DOCSLIB.ORG

GRASSROOTS DIPLOMACY: AMERICAN COLD WAR TRAVELERS and the MAKING of a POPULAR DÉTENTE, 1958-1972 by MICHAEL METSNER Submitted

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GRASSROOTS DIPLOMACY: AMERICAN COLD WAR TRAVELERS and the MAKING of a POPULAR DÉTENTE, 1958-1972 by MICHAEL METSNER Submitted GRASSROOTS DIPLOMACY: AMERICAN COLD WAR TRAVELERS AND THE MAKING OF A POPULAR DÉTENTE, 1958-1972 by MICHAEL METSNER Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY May 2018 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the dissertation of Michael Metsner candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy*. Committee Chair Peter A. Shulman Committee Member Kenneth F. Ledford Committee Member David C. Hammack Committee Member Tatiana Zilotina Date of Defense February 26, 2018 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: “An adventure into the unknown” 27 Chapter 2: “Smiling faces” 89 Chapter 3: “An Underdeveloped Country” 142 Chapter 4: A New Sparta 201 Conclusion 261 Bibliography 275 i Acknowledgments First and foremost, I wish to thank the members of my dissertation committee for their support and feedback in the process of completing my dissertation. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Dr. Peter Shulman for helping me to refine my main argument and guiding me to the successful completion of this project. A special thanks to Dr. Kenneth Ledford for coining the evocative phrase “popular détente.” Many thanks to my fellow graduate students, past and present, in the History Department for their friendship and camaraderie. I have been fortunate to receive financial support for dissertation research from the History Associates at Case Western Reserve University, the Baker-Nord Center for the Humanities, and the CWRU Department of History. Last but certainly not least, I thank my parents, Nina and Efim, for their faith in me and their abiding love and support. ii Grassroots Diplomacy: American Cold War Travelers and the Making of a Popular Détente, 1958-1972 Abstract by MICHAEL METSNER This dissertation focuses on the experiences of American men and women who traveled to the Soviet Union for leisure, work, or study during the long sixties (1958- 1972). It draws on mass-published travelogues, private correspondence, government records, and newspaper articles to analyze the observations that Americans made about everyday life in the USSR, the opinions they expressed about the socialist system, and the conversations they had with ordinary Soviet citizens. On the one hand, Americans met friendly and warm people who were curious about the United States, infatuated with American culture and technology, and yearned for peace and mutual understanding. On the other hand, personal contact with Soviets, coupled with unfavorable firsthand impressions, left no doubt in Americans’ minds concerning the superiority of their way of life. This descriptive duality allowed American Cold War travelers to simultaneously humanize and individualize the faceless Soviet masses and criticize what they considered to be deficiencies inherent (and detrimental) to the Soviet system. Nuclear confrontation between the two superpowers was not inevitable, they concluded, given the longing for iii peaceful coexistence expressed by Soviet men and women, but the triumph of the United States in the Cold War was, given the alleged inferiority of the Soviet way of life. I argue that that their personal experiences on the other shore convinced Americans of the necessity of finding a peaceful modus vivendi with the Soviet foe, given the dim chances for the long-term success of the socialist experiment in the absence of a nuclear confrontation. Their physical presence behind the “Iron Curtain” laid the groundwork for a popular détente. There was a shared desire on the part of American guests and Soviet hosts to place the competition for global supremacy between the capitalist and socialist systems on a peaceful footing and avoid suicidal conflict at all costs. Therefore, détente was not simply imposed on docile and indifferent subjects from above; it was also made at the grassroots by American men and women who traversed geographical and ideological boundaries and observed how the other half lived with their own eyes. iv Introduction “Where do you buy these clothes?” Debbie Sherwood asked a Soviet woman after watching a surprisingly impressive, if somewhat eclectic, fashion show at Leningrad’s House of Fashion (Dom modelei).1 The twenty-nine-year-old magazine writer from New York City was spending a few weeks in the state of Soviets in the summer of 1968. “Oh, you don’t buy them already made,” the woman replied with an air of astonishment.2 Sensing that the naïve American standing in front of her desperately needed assistance in navigating the unfamiliar