coup in the global strategic to almost one million, and from an chess game". 11 The U.S. Government anticipated development budget of$ 400 obviously did not expect a "coup" at million for 1976/77_, only one third was this time in Kabul. Warnings from SAVA'f. actually expended by the Daoud govern . about an unstable internal situation rnent; and from the 1977/78 budget, only were not heeded, and in the subsequent one sixth was 'spent. lO Daoud I s highly·· criticism of the CIA's incompetence in Iran, the Afghanistan proclaimed and badly needed land reform intelligence never took place, and the dissatisfaction. failure was invariably mentioned. of the Afghan people mounted. In response Mohammed Daoud and some of his Daoud turned more and more to open re-. closest advisors were killed on April pression. In February 1977, he adopted 2 7, and a part of the army loyal to a one-party constitution, and issued Daoud put up a short but fierce fight laws providing severe penalties in- against the rebelling part of the army. 9 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 'r' Hundreds of people were killed. leav� the country after they paid their The "military coup" should prob tax debts}, and the elimination of some ably be called a "decisive stage of foreign insurance and trade companies. the Afghan revolution" which had been Not surprisingly, Taraki' s foreign advancing rapidly since the end o·f the (he signed a friendship treaty with the monarchy in 1973. The "coup" grew out Soviet Union, and Afghan civilians and of a "tremendous and acute discon military officers beg an being trained by tent" 12 of the majority of the Afghan Soviet advisors) and internal programs people which was especially visible ("We demand bread, food; we demand during the widespread anti-government clothing; ... we demand participation of demonstrations in the days after the all sectors of society in social and assassination of Khaiber. In addition, political affairs; we demand our social the military. take-over was directed by rights; ... 11 14) drew comments in the civilians in the Khalq and Parcham U.S. press such as "A{-;Ihanistan has 15 parties·, and not by military officers. 13 lurched violently to the left", "Now. Only a few days after t�e take-over, we have a whole set of leaders who which began the Democratic _Republic clearly have ·a Commu.nist backing", 16 of Afghanistan, Noor Mohammed Taraki, · and II Afghanistan takes a socialist 1 a civilian, was elected Chairperson road"_ 7 . - . - . of the Revolutionary Co,uncil and then Taraki and other governmental offi appointed Prime Minister. Taraki had cials were portrayed as not much me>re a long history of opposition first to than Soviet puppets; the Khalq Party· Zaher Shah and then to the Daoud re was labeled "Communist", and Afghan gime. In fact, during ,the days of the lstan was put in the "Soviet satellite:· take-over, Taraki was in pris0n. He . f,He". Soo_n, anti-Khalq news began to - was among the founders of the Peoples 1 appear also in the FRG, England, Egypt, Democratic Party (PDP) in 1965. The - and other Muslim countries. PDP, generally known as Khalq In February 19 79, Afghanistan was Party, was involved in numerous again in the headlines in the U.S.: strikes and demonstrations in the· the U.S. Ambassador in Kabul, Adolph· 19 70' s , and it was also instrumental Dubs, had been kidnapf)ed on February in the mass protest against the visit 14. On the way to work, Dubs' car of Richard Nixon I s Vice President stopped at a red traffic light, and a man Spiro Agnew in Kabul in 1970. dressed as a police sergeant approached The Khalq government quickly en it and asked to inspect the car. Dubs acted drastic· land and water-rights · agreed and unlocked the doors. The reforms-in favor of the coun_try's "police sergeant" ·and three other men p�asants who make up most of the ·forced their way .into the car, threatened population and stepped up an im the chauffe1:tr with a revolver and mense literacy campaign for men and ordered him to follow their directions. women. In addition,_ it abolished the . ·:" To this point, the State Department has death penalty for peasants and the never explained publicly, why Dubs rode system of usury by which moneylen-- .... to work without any bodyguards or under ders exploited peasants who by being .. :.: the:protection of Afghan police officers . forced to borrow _against future crops· who had been offered by Afghan author were left in perpetual debt . Other_. 1 ities. Dubs.was virtually unprotected�,. programs. included .the promotion of . .- _-::'i Adolph Dubs was taken to .one of the .: equal rights for men and women, _the biggest hotels in Kabul. According _to .. L: :'},. separation of state. and religion, im- .,,:) Newsweek, the kidnappers, who de- provement of health care, increased .. , mantled the release of several taxation-of foreign corporations (some Muslim leaders, belonged to '!one of corporate officials were _only allowep-to. ·: · the fervent Islamic guerilla bands that - 10 . \. Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 have been resisting, with minimal the U.S. Embassy were practically non success, the Marxist regime of Prime existent before th� kidnapping, is not 18 Minister Noor Mohammed Taraki". mentioned at all in State Department. In the hotel where Dubs was being reports.• held, one of the four kidnappers was Newsweek correspondent Ron arrested by Afghan police; and Afghan, Moreau, who was in a Muslim rebel U.S., and Soviet officials who were camp inPe shawar, Pakistan, at the time present debated the possibilities of of the kidnapping came up with an ex freeing Dubs. planation of why the kidnappers chose Reports on what happened after Dubs as their victim. "The theory making that differ widely. Afghan officials in the rounds here amongPakistanis and sisted that the Muslim leaders the Afghan exiles is that the kidnapping kidnappers were demanding, were not and killing of Dubs was a put-up job at their disposal. Finally, some three by the Kabul regime and the Soviets. hours after the kidnapping, U.S. Em..:. ... The Kabul government feared that bassy officials were informed about a the U.S. might start supporting the l:00P.M. deadline. 19At 12:40, rebels through 'a third country.... The according to the Washington Post , affair may have been a conspiracy to Afghan police officers asked Bruce insure that the U.S. would not heed the Fla tin, a politic al officer in the U.S. rebels' pleas for aid." 23 The News Embassy in Kabul who was present at week article goes on quoting unspeci the hotel, to shout to Dubs in German 11 fied II U.S. -congressional sources (a language both Dubs and Flatin that "the Russians had wanted Dubs to 11 · understood) to go to the bathroom or die. The ambassador had been trying to 20 to drop to the floor in ten minutes" , wean the Afghans away from Moscow, I, ! but, thePost article goes on, "Flatin and his death guaranteed that signifi refused, recognizing that the Afghans cant inroads would not be r:nade for were readying an assault". months - if ever." 24 Newsweek gives another "explana In light of the situation in Afghan tion" of why Flatin refused to give.what istan before and especially after the could have been a life-saving message death of Adolph Dubs, theories like the to Dubs: "Flatin refused, reasoning ones offered by Newsweek and the Cold that the kidnappers may have under War warriors quoted as "U.S. con 21 stood German." Ten minutes later gressional sources" are almost gro - Afghan police attacked the room where tesque. According to the Washington Dubs was being held. 11At exactly Post , the assassination of Dubs con 12: so, very heavy gunfire broke out in vinced ,certain sectors of the Afghan the corridor, in the room and from across society "that the counterrevolution had 11 5 the street." 22 When the police and started 2 . For the Khalq government, U.S. officials entered the room, Ambas the killing of Dubs presented one of the sad.or Dubs and his kidnappers were biggest difficulties in their relations, ,dead. with the U.S., and, in fact, "qs a The U.S. Government was quick to result of the incident, the U.S. con pin the blame for Dubs' death on Afghan siders Afghanistan as a communist officials and partly on the "Soviet ad country past recall" 26. II visors at the scene, who, according to Cynics could say that the U.S.· accounts in the Washington Post and Government used the death of one of Newsweek.,' had disregarded pleas of its ambassadors to make politics. One U.S. officials who were asking that an_ could even go so far as to suggest attack on the kidnappers be avoided that the U.S. Government worked in order to s-ave Dubs' life. The fact hand-in-glove with the kidnappers,· in - that security measures on the part of exactly the way they had planned. The 11 Approved For Release 20·10/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 . U.S. Government did take Dubs' trayed as a struggle of the Afghan people death as a reason for changing re- · against a pro-Moscow government. In lations with Afghanistan and for de - December, 1978, the U.S. conservative nouncing it as a "Communist regime", mouthpiece U. S, News and World Report controlled by the Soviet Union. admitted that although "not directly in Washington riamed no replacement for volved 11, the U.S. has II big stakes in a Dubs, terminated almost all economic struggle pitting Moslem conservatives aid agreements and repeatedly charged against Moscow-backed rulers" because the Afghan governm�nt with violations of "far reaching implications for the U.S. of human rights. Of course, the and the West". 2 7 western press went along with the. Since then, the fighting which had Cf. ..S Government position, blaming been only sporadic over the summer the Afghan government and "Russian (19 78) months, has intensified. Attacks advisors" for Dubs' death. And, con by the-.so ..,culled rebels are mainly veniently, most press accounts carried _out from outside the country: In pointed to the existence of a Muslim fact, thousands of Afghans opposed to rebel movement as a force fighting the Khalq government have left Afghanistar . the government in the name of free mainly for neighboring Pakistan. At a qom. {It is highly interesting to• com press conference in February 19 79, pare the descriptions the U.S. press Pakistan's military ruler, Z�a ul-Haq is giying the Muslim rebels in. stated that there were over 20,000 · Afghanistan and the Muslim oppo- Afghan refugees fn the country'. 28 . sition movement to the deposed Shah Estimates now range as high as of Iran - the Afghan Muslims tend to 106,000. be described as freedom fighters It is from Pakistan that most of the while the Iranian Muslims are attacks are launched. A conference of labeled often as terrorists, ultra con rebel leaders was held in Lahore, Pakista servative , and anti-democratic.) on January 18, 1979, and later meetings Dubs' death provided the U.S. took place in other cities to which cer- · with a reason to begin to change re tain foreigners were invited to attend. lations with Afghanistan. The Muslim The fighting has ·affected almost all kidnappers achieved their goal: to of Afghanistan's 28 provinces, and has draw attention to the situation in been mainly in the countryside. However, Afghanistan, to worsen U. S.-Afghan Herat, Afghanistan's third largest city, relations, and to bring the U.S. which is only 70 miles from the Iranian Government closer to aiding the border; Mazar-i-Sharif, T alalabad, and rebels. · - in a limited way - Kabul have been· The activity of the Muslim rebels affected. At �:me point, the rebels had started a few months after the captured three towns in the province of Khalq Party took power. It was, and is, Razma·k. They established Islamic mainly inspired and supported by former - Courts and killed over 30 Khalq members landlords, conservative clergy (often within a few days. 29 they are identical), and foreign govern According to the Washington Post, ments or org-anizations which began to run at least 5,000 people died in He.rat in a small scale but constantly escalating·· mid--March. Newsweek reported, war against the.army, a war that has in quoting unspecified but "well placed tensified to the point that the U.S. pre s·s American officials" II 11 ( ?·) that "Soviet i s ca11. mg 1.·t M oscow • s v·1e t nam • military advisors were among the casual-- News about h�avy fighting in Afghan- 1 ties" 30. Washington Post writer istan between rebel forces and the Afghan Jonathan Randal went to great pains to military .has been reported in the U,. S • - · describe in detail what he thinks since fall, 1978 • The fighting is por-:- happened in Herat. He writes that it 12 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150�06-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 is a "favorite tactic of the Islamic in Moscow and assured continued tribesmen .. to torture victims by first support from Soviet leaders, who ob cutting off their noses, ears, and viously could not predict the rapid genitals, then removing one s_lice of change in Afghanistan following his skin after another:" . Randal has a visit. (As of now, it is still unclear "diplomat" comment that this is "a whether T araki resigned for health slow, very painful death". According reasons, as reported in the Afghan to him, it was the "Russians" living in News Agency, or whether he was Herat who were "hunted down" by seriously wounded and later died in a "specially assigned assassination "violent palace revolt "1 as claimed in squads" that went "berserk" and in-. the U.S. media.) 