108 amiraninino CareqiSvili XXXII. 2019 istoria t History t История nino CareqiSvili

ismiriqa _ xeTebis aRmosavleT periferiis politikuri gaerTianeba

Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi Zvel anatoliaSi Camoyalibda xe- Tebis samefo, romelmac istoriaSi mTeli epoqa Seqmna. Zalian didi mniSvneloba hqonda xeTebis urTierTobas strategiulad mniSvnelovan sxvadasxva resursebiT mdi- dar aRmosavleT periferiasTan da aq arsebul politikur erTeulebTan Tu gaerTianebebTan. es regioni umetesad mTiani iyo da gamorCeuli iyo sxvadasxva resursebis sim- didriT (xe-tye, spilenZis da rkinis sabadoebi da a.S.), riT- ac dainteresebulni iyvnen xeTebisa da asurelebis garda urartelebic. madanTa sabadoebiT mdidari teritoriebis xelSi CagdebisTvis Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulebidan moyole- buli ibrZodnen Zlieri saxelmwifoebi da aqedan gamomdin- are upirvelesad miitaceboda xolme madneuli sabadoebiT mdidari da samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebiT aTvisebuli mxareebi, es mxareebi iyo swored xeTebis samefos aRmosav- leTiT da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT arsebuli qveynebi Tu gaerTianebebi, romelTa didi nawili qarTveluri warmo- Sobis tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. amasTan erTad, samxreT kavkasiasa da wina azias Soris kavSirebis dasamyareblad moxerxebul gzas warmoadgenda zemo evfratic. Cven am statiaSi ganvixilavT xeTebis aRmosavleT per- iferiaze arsebuli politikuri erTeulebidan erT-erT mniSvnelovan geografiul punqts _ esaa ismiriqa1. gansa- kuTrebiT sayuradReboa ismiriqas xelSekruleba, romelic xeTebis mefem dado ismiriqas xalxTan. ismiriqas xelSek- ruleba2 KUB da ABoT seriiTaa gamoqveynebuli, aRniSnuli teqstebi da fragmentebi daculia boRazqois arqivSi. misi

1 vfiqrob aqamde xmarebaSi arsebuli termini „iSmeriqa, iSmeriga~, teqs- tidan gamomdinare marTebuli iqneba Tu Seicvleba termniT „ismiriqa~. 2 CTH 133: KUB 26.41, KUB 23.68 obv. 25’, rev. 1, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25 + ABoT 1.58, KUB 23.113; CTH 237: KUB 26.54, 6’, CTH 40: KBo 19.52 2’ ismiriqa _ xeTebis politikuri gaerTianeba 109 adrindeli damuSaveba o. ranosceks ekuTvnis3. Semdeg teqs- tze imuSava a. gotcem4, romelmac daadgina KUB 26.41-isa da KUB 23.68 + ABoT 1.585-is damokidebuleba, aseve daemata KUB 23.113. saerTod es xelSekruleba sakmaod dazianebulia. xelSekrulebis Semdgomi damuSaveba ekuTvnis a. kempinskis da s. koSaks6. ismiriqas saxelwodebas teqstebSi vxvdebiT Semdegi saxiT7:

KUR URUIš-mi-ri-ka8, KUR URUIš-mi-ri-ga9, KUR URUIš-mi-ri-ik10, KUR URUIš-mi-ri-[11, URUIš-mi-ri-ka12, URUIš-mi-r[i-13. ismiriqas xelSekrulebis qarTul enaze gadmoTargmnis da analizis safuZvelze ganvixilavT xeTebis istorias da axleburad warmovaCenT am periodis sadavo sakiTxebs. SevexebiT mis savaraudo adgilmdebareobas, toponimikas da sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. aseve siaxles warmoadgens is, rom pirvelad aris specialurad Seswavlili ismiriqa _ xeTebis aRmosavleT periferiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani politikuri gaerTianeba, riTac SesaZloa xeTebis aRmosav- leT periferiis samxreT kavkasiasTan mimarTebis sakiTxeb- sac moefinos momavalSi naTeli. arsebobs mosazreba, rom ismiriqelebs qasqebis msgavsi cxovrebis wesi da Sesabamisad msgavsi tipis tomobrivi saxelmwifo hqondaT, amaze qvemoT