terrain of Soviet consumerism, she led Sherwood to a long counter located in the House of Fashion’s foyer and asked her which outfit from the fashion show she had liked. Sherwood’s description of a green miniskirt prompted the woman to give her “an I-should-have-known look” but she held her tongue and only asked Sherwood for seven kopecks before making her way to the busy counter. As she waited expectantly for the woman to return, Sherwood congratulated herself for finding a real bargain: “A pattern for only seven cents!” Elation gave way to confusion, however, when the woman handed her “a small piece of paper on which was sketched the green mini skirt.”3 Sherwood’s protestations that she needed a pattern—rather than a sketch—to give a friend back home did not garner much sympathy. “If she can sew, she will be able to make the skirt from this [sketch],” the woman stated decisively. Sewing clothes from sketches was exactly what Soviet women did on a regular basis, she informed her perplexed American acquaintance, and proudly brandished the sketches of “a three-piece 1 Debbie Sherwood, A Redhead in Red Square (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1969), 159. 2 Ibid., 159-160. 3 Ibid., 160. 1 suit with a pleated skirt and fitted jacket,” “a frothy cocktail dress with a scooped neck and heavily embroidered bodice,” and a “pants suit” she was planning to make. Scrutinizing the attire of Soviet women around her, Sherwood noticed that some of them did indeed wear dresses that had “a unique and unusual look about them,” which she attributed to the fact that “somewhere between the sketches and the sewing machines the fashionable lines had got lost, the result being that the wearers looked as if they hadn’t been able to decide whether to go mod or not and had settled for a ‘half and half’ look.”4 Instead of relying on the free market to provide them with affordable, fashionable, and durable ready-made clothes, these women had to rely on home production, with all its inherent shortcomings. Sherwood’s anecdote exemplifies the dichotomous depiction of everyday life in the post-Stalinist Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in the published accounts and official correspondence produced by Americans, regardless of the purpose or duration of their stay behind the “Iron Curtain.” On the one hand, ordinary Soviet citizens revealed a friendliness toward, a curiosity about, and even an admiration for the United States and its people in casual conversations with American visitors. On the other hand, the very same conversations, coupled with unfavorable impressions of a hardscrabble existence eked out by ordinary Soviets, left no doubt in Americans’ minds concerning the superiority of their way of life. This descriptive duality allowed American visitors to simultaneously humanize and individualize the faceless Soviet masses and criticize what they considered to be deficiencies inherent (and detrimental) to the Soviet system. Nuclear conflict between the two superpowers was not inevitable, they concluded, given 4 Ibid., 161. 2 the longing for peaceful coexistence expressed by Soviet men and women, but the triumph of the United States in the Cold War was, given the alleged inferiority of the Soviet way of life. The fact that some 57,000 Americans visited the Soviet Union in 1971 alone underscores the inherent permeability of the so-called “Iron Curtain” in the post-Stalinist era.5 It certainly made sense for Winston Churchill to evoke the powerful image of “an iron curtain” bisecting the war-torn European continent “[f]rom Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic” in 1946.6 A decade later, however, such stark and foreboding symbolism was out of touch with reality. The sudden death of Joseph Stalin on March 5, 1953, fundamentally recast the Cold War’s rules of engagement. Stalin’s successors in the Kremlin publicly disavowed his paranoid policy of self-imposed isolation by opening the Soviet Union in “teaspoon-size doses” to foreign tourists, including Americans.7 The Soviet historian Michael David-Fox has described the impact of that decision as “nothing less than revelatory.”8 A historic transformation did not happen overnight, especially given the ongoing power struggle between Georgi Malenkov and Nikita Khrushchev, but by 1956 there could be no doubt in anyone’s mind that the dark days of Stalinist xenophobia were a thing of the past. Like Francoist Spain, another much maligned European dictatorship, the USSR desperately “needed both friendship and money” and 5 Martin J. Hillenbrand, “Visitors To and From the Soviet Union,” February 10, 1972, p. 2, RG 59, Bilateral Political Relations (hereafter BPR), American Visits to the USSR, 1971-1973, Box 19, TRV – American Visits, 1972, National Archives. 6 For a history of the Cold War’s most famous metaphor, see Patrick Wright, Iron Curtain: From Stage to Cold War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). 7 Donald J. Raleigh, Soviet Baby Boomers: An Oral History of Russia’s Cold War Generation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 5. 8 Michael David-Fox, “The Iron Curtain as Semipermeable Membrane: Origins and Demise of the Stalinist Superiority Complex,” in Cold War Crossings: International Travel and Exchange across the Soviet Bloc, 1940s-1960s, ed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Unrestricted Immigration and the Foreign Dominance Of