31 dulged in "wholesale slaughter" .. Charges that the present fighting Randal also points out that rebel in Afghanistan is a "holy war" of groups are carrying out daily "terrorist" rebel Muslims who are fearful that the activities against members of the Khalq "pro-Russian government" will curtail Party and soldiers. In retaliation, he their religious freedom ha ve never says, the army actions against rebels been substantiated. In fact, publi have been "barbaric". cations portraying the fighting as But what is really going on in religiously-motivated seldom give Afghanistan ? Is this country a Soviet · any evidence for their presumptions satellite ? Does the government of the and in September 19 79, after one.,. Soviet Union see the ruling of the Khalq and a half years of the "godless" Party as part of a "gradually closing government, the pro-Western Econo pincer movement aimed at Iran a� the mist reported that "no restrictions oil regions of the Middle East" , as had been imposed on religious prac charged by Robert Neumann, former tice" 34. · U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan and Obviously, reasons for the now senior associate of the Georgetown fighting and the terrorism lie else Center for Strategic and International where. In Afghanistan, Islam has 0 Studies, an institution closely lin_ked always been tied closely to a social, to the CIA ? And, is the "Islamic re political, and economic system of II bellion an internal affair of conser feudalism and semi-feudalism. Hence, vative religious Muslims fighting a the dissolution of the huge estates holy war (" Marx vs. the Mullahs" 3 3) owned by the old aristocrats and against a communist, godle·ss govern feudal masters, and the partial de ment ? struction of the prior economic The first two questions have been system by the Khalq Party has been partly answered: the Soviet Union interpreted as an attack on Islam. In was not instrumental in the events of addition, many of the rich landowners April, 19 78, which led to the ou.ster of ; were in· fact Muslim clergy 35 and Daoud and the b�ginning of the Demo - financial losses for the mullahs cer cratic Republic of Afghanistan, and tainly motivated their propaganda although there are now several thou about the "godless" communists. Hence, it is not a religious war . / sand Soviet advisors in Afghanistan, ii they are not determining what happens such as the western media is fond of I 1- there. This· became especially clear· creating to hide the truth. It is a i• in the mid-September shake-up in the struggle between the exploiters and the Afghan government when Noor exploited. And, in this case, as in Mohammed Taraki was replaced by feudal Europe, religious leaders are Prime Minister Hafizull�h Amin as largely in the exploiter's class which President. Just a few days before he rfact facilitates the creation of the re was replaced, Taraki was welcomed ligious wa r myth. ., Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 13 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 ' . ., There have been cases of poor pea - if they had done it slower ." sants who had been living almost as The third question raised above - is slaves on the estates of the landlords re- the fighting in Afghanistan an internal fusing to take land given to them or to affair ? - seems to be central. In March go along with other reforms for fear of 19 79, State Department spokesperson retaliation by the landlords.. Having a Rodding Carter III pointed out that the long history of dependency on the U.S. Government "would regard external mullahs and of being conditioned to involvement in Afghanistan's internal listen to them as religious leaders, some problems as a serious matter" 36. In his of the peasants could well be con statement which was interpreted as "one vinced of the need of a "holy war" more sign of sensitivity to the increased against the Khalq Party and the Soviets j Soviet maneuvering in a wide area living and working in Afghanistan. Some stretching from the Horn of Africa through times, however; Khalq officials _gave Yemen to Afghanistan" 37by. the Washing the mullahs good openings for their pro ton Post, Carter directed his "warning11 paganda by being insensitive to tradi to the Soviet Union and pointed out that tions and moving too fast with their re "the U.S. has not interfered in the in forms. Commented a conservative Afghan ternal sltuation of Afghanistan". 38 to CounterSpy: "They Uhe Khalq Party] By calling the fighting an "internal could have done everything they wanted affair'1 Carter is hiding the U.S. A U.S. institution which has had ' Asia Foundation money was given close ties to the CIA in the past to the institute to organize secre is · still active in Afghanistan: the tarial training courses for women Asia Foundation. According to Joel and to strengthen its Cultural and W. Scarborough, Asia Foundation's Foreign Relations Department. representative in Afghanistan (box Contributions to the Asia Foun 257, Kabul), the Foundation "has dation come mainly from U.S. gov-: closely collaborated with other ernmental grants and, to a lesser American governmental agencies degree, from corporati ons. The in Afghanistan, especially ICA, Foundation, a "non-prof it organi [ International Communication zation", works to create an infra Agency and_] AID ... " . At the same structure favorable to corporate in time, Scarborough complains that vestments in Asia, and to improve "a favorable environment for accom relations between corporate offi plishing- a great deal does not cials and Asian governments. For exist" (in a letter to the author on example, it gave a rece.ption in the 6/lb/79) .- U.S. in the fall of 1977 for Sayad In the past, the Asia Foundation . Waheed Abdullah, then Minister-in has arranged for numerous Afghans -charge for Afghan Foreign Affairs, to visit and to be trained in the U.S. which was well attended by corpo-: ·and has financed various projects rate and State Departmenf officials. in Afghanistan. One such project Whether the Asia Foundation still is the Afghan Women's Institute, works with the CIA or not, it is per- headed by "the very capable Ma-: forming the same functions as in the dame Kobra, president of the In - past: promoting corporate interests in stitute and a forme-r Minister of Asia . . Public Health" (Asia Foundation News, Nov., Dec. 1977; p.4). 14 .•. Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 interests in intervention in Afghanistan Afghanistan include statements in the and is ignoring massive, direct inter Lebanese weekly, f'.,l Klfoh al Arubi 4q vention by U.S. "friends ". Further, and in various Eastern European publi given the long history of U.S. meddling cations. 41 These statements have been in Afghan affairs, especially through the denounced as "slanderous and base former Shah of Iran, Carter's statements. less" 42 by U.S. Government spokes are highly hypo0ritical. persons. After the defeat of U.S. economic, Interestingly, two of the Afghan strategic, and political interests in Iran rebel. leaders, Ziya Nezri and Zia and the dissolution of CENTO (a military_ N as sery, are in fact U.S. citizens,. and alliance of Turkey, Iran, and Pakistar-i • the State Department is in touch with at aided by the U.S.) , the U.S. · Govern - least one of them. Ziya Nezri, a suppor ment is veFy sensitive about the 1\.Jiddle ter of the deposed monarchy, visited East and South Asia region. Assistant the State Department in early March 19 79, Secretary of State, ·Warren Christopher, just before the attack on He rat, to ask expressed that sensitivity during his for U.S. support. Nezri had lengthy dis trip to Turkey in spri'i19 19 7� where he cussions with Afghanistan Desk Officer negotiated for U.S. intelligence stations Ronald Lorton and other State Department and explored the possibility of establi officials as well as with, representatives shing a successor to CENTO. For an of Senators Frank Church and Jacob alliance like.that, it would be "helpful" J avHs, who is known for his friendship to have a government friendly to the U.S. with the former Shah of Iran. In an in Afghanistan. Besides that, Afghanistan interview, Lorton refused to say whe•ther would be an excellent place for intelli he and Nezri had discussed arms ship- gence stations aimed at the Soviet ments to the rebels because II Mr. Nezri Union. is an American citizen II . Church and Given what is at stake for U.S. long J avits also declined to answer in term planning in the Middle East and quiries about their talks with Nezri. South Asia region, it is certainly an The other U.S. citizen involved in illusion to believe that the U '. S. is ·the fighting in Afghanistan, Zia keeping its hands off Afghanistan. At Nassery, is a member of the Afghan this point, it is not clear how much the Islamic and Nationalistic Revolution CIA is involved in Afghan affairs beyond Council based in Peshawar, Pakistan. the regular monitoring of activities of (Peshawar is of strategic importance : military and rebel movements. Although it is the closest city to the Khyber Pass, this is limited right now because the only road over the mountains from "sophisticated electror.ic intelligence Afghanistan to Pakistan.) Nassery was gathering is ... useless since there is interviewed in the New York Times in 19 79, little radio communication between April where he claimed that his rebel groups that can be intercepted and group has "150 000 fighting men in analysed".. 39 Another u·. S. inteiligenc:e Afghanistan". 43 agency which is highly active in the In a comment in the Washington Afghani�tan-Pakistan border area is the filfil_, Charles Bartlett noted the ob U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). vious, viz�, that "the impression is Comprised partly of "former" CIA strong in info.rmed circles [the Washing- officers, the DEA has rarely limited ton Star ? the State Department ? the i j itself to "pure" prosecution of drug CIA ?] that the U.S. Government has 'trafficers. given no arms or substantial [emphasis '! Evidence in the foreign press that · added] help to the insurgent Afghans .. ", the CIA is directly involved in the but, "covert aid would of course be . training of Afghan rebels in Pakistan secret". Bartlett goes on to say that the . camps and is in contact with them in •--U.S. will "pay a high price if 'llve refuse 15 1J,' Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 ..•'. to be involved in situations like the one military government is aiding the A!ghan in Afghanistan". 44 A similar line is put rebels seeking refuge and ope"rational forward by General Alexander Haig , the bases in Pakistan .. Officially, Pakistan· former Nixon aide and NATO Supreme /. . (like the U.S.) is "not interfering in Allied Commander in Europe, who told Afghanistan's internal affairs", as the Belgian daily Le Soir that it is im� · stated in the Pakistani paper Nawa-i portant to respond to "the emergence of WAru_. The paper goes on, "if re Afghanistan, South Yemen, and Ethiopia fugees crossing the border are given as states to the Soviet Union". 45 food and shelter, that is from purely . Unlike Afghanistan, Pakistan has de humanitarian considerations". 46 How veloped into a "paradise" for agents of. ever, the Neue Zuericher Zeitunq . . ,, t foreign governments who want to inter- · · tirtJCle documents that the Pakistani· vene in Afghanistan, and the Pakistani care for the "refugees" goes far beyond -government is eagerly supporting them. "humanitarian considerations". The In a revealing article in the Swiss daily Pakistani military rulers gave the re Neue Zuericher Zeitung in February 19 79, fugees a sum of 2 0 million rupees , it is documented that the Pakistani and never publici�ed this fact in the .. While carefully exploring foreign Another region that has been intervention in Afghanistan, this ar seeking independence from Pakistan ticle ·_ due to the complexity of the · is Baluchistan, the largest of Pa issue and lack of space - does not kistan's four provinces. In 1972 � analyze one important aspect deter the Baluch� launched a massive re minining Pakistan's support for the volt against the regime of then Afghan rebels: a· long-lasting_con Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, flict between Pakistan and Afghan who answered by crushing the re istan caused by the arbitrary bor volt with 70,000 Pakistani soldiers der division set up betw�en these and helicopters and pilots supplied two countries at the end ·of British by Iran . (Time, 1/15/79, p. 32) . colonialism_ in the region. Since then, Baluchistan has been Several times since 194 7, when virtually occupied by Pakistani the British left the area, the Kabul soldiers from the eastern pro government has challenged Pakistan vinces ..· by claiming that the Pushtuns, a Baluchs also live in Iran and substantial ethnic group whose mem Afghanistan, and the -Khalq govern bers live in northwestern Pakistan ment has been sympathetic to their as well as in northeastern Afghan fight for independence and has been istan have the right to decide ., . accused of aiding them militarily. Be their own future and that the Afghan·, cause the Marxist Bnluchi st;::rn -Pakistani border should not be People's Liberation Front is part of in�ernationally recognized. In the this independence movement, 1960's, this conflict escalated so '_''some Western analysts fear fat that the Afghan-Pakistani- border_'· that future upheaval in Pakistan was closed· for almos,tthree years. could lead to an extension of Soviet After the loss of Bangladesh, Pa- ,,. influence south to the Indian 1 kistan IS government has been very ' �· Ocean". (Time, 1/15/79, p. 32) sensitive about any ·kind of indepen- ' dence �ovement such as that of the·'� - · Pushtuns. 18, Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Pakis Lani press. At the same time, like Egypt, as well as the Muslim the Neue Zuericher Zeitung exposed Brothers, an arch-conservative society u fact which is certainly not news to of Muslims, are highly sympathetic to the Pakistani government , viz., that the Afghan Muslim rebels. Leaflets signed the "rebels use all their money to buy by the Islamic Brotherhood have been dis: weapons". 4 7 tributed in the Pakistan-Afghanistan U.S. papers and news agencies border area stating that "Iran has agreed whose reporters have visited the rebel to help the Islamic rebels fight against camps in Pakistan also repeatedly the Communists". S 3 carried articles about rebels pleading An article regarding foreign inter for help: "Don't send us bread, send vention in Afghanistan which appeared in us arms and ammunition.,.· 48 Accor the Canadian McLean's magazine reports ding to the Neue Zuericher Zeitung, that American drug enforcement agents another important fact about these discovered Chinese men in Pakistan camps needs to be understood: "It is near the Afghan border. First they sus very striking ... that practically all pected that these could be "Hong Kong of the people who flee to Pakistan Chinese heroin dealers ... planning to are ;nale adults ." 49 buy up the area's huge poppy crop". But Beyond all doubt, it is in these camps later what they saw "emerged as one of in Pakistan that the real strongholds for Pakistan's most dangerous and best kept the rebels are located, and they are secrets: the presence on Pakistani soil aided by the Pakistani government in of Chinese army officers and instructors. many ways; they receive money; they They were here to help train and equip are allowed to cross the border to right-wing Afghan Muslim guerillas for Afghanistan freely; they can receive their 'holy war' against the Moscow training in the camps (see below); and· backed Kabul regime of Noor Mohammed Pakistan's ruler Zia ul-Haq also pro - Taraki. ... The intriguing question now motes their case internationally. He told is this: Why is Pakistani strongman the Saudi Arabian paper Ukaz that "Afgha G.