3 Ranoszek O., CR., 1939, p. 32 4 Goetze A., 1940, p. 44 5 es firfita fragmentulia. imdenadaa dazianebuli, rom mxolod cal- keuli sityvebis amokiTxvaa SesaZlebeli. SesavalSi naxsenebia mefe, de- dofali, Svilebi da SviliSvilebi, rasac Semdgom uSualod ismiriqas Sesaxeb unda mosdevdes informacia. garkveviT ikiTxeba mxolod sityve- bi: ismiriqa (11 striqoni), vaSuqani (12 da 15 striqonebi) da laparakia adamianze saxelad vaSiriSuva. am firfitidan sxva informaciis miReba SeuZlebelia. 6 Kempinski A., Košak S., 1970, p. 191 7 Monte, del G., & Tischler, J., 1978, s.149 8 KUB 23.68. Vs. 25′. Rs 1,6,7,11. 9 KUB 23.68. Rs. 14, 16, 19, 25. 10 KUB 23.68. Rs. 13,15, 17. 11 KUB 26.54, 6′. 12 KUB 23.68. Rs. 18. 13 KBo 19.52, 2′. 110 nino CareqiSvili visaubrebT. aseve gavaanalizebT zemoT aRniSnuli xelSek- rulebis gaformeba romeli xeTi mefis _ arnuvanda I-is Tu arnuvanda II-is _ mmarTvelobis periods ukavSirdeba. arnuvanda I arnuvanda I-is mmarTvelobis periodi14 Zv.w. 1402-1360 wlebs Soris ivaraudeba. arnuvanda I-is mefoba imperiis xanis dasawyisi periodia. igi mefobda TuTxalia I/II-sa da xaTusili II-s Soris. arnuvanda I unda yofiliyo TuTxalia I/II-is vaJi, romelTan erTadac xSirad monawileobda samx- edro operaciebSi. am dros igi xeTebis samefo taxtze ar iyo asuli. taxtze asvlisas ki Tavis daze _ aSmuniqalze qorwindeba. saerTod xeTebSi sisxlis aRreva sastikad iyo akrZaluli da naTesavebs Soris qorwinebebi yovlad dauS- vebeli, magram amgvari faqti gamowveuli unda yofiliyo xurituli gavleniT, romlis damkvidrebac samefo karze SesaZloa xaTusili I-is droidan modiodes. misi meuRle _ fuduxefa _ qicuvaTneli qurumis qaliSvili iyo, anu warmoSobiT xuritma dedofalma, SesaZloa, garkveuli xu- rituli wesebiT gavlena iqonia sasaxlis karze. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom TuTxalia I/II-is meuRle - nikal- maTic xurituli warmoSobis iyo, maSin ioli warmosadgenia, rogori Zlieri iqneboda samefo karze xurituli gavlena. ase rom, arnuvanda I dedis gavleniT da saerTod gavrcele- buli xurituli wesiT xeTebis wmidaTa wmida wess arRvevs. es rogorc Cans, am dros ukve arc ise tragikulad aRiqmeba, vinaidan am faqtis Tu faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod araviTari winaaRmdegobebi ar arsebobda, yovelSemTxvevaSi arcerT wyaroSi amaze saubari araa. rogorc Cans, xeTebis samefo karze ukve kargad damkvidrebul tradiciadaa qceuli sisxliT naTesauri qorwinebebi. arnuvanda I-ma gamosca instruqciebi, romelic wesrigis damyarebas iTvaliswinebda. misi mefobis dros xeTebis samefo CrdiloeTidan mudmivad ganicdida qasqebis Tav- dasxmebs, arnuvanda cdilobda rogorme moegvarebina es problema, radgan igi grZnobda, rom qasqebi am momentisaT-