    Unrestricted Immigration and the Foreign Dominance of United States Nobel Prize Winners in Science: Irrefutable Data and Exemplary Family Narratives—Backup Data and Information Andrew A. Beveridge, Queens and Graduate Center CUNY and Social Explorer, Inc. Lynn Caporale, Strategic Scientific Advisor and Author The following slides were presented at the recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. This project and paper is an outgrowth of that session, and will combine qualitative data on Nobel Prize Winners family histories along with analyses of the pattern of Nobel Winners. The first set of slides show some of the patterns so far found, and will be augmented for the formal paper. The second set of slides shows some examples of the Nobel families. The authors a developing a systematic data base of Nobel Winners (mainly US), their careers and their family histories. This turned out to be much more challenging than expected, since many winners do not emphasize their family origins in their own biographies or autobiographies or other commentary. Dr. Caporale has reached out to some laureates or their families to elicit that information. We plan to systematically compare the laureates to the population in the US at large, including immigrants and non‐immigrants at various periods. Outline of Presentation • A preliminary examination of the 609 Nobel Prize Winners, 291 of whom were at an American Institution when they received the Nobel in physics, chemistry or physiology and medicine • Will look at patterns of
    [Show full text]
  • The American Legion 61St National Convention: Official Program And
    AMERICANTHE LEGION 61st NATIONAL CONVENTION gss® DAVIESS COUNTY. Welcomes We salute your Filled with Daviess great organization, the County Bourbon made State of Texas . site of from the original family your 61st annual recipe, this decanter will convention . and the keep memories of friends Cowboy who represents and fellowship always with the state’s individualist you. So enjoy your con- spirit. vention and take home This one of a kind a memory of Daviess collector decanter County Bourbon is made of genuine . Kentucky’s finest. Hurstbourne China with 24 kt. gold leaf. After the convention, the mold will be destroyed, making it truly DAVIESS a | I COUNTY collectors item. KENTUOff Collectors Series • Limited Edition Daviess County Bourbon Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey. 80 proof: a product of Daviess County Distilling Co. Owensboro, Kentucky THE AMERICAN LEGION FOR GOD AND COUNTRY 61st National Convention WE ASSOCIATE OURSELVES TOGETHER FOR THE FOLLOWING PURPOSES To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of America; to aintain law and order; to foster and perpetuate a one hundred percent Americanism; to preserve the memories and incidents of our associations in the Great Wars; to SONS OF THE AMERICAN LEGION obligation to the community, state and nation; inculcate a sense of individual 8th National Convention to combat the autocracy of both the classes and the masses; to make right the master of might; to promote peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our comradeship AMERICAN LEGION our devotion to mutual by AUXILIARY 59th helpfu Iness.
    [Show full text]
  • Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Conspiracy of Peace: the Cold War, the International Peace Movement, and the Soviet Peace Campaign, 1946-1956
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Conspiracy of Peace: The Cold War, the International Peace Movement, and the Soviet Peace Campaign, 1946-1956 Vladimir Dobrenko A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, October 2015 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 90,957 words. Statement of conjoint work I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by John Clifton of www.proofreading247.co.uk/ I have followed the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition, for referencing. 2 Abstract This thesis deals with the Soviet Union’s Peace Campaign during the first decade of the Cold War as it sought to establish the Iron Curtain. The thesis focuses on the primary institutions engaged in the Peace Campaign: the World Peace Council and the Soviet Peace Committee.