-eneral Zia ul-Haq risking a fight nistan is an Islamic country presently with Afghanistan when he already faces ruled by Communists" and demanded a violent rumblings among his own people "common strategy of the Islamic nations ... ? Sources in neighboring India to counter Communist activity in their believe that it is all part of the tangled countries" 50. plan Zia has for building his own Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran agrees and nuclear bomb which recently led to seems in this respect to be continuing the cancellation of U.S. military aid. the policies of the former Shah of Iran, They suspect that China has now who was always willing to help the re offered to help in return for Pakistani actionaries of Afc;,hanistan. Khomeini's aid for the Afghan rebels." party has a close friendship with the Mc Le an' s goes on to re port that the Afghan Islamic Party which accused re_bel's war is partly financed through the sale of illegal opium. "Feudal land Taraki of being "an agent of the KGB' 51. I I Also Ayatollah Shariat-Madari, "number lords whose holdings are threatened with confiscation by the Taraki govern ·I two in the Shiite hierarchy, has appealed \( 'to all Muslims throughout the world to ment are bringing the produce from support the Afghan Muslims'" 52. The their poppy crops into Pakistan, and Afghan Embassy in Teheran has use the proceeds to buy rifles, ex- i. plosives, and other weapons. Pakistani been attacked by Afghans and Iranians • ,, I arms merchants report ... that their ,, protesting the Khalq government, which, ' 1 in tum, has accused the Iranian new customers come in daily and mullahs of aiding the Afghan rebels even. business is booming ." 54 militarily. Also, other Isli3mic states Another report by the Japanese 17 . I .. Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 j' Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 KYODO news agency indicates that Afghan�stan is not "making trouble" for "l, 000 Chinese-trained Pakistani its neighbors. On the contrary, it is guerillas expert in ultrasubversive the neighbors who interfere in Afghan activities have been dispatched to affairs and support a conservative, carry out flash assaults on Afghan religiously covered movement against troops guarding the Pakistan-Afghan the ruling Khalq Party. istan border and give protection fo As of now it is impossible to the Afghan rebel forces ". KYODO predict when and how the fighting in also states that, according to Indian Afghanistan will end. The western _.intelligence sources, "the guerillas media is eagerly painting a gloomy were sent from their training bases picture, and for a while they made it .around Khasgar in Xingjiang Province look like the Khalq government would [in China] to the sensitive are-as bor fa_ll within a few days. However, re dering Afghanistan". 55 ports like "15 000 rebels have almost In the same news dipatch, KYODO reached Kabul, and are hiding around reports that "Indian intelligence the city. They are just waiting for monitored "the movement of Lt. Gen .. the planned offense" 58, proved to be F.A. Christi, corps commander in incorrect - wishful thinking of con charge of Pakistan's northern division servative and reactionary journalists. ... , who recP-ntly visited the border On the contrary, by now it looks as area and said that he had a series of if the Khalq government is strengthe meetings with Chinese commanders of ning its base among the people and also the area: 'Lt.Gen. Christi discussed winning militarily over the rebels. But issues like strategic posting of the given the mountainous landscape, the guerillas, supply route of the already on-going military and ideological agreed Chinese military hardware, and support from Pakistan, China, and exchanged jdeas on a joint effort to Iran for the rebels and the U.S. keep ready a task force to subvert Government's "benevolence" towards possible Soviet military help to . them (and possibly more than that), 1 6 Afghanistan ... ". 5 Another high the Afghan people are in for a long, ranking Chinese military delegation costly struggle. headed by the Commander of the Air Force, Chang Ting Fa, visited Pakistan in spr.ing 19 79. This delegation also . · went to the Khyber Pass and a number FOOTNOTES of areas directly adjoining the Pakistan -Afghanistan border. 1) Washington Post (WP), 5/10/79, "In view of America's obvious p. A-43 interest i11_ the security and stability· ?) The Afghanistan Desk officer in the of the whole region, it would seem State Department in a letter of 5/22/79 desirable that the U.S. Government 3) U.S. News and World Report ., consult and work with.both Iran and 12/11/78 , p. 56 Pakistan ever more closely. A quiet 4) Newsweek , 2/26/79, p. 27 but visible demonstration of our sharing . 5) WP , 4/13/79, p. C-1 of their concerns would reassure them 6) Current History. June 1979, p. 172 while serving as an implied warning if 7) cf supra, .ff: 5, p. C-5 the new Afghan government tries to 8) Newsletter on Civil Liberties and make trouble for its neighbors "s7 Police Development (CILIP), West Berlin, writes a senior associate of the Feb. 1979, p. 33 Georgetown Center for Strategic and 9)' Der Spiegel, no. 12/79, p. 162 International Studies in· July 19 78 � 10) cf s�pra -it, 6, p. 173 By now, it ha.s become clear that 11) cf supra .ff:, 5., p. C-5 · 18 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Re Iease 2010/06/03: 12) Christian Science Monitor (CSM}, . 47) cf supra, # 28 5/1/78, p. 6 48) NYT, 4/16/79, p. A-4 '13) Khyber Mail, 5/7/78, p. 1 49) cf supra, # 28 14) Taraki in 1951 (!) in the paper Anllil.L,; 50) quoted as in Dritte vVelt M Gentlemen: Your �echnical and cost proposal is solicited for a study in accordance with the Statement of Work set forth herein. This letter and the matters _addl.ressed are unclassified, however, access to this material should be restricted to those judged to have a need-to -know. Your proposal should be in accordance with the requirements of_this Request for Proposal No. RFP-6-78N', which are contained in the following sections: Section I - Solicitation Instructions and Conditions Section II - Statement of Work (Under Separate Cover) Section III - Evaluation Criteria Section IV --· Contractor's Certifications and Acknowledgements Offers will be received until 5:00 PM, prevailing Washington, D. C. time 26 May 1978. Your attention is invited to the Late Offers and Modifications or Withdrawet Provisions set forth in t_he Solicitation Instructions and Conditions� Paragi:aph 7. The address for receipt of offers is: William P. Yeatman Post Office Box 2034 Main Post Office Washington, D. C. ·20013 , The proposal must be submitted in the format described in this RFP. Offerors are requested to furnish four (4) copies of all proposals to facilitate the evaluation effort. 1 The type of information available to intelligence analysis win be described in detail by the Sponsor's Project Officer. A final report presenting the results of this analysis will be required. A draft copy of the final report will be submitted to the sponsor for approval· and comments prior to the submission of the final report. It is anticipated that this effort will take approximately twelve (12) man months of effort. Contractor may propose any type of contract for bidding purpi:/ses. Requests for additional information or guidance concerning technical matters are to be addressed to the COTR, Dr. Julian Hoptman, �ho may be reached on (703) 351-6211, and adminis.trative contractual questions are to be 'addre.ss ed to the Contrac't Negotiator, Mr. Brian MacDonald, _who may be reached on (703) 351-6173. l .' Very truly yours,· ( signed) William P. Yeatman ;, 20 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 SECTION II STATEMENT OF WORK Nutrition and Health, and Food Science and Technology Capabilities of Key Countries I I Studies will evaluate national nutrition and health problems and ! I strengths and determine the potential limits for S&T, as they affect food avail,ability and consumption requirements of key less developed co�ntries and regions. Countries to be studied are Mexico, Cuba, Brazil, Nigeria, and the Philippines. Each country study will answer the following terms of reference: 1. What are the nutrition and disease factors related to food availability and utilization -? What is the impact of the biological/ ecological/ cultural environment on nutrition, health and disease ? ,, What is the impact of illness related to dietary deficiency diseases ? What is the impact of national food needs and demands which result in parallel incidence of debilitation and crippling diseases in the labor force ? What is the nutritional status of the population as com pared with its requirements ? 2. What conventional and unconventional food systems are available which apply to its problems ? Wh ich alternative or substitute food could be developed and utilized ? 3. With scientific-technical input what would be the increment in food production, availability arrl utilization of cur rent types of ? food What modern technologies are need':.d to upgrade present food resources or to achieve self-sufficiency in major foods ? What national or international research and development would be applicable to its food problems ? What are the food quality control and assurance requirements and the capabilities for processing, . i preservation and storage ? 4. On the basis of the preceding te-:i:-ms of reference, for each country make qualitative projections of the balance between future needs and capabilities in the light of government policies and pre vailing issaes. Estimate the extent to which problems are solvable on a.national or regional scale. Estimate potential demands or comp,etitive pressures on US or foreign S&T resources. 5. The contractor will deliver 5 final country reports, using the terms of reference outlined above, over a period not to exceed 12 calendar months. Progress reports will be submitted every two months and a final report will be submitted at the end of the c.ontract period. Th� level of effort should. total one (1) man-year. The data base for this· contract will be·unclassified and will be derived from public and professional sources. 21 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-�DP90-00845R000100150006-5 When asked about the result of this The solic.itation takes on even solicitation for research, CIA officer more ominous implications when placed Dr. Julian Hoptman, the man respon in the context. of a previous CIA Report sible for the technical aspects of the entitled "Potential Implications of Trends study, refused to answer any questions. i:-i World Population I Food Production I A second officer, Brian MacDonald, ad and Climate" (discussed in CountcrSoy, mitted that the solicitation Counterspy Winter 1976, pp. 8,.9). The report had obtained was initiated by the CIA' s states that serious world food shortages program office. However, MacDonald could "give the US a measure of power stated, "they never went ahead with it had never had before - possibly' an· the thing". economic and political dominance Whether this -is true or not, the greater than that of the immediate solicitation shows how far the analysts , post World War Two years". The re- of the CIA' s program office are willing port continues; "Washington could ac to go in planning to control other quire virtual life and death ·power over countries. In the cases of Mexico and the fate of multitudes of the needy. Nigeria, such a study could con Without indulging i'n blackmail in any, ceivably provide data for a strategy of sense, the US would gain extra- withholding food aid and taking eco� ordinary political and economic in- nomic measures harmful to the national fluence .. ; 11 • food system as a form of blackmail to As incredible as it see ms, there can procure oil resources. In Brazil and the be no doubt that people exist who are Philippines the threat that popular willing to contemplate such inhum!"=mity movements pose to the present as the use of food as a weapon .. Already "favorable climates" for multi- corporations import food from dozens of _national exploitation would be· a moti countries where the rnasses are mal vatio� for researching use of the food nourished without so much as a second weapon. A study of Cuba would give thought about whether their actions are information about the effects of the US - at the very least - irresponsible. biockade and suggest future options From such corporate practices to delib for continued US subversion of the erate use of food as a weapon it is only Cuban revol,ution. a very 'small step . . THE- AMERICAN FEDERATION OF TEACHERS AND THE Co.I.A. by George N. Schmidt Available for $ 2 from-: SUBSTITUTES UNITED FOR BETTER SCHOOLS 343 S. Dea�bom St. Room 1503 · Chicago, Ill. 60604 . .JT 22 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 ers. What is also established fact is that, following the events of the Ges_.... �, the powers, and <":)bili_ty of Presi dent Sukarno to govern were c Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R0001_00150006-5 r •: I The cuimination of the thoughts nally inde penderit, state-run Indone I I and recommendations put forth by sian oil industry. Following the lead the sP four reports took the form of a of smaller American oil companies, jJ book written by Russell H. Fifield, the majors, Stanvac (the Far East d Southeast Asia in United States Policy subsidiary of StandarrJ Oil of New Ii (Nev, York, Praeger, for the Council on Jersey and Socony Mobil) and Caltex Foreign Relations, 1963). The book was (a subsidiary of Standard Oil of Cali ! the final version of the CFR's study fornia and Texaco) signed a 60-40 i; ' group on Southeast Asia. Reflecting production-sharing formula with Per the CFR' s domination of foreign policy mina, the Army-run Indonesian oil formulation, the study group "coun company. Given the attitude of !:, seled" Washington "to provide Sukarno and the Indonesian people 'I· i'· assistance to President Sukarno but at toward foreign investment during this I �. \ the same time to build up non- Com :'Jeriod, these ventures were risky to munist and anti-Communist forces". 