14aqamde samecniero literaturaSi miRebuli iyo xeTebis samefos dayo- fa sam nawilad: Zveli, Sua da axali smaefoebis periodi, romelic bolo kvlevebis mixedviT axleburad aris warmodgenili, rogorc Zveli same- fos xana da imperiis xana (Burney, Ch., 2004). ismiriqa _ xeTebis politikuri gaerTianeba 111 vis seriozul Zalas warmoadgendnen. arnuvanda I gadadis Setevaze, Tavdasxmebs ieriSebiT pasuxobs, magram man mainc ver SesZlo qasqebis agresia sabolood aRekveTa. mTeli istoriis manZilze qasqebi xeTebis daumarcxebel mtrebad iTvlebodnen. arnuvanda mxurvaled loculobda da Ses- Txovda RmerTebs daxmarebas, magram uSedegod. Crdilo- eTidan problemas emateboda problema samxreTidanac _ arnuvanda I amarcxebs q. adanas; dasavleTiT _ Tavis mowi- naaRmdege maduvaTas winaaRmdeg uwevs brZola; samxreT- aRmosavleTiT ki _ faxuvasa da isuvas utevs; xelSekrule- bebs aformebs ismiriqasTan. ase rom, mTeli Tavisi mefoba arnuvanda I-ma sabrZolo moqmedebebSi gaatara. mas yvela mimarTulebiT uxdeboda brZola da cdilobda xeTebis saxelmwifos gavlena kvlav aRedgina gaaqtiurebul mezo- bel politikur erTeulebze, magram es periodi imdenad rTuli periodi iyo xeTebis istoriaSi, rom gaaqtiurebul politikur erTeulebze gavlenis aRdgena ki ara, qveynis sazRvrebis dacvac ki problemas warmoadgenda. arnuvanda I aSmuniqalze adre gardaicvala. meuRlem, ra Tqma unda, xurituli rwmena-warmodgenebis mixedviT dakrZala da misi saxelis ukvdavsayofad didi akldamac aago15. rogorc davinaxeT, arnuvanda I-is mefobis dros xeTebis aRmosavleT periferia aqtiurdeba, asparezze gamodian calkeuli politikuri erTeulebi. rogorc Cans, am dros xeTebis gavlena maTze sakmaod Sesustebuli iyo da isinic am SemTxvevis Tavis sasargeblod gamoyenebas cdiloben. arnuvanda I Tu arnuvanda II CvenTvis ukve cnobilia arnuvanda I-is mefobis periodi. axla saWiroa mivubrundeT im problemas ismiriqas xelSek- rulebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic misi avtoris vinaobas xdis sadavos. Cven ki SevecdebiT am problemaSi gaverkveT. teqsti KUB 26.41 + KUB 23.68 + ABoT 58 warmoadgens xelSekrulebas, romelic xeTma mefem arnuvandam ismiriqas mcxovreblebTan dado, romelic aseve meomrebisaTvis iyo dadgenili, xeTi samefo wyvilis dasacavad gansazRvruli da a.S.

15 Ünal, A., 1999: 49 112 nino CareqiSvili teqstis preambula asaxelebs mefe arnuvandas, romelmac es xelSekruleba dado, iyo Tu ara igi arnuvanda I, romelic mefobda sufiluliuma I-mde Tu arnuvanda II _ sufilu- liuma I-is vaJi? rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, arnuvanda I, romelsac unda emefa daaxloebiT Zv.w. 1402-1360 wlebSi, TuTxalia I/II-is vaJi unda yofiliyo. arnuvanda II ki sufiluliuma I-is vaJi iyo. rogorc davinaxeT, arnuvanda I gamefebamde TuTxalia I/II-sTan erTad xSirad monawileobda samxedro operaciebSi. arnuvanda I-s Zalian cud dros mouxda mefoba, radgan misi mmarTvelobis dros xeTebi politikurad Zalian arian dasustebulebi. amiT sargebloben erTis mxriv, mis gav- lenaSi myofi politikuri erTeulebi da aqtiurdebian, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT periferiidan da meores mxriv, mezobeli saxelmwifoebi Tu politikuri gaerTianebebi, romlebic ieriSze gadmodian. isini yvela mxridan ute- ven xeTebs. arnuvandas brZolebi uxdeba CrdiloeTiT, dasavleTiT, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT da qveynis SigniTac da ase rom, misi mefoba gauTavebeli brZolebis istoriaa, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi ufro warumatebeli iyo, vidre warmatebuli. rac Seexeba arnuvanda II-s (Zv.w. 1322-1321w.w.), man ar- nuvanda I-Tan SedarebiT mxolod mcire xniT imefa. misi saqmianoba mursili II-is analebSi aisaxa. ar aris cnobili mis mier Catarebuli samxedro operaciebi. mas rom raime mniSvnelovani sabrZolo operaciebi Caetarebina mursili II Tavis analebSi aucileblad aRniSnavda. arnuvanda II qveyanaSi gavrcelebuli epidemiis _ Savi Wiris msxverpli gaxda. misi gardacvalebiT mezobelma mtrebma isargebles da xeTebs Seuties. jerjerobiT arnuvanda I-sa da mis meuRle aSmuniqalze ufro meti masalaa xelmisawvdomi, vidre arnuvanda II-ze: arnuvanda I-isa da aSmuniqalis locva arinas mzis Rv- Taebisadmi16; arnuvandasa da aSmuniqalis instruqcia war- Cinebuli pirisaTvis17; miwis Cuqebis dokumenti, romelzec dasmulia arnuvandasa da aSmuniqalis beWedi18; dedofal