    [Show full text]
  • Duke University 2000-2002
    bulletin of Duke University 2000-2002 The Graduate School The Mission of Duke University The founding Indenture of Duke University directed the members of the university to "develop our resources, increase our wisdom, and promote human happiness." To these ends, the mission of Duke University is to provide a superior liberal education to undergraduate students, attending not only to their intellectual growth but also to their development as adults committed to high ethical standards and full participation as leaders in their communities; to prepare future members of the learned professions for lives of skilled and ethical service by providing excellent graduate and professional education; to advance the frontiers of knowledge and contribute boldly to the international community of scholarship; to foster health and well-being through medical research and patient care; and to promote a sincere spirit of tolerance, a sense of the obligations and rewards of citizenship, and a commitment to learning, freedom, and truth. By pursuing these objectives with vision and integrity, Duke University seeks to engage the mind, elevate the spirit, and stimulate the best effort of all who are associated with the university; to contribute in diverse ways to the local community, the state, the nation, and the world; and to attain and maintain a place of real leadership in all that we do. ACADEMIC LIAISON Leigh DeNeef Associate Dean EDITOR Judith Smith PUBLICATIONS COORDINATOR Mary Nettleton STAFF SPECIALIST: COURSE CATALOG MASTER Margaret R. Sims PHOTOGRAPHS University Photography The information in the bulletin applies to the academic years 2000-2002 and is accurate and current, to the best of our knowledge, as of May 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical Legacy for Contemporary Russian Foreign Policy
    CHAPTER 1 The Historical Legacy for Contemporary Russian Foreign Policy o other country in the world is a global power simply by virtue of geogra- N phy.1 The growth of Russia from an isolated, backward East Slavic principal- ity into a continental Eurasian empire meant that Russian foreign policy had to engage with many of the world’s principal centers of power. A Russian official trying to chart the country’s foreign policy in the 18th century, for instance, would have to be concerned simultaneously about the position and actions of the Manchu Empire in China, the Persian and Ottoman Empires (and their respec- tive vassals and subordinate allies), as well as all of the Great Powers in Europe, including Austria, Prussia, France, Britain, Holland, and Sweden. This geographic reality laid the basis for a Russian tradition of a “multivector” foreign policy, with leaders, at different points, emphasizing the importance of rela- tions with different parts of the world. For instance, during the 17th century, fully half of the departments of the Posolskii Prikaz—the Ambassadors’ Office—of the Muscovite state dealt with Russia’s neighbors to the south and east; in the next cen- tury, three out of the four departments of the College of International Affairs (the successor agency in the imperial government) covered different regions of Europe.2 Russian history thus bequeaths to the current government a variety of options in terms of how to frame the country’s international orientation. To some extent, the choices open to Russia today are rooted in the legacies of past decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Soviet Critique of a Liberator's
    THE SOVIET CRITIQUE OF A LIBERATOR’S ART AND A POET’S OUTCRY: ZINOVII TOLKACHEV, PAVEL ANTOKOL’SKII AND THE ANTI-COSMOPOLITAN PERSECUTIONS OF THE LATE STALINIST PERIOD by ERIC D. BENJAMINSON A THESIS Presented to the Department of History and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts March 2018 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Eric D. Benjaminson Title: The Soviet Critique of a Liberator’s Art and a Poet’s Outcry: Zinovii Tolkachev, Pavel Antokol’skii and the Anti-Cosmopolitan Persecutions of the Late Stalinist Period This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Department of History by: Julie Hessler Chairperson John McCole Member David Frank Member and Sara D. Hodges