4 say the least, and could only be con The ensuing five years in Indone solidated by a total transformation of sia caused great consternation for the the Indonesian status quo . self-anointed nation builders. The In both.these instances, the de·s-, military's inability to stem the rising tination of US dollars, public and pri popularity of the PKI caused Pauker and vate, was not to Sukarno and the Indo others to publicly rescind their pre nesian government, but to forces vious praise of the officers corps as allayed against him which· were thus "the best human material"to be found able to strengthen their control over the in Third World countries. By November key sectors of Indonesian society: the 1964, Pauker' s skepticism was full military and the economy. blown. He doubted whether Indonesia's Caltex officials. had a particular re anti-Communist forces ·(i.e., the mili venge in seeking a turnaround in Indo i .. tary) could summon up "the ruthless nesia. In 1958, it had financed, along ness that made it possible for the Nazis with the CIA, the Outer Islands rebel to suppress the Communist Party of lion in which members of the pro-OS Germany .. . even though the enemies Indonesian Socialis't Party (PSI) and the ' ' of the PKI ... are weak.er than the modern Islamic Masjumi Party tried to Nazis, not only in numbers and in get the islands of Sumatra and the mass support, but also in unity, dis- Celebes to secede from Indonesia ·in cipline, and leadership".5 response to the nationalizations of Dutch holdings by Sukarno. At the time, ECONOMIC F-RONT Caltex accounted for seventy per cent of Sumatran oil production , and future As with Chile eight years later, CIA Director John McCone owned $1 while relations between Washington and. million worth of stock in Caltex's par Sukarno continued to deteriorate, US ent company, Standard Oil of Cali military aid to the Indonesian armed fornia. The '58 Sumatran fiasco had led forces was increasing greatly. From to the exposure of the CIA when its 1949-61, $29. 5 million in military pilot, Allen Pope was shot down and grants were extended. The four years captured by the Indonesians. McCone, 1962-65 saw $38. 5 million in military Caltex and the CIA had all suffered igno I' II aid. And, ,while the number oflndone minious exposure and defeat in 19 5 8. 7 slan officers trained in the us before Any threat, now, to their new investment 1962 was around 700, by 1965 that in Permina would be protected with figure had jumped to 4,000. 6 a vengeance. Hence, when oil workers US oil companies, meanwhile, were seized the refineries of Caltex, Stanvac, :1 forging stronger links with the nomi- and two other companies in March 1965, :I II , I 25 I I Approved For Release i' 2010/06i03 : CIA-RDP90-00-845R000100150�06-5 . Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 ! .. I it marked the beginning of the end for activities at the time. Througli BRAC's I Sukarno. International Trade Secretariats (ITS), . the International Transport Workers I LABOR OPERATIONS Fede ration (I'i'F), BRAC s Jack Otero worked as a "CIA agent for labor oper 0 For US governmental labor policy in ations" in Latin America.1 · Indonesia, the '65 coup constituted ? The ITS of the Communication Work qualitative success over previous set ers of America (CWA), which was also backs. During the late 1 50' s and early collaborating with the CIA at the time, 1 60's, AFL-CIO attempts to create one the Postal, Telegraph and Telephone national, unified, pro-Wes tern labor International (PTTI) helped to train mem federation in Indonesia had repeatedly bers of the Indonesian telephone and failed, in part, because the AFL-CIO telegraph workers union, the SSPTT. lacked a regional Asian labor cen�er of When Jack Sessions, who ran the ILGWU 1 its own such as th� American Institute . training institute in the 195'0 s, travelled for Free Labor Development (AIFLD) in to Indonesia in 1962, the stigma of . Latin America. In one of the early having trained in the US was aiready attempts, the CIA-affiliated Interna being seen. "Communists, he recalled, tional Ladies I Garment ·workers Union denounced the SSPTT as an American 11 (ILGWU) set up a program to· train Indo socialist union." nesian labor leaders from various trade The man most responsible for forging unions. Funded by a grant from the links between Indonesian and AFL-CIO Roc_kefeller Foundation� between 1956 frade unionism was Harry Goldberq. Re- -58 the ILG\:VU brought some 30 Indo- - cruited by Jay Lovestorie,who had worked nesians to their US training institute. with the CIA throughout his career as Five years later, close to twenty of head of the Education Department of these people were s tili active in the the ILGWU and as Foreig� Affairs Chief 8 labor movement. in Indonesia.. of the AFL-CIO, Goldberg helped estab In another campaign in October lish the Asian Regional Organization of 1962, Dr. Kusna Purardiridja, chair the ICFTU in 1951. Although he denies person of the PSI-affiliated labor feder ever having worked for the CIA, Gold-<• -, -_, ation-, the All Indonesia Congress of berg persistently tried to get the US i_ Workers (KBSI), visited the US under a government to support members of the State Department Leadership Program. PSI and Masjumi Party in their Outer Because he was also he?d of the Na Islands rebellion/fiasco. When leaders. - tional Railway Workers Union, Dr. of these parties were exiled in- 19 59, Kusna met with Lester Zosel, Inter .:. · Goldberg served as a courier between national Representative of the Brother-. them and Indonesian trade unionists. hood of Railway and Airline Clerks Following the 1965 coup, Goldberg (BRAG); Joining the talks was Donald was the first Western trade unionist to· Beattie, executive secretary of the visit Indonesia. And although he had mis Railway Executives Association (RLEA). · givings about the massacres, he urged Kusna "hailed the feeling of responsi student qroups, trade unions �nrl nthi:-rn 12 bility" shown by the US labor movement to step up their purge of the PKr. for world developments. He especially Upon his return to the US, Goldberg praised the training of young Asian lobbied the Johnson Administration to trade unionists in US union methods, _ increase aid to the ne�N regime.· saying that upon their return home thev As. contradictions in Indonesian so- ,. had "used this training seriously". 9 · · ciefy increased during the 196.3's-65's, Although Zosel, himself, has never the role of US-trained trade unionists be been shown to· have worked for the CIA, came more significant. Gathering the ·the BRAG was heavily.involved in CIA names of \.uorkers who "''ere-members or . 26 Approved For Release 2010/06/03.: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved \ For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 \ .. even symp�thizers of unions affiliated posed to their natural incompabllities . with the national labor federation SOBSI, From its lnception, SOKSI ·nas viewed by these trade unionist spies laid the the PKI as an attempt tq liquidate in groundwork for the massacres of 1965- dependent trade unions through the in 66 before the Gestapu ever occurred .13 timidation of wo.rkers. By making para Goldberg,, himself, has admitted that mount Indonesia's "national aim" of de velopment along capitalist lines ,vith an � the military-backed United Workers , I Action Front (KABI) was undoubtedly in- emphasis on foreign investment, SOKSI volved in any "excesses" committed tried to smash the trade union move 'ii ment as part of an ongoing class strug against members of SOBSr.14 i:II In the orchestrated hysteria vvhich gle. The concept of karyawan , in followed the Gestapu , massacres of the attempting to cloud over the reality of "left" ended up being directed against the exploitation of v,1ork.ers by asser ! the majority of Indonesian workers, peas ting the unity o intere -3t between cap ant "squatters" on estates, local PKI ital and labor, sov.'ed the seeds of an Indonesian fascism .17 members and most active trade unionists. .: ; 'Ii In all of this, SOKSI spread ;,:I The presidential decree of May 19 66 1 11', · banning all mass organi,zations -- speci AFL-CIO' s company unionism to the In 'I.·!' I , fically the PKT, BAPERKI (an organization do nesian masses. Trade unionism 1·ii of Indonesians of Chinese de scent according to George Meany has always i sought to de-politicize the demands of · which was accused of having ties to the . I Chinese communists), and SOBSI with its workers,. to portray the production Qro 'I ":. 62 trade union affiliates -- effected some ce ss as a joint harmonious endeavour. ten million people. Any .former members In Indonesia, this line of thinking in of these groups were also subject to directly justified the murder of hun - dreds of thousands of trade unionists; arrest and indefinite detention at any , I· time. No specific charges needed to be as in the US it has resulted in the re made against them and a trial was not peated selling-out of rank and file by guaranteed. Further, members and their their union leadership, a fact not lost families were ineligible for the "certi on American workers. ficate of non-involvement" required for jobs and housing .15 STUDENT AND CULTURAL OPERATIONS The military' s previous formation in ! \ 1962 of anti-SOBSI groupings of workers, Efforts by the CIA, the Ford founda students, and soldiers culminated iri the tion and others to coo pt Indo;1e sian 0 . creation of the national labor federation, intellectuals and the st!Jdent 11ovement SOKSL With the help of the International in particular took ten years and were Division of the AFL-CIO (a longtime CIA not realized until the coup. The cre , I, haunt) and the International Confedera ation of an Indonesian elite which would tion of Free Trade Unions {ICFTU), the one day steer the country's economy army formed SOKSI in order to under in a solidly pro-West direction began mine leg�tirnate political groupings and in the rriid-1950's with the launching of ultimately cause a split in SOBSI.16 Its , field projects by American professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech 0- success in causing this break was due 1 g1 in large part to its ability to distribute logy (MIT) and Cornell University . government�subsidized commodities in These efforts culminated in courses at short supply to its members. the Army Staff and-Command School, The corporate ideology of SOKSI was _SESKOAD, in Band!mg, Indonesia. directly opposed to the militant trade These courses were taug.ht by A··nerican unionism in SOBSI. It stressed the mu -ed·-1cated civilian econo•nists. The tual interest that both worker and man students, by and large, were generals agement had in the production as op- and senior officers who had been 27 A proved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 i Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 .. trained in counterins 11rgency at Fort rising), Sumitro kept in touch with his • 1 Leavenworth and Fort Bragg in the US. students through Harry Goldberg. During r, In 1954; the Ford Foundation funded his six years in exile, he remained a series of field projects at MIT and "chairman in absentia" of the school. 21 Cornell which "edµcated" a cadre of Student organizations in Indonesia . American scholars in Indonesian are closely tied to their sponsoring polit- studies who have since dominated the .ical parties which, in some cases, field in this country. One of the first exert a paternalistic control o�er their P!:?Ople to go through this program was students. Upon g_raduation from univer- the irrepressible Guy Pauker. Although sity, student leaders often go on to po- \' · Pauker denies having worked for the · sitions of power in their respective par- CIA before 1958, the Center for Inter- ties. 22 The ability of the CIA to in- ,·. ,,· 1 national Studies at MIT -- from where fluence student politics is, thus, neatly • these field projects were run -- was a accomplished through the infiltration and CIA think tank of·Max Millikan and W. cooptation of the students'_ party-spon- W. Rostow, literally ereated and fi- sors. The history of the Islamic Student nanced by the CIA in the early 1950' s. Association (HMI) is a case in poin"t. .· ._ �fter training this core·team of The HMI was closely associated with American scholars, Ford began re the Masjumi Party, which was involved . cruiting screened Indonesian intellec- in the CIA' s Outer Islands rebellion. De- ttials· and sent them to the University· spite the banning of Masjumi in 1959, its of CaHfornia to study under Pauker at contacts with HMI were never broken. · the newly-created Center for South Leaders of Masjumi, PSI (many of whose and Southeast Asian Studies at Berkeley, members had taken up faculty posts after another recipient of CIA funds. Mean- their Berkeley training), and the orthodox while, American professors were back Islamic Nahdatul Ulama ( NU) party fed in Djakarta transforming the Faculty of their students to a steady diet of anti- Economics into an "American-style .communism. Most of this propaganda · school of economics, statistics and was directed against members of the PK! ·'' business administration". One team . -led CGMI, the most popular student member, recalls that when Sukarno federation with over 30,000 student- : ;:·!I · complained of the_re being too much members by mid-1964. 23 • ·.,,,3·rT ·emphasis on Schumpeter and Keynes, Two weeks· before the Gestapu , leaa-,, the staff "put 'socialism' into as many ers of the CGMI were able to get the course titles as we could .•• but basi- intematibnally recognized Federation of cally (we] tried to preserve · the aca- Indonesian Stug.ent Associations (PPMI) demic integrity of the place"• 19 · to issue a statement demanding the dis- The "integrity11 of Indonesia's solution of HMI for its associations with •ibest human material"· (see above) was the CIA. 24 But, as in the case of the oil put on international display in 1958 dur- workers' demands for nationalization of .· ing the CIA-backed Sumatra fiasco. One the oil industry, this move came �oo late. of the leaders of the rebellion, Sumitro Following Ge stapu, these ri9.ht-wing Djojohadikusomo, had contacts with MIT student groups burnt down the PK! head- - and the CIA dating back to 1954 when he quarters and the home of Party c'hairper- " par;ticipatedin the [Americarl} team's son D. N. Aidit; in the following days, briefings before they left Cambridge 1120 they also burnt down the central offices for Indonesia; At the time of the 1958 re- · of the Communist Movement of Indone- . hellion, Sumitro was minister of finance · sian Women (GERWANI) and·the .People's� - in Sukarno's cabinet and dean of the Youth (Permuda Rakjat), both of whom Faculty of Economics at the University of th� accused of. murdering the six gener Djakarta. During his exile to Singapore· als on the night of October I; and final- :.. in 1959 (for his part in the Sumatran up-·: Jy, they laid siege to the SOBSI head , . .': 28 quarters. -;: � •.I; .f Approv�d For Rele,ase 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 \... \ On October 25, 1965, these right test the US-Belgian joint "rescue opera wing student groups met at the home of tion" in Stanleyville which resulted in the Minister of Higher Education and the killings of thousands of innocent Science, Major General Sjarif Thujeb, to Congolese citizens. In March of 1965, form a new student organization, the students occupied the US Embassy in Action Command of Indonesian Students, Djakarta to protest the murder of Mal KAMI. 25 (KAMI leaders had previously colm X in New York City. They read a participated in American Field Service petition which demanded the ouster of exchange programs and "Foreign Student Ambassador Howard Jones, the closing Leadership Projects" sponsored by the of all remaining USIS libraries, and the CIA-financed National Student Associa departure of all Peace Corps volunteers 8 tion • 26) KAMI demonstrations accused from Indonesia. 