16 CTH 375 (KUB 17.21, KUB 31.124+KUB 48.28+Bo 8617, asli: KUB 23.17+KUB 31.72 +KUB 48.108). 17 CTH 260 (KUB 31.44, KUB 26.24+KUB 40.15). 18 CTH 222 (KBo 5.7). ismiriqa _ xeTebis politikuri gaerTianeba 113 aSmuniqalis instruqcia saflavis meTvalyurisTvis19; arnu- vanda I-is analebi20; arnuvanda I-is instruqciebi q. xaTusas meTaurs21; „mefeTa nusxa“, sadac naxsenebia arnuvanda I da aSmuniqali22. zemoT CamoTvlili traqtatebis debulebebi saubroben samefo wyvilis vaJebsa da STamomavlebze. arsebobs mosaz- reba, rom arnuvandas hyavda erTi vaJi „mefeTa CamonaT- vali“23 calke nawilSi arnuvandas da aSmuniqalis Semdeg asaxelebs ufliswul aSmiSarumas _ arnuvandas vaJs. imis- aTvis, rom Seyvanili yofiliyo „mefeTa CamonaTvalSi“, mas unda hqonoda raime mniSvnelovani Tanamdeboba. arnuvanda I-ma, aSmuniqalis mefe-meuRlem datova sakmao raodenobis teqstebi, rac gvafiqrebinebs mis sakmaod grZelvadian mefobis periodze (rasac mohyva xaTusilis moklevadiani mefoba). arnuvanda I-s hyavda vaJi, taxtis memkvidre, magram rogorc Cans, igi gardaicvala mamaze adre. meores mxriv aSmiSaruma _ zrdasruli vaJi _ ver iqneboda arnuvanda II-is Svili, romelic savaraudod ufro axalgazrda garda- icvala, vidre aSmiSaruma. rogorc Cans, arnuvanda II-s mem- kvidre ar hyolia. arnuvanda II-s Tavisi mefobis mcire xnis manZilze ar Cautarebia arc erTi mniSvnelovani samxedro operaciebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT CvenTvis saintereso regionSi _ anatoliis aRmosavleT periferiasTan iqneboda dakavSirebuli. ase rom, xeTebis istoriisa da werilobiTi wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze, Cvens mier, gakeTebulia Semdegi daskvnebi: 1. arnuvanda I ufro didi xniT mefobda vidre arnuvanda II. 2. arnuvanda I mTel Tavis mefobas sabrZolo operaciebSi atarebs, rasac arnuvanda II-ze ver vityviT. 3. sufiluliuma Tavis analebSi ar asaxelebs arnuvanda II-s. amgvar faqts Tu faqtebs rom hqonoda adgili igi aucileblad aRniSnavda.