Interim Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded: March 2018 ii © 2018 Eric D. Benjaminson iii THESIS ABSTRACT Eric D. Benjaminson Master of Arts Department of History March 2018 Title: The Soviet Critique of a Liberator’s Art and a Poet’s Outcry: Zinovii Tolkachev, Pavel Antokol’skii and the Anti-Cosmopolitan Persecutions of the Late Stalinist Period This thesis investigates Stalin’s post-WW2 anti-cosmopolitan campaign by comparing the lives of two Soviet-Jewish artists. Zinovii Tolkachev was a Ukrainian artist and Pavel Antokol’skii a Moscow poetry professor. Tolkachev drew both Jewish and Socialist themes, while Antokol’skii created no Jewish motifs until his son was killed in combat and he encountered Nazi concentration camps; Tolkachev was at the liberation of Majdanek and Auschwitz.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the John Gunther Papers 1935-1967
    University of Chicago Library Guide to the John Gunther Papers 1935-1967 © 2006 University of Chicago Library Table of Contents Descriptive Summary 9 Information on Use 9 Access 9 Citation 9 Biographical Note 9 Scope Note 10 Related Resources 12 Subject Headings 12 INVENTORY 13 Series I: Inside Europe 13 Subseries 1: Original Manuscript 14 Subseries 2: First Revision (Second Draft) 16 Subseries 3: Galley Proofs 18 Subseries 4: Revised Edition (October 1936) 18 Subseries 5: New 1938 Edition (November 1937) 18 Subseries 6: Peace Edition (October 1938) 19 Subseries 7: 1940 War Edition 19 Subseries 8: Published Articles by Gunther 21 Subseries 9: Memoranda 22 Subseries 10: Correspondence 22 Subseries 11: Research Notes-Abyssinian War 22 Subseries 12: Research Notes-Armaments 22 Subseries 13: Research Notes-Austria 23 Subseries 14: Research Notes-Balkans 23 Subseries 15: Research Notes-Czechoslovakia 23 Subseries 16: Research Notes-France 23 Subseries 17: Research Notes-Germany 23 Subseries 18: Research Notes-Great Britain 24 Subseries 19: Research Notes-Hungary 25 Subseries 20: Research Notes-Italy 25 Subseries 21: Research Notes-League of Nations 25 Subseries 22: Research Notes-Poland 25 Subseries 23: Research Notes-Turkey 25 Subseries 24: Research Notes-U.S.S.R. 25 Subseries 25: Miscellaneous Materials by Others 26 Series II: Inside Asia 26 Subseries 1: Original Manuscript 27 Subseries 2: Printer's Copy 29 Subseries 3: 1942 War Edition 31 Subseries 4: Printer's Copy of 1942 War Edition 33 Subseries 5: Material by Others 33 Subseries 6:
    [Show full text]
  • Stilyagi (Crnnrrn) Review - ESCAPE from HOLLYWOOD I the International Cinema Addict's Definitive Resource 814ILL 4:T2 PM
    Stilyagi (Crnnrrn) Review - ESCAPE from HOLLYWOOD I the international cinema addict's definitive resource 814ILL 4:T2 PM Stilyagi (Crnilntlt) Review Published May 151h,2009 in Europe & Russia and Reviews. 4 Comments Musical comedy is hardly a genre most people would associate with modern Russian cinema. Traditionally known and respected for such somber and inquisitive works as Nikita Mikhalkov's Burnt by the Sun (1994), Andrei Zvyagintsev's The Return (2001), and Aleksei Balabanov's Cargo 200 (2OO7), post-Soviet Russian directors had generally focused on negative aspects of the Russian experience until the early 2000s, when waves of cash flowing from the country's oil and gas-fueled economic boom finally reached the film industry, resulting in the production of commercially-oriented blockbusters such as Night Watch (2OO4) and The 9th Company (2OO5). Continuing this trend and taking it in a new direction is Valeriy Todorovskiy's new frlm Stilyagi (Hipsters). Featuring an all-star cast, dynamic script and slick cinematography, Stilyagi takes the viewer on an epic joy ride through 1955 Moscow, two years after Stalin's death. At the height of the Cold War in the Soviet Union, the titular stilyagi were a bunch of Western-oriented hipsters who loved jazz, exhibited questionable morals and enjoyed dressing with style. Mels (Anton Shagin), a seemingly brainwashed member of the Communist youth group Komsomol, falls in love with Polza (Oksana Akinshina) while raiding an illegal underground nightclub . Polza invites Mels to join her and her friends on the "Broadway" and Mels is dumbfounded when he shows up to the party dressed plainly and looking apologetic.