2 the PKT of participation in the unsuc It was the actions of Indonesian work cessful coup, and they provided the ers, however, which brought home to the ideal method for circumventing govern CIA the need for some kind of immediate ment-controlled means of communica - action in Indonesia. In �.1arch of 1965, tion, which, at the time, had not im- unions cut off gas and electricity to the plicated the PKI. KAMI's spread of anti- US embassy appartment building, the communist hysteria and accusations home of the American naval attache, Lt. were given substantial support by the Col. Victor A. Armstrong, and the offices military. The Army frequently lent KAMI of both the Ind onesian-Arnerican Friend-9 loudspeakers and transportation. And, ship Society and the Associated Press .2 students in KAMI could count on Army Although emergency generators soon re- protection if they· were attacked by hos- stored power to the facilities, the tile groups -- frequently members of afternoon and evening English classes the military itself. for three thousand Indonesians had l:o The CTA's Congress for Cultural Free- be cancelled. The symbolic effect of dom was also active in Indonesia, forging isolating embassy personnel from their links with PST and Masj umi Party mem- US contacts (the Friendship Society vias bers. In May 1964, the congress pub-· a well-known meeting place for Arneri- lished a pamphlet entitled "Indonesia in can intelligence officers an':i their Tndo Travail" which spoke of Indonesia's im- nesian assets) angered the US and frus- 27 pending "crisis". The pamphlet was trated their efforts to v,in over a seg- written by 25 PST and Masjumi anti- · ment of Indonesian society. Sukarno intellectuals. One of the authors During the same month, the Indo- Mochtar Lu bis, was Harry Goldberg's nesian postal union imposed a mail favorite Indonesian journalist. At one and telegraph boycott on the US Em- point, Goldberg even tried, unsucces s- bassy and refused to ha ndle traffic for fully, to help Lubis import a printing American news agencies. 3o This sec- press. ond action represented a greater dan- The purpose of the CIA' s efforts in ger to American plans. At a time of this regard was to counter a rising anti- growing anti-Americanism and with the Americanism on the part of the Indonesian visit of presidential representative people which was evidenced by the sue- Ellswprth Bunker i'lpproaching, the pros- cessive sackings and closings of three pect of not being able to present events US Information Service (USIS) libraries in Tndones�a in a "favorable" light in late 1964 and early 1965. These at·- threatened to derail a US scenario for tacks on centers of US propaganda dis- intervention. News management re- semination reflected the rising conscious- quires more than the reporting of ness of Indonesians, workers in particu- events. It demands the creation of a lar. The seizure of the USIS library in consumable commodity. In the case of Surabaya in December 1964, was to. pro- Indonesia, packaging anti-American 29 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Releas� 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 .. . ' ./ 11 hostility was a prerequisite for· rn1s day -- the CIA and its apologists .. gaining the American people's counte- have never deviated from their "offi- nance of cove�t actions by their govern- cial" portrayal of the carnage which followed .ment. the coup as a spontaneous I mystical act, a Holy War carried out 37 CONCLUSION against godless Communists. But the on-going tragedy, the continued op \tVith the coming-to-power of pression of an entire people by a local Suharto and the US-trained military elite sponsored, financed and made in civilian elite, the_ Indonesian "miracle" the USA speaks to a different madness; was achieved. The country. was one which is systematic, planned,.and launched on a pro-Western course of an automatic corollary of a "healthy" investment climate for US corpora - development. The CIA, whether it chose' ') (1 to or not, could claim another'' sc.1cc!:':Ss,; tions.�'�> American unfettered access to Indone The CIA and its clien�s have hidden sia's vast mineral wealth was restored. behind their I_ndonesian "smoke· The island-nation was once again an screen" for too long. To the deterrence imperialist- El Dorado. ·31 of future massacres, CounterSpy is The hubris of American officials and publishing the names of those CIA their propagandists echoed the propi agents, Public Safety Advisors and tious tum of events. Scholar Richard other involved persons who were in Nixon (still a year out of office) used Indonesia at the time of the Gestapu , the Councilon Foreign Relation's pub and who acquiesced the bloodbath and liccttion, Foreign Affairs , to speak to. · helped to consolidate its grizzly gains. "the test pri?e in the Soatheast Asian area" being rescued from. "the Chinese BREWSTER, Robert G. _orbit". 32 Then-Secretary of Defense, (born: 10/2 4/?.6) Robert McNamara, testified to the Bre,vster has been statioried in Indone Senate that, in retrospect, US military sia from 6/65-5/67. He is a CIA offi aid during the 1965-66 period had been cer. ( other known assignments: Thai "well j tified" and had paid divi .,... land, Malaysia) �� I . dends. US Ambassador to Indonesia, .,-- ' � Marshall Green, repeatedly told audi DAYTON, John Winthrop ences in Australia -- where he was the (born: 10/2 2/2 7) Ambassador fr9m March 19 73 ,to August Dayton is a CIA officer who served in 19 75 --- that "we did what we had to Indonesia d:1ring the Gestaou.( Jordan, do and you'd better be glad we did be _Somalia, Japan) cause if we hadn't Asia would be a different place today". 34 EMORY', Orville J. The reaction of the American press (born: 2/27/33) to the turnaround in Indonesia was Emory was in Indonesia from 11/63- equally self-serving. Making no men 12/67. He is a CIA officer. (Philippines, Thailand) tion of the bloodbath which followed· ' ·CIA mouthpiece, C. L. Sulzberger greeted the coup as a "positive ICHIKA\NA, Grant H. achievement". 35 Another New York (born: 4/17 / 19) Times columnist, Tames Reston, Ichikawa is a CIA officer. He served in made no mention of the mass murders, Indonesia from 1963-68. referring, instead, to the .changes which occurred as II significant" and '•hopeful". 36 · . Throughout the massacres -- and to. ,. 30 / . ) · -·· ··- Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 LAZARSKY, Joseph E. TOVAR, Bernardo Hugh (born: 10/21/21) (born: 12/2 7/2 2) Lazarsky, who is a CIA officer, was in Tovar was CIA Chief of Stc:ition in' Indo Indonesia from 12/q4-7/67. (Burma, nesia from 5/64-9/66. Peter Dale Scott India, South Korea) calls him "a clearly activist Chief of Station ... who has spent years in the LEVY, Frank A. Philippines with the CIA' s Edward (born: 1/24/19) Landsdale in the early 1950's '. (Ten Levy v·as assigned to Surabaya in 7 /64. Years Military Terror in Indonesia , He is a CIA officer. Spokesman Books, London, 1975, p·. 243), Subsequently, Tovar became Chief of MASTERS, Edward Eugene Station in Laos (1970) and Thailand (1973). (born: 6/21/24) Masters, head of the political section of WATERS, Hugh Richard the US Embassy at the time of the coup, (born: 9/17/29) has an extensive background of intelli- Waters was assigned to Surabaya in 8/6 5. gence work, including that of intelligence He is a CIA officer. research analyst and Deputy Chief of the Indonesia-Malaya Branch in the Office of YU, David C.L. Intelligence Research-Analysis in the (born: 6/29/24) State Department. Yu is a CIA of,.ficer who was in Tndone;,ia during the coup. McAVOY, Clyde Richard (born: 3/27/26) FOOTNOTES McAvoy served in Indonesia from 7/61- 4/66. , He is a CIA officer. (Laos ,Burma) 1) See Peter Dale Scott, "The Vietnam War and the CIA-Financial Establish NICOL, Donald T. ment" in Mark Selden (ed.), Remaki@ (born: 7 /17 /31) Asia: Essays on the American Uses of Nicol is a CIA officer who has worked in Power, Pantheon, New York, 1971 . Indonesia (2/65-4/68) and South Korea. 2) Peter Dale Scott, "Exporting Military -Economic Development: America and the SNYDER, Royce W., Jr. Overthrow of Sukarno, 1965-67", in (born: 4/25/32) Malcolm Caldwell (ed.), Ten Years' Snyder served twice in Indonesia: at Military Terror in Indonesia, Spokes the time of the coup and in the early man Books, London, 1975. 1970 1 s. He is a CIA officer. (Malaysia, 3) Ibid., p. 253 Vietnam) 4) Russell H. Fifield, Southeast Asia in United States Policy, Praeger, for the STEIN, Arthur Council on Foreign Relations, NewYork, (born: 11/2/2 6} 1963, p. 308 Stein has worked as police advisor in 5} Guy T. Pauker, Communist Prospects a university and as "public safety in Indonesia , the RAND Corporation, advisor" in Cambodia and Indonesia RM-4135-PR, November 19 64, p. 22 . (1/64-8/65). 6) cf supra,# 2, p. 236 7) See David \,Vise and Thomas B. ! I STRONG, Henry Ross, The Invisible Government , (born: 10/6/23) Bantam Books, 1964, pp. 145-156. Also, Strong is a CIA officer who was in Indo L. Fletcher Prouty, The Secret Tea1n , nesia during the coup. (Belgium, Nether Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ , lands, Denmark) 1973, pp. 323-3?8 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 ' Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 8) Lenny Siegel, "Asian Labor: The Arner- 23) Ibid., p. 189 ican Connection", Pacific Re search and 24) Ibid. World Ernoire Telegram , July-August 25) Ibid., p. 192 1975, p. 8 26) cf supra, #18, p. 106 9) Citation unavailable at press time. 27) Robert Shopler, Time Out of Hand: 10) Philip Agee, Inside the ComP.Q.!lY_: Revolution and Reaction in Southeast CIA Diary , Stone Hill, Ne\-\: York, 19 75, Asia , Harper, New York, 1969, p. 73 p. 616 28) New York Times , 3/1/65, p, 1 :8 11) Jack Sessions, "Indonesia: the Fight 29) New York Times,. 3/19/65, p.1: 7 for Democratic Unions", American Feder- 30) New York Times, 3/23/65, p. l: 3 ationist', February 1963 31) John Taylor,. "The Economic Strategy 12) cf supra, # 8, p. 9 of the 'New Order'", Repression and 13) Philippe Gavi, •icontre-Revolution Exoloitation in Indonesia , Spokesman, en Indonesie", Les Temos Modemes, · Nottingham, 1974, p. 18 January J.969, pp. 1179, 1183, 1203 32) Richard Nixon, "Asia After Vietnam", 14) cf supra,.#8, p. 8, Foreign Affairs , October 1967, p. 11 33) see Peter Britton, "Indonesia's Neo- 15) Elaine Capizzi, ''.Trade Unions Under the New Order';, Repression and colonial Armed Forces", Bulletin of Con Exploitation in Indonesia , Spokesman cerned Asian Scholars, July-:-September Books, Nottingham , 1974, p. 37 1975. 16) Daniels. Lev, "The PoliticalRole 34} Ibid. of the Army in Indonesia1', Pacific 3 5) C. L. Sulzberger, "As the Shadow Affairs , Winter 1963-64, p. 361 Lengthens", New York Times , 12/3/65, _ 17) cf supra,#15, p. 40 cited in Noam Chomsky and EdwardS. 18) See David Ransom, "Ford Country: Hermann, The Washington Connection Building an Elite for Indonesia", in and Third World Fascism , South End Stephen R. Weissman (ed.), The Trojan Press, Boston, 1979, p. 205 HorsP-: A Radical Look at Foreign Aid, 36) James Rest�n, "A Gleam of Light", Ramparts, Palo Al to, 197 4. NewYork Times, 6/19/66, cited in 19) Ibid., p. 99 Chomsky and Hermann, ibid, p. 403 20) Ibid., p. 97 37) cf supra,#13, p. 1161 ,:::, 21) Ibid., p. 99 38) See Noam Chomsky and EdwardS. 22) See W. Bachtiar, "Indonesia",in Hermann, The Washington Connestion Donald K. Emmerson (ed.), Students and Third World Fascism , South End and Politics in Developing Nations , Press, Boston, 1979, p. 205-218 Praeger, New York, 1968 ' ' 32 ( , ( Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 fore the NATO Treaty went into effect. Two years later, it was qualified by the Nor wegian Minister of Defense, Hauge. He stated that in spite of the "no foreign bases policy", Norway would open up bases for allied forces in case of an armed attack or threat of armed attack. Hauge also made clear that Norway would ..., participate in NATO exercises, would al low U .::,ill,� allied forces brief visits, and that Norway n�r•T· E'e'tl n �,Gie�Tlr9'�f would even construct "such military facil a� : t-u..tJ.ti · t&.u��� ities which may be necessary to receive I:' '" " " ; I,:, ' ' ' ' \!': and support the allied forces which ar rN·.· .. ,· l· ', \. I -� tJ e afN.-- o· R. w· A"'' necessary to assist the defense of the j by Konrad Ege country". 3 ill In the late 1950's, the Norwegian , I Norway to Americans is an "iceberg Government added another restriction to of the mind"; a sma 11, frozen country in its military policies: no nuclear wea northern Europe without any political, pons could be stationed· in Norway. economic or military significance. How (The rnain reason for the "no nuclear ever, for NATO and the CIA, Norway is the weapons" and the "no foreign bases" most important part of NATO's northern policies i_s simple: Norway wanted to ), flank because of its 19 6 km. border with avoid any provocation of the Soviet the Soviet Union and its pOtential as a Union.) Despite the flexibility of Nor i>:,, 1 new· source of oil and natural gas. way's policies, they still have been Based on recent revelations, the violated by the US military and intelli following· article examines this'growing ' gence, sometimes without the know interest of the US Government in Norway. ledge of the Starting (Norwegian par It documents cases of US intervention liament) and always without the know which violated Norwegian law and E:n ledge of the Norwegian people. Nuclear dangered the lives and security of the weapons have been trans ported through four million people living there. Norway; US Navy vessels with nuclear Very little was known by the Nor delivery vehicles have surreptitiously wegian public about operations of the CIA, visited the country. Nuclear powered the US Navy and the National Security submarines, like the "hunter-killer" Agency (NSA) in Norway until very re USS Seahotse ("hunter-killers" are cently - more precisely, the su!'llmer of used for attacks on ships and other 1977, which could be called today "a submarines) have also passed through, 2 summer of leaks". In that summer, gov as in April , 19 76, when a visit was ernmental documents dealing with "-secret" made to a naval facility near Bergen. 