19 CTH 252 (KUB 13.8, KUB 47.46). 20 CTH 143 (KUB 23.21). 21 CTH 257 (KBo 13.58, KUB 23.64, KUB 26.9+6971256+340/z, KBo 10.5). 22 CTH 661 (KUB 11.8+1307/z). 23 2 BoTU 25 + Bo 890 (=Otten, MDOG 83, 66 C) 114 nino CareqiSvili 4. wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom aRmosavleT periferia arnuvanda I-is mefobis dros aqtiurdeba. 5. arnuvanda I-s, romelmac dado xelSekruleba, cnobilia rom hyavda meuRle da vaJiSvili. 6. arnuvanda II, umemkvidreod gardaicvala da Tanac ufro axalgazrda, vidre arnuvanda I-is Svili. wyaroebi arc mis meore naxevars ar asaxelebs. ase rom, aSmiSaruma ver iqneboda arnuvanda II-is vaJi, ufro misaRebia ganvixi- loT arnuvanda I-is vaJiSvilad. Cven SevecadeT, damatebiTi argumentebiTa da faqte- biT gagvemyarebina mosazreba imis Sesaxeb rom, samxedro operaciebi samxreT-aRmosavleT anatoliaSi ukavSirdeba arnuvanda I-is saxels da xelSekrulebac ismiriqasTan misi dadebulia. rogorc Cans, ismiriqa xeTebis samefos aRmosavleT periferiis sxva qalaqebTan, saxelmwifoebTan Tu gaerTianebebTan erTad mniSvnelovan politikur rols asrulebda xeTebis samefosa da miTans Soris. xelSekruleba dasrulebulia erTi punqtiT, sadac miTani-qicuvaTna, SegviZlia ase vuwodoT am kavSirs _ ismiriqamdea ganvrcobili. xeTi mefe iRvwoda, raTa es eqspansia SeeCerebina, is Tavis mxriv ismiriqasa da xeTebis SekavSirebas cdilobs. sainteresoa is, rom xeTi mefe mogvianebiT miTani-qicuvaTnas kavSirs, rogorc mxolod „qicuvaTnas“ ise gviCvenebs. mTeli istoriuli damokidebulebiT TiTqos misaRebi unda iyos a. gotces hipoTeza24 „didi qicuvaTnas“ Sesaxeb, romelic am dros Zlier saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. amis dasturia am periodis amarnas masalebi, qicuvaTnas da miTanis xelSekrulebebi, magram meores mxriv istoriuli faqti gviCvenebs amis sawinaaRmdego suraTs, kerZod Sun- Suras-xelSekruleba25, sadac qicuvaTna miTanis gavlenaSia. saerTod xelSekrulebebi ismiriqasTan, faxuvasTan qasqebTan, im droindeli politikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare gviCvenebs anatoliaSi stabilizaciis Senar- Cunebis an aRdgenis cdas, risTvisac mTeli Tavisi mefoba ibrZoda arnuvanda I.

24 Goetze, A., 1940, pp. 75-77 25 CTH 41. ismiriqa _ xeTebis politikuri gaerTianeba 115 ismiriqas xelSekrulebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs xeTebis istoriisaTvis. igi im mxrivacaa sayuradRebo, rom Zvel xeTur teqstebTan bevri saerTo26 aqvs. aseve mniSvnelovani paralelebi moeZebneba sufiluliuma I-is xelSekrule- bebTanac27. xeTma mefem ismiriqas xalxTan dado xelSekruleba, romelSidac Cadebulia garkveuli moTxovnebi xeTi samefo wyvilis da memkvidreTa dasacavad. teqstis am valdebulebebs asrulebs wyevlis formula da muqara, romelic xeTuri teqstebisaTvis ucxo araa. yvelaze metad gamaognebeli nawili am dokumentisa aris is, rom ismiriqas didgvarovnebi da maTi axloblebi, romelTac arnuvanda I-Tan mekavSireobis fici dades, amboben, rom cxovrobdnen qicuvaTnas sxvadasxva olqebSi, romelTa Soris uruSa da vaSuqania naxsenebi. teqstis geografiuli horizonti adgens, rom vaSuqani aris mesopotamiaSi. es aris erTad- erTi SemTxveva, sadac naTqvamia, rom vaSuqani mdebareobs qicuvaTnaSi. aseTi ram TiTqos SeuZlebelia im dros, roca vaSuqani iyo Zlevamosili miTanis samefos SemadgenlobaSi, magram teqsti _ arnuvanda I-is marto mefobis pirveli etapidan _ gviCvenebs, rom arnuvandas jer kidev Seswevda unari daesaxlebina ismiriqas mosaxleoba qicuvaTnas sx- vadasxva qalaqebSi. am qalaqebis saxelebia vaSuqanisa da uruSas garda caclifa, ciacia, arana, teruSa, uriga. am dros qicuvaTna formalurad ekuTvnoda miTans. vaSuqani ki, miTanis tradiciuli dedaqalaqi, am teqstis mixedviT ekuTvnoda qicuvaTnis teritorias. Cans, rom miTanis didi nawili, dedaqalaqis CaTvliT, miuerTda qicuvaTnas mas Semdeg, rac es saxelmwifo Tu gaerTianeba gaxda xeTebis qveynis nawili. ase rom, arnuvanda I-is dros qicuvaTna ukve xeTebis iyo da ismiriqas SesaZloa hqonoda cota meti politikuri roli xaTsa da miTans Soris. Tu imas gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qicuvaTna formalurad ekuTvnoda miTans, romelic Semdeg xeTebis gavlenaSi moeqca, maSin vaSuqanis _ miTanis dedaqalaqis _ arseboba qicuvaTnasTan kavSirSi savsebiT naTelia.