    [Show full text]
  • Presidential Documents
    Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Monday, May 27, 2002 Volume 38—Number 21 Pages 849–910 Contents Addresses and Remarks Joint Statements See also Meetings With Foreign Leaders Joint Declaration by President George W. Cuba, Initiative for a New—852 Bush and President Vladimir V. Putin on Florida, 100th anniversary of Cuban the New Strategic Relationship Between independence in Miami—854 the United States of America and the Germany Russian Federation—894 Bundestag, special session in Berlin—881 Joint Statements by President George W. Departure for Berlin—875 Bush and President Vladimir V. Putin NCAA champion teams—862 Counterterrorism Cooperation—899 Radio address—851 Developments in the U.S.-Russian Russia, community and religious leaders in Economic Relationship—900 Moscow—904 New U.S.-Russian Energy Dialogue—903 Situation in the Middle East—898 Communications to Congress U.S.-Russian People-to-People Contacts— Supplemental and emergency appropriations, 902 letter transmitting requests—866 Treaty Between the United States of America Interviews With the News Media and the Russian Federation on Strategic Offensive Reductions—893 Interviews Christian Malar of TF–3 French Meetings With Foreign Leaders television—873 Germany Claus Kleber of ARD German television— Chancellor Schroeder—875, 881 858 President Rau—881 European journalists—866 Russia, President Putin—886, 887 Giulio Borrelli of RAI Italian television— 860 Proclamations News conferences National Maritime Day—863 May 23 with Chancellor Schroeder of National Missing Children’s Day—864 Germany in Berlin—875 National Safe Boating Week—849 May 24 with President Putin of Russia in Prayer for Peace, Memorial Day—865 Moscow—887 World Trade Week—850 (Continued in the inside of the back cover.) Editor’s Note: The President was in Moscow, Russia, on May 24, the closing date of this issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Premios Nobel De Química
    Los premios Nobel de Química MATERIAL RECOPILADO POR: DULCE MARÍA DE ANDRÉS CABRERIZO Los premios Nobel de Química El campo de la Química que más premios ha recibido es el de la Quí- mica Orgánica. Frederick Sanger es el único laurea- do que ganó el premio en dos oca- siones, en 1958 y 1980. Otros dos también ganaron premios Nobel en otros campos: Marie Curie (física en El Premio Nobel de Química es entregado anual- 1903, química en 1911) y Linus Carl mente por la Academia Sueca a científicos que so- bresalen por sus contribuciones en el campo de la Pauling (química en 1954, paz en Física. 1962). Seis mujeres han ganado el Es uno de los cinco premios Nobel establecidos en premio: Marie Curie, Irène Joliot- el testamento de Alfred Nobel, en 1895, y que son dados a todos aquellos individuos que realizan Curie (1935), Dorothy Crowfoot Ho- contribuciones notables en la Química, la Física, la dgkin (1964), Ada Yonath (2009) y Literatura, la Paz y la Fisiología o Medicina. Emmanuelle Charpentier y Jennifer Según el testamento de Nobel, este reconocimien- to es administrado directamente por la Fundación Doudna (2020) Nobel y concedido por un comité conformado por Ha habido ocho años en los que no cinco miembros que son elegidos por la Real Aca- demia Sueca de las Ciencias. se entregó el premio Nobel de Quí- El primer Premio Nobel de Química fue otorgado mica, en algunas ocasiones por de- en 1901 al holandés Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff. clararse desierto y en otras por la Cada destinatario recibe una medalla, un diploma y situación de guerra mundial y el exi- un premio económico que ha variado a lo largo de los años.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideological and Real Socialism of My Soviet Childhood, Schooling, and Teaching: Multi-Consciousness1
    ISSN: 2325-3290 (online) Ideological and real socialism of my Soviet childhood, schooling, and teaching: Multi-consciousness1 Eugene Matusov University of Delaware, USA Abstract Through my autobiographical reflective ethnography of my Soviet childhood, schooling and teaching, I try to investigate the phenomenon of political multiple consciousness that I observed in the USSR and its development in children. In my analysis, I abstracted eight diverse types of consciousness, five of which are political in their nature. Eugene Matusov is a Professor of Education at the University of Delaware. He studied developmental psychology with Soviet researchers working in the Vygotskian paradigm and worked as a schoolteacher before immigrating to the United States. He uses sociocultural and Bakhtinian dialogic approaches to education. His recent books are: Matusov, E. (2017). Nikolai N. Konstantinov’s authorial math pedagogy for people with wings, Matusov, E. & Brobst, J. (2013). Radical experiment in dialogic pedagogy in higher education and its Centauric failure: Chronotopic analysis, and Matusov, E. (2009). Journey into dialogic pedagogy. Introduction Famous Soviet comedian Mikhail Zhvanetsky commented in one of his 1970s monologue that it was very difficult to learn what exactly a Soviet person thought on any issue. He suspected that the answer could be given only through a physiological examination of the person’s body, “A person who says ‘yes’ undergoes a careful examination to check if behind this ‘yes’ is lurking hidden ‘no’. The exact answer can be achieved only by a urine test, which is very difficult to obtain from the person” (Zhvanetsky, 2001, p. 175, translation from Russian is mine). For the purpose of this investigation, I define a type of political consciousness heuristically as somewhat consistent subjectivity.
    [Show full text]