4 US installations in Norway were revealed As for foreign bases, although none /,' i and the true functions of some US rnili· officially exist at this point, certain I tary and intelligence stations were made facilities have been used almost ex known. clusively for US military and int�lli ,\ Revelations about these installations gence purposes and US intelligence which serve primarily foreign (US) military operations continue to be run out of and intelligence interests caused a public these bases. furor because according to Norwegian The history of US intelligenc e in policy, foreign bases are not permitted Norway begins as early as 1943 with to exist on Norwegian soil.' This strict the Office of Strategic Services' (OSS) "no foreign bases" policy was estab support of the Norwegian resistance lished in February 1949, six months be- against the Nazi .occupation. The early 33 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 contacts were problematic, and it took frorn 1950 to 1976, whiie the population.,:/ the OSS a long time until they were able increased only by 6.9% to 464,900.9 to get involved in Norwegian operations There has also been a tremendous in because "the British had determined to crease in funding for "transportation keep the American amateurs from up and material" (including billy clubs, : setting their own, difficult relations with pistols, gas grenades, and machine the Norwegian resistance" 5. g�.ms). From 1975 to 1977 alone, the At the end of 1944, the· OSS sent a budget for "transportation and material" % 10 mission to impede German rc_3ilroad increased by 122 . movements. The command of the opera In addition, "Anti-Terror Squads" tion was given to William Colby, a have now been established in Norway, "short, wiry Minnesotan and pre-law in spite of the fact that no "terrorist graduate of Princeton who had dis incidents" have occured. in Norway be- - tinguished himself as a Jedburgh in sides the assassination of an �lleged 6 France". The operation was almost a PLO member by Israelis in the so-called complete failure with 10 people killed , "Lillehammer Affair". These squads and two planes destroyed.. exist �n every major city and number • Unlike the Soviet Union, which several hundred persons. The Norwe took its. . troops out of Norway after the gian Minister of Justice has issued . \ war, the US moved in and stayed. From directives, that the Anti-Terror Squads that point on, Norway's dependence on may also be used against persons who the,US increased tremendously, and. are "dangerous to public $afet 11 as well 111 . it has been freely used as a base for as to quell "domestic unrest 1• The intelligence and military operations. ...task of "quelling domestic unrest" may I · As an important indication of this also be carried out by the Norwegian growth of US involvement, it is inter army. Norwegian military officers have esting to note the increase of personnel been trained ·since 1969 in the Schule and budget of the Norwegian police fuer Nachrichtenwesen der Bundeswehr force, its technical mosfernization, and (school for military intelligence) in Bad · ,the change in its structure from extreme Ems, West Germany. In courses re- . decentralization to more a ncf more commended by the Pentagon and the ...-�. :-.•"!·.: ' .u centralization since World War II. The CIA, Norwegian officers ·have been reasons for the development of the Nor trained in psychological warfare, mass· wegia_n police force are very complex, psychology, fighting mass demonstra- . but a main reason certainly is the need tions, and int�rnal surveillance_. to protect US. interests in Norway' and Like every other NATO member, N:or-. to suppress opposition against Nor way has seve_ral intelligence agencies , .. way's present pro-US and pro-NATO which keep files on more than 250-, OOQ 1 policies. persons and constantly .surveil some · . . While Norwegian police expendi 7,500 persons 12. Norwegian intelli tures in 1950/51 were 30,026 million gence agencies illegally spy on legal · Crowns·per year (0.22 % orthe GNP), activities of vario.us political organiza they increased to 178, 772 million in tions and parties. Information about 1965 (0. 32% of the GNP)� and to Norwegians is also passed on to the 463,772 million in 1973 (0�42 % of the CIA. The former head of Norwegi9n _GNP) .. 7 Since 1950, theJe has also. intelligence, Vil helm Evang, . confirmed been· a remarkable shift of police con-. that there has always been very .. , centration into the urban areas, "which close cooperation between the CIA ·and 13 ,corresponded to actual population the Norwegian intelligence . Invari 8 shifts only in exceptional cases" ably, Norwegian military and intelli For example, in Oslo, the capital, the gence operations have been targeted .. number of police increased by 4 7. 6 % against Norwegians opposed to US and. � Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 NATO interference in Norway. new air defense equipment costing Other examples in Norwegian history several million dollars" 16. Since the reveal that the police and intelligence US was heavily "involved" in Viet N arn are not the only sectors of Norwegian at the time, and the equipment was not society serving US governmental available in the Pentagon inventory, interests. There have been several McNamara ran into financial problems cases where the University of Oslo with his generous promise. It was de- collaborated with the US Air Force. In cided that the Pentagon would ask the 1954, the lJniversity's Institute of CIA for the money needed to purchase Theoretical Astrophysics signed a con- the equipment. The White House agreed, tract with the USAF for solar research. and the CIA transferred the funds secretly. It �s clear that the interest of the USAF· Amidst all these covert and overt , in this research was not academic but operations of the CIA and the US military mainly military. Between 19 59 and 1968, there are two which are outstanding: the the University of Oslo also operated a establishing of two Loran C and one Baker-Nunn Satellite Tracking Camera· Omega navigation stations in Norway. which is part of the Space Detection Both Omega and Loran C are naviga- and Tracking System (SPADATS) of the tion systems for aircrafts, ships, .. and USAF. SPADATS has several functions submarines. According to the Navigation including "that of generating targeting Dictionary of the US Navy, Loran C (Loran.: LOng RAnge .Navigation) is a data about non-US satellites for US ::I, satellite weapon systems" 14. It is also "medium frequency radio navigation ,, system by which hyperbolid lines of a principal source of "int�lligence on ·•.',)i Soviet space programs" and "is the only position are determined by meas ming the body of U� compiled information about difference in the times of reception and the to population of orbiting ob - synchronized pulse signals from two \'51 17 jects" . (When this program ended at fixed transmitters" . In the 1950's and the Un,iversity of Oslo, a Baker-Nunn early 1960's, Loran C was the most ad - camera was installed on Mount John, vanced navigation system. New Zealand, and operated by the USAF On May 1'9, 19 58, the US Government under the auspices of the University of contacted the Norwegian Foreign Ministry Canterbury. Unlike Norway, a public to explore the possibility of establishing debate began in New Zealand, and the a Loran C installation on Norwegian soil. University of Canterbury had to re.:.. A few days later, Councillor Raynor from nounce its contract - however, this did the US Embassy in Oslo made clear that not prevent the USAF from continuing this Loran C station would serve II special and for the time being purely American to operate the station at the sam_e place.) . II 18 Another case where the US used Nor- needs • Later on, he added that the wegian facilities for military and intelli- establishment of Loran C "must be gence purposes was dramatically re- treated strictly on a 'need to know' vealed in May� 1960, when CIA pilot basi s" and that "NATO (was] not to be Gary Powers was shot down during a -informed about the plan''. The real mili- spy flight over the Soviet Union: the CIA tary nature of the Loran C station was to had used Bod¢' airport (near Narvik) be kept secret from the public, -as US Howe (who is a for its spy flights over eastern Europe Embassy official Fisher for years. former OSS officer and has maintained The CIA and the Pentagon have also close contacts to the CIA) stated: 11 The [ shown their "concern" for the Norwe- US desires that any answer� to gian Air Force. In 1967, then Secretary questions about Loran CJ should avoid I I of Defense, Robert McNamara, promised references to the military nature of the 11 ... Norwegian officials that the US Govern- facility. ment would "provide them with some In 1959, the US Embassy in Norway 35 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 . Approved For Release 201.0/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 also raised the question of a second Omega is therefore unique in a number of Loran C facility on Jan Mayen Island. respects" 21. In addi tion, only eight Iri debating the need for this second Omega stations, planned for Japan, station, the US Ambassador had to admit Liberia, North Dakota, Argentina, the that the Jan Mayen Loran C station was to La Reunion Islams, Hawaii, Australia, be built "with a view to deploying Polaris and Norway are necessary for global submarines [nuclear missile carrying sub coverage compared to 9 0 Loran C marines.] from lthe Norwegian SeaJ ". At 22 stations. By 19 76, only about one the time I there was already a monitorinq seventh of the earth's surface 'could station for Loran C on Jan Mayen. It be covered by Loran' C I which is also · was quite difficult for the Norwegian used for strategic nuclear submarines2� Government to cons tr uct an additional In all submarines, the basic navi Loran C station II serving purely Ameri gation is pe rformed by the Ship's In can needs" on Jan Mayen without �ues ..:. ternal Navigation System (SINS), a tions from the public, and on July 6, 1960, "self-contained dead-reckoning de then Deputy Minister of Defense, Erik vice. A set of gyroscopes and accele Himle, stated to the: Foreign Ministry rometers measures changes in the sub that "it would be difficult to hide the . marine's velocity and direction. This direct US involvement and interest in the 'information is supplied to computers construction of this station". However, which continuosly plot the course and eventually the Storting approved both the position of the vessel"24. Since Loran C stations and an additional moni errors accumulate in SINS, on-.land toring station in BjuCJ,n without any major radio navigation aids like Loran or . public discussion about the military use Omega are used as correctors. of these installations. As the US Govern The nature of Omega indicates ment had requested, "references to the clearly that it is. of particular impo� · military nature of the facility" were. tance to submarines, especially since avoided. Omega signals can be _reached up to The Norwegian Government had 50 feet below the water surface, hardly.given its approval to the two and "one of the primary motivating J., ... Loran C stations, when the US Navy forces behind the development and the_ - ,,[ . _ asked them to agree to the installation implementation 'of the Omega system is . of yet another navigation station - the requirement of a navigationa� Omega, which is a "world wide 'radio system for the [nuclear missi}e.:. navigation system providing moderate carryin gJ Polaris submarine II 25. accuracy by phase comparison of very Precisely this fact - that Omega low O frequency •!: ntinuous wave radio sig- will be used by submarines carrying . �als 1119; it trans mt ts radio waves of 10 nuclear missiles like Polaris or the -14 kHz in- 10 second .intervals. The more advance Poseid(!)n submarine - research on Omega was· started in the was denied by the US Navy, because · middle 1940' s under conditions of it makes every country hosting an \' absoiute secrecy. Several reports were ·. Omega transmitter a very likely first -- not declassified until the. late 1960' s strike target in case of a nuclear war. o·r early 19 70 's, one of the first reports Destroying the land-based Omega _being published in 1966. 20 na;igation station is the onl y·way - · - A compa(ison of the' abilities .of ' if it can be -done at all - to hamper t�e•s.:: . Loran C -and O_mega indicates the ad effectiveness of nuclear missile .·. v�nced sophistication of Omega. The carrying submarines, as Albert Langer very low frequencies. employed make states in an article in ·the Toumal of '.'Omega usable by completely submerged Peace Research: "By striking the very submarines. It is the only radio navi- low frequency na�ig ation and commurii:- -, : '. gatfon1.system of which· t�is is true. cation. . facilities,. an enemy would sub- ,-36 . . ' Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 st an tially increase the vulnerability of prevention of the thesis' distribution be missile carrying submarines (from near · cause it "could harm relations to zero to a small but finite vulnerability). foreign powers and provide foreign intelli . . . Such a strike would be very likely gence sources with useful information" 30. for this purpose, since there is very The University refused, and Hellebust little else that can be done to increase replied that his thesis was based exclu the vulnerability of these submarines26 '� sively on public sources. Otherwise, submarines like Polaris and After several correspondences, Gundersen Poseidon are virtually IIinvulnerable to instituted a criminal investigation. Police detection and constitute one of the main interrogated Hellebust and a journalist in stays of America's nuclear 'deterrent' volved in the case. They di_scovered that the 11 7 force 2 . publication of material from the thesis had US officials have also tried to play been cleared by the Minis try for Defense and down the military significance of Omega the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Thus, they by stating that it couid be used by dropped the case, but not without advising civilian vessels and vessels of other the joumalist,not to write about the inves countries as well. This might be true in tigation. But the journalist did write, peacetime, but there is nothing which and also filed a complaint with the Norwe technically prevents the transmission of gian Union of Journalists. The police action, end-to-end coded messages to selected coupled with publication of Gundersen' s vessels in case of a war. 28 And it is letters to the University, added to the credi more than obvious that in a crisis situa bility of the thesis. Hellebust' s ima'°ge of i'I:1 tion the navigation stations would send - integrity was further improved by an attempt ,. out coded messages which could only be to transfer him to the Northern Fi nmark :.. , .. ) decoded by US vessels. (Norway's II Siberia") which was prevented Until recently, there were two ver by a military Ombudsman. ,. sions about how. tha Omega navigatior. News of the thesis also prompted the ii stations were es1ablished - a public one, appointment on Ap ril 4, 1975 of a Royal in which the real military purpose of Commission to begin an investigation of Omega was not mentioned, and a secret the establishment of Omega and Loran C one, which contained all the II intere sting stations in Norway. Supreme Court Judge· deta'ils". During "the summer of leaks" Andreas Schei was appointed as its chair (19 77), the secret version was finally person. (The commission is generally re made public. ferred to as the "Schei Commission".) In De However, a public debate about the cember, 1975, its report was released. It Omega station in Norway had already be turned out to be an almost complete white gun earlier, when Anders Hellebust, .a wash, plc:ying down the whole affair. Not Norwegian military intelligence Captain, released to the public was a classified ver wrote his �hesis on Omega and came to sion of the Royal Commission Repqrt con the concl.Jsion that it was built "to pro taining secret documents. This report was, vide American nuclear submarines with however, reviewed a'nd approved by �embers navigational data 1129 . Hellebust also of the Storting in a secret session of June, criticised the lack of openness in the de 19 76, even though it contradicts the. public fense policy decision-making of the Nor version. wegian Government and the way that de Two members of the Storting, Berge Furre, cisions about Norway's integration into a well-known historian at the University of NATO and into the US gobal military Oslo, and Finn Gustavsen, both of the So system were made. Helle bust's thesis cialist Left Party (SV) did not want to be a prompted the Norwegian Chie'f of De part of this "secret and ·silent" Storti ng, fense Staff, General Zeiner H.F. Gun and released the secret rep_ort to the public .. dersen to write to the University of In the course of their action, they publicly Oslo on April l 7', 1975 demanding the defended the peoples' right to know.· (After 37 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 releasing the secret documents, Furre and Norwegian Foreign Ministry re·por- Gustavsen were threatened with impeach- ted in a memo on October 19, 1964, that ment, and only a few months ago, the Odel· Colonel R¢' rholt had told him explicitly sting, a v,ery large subcommittee of the that "Omega cannot be said to have anv Storting, voted not to start an impeachment specific importance for the Polaris . trial. Interestingly, the SV members of th_e submarine". Odelsting voted in favor of the impeachmen The same lie was repeated later, trial, in order to provide Furre and Gustav- on November 20, 1969 - after intensive sen with a chance to defend themselves.) discussions and the publication of Almost all major Norwegian newspapers articles proving the contrary - by and wireservices refused to publish classi- First Secretary Sellin of the US Em- 11 . fied parts of the report. The full report, bassy in Oslo: •••the Omega Naviga- however, has been printed by the Norwe- tion System was not designed for and gian publishing house PAX, and some is not adequate for use by Polaris sub- 15, 000 copies were sold despite a ban on marines. The US Navy does not have its distribution by many bookstores. , Omega receivers on any of these sub- The classified parts of the Schei report marines, and does not intend to pro- make clear that some Norwegians, and, cure or put Omega receivers on them .... of course, US officials, were fully aware This �lso applies for the Poseidon sub- of Omega's function and withheld this in- marine. 11 formation from the public. One of the classj In the following months, while fied parts of the report is, for example, a Omega trial operations were· going on in memo of Secretary {1stemof the Norwegian Norway, the Norwegian Foreign aAd De- Foreign Ministry, dated October 8, 1964, fense Ministry had extensive discussions which states that there is no specific about Omega and its actual use. Although interest for Norway �n Omega: "As I under- it was agreed that Omega was of negli- stand it is intended that Omega will gible application to Norwegian ships serve purely American needs, and NATO and aircraft, and that. it could be used consequently will not enter into the pie- for submarines, many Norwegian officials . ture ".¢stern also concluded that "an- believed the US Embassy and the US other important aspect is that the Omega Navy that Omega was not to be used forr I ; system- is to be used by the Polaris sub- Polaris or other nuclear submarines, di�"".' marines 11 •.In a memo dated October 14, regarding the extensive literature provin'g 19 69, from the Norwegian Foreign Ministry,. the contrary. Finally, on November 2, concern is expressed as to whether or - 1971, Omega was approved by the·storting not an Omega station would harm rela- after more than five years of trial opera- tions with the Soviet Union, pointing out tions in Norw_ay. tlrat "any agreement to operate such a In the same year, - the Norwegian station [Omeg�J for the m? Navy will · Government allowed another US installa- place a considerable �tress on our re- tion to begin to operate in Norway. This . lations with the Soviet Union". facility , called NORSAR {Norwegian Al ready at this time the US was 'Seismic Array) is a large seismic array pushing to hide the use of Omega for which is designed to register under Polaris submarines. This was done main ground nuclear explosions. NORSAR ly through Colonel Rqrholt, then head of is financed by the US Department of the Norwegian Defense Communication Defense, and its operation is ·mainly Af}ency (NODECA). Rqrholt himself had undertaken for intelligence reasons. It a history of personal involvement with is connected to the National Security ·omega. From 1948 to 1949, he worked as Agency's (NSA) · Seis-rriic·Data Analysis a research assistant to J-.�. Pierce, the Center in Alexandria, Virginia. "Nor inventor of Omega, at Harvard Univer wegian seismic data can thus only be sity. A high ranking officer from the analyzed together with other s�ismic 38 _. ______Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 data (some derived from US military During this time, at least five bases in stations in secret locations) ... "31. Norway were used for these penetration 33 Besides revelations about the US operations. Blindheim' s exposure, of Navy stations, 1977 brought more care what was one of the most unpleasant fully guarded secrets to the Nor parts of Norway' s history, led to wegian public. These included a story criminal proceedings against him - about Norwegian training of Finnish rather than the involved Norwegi.an agents "to penetrate the Soviet Union officials - , and finally, to a suspended for intelligence and sabotage pur prison sentence and a fine. poses in the early 19 5 0' s " 3 2, material Publications of information on Nor- by a Norwegian investigative wegian intelligence and its collaboration collected US reporter about the Nonvegian secret with intelligence also led to the service and its connections to US arrest of .several persons. Ivor Johan intelligence stations·, and detailed in sen, a publishing executive, had done formation about CIA personnel in Oslo. a lot of research on intelligence in his Enraged about the NorNegian spare time - using telephone direc Government's denial of the fact that tories, official public documents, and Norwegian intelligence had trained ingenious phone calls to military and Finnish agents for operations in the So intelligence officers; he also visited viet Union in the 1950's, Major Svein several listening sites in Norway. Blindheim, then an intel ligence officer Finally, J ohansen1 with only public in and working in a secret mission to train formation, suceeded in piecing together the agents, revealed detailed infor a list of spy bases in Norway, mainly · mation about his work which was part of r;_m by Norwegians but with US "liaison" a program contrqlled by the CIA and officers. Johansen also obtained infor British intelligence, and masterminded by mation on the little known Nonvegian Nazi spy chief Reinhard Gehlen, who had military intelligence FO/E. joined with the CIA after World War II. Johansen's work led other re sear- · When the New Zealand Christchurch in the event of a nuclear attack ... " Press reported on June 14, 19 68, that the (US Rear Admiral LaRocque, as quoted US Navy planned to build an Omega in Stop Omega '. Omeaa at Woodside ) , station in New Zealand, it created.a the Australian Government approved the storm. This news provoked the Omega ,station. biggest demonstrations in New Zea The lies that were told to the Austra land's recent history, and even lian peop le almost outdo the ones told though New Zealand was an ideal lo to the Nonvegians: "Omega has no mili 11 cation for Omega, the US Navy was tary functions (US Ambassador Mar 6, ., forced to abandon its hopes for such a shall Green on June 2 197 3 in Sydney), ,, II navigation station in New Zealand. and there is nothing secret or· classi Since New Zealand did not work out fied about Omega" (Australian Minister the US .Navy decided to build its for Shipping and Transportation, Nixon, Omega station in the state of Victoria, on July 25, 1977}; Dr. Frank Barnaby Australia. In spite of massive protest of the Stockholm International Peace there and statements liks! "anyone who Research Institute summarizes the pro belie_v�s that Omega is just a civilian cess of Omega's installation in Austra navi9ation system does not understand lia: " ... there is a prima ·facie case what is happening ... Victoria 'will· be that the Australian public has been one of the major targets of the Soviets seriously misled". l, 39 !; Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 chers to examine the nature of US faci wegian journalists, who had been �en- lities in Norway, for example, the tenced for their "activities" in publi undersea tracking of Soviet subma shing information on intelligence rines saqing from Murmansk past the stations in Norway are appealing their Norwegian coast, which tracking is verdicts. now so good that "Western intelligence . The "summer of leaks" (1977) was can consistently pinpoint the wherea followed by a "fall of revelations" of . bouts of individual Soviet submarines the CIA in Norway. On November 24, in the northern'seas .. " 34. 1977, the daily Ny Tid named five CIA Some of the stations Johansen found agents who were in the country at the were in northern Norway, extremely time: Quentin C. Johnson, David P. close to the Soviet Union and not ne Hunt, Eugene S. Poteat, Charles L. cessarily purely for Norwegian defense Kindl, and Harry M. Zschack. On the needs. All of these' eavesdropping same day, Ny Tid also published the stations in �orthem Norway are "Key Intelligence Questions" (KIQ 1 s), supposed to be secret - even though written under the aus-pices of Henry they.are certainly known to the g•.:>vem Kissinger and William Colby, and .ment of the Soviet Union. Obviously, approved by the National Security the reason for their secrecy is not Council. The KIO' s are a directive for related to security. Duncan Campbell CIA agents, and outline the type of . of-the New Statesman comments that intelligence agents are supposed to "it is ,inconvertible that the secrecy gather. The KIQ's documented the serves· only to avoid embarassing interest of the CIA in Norway, parti :_ officials and some politicians whose cularly in Norway's economic situation dishonesty i� revealed by the lack of and its possibilities as an oil expor accord between secret procurements and ting country. (Norway has been expor secret activities". 35 ting oil since May, 19 75, and by 1980, Claims by the Nocwegian Government "estimated oil and gas production is ex that the ,intelligence and navigation pected to be some 60 million tons of stations in Norway serve mainly Nor oil equivalent, or more than six times wegian defense purposes have been dis the do estic consumption of petro - i 7 proved. In a first draft of a study on leum" .> Ny Tid also. reported that· the intelligence stations in Norway the CIA provided US and multinational (which include facilities to intercept corporations with information about High Frequency and Very High Frequency Norway's economic situation, and that communications), Owen Wilkes and the CIA uses multinational corporations Nils Petter Gleditsch came to the con · as covers. clusion that "not a single intelligence The CIA has revealed its interest in installation [in Norway]. to be described Norway in other ways as well. In 1977/ [in the study] can be judged clearly de 78 the Center for Strategic and Inter fensive on the basis of its technical national Studies· of Georgetown Univer 3 sity in Washington, DC hosted several capability alone" 6. 1 The same Nils Petter Gleditsch of events dealing with Norway, since the Peace Research Institute in Oslo · . "Nordic security perspectives are (PRIO) has been indicted by a Norwegian troubled by rising levels of anxiety court fot his revelation of the "secrets" . without corresponding latitude for ad of some of the intelligence stations in justment" 38 ·Norway. 'Like others before him, As widely docume�ted'i CSIS has Gleditsch had obtained all .his informa extreme 1 y s troni CIA ties -· j t micjht tion from public sources. G'leditsc h is 3 ' even be called a CIA front. 9 CSIS ' not the only one in court over these printed a booklet on Norway's base matters.. Ivar Johansen and two Nor- policy; and in May, 19 78, it p�blished 40. ·• , Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 a report entitled "Allied Interdependence FOOTNOTES Trade and Cooperation in Military Equipment".· This report "grew out of a 1) During his visit to Norwuy in meeting of the CSIS Transatlantic April, 1979, US Vice President \Nalter Policy Panel in January, 1978" 40; Mondale asked the Norwegian Govern Paul Thyne ss, a member of the ment whether it would be willing to Storting, was part of this "Transatlan ship oil to Israel on a regular basis tic Policy Panel". Other Norwegian - a request that w::is denied by the Nor participunts in CSIS activities are wegians. Deputy Minister of Defense Johan 2) Gleditsch, Wilkes, Lodgaard, an::1 Holst, and Torsten Stoltenberg, Deputy Botnen� Norge i atomstrategien (English Minister of Foreign Affairs. The summary), publ. by PR.IO, July, 1978, question sho11ld be raised as to p. 1 whether a CIA-linked institution, fa 3) Sve::-re Lodgaard, Nils Petter mous for its Cold War theories and pro Gleditsch, "Norway, the Not So Re paganda, is an appropriate place for luctant Ally", Cooperation and Conflict, Norwegian Ministers and a member of vol. XII, 1977, p. 210 the Storting. 4) ibid., p.21'3' In Norway, the people often are not 5) R. Harris Smith, "OSS", University informed about actions and decisions of California Press, 1972, p. 200 of governmental officials that suppo 6) ibid. , p. 2 01 sedly represent the people. Further - 7) Hakon Lorentzen, "Sorne D Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 41 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 21) "Navigation System, a Survey of 36) Owen Wilkes and Nils Petter Modern Electronic Aids", ed. by. G.F. Gleditsch, "Intelligence Installations Beck, Van Nostrum Reinhold Corp.,· in Norway: Their Number, Location, Ltd., London, :1971, p. 118 Function, and Legality", PRIO publ;, 22) ibid., p. 121 8-4 79, First Draft 23) New Scientist, 3/25/76, p. 672 37) The Banker , May 1977, p. 91 24) ibid.- 38) CSIS: Annu.al Report 77/78, p.91 25) C.S. Samek and H.S. Price, "A 39) Ray S. Cline, the Director of Precise Electronic Navigation System World Power Studies at CSIS, is a Using Omega and a Synchronous Sa former Deputy Director of Intelligence tellite Network", Nswigator. vol. 13 for the CIA who has served for more no. 2 . .. . than 25 years. CSIS's Director of Af 26) Albert Langer, ·"Accurate Submarine rican Studies is Chester A. Crocker, Launched Ballistic Missiles and another former CIA employee; John Nuclear Strategy", Journal of Peace Re Richardson, Jr. is CSIS Director for search , no. 1, vol. XIV, 1977, p. 47 Public Diplomacy Studies. He ran Radio 2 7) "Missile Submarines and National Fre� Europe when it was a CIA propa - Security", Scientific American , June ganda operation. Two consultants for 72 CSIS are Henry Kissinger and Walter 28) cf supra, # 3, p. 115 Laquer, who worked for the -Informa 29) ArbeiterblgQfil_, 2/'o/75 tion Bulletin, Ltd., a now-de,funct CIA 30) cf supra,# 18 operation. In addition·, CSIS is con 31) cf supra,# 2, p. 3 stantly featuring past and present CIA 32) ibid., p. l employees. 33) Steve Weissman, "Norwegian Spy 40) cf supra,# 38, p. 22 War", Inquiry, 9/18/78, p. 12 41) cf supra,# 35, p. 732 34) ibid., p. 13 35) Duncan Campbell, "Sabotage, Submarines, and the Secret Norway Connection", New Statesmun , 6/2/7'd I p • 730 BLOCKER, V. Harwood U.S. (born: 10/19/3 6) First Secretaty INTELLIGENCE: Avenida La Refor�a 7-01 Guatemala Zona 10 Guatemala City tel. 311541 Blocker is a CIA officer who .served in the Dominican Republic at the time of the US military intervention; in Brazil {Recife and Rio de Janeiro}, and Peru. FISCHER, Forrest (born: 1/2/2 S) Fischer has participated in CIA connect ed propaganda operations in Mexico, Argentina, and during the US war in Vietnam {6/70-12/71). , -:42 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 CERRA, Ronald L. (!:)·xn: 3/6/43) ' I S;�cond Secretary Before he was assigned to FranGe, ;1 Cerra worked in Switzerland. He is a CIA officer. COPP, Jean Tremere HARRISON, Lawrence E. (born: 1/6/2 2) (born: 3/11/32) Second Secretary Montagne Noire, Port-au-Prince Copp has participated in CU\ connect tel. 7-0665 ed propaganda operations in Vietnam Harrison worked,in 'Tlifita�y intelligence from 19 7 2 -7 5 • before he joined AID in 1962. GIBSON, Barry R •. HOLSEY, Leonard J. (born: 10/28/39) (born: 6/2 S/21) Attache Pacot, Port-au-Prince Gibson is a CIA officer. He also tel. 2-198 3 serv�d in Brazil. Holsey is a CIA officer who served in Vietnam during the late 1960's. JETON, Francis John (born: 4/1/26) Iv1EADE, Frazier Attache (bor�: 7/17 /2 8) Jcton i,; ... ,CU\ officer who has been Counsellor :,tdtiu,,c(i i:·1 Syria, Senegal, Zaire, Debussy, Port-au-Prince 1\,ni.si,J.; (,:1d South Africa. Tn August tel. 2-4541 19 5 7, Jeton was expelled from Syria Meade has served as an intelligence because,of his participation in anti research specialist,in the State De governi11ent work. partment and attended the Naval War College from 1971-72. KELLY, John H. (born: 7 /20/39) First Sec re tury) Kelly has an extensive background in milit9ry and intelligence related work. He has attended the Armed Forces Staff College. I / MONCZE'V'/SKr, Matthew E. (born: 12/9/34) Attache Monczewski is a CrA officer. He has worked in the CIA' s "secretI war" .in Laos, in the Central African Republic, France and in Ethiopia. BURGSTALLER� Eugen F. (born: 12/22/20) Attache Widely publicised, Burgstaller is the CIA Chief of Station in France. He has served in Austria and Lebanon. 43 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 HERPY, David W., Tr. (born: 3/10/38) Second Secretary 14-7; Ebisu, 2- chome Shibuya-ku, Tokyo tel. 441-7247 Japan Herpy' s biography in the State Depart ment's Biographic Registers (incom CLARK, Robert D. plete previous history,. starting with (born: 7/23/32) R-6, political officer) indicates that he Attache is a CIA officer. He served in Thailand 19-S, Sendagi-cho, 5-chome, before being transferred to Japan. Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo · tel. 821-517 4 SELIGMANN, .Albert L. Clark has ari extensive record of (born: 5/26/25) intelligence and intelligence related Counsellor for Political Affairs work in Italy and in the US. 20-:1 a, Hiroo, 2-chome Shibuya-ku, Tokyo COALE, George L., Jr. tel. 400-3561 (born: 3/14/2 6) Seligmann, the highest ranking political Attache officer in the US Embassy ii1 Tokyo, has Grew Apt., 4427 an extensive background of intelligence 1-1, Roppongi, 2-chome -related assignments. Minato-ku, Tokyo tel. 583-6951 ext. 427 SHERMAN, William Courtney Coale is a CIA officer who has served (born: 9/2 7 /2 3) in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Minister-Counsellor Tokyo (1969-72) and in Vietnam at the 1, Azabu, Nagasakacho, • end of the war. Minato-ku, Tokyo tel. 58 3-4648 FWYD, Walter I., Jr. Sherman has been an officer in the US . (born: 4/ 4/39) military government in South Korea (1946 Second Secretary -48), and has worked as an intelligence Grew Apt., 3421 re search specialist in the State Depart tel. 583'.'"6951 ext. 428 , ment and has attended the National Floyd is a CIA officer who attended the War College. Foreign Service Institute in Yokohama in 1971 and has been in Tokyo since SHIMA, Terry T. then. (born: 1/20/2 3) Attache 7-11,. Minami Azabu, 4-chome, GRIMSLEYI William C. , Jr: (born: 4/2 0/2 7) Minato-ku, Tokyo Attache tel. .449-9565 - Connodor Apt. No. 610 . Shima is a CIA officer, who has served 13-28, Roppongi, 5-chome in Singapore and the Philippines. Minato-ku, Tokyo tel. 586-6417 Grimsley is a high rank1ng GIA officer who was Chief of Station in India. ·He has also served in Afghanistan and Ne·pal. 44 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 \ HANNON, John C. (born: 3/2/38) Second Secretary (Political Affairs) Hannon, who is a CIA officer, hos served ii'1 Kenya and Tanzania. ANDERSON, Burnett F. KEANE, Robert A. (born: 7 /13/19) Assistant Legal Attache Counsellor for Public Affairs Keane is the FBI' s liaison of fi.cer in Hereford Lodge London. 139 Gloucester Road London S.W. r KIMBALL, John W. te 1. 01-3 i 3-9 4 3 5 (born: 9/2 3/33) Anderson is a propagqnda specialist who First Secretary (Political/Military Affairs) has served in the Mutual Security 8 Edwardes Square Agency, Iran, Sweden, Spain and France. London W�8 ..:. He also attended the National War tel: 01 .602-6543 College in 1960. Kimball is a CIA officer who has worked in India,· Liberia, and the F. R. Germany. l ASCHER, James Martin (born: 3/18/31) McGHEE, William M. First Secretary (Public Affairs) (born: 7/8/2'2) I.I 20 Croo-ns Hill Political Attache London S.E. 10 11 Chester Square ;l tel. 01-8 S 8-19 4 0 London S.W. l Ascher has served in CIA connected pro tel: 01-730-5 641 paganda operations in Vietnam and India. McGhee has served in the Philippines, Ethiopia, Hong Kong and Singapore. He BLACKSHEAR, Tho,nas R. is a CIA officer. (born: 8/11/29) Assistant Political Attache NIBLO, Peter B. 37 Circus Road (born: 3/2 0/2 5) St. John's Wood Narcotics Attache London N .W. 8 30 Eaton Place 01-286-1681 London S. W. 1 Blackshear is a CIA officer who has been tel: 01-235-0453 stationed in the Federal Republic of Niblo served in Vietnam for over five Germany, Bulgaria and India. years .. He was a "public s'a.fety advisor", a " progra:n office r" and a " spee i a 1 EDDY, Condit N. assistant" with AID. Niblo is resp,:-msible (born: 10/14/2 7) for US war crimes in Vietnam. First Secretary (Political Affairs) · Eddy has served in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria PERLMAN, Alvin and Turkey. He is a CIA officer. (born: 8/5/3 4) First Sec;etary (Public Affairs) ENGLE, Gerald Lloyd 89 C amberwell Grove (born: 12/10/35) London S. E . 5 Assistant Political Attache tel: 0l-701-6939 con - Engle is a CIA officer. He has beE;n sta� Perlman has participated in CIA in India, tioned in Switzerland, Bulgaria, and the nected · propaganda operations USSR> Vietnam, and Indonesia. . 45 ' '� Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA�RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 - .. J· Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP�0�00845R000100150006-5 •• PROCTCJ:\., i:.uwdru vv 1111am · · s1b1l1ty of pluralism". Moss also claimS"". (born: 12/30/20) that General Pinochet saved Chile from � : Political Attache "what may well have been an impending Proctor is the CIA Chief of Station in 'night of the long knives'". (Robert Moss, Chile'• s Marxist Experiment, ' England. He has been employed by·. & ,j the CIA since 19 5 3, first as an econo- David Charles, Ltd., Newton Abbot, mist, and from 1971-76 as Deputy England, 1973, pp. ii,vi). Pinochet's Director for Intelligence. military junta was delighted about the book: they bought the complete second STEVENSON, Rufus printing for use in their propaganda. l (born: 11/2 6/39) . �hile 's Marxist Experiinent is more Stevenson is a CIA officer. He. ha:., than "just" a demagogic piece by a worked in Madagascar and Mali. right-wing journalist. The_ idea to write the book was conceived by the CIA. I ZASLOW, Milton S. They paid Moss an advance and II super Political Attache. vised the content and progress of the Flat 5, Bryanston Square manuscript" .(Inquiry , 9/30/79), p.9). London·w.1 Perhaps the CIA also thought it tel: 01-262-9379 necessary to "supervise" the content Zaslow is an intelligence officer, prob of Moss' manuscript for Thatcher's ably working for the Natio_nal Security speech. Agency. There is no sense in. asking the . British government to, at a mini:num, control the activities, of these US em ployees. In addition to having anti-labor and,pro-corporate interests, Britain's Prime Minister ·Margaret Thatcher has ' : ! i foreign polic�; views that fit right into the : . ,;, CIA's cold war program. In fact, a person who has a long history of participation in CIA propaganda operations has been· :- and perhaps still is - one of her speech writers. A "British Conservative II com- · mented to the New Leader : "Even those of us who agree with the Americans on most things don't like to feel· the CIA considers us. coolies. When Margaret made her tough foreign policy speech, I applauded.· But when I learned that it had· been drafted by that fellow Moss I sniffed a bit." (New Leader, 12/ 4/78, P, 13) "That fellow Moss" who wrote Thatcher's speech is also the author of the CIA financed book Chile's Marxist ', Experiment , in which he comes to the conclusion that the 19 7 3 military coup in Chile was necessary to preserve "the pos-. _46•, . , -- Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 KELLY, JOHN TI-IE CIA IN ANIERICA l\t1uch has been written and published about the clandestine and illegal work of the CIA in foreign countries. This book describes and documents the extent to which the C'IA has penetrated and attempted to influence the institutions of American society, and its widespread progra1n of surveillance of Arnerican citizens. It presents biographical sketches of CIA directors and high offi cials involved in this work, and it names and describes the magazines, newspapers, publishers, educational institutions, trade unions, churches ·and prominent journalists, writers and politicians who have 'wittingly or unwittingly aided the- work of the CIA. 256 pages Fall ISBN: 102-0 cloth: $12.95 ISBN: 103-9 paper: $5.95 ·.! I I 24 Burr Farms Road Westport, Connecticut 06880 (203/226-9392) A proved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5 - -�· "CounterSpy is self-described as a ...CounterSpy, the Washington, D.C. source of analyses and information on grou'p whose exposure of U.S. inte lli · the practiees, organiza'tion and objec ..:. gence dtrty trick's ·have proved uncom- · tive of U.S. intelligence. 11 fortably accurate .. " Federal Bureau of Investigation Seven Dcys, 3/16/79 II . . s h oc k'rng ... parano1c ... c_ynica I" "CounterSpy article continues to stir William E. Colby, waves in the Arab world. It remains former CIA Director page one 1·n0terial ... it has time-bornb effect among Arab j oumelists, Egyptians, 11 11 CounterSpy: the magazlne most hated Lebanese and others ... by the CIA" Telex/As ha rq Al -J1ws.iil_ {3/ 4/79) Alternative Media (1/77) " CounterSpy has mace a crlisade-of----- " ...-the Washington-based magazine's exposing CIA age:1ts abroad... such reporting on Central Intelligence a gents publicity makes it difficult for these or in other countries has been considered other CIA agents to maintain valuable to be accurate. " contacts with businessmen, schol:ffs, New York Times {2/8/79) journalists, and other sources ." Time, 2/19/79 "I wo,1der where they get their 0 I want a complete set of CounterSpy 1 rnoney' , asked CIA Director Stansfield back issues (.$30). Turner about CounterSpy in a February 19 79 Time magazine article. 0 I want single back issues {$2 each) That's a good question. As .a matter 0 vol. a, no. 4 (on SW:�T, CIA Drug of fact, those of us on-CounterSpy Trade , Sou th Africa) staff often wonder where the money· 0 · vol. 3, no .1 (on COINTELPRO, Por will be coming· from as financial prob tugal, Spvinq on tl,e US Left) lems continue to 1plague our work. 0 vol. 3, no. 2 (on DtNA, Thail,3:1d, There is a need for a magazine US ·war Crimes in Vietnam) like CounterSpy. It_ is necessary to un 0 vol. 3, no. 3 (on CIA in the Middle cover and analyze the II activities". of East, Chile, Nicaragua) US intelligence agencies around the 0 vol.3, no. 4 {on CIA in Brazil, Iran, world. And; as si.mplistic as it might West Germany and the Lebanese sound, a subscription or contribution Right in the - (JS) to CounterSpy is a way of supporting ,_, that work. We depend solely on the 0 I want to become a CounterSpy sus subscriptions and· contribu'tions of our tainer and enclose O no, 0 _ $50, readers. 0 $100, 0 $ ••• If you have not renewed your sub scription since vol. 3, no. I, this is 0 I want to support CounterSpy_ by pro yourlastissue unless you renew.� moting it in my city,. by clipping local newspapers, etc. 0 I want to subscribe to CounterSpy. Contact CounterSpy for details. 0 $10 (imdividual) 0 $25 (foreign-air mail) CounterSpy 0 $20 (institutions) Box· 647 0 $75 {governmental agencies) Ben Franklin Stn. Washington DC 20044 - tr.S.A. ' Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150006-5