26 Cat. 3, 7, 14, 15, 21, 23a, 310. 27 Cat. 32, 36, 38, 94. 116 nino CareqiSvili SesaZloa xeTebis politikidan gamomdinare, ismiriqas dapyrobis Semdeg xuritebi aRmoCndnen qicuvaTnas gansaz- Rvrul dasaxlebul punqtebSi, rogorc deportirebulebi. amas adasturebs xelSekrulebaSi moyvanili sakuTari saxelebi, romelTagan zogi xuritulia, zogic luviuri. xurituli saxelebis didi raodenoba samefo ojaxSi da luviuri saxelebis zrda zogadad mosaxleobaSi orive TvalSi mosaxvedria. ismiriqas xelSekrulebis daskvniT formularSi mocemulni arian xurituli da luviuri saxelebiT aramarto ubralo qalebi da mamakacebi, aramed maRali rangis pirebic. xurituli saxelebia Eḫalteš (Rs. 11) da Akijaš (Rs. 19), Ḫurlanniš (Rs. 18) TiTqos xurituli unda iyos, magram misi warmomavloba xeTur-luviuri forma ḫurla- dan ufro misaRebia. danarCeni saxelebi ufro luviuria: U̯ arlau̯ alu (Rs. 13), Naniš (Rs. 17), Aliu̯ ašuš (Rs. 17), Ḫuḫananiš (Rs. 19), Zardumanniš (Rs. 20), Parijamuu̯ aš (Rs. 24).28 teqsti mkveTrad asxvavebs monakveTebs Soris sam jgufs da udavod aqvs am gansxvavebas xelSekrulebisaTvis Tavisi mniSvneloba. pirvel jgufs Seadgens xalxi, romlebic, ro- gorc ismiriqelebi isea aRniSnuli, romelTac kavSiri aqvT qicuvaTnasTan da qalaq vaSuqanTan. aseve meore jgufis pirebsac warmoadgenen ismiriqelebi, romlebic qicuvaTnas qalaqebs floben _ saxelwodeba vaSuqani aRar Cans. mesame jgufs avsebs pirebi, romlebic ar arian ismiriqelebi, ar- amed wodebuli mxareebis mixedviT qicuvaTnadan arian. aq SesamCnevia erTi gansxvaveba, kerZod pirveli monakveTis pirebi calkeuli saxelebiT arian fiqsirebuli, sxva mon- akveTSi ki TavianTi individualuri saxelebiT. SesaZloa, aq saqme gvqondes rangTa siasTan. warmodgenili pirebi, romlebic vaSuqanTan arian dakavSirebulni savaraudod miTaneli didebulebi unda iyvnen, romlebic garkveul Zalas warmoadgendnen qicuvaTnasa da ismiriqaSi. teqstidan gamomdinare ismiriqa ufro SeiZleba miv- iCnioT politikur gaerTianebad da ara raRac calkeul politikur erTeulad. vinaidan ismiriqas politikuri gaerTianeba Sedgeboda ramdenime politikuri erTeulis- gan, Tu samTavrosgan: ciacia, aTara da sxvebi, romlebic

28 Götze, A., 1962, p. 54 ismiriqa _ xeTebis politikuri gaerTianeba 117 xelSekrulebaSi arian moxseniebulni da romlebsac mTavre- bi an uxucesebi ufro ganagebdnen, vidre mefeebi. amitomac TviTon ismiriqas SemTxvevaSic mefe-mmarTvelTan ar unda gvqondes saqme, yovel SemTxvevaSi xelSekruleba ismiriqaSi mefis arsebobas ar adasturebs. arnuvanda I mimarTavs ara ismiriqas mefes, aramed ismiriqas mcxovreblebs da maT udebs xelSekrulebas: „ismiriqas xalxno! am sityv(eb)iT mog- marTavT!“29; „Tqven ismiriqas xalxno, yvelani mefesTan ficiT xarT (dakavSirebulni)!“30; „Tqven, ismiriqas xalxno, yvelasTvis ficiTaa dadgenili!“31 da a.S. aqedan gamomdinare, ismiriqas xelSekruleba Zalian hgavs im xelSekrulebebs, romlebic dadebulia qasqebTan, faxuvasTan, aci-xaiasasTan. yvelgan xelSekrulebis erT mxared xeTi mefe, xolo meore mxared ki „xalxi“, am SemTxvevaSi „ismiriqas xalxi“ da ara ismiriqas mefe an mmarTveli an uxucesi gvevlineba. analogiuradaa qasqebis SemTxvevaSic, rodesac xeTebi zavs debdnen qa- sqebTan, xelSekrulebas xels awerda erT mxares xeTi mefe, xolo meore mxares warmoadgenda N raodenobis „qasqi kaci“, romlebic SesaZloa iyvnen Temis „uxucesebi“. rogorc ismiriqa, qasqac zogadi dasaxeleba unda yofiliyo im 12 Temisgan Semdgari kavSirisa, romelic xeTebis winaaRmdeg erTiandeboda xolme.32 teqstebis mixedviT, qasqebi cxov- robdnen „mcire kavkasionis“ mTian sistemaSi, kerZod pon- tos mTebSi, anu lazistanis qedze (xeT. qasiaris mTa, Turq. kaCkaris mTianeTi), romlis aRmosavleTiTa da samxreTiT md. Woroxi (xeT. qumesmaxa), xolo CrdiloeTidan Savi zRvis sanapiro esazRvreba. qasqebiT unda yofiliyo dasaxlebuli centraluri CrdiloeT , magram Znelia ganvsaz- RvroT aRmosavleTiT sadamde midioda maTi sazRvari. rac Seexeba ismiriqas savarudo adgilmdebareobas, is SesaZloa movaTavsoT malatias CrdiloeTiT, isuvasa (dR. elazigi) da faxuvasTan (dR. tunceli) axlos, miTanis saz- Rvarze, daaxloebiT dR. erzurumis provinciis teritori- aze, aci xaiasasTan axlos (an SesaZloa mis SemadgenlobaSic ki Sedioda). savaraudod istoriuli speris teritoriaze.

29 CTH 133. KUB 23.68 Rs. 1 30 CTH 133. KUB 23.68 Rs. 7 31 CTH 133. KUB 23.68 Rs. 11 32 RambaSiZe, m., 2017, gv. 53-54; “sufiluliumas saqmeni”, fragm. 14. 118 nino CareqiSvili vfiqrob, am mxriv sayuradReboa Tavad toponimic ismiri-qa/ga, sadac ismiri- fuZea, -qa/-ga daboloebaa (sufiqsi)33, m/p- bger- aTmonacvleoba qarTvelur enebSi dasaSvebia, Sesabamisad, SesaZloa „ismiri-“ fuZisgan iyos miRebuli ispiri-//speri fonetikuri variantebi. damafiqrebelia ismiriqas eti- mologiac, am mxriv sainteresoa is terminebi, romlebic xeTur enaSi gvxvdeba, magaliTad: *34 (KUŠ)išmer–, išman-, (KUŠ)išmeri- (n.) aRviri, lagami35, sadave. Išmeriya- (I) aRviris/lagamis amodeba; Išmeriyant- aRviramodebuli, lagamamodebuli; LÚ išmeriyaš _ meetle, meetleTa ufrosi/meTauri. aqedan gamomdinare Sei- Zleba vivaraudod, rom ismiriqas etimologia ukavSirdeba im konkretul saqmianobas, romelsac aqauri macxovreblebi _ ismiriqelebi misdevdnen, mag.: mecxeneobas36 da SesaZloa iyvnen kidec kargi meetleebi.37

33 analogiuri daboloebisaa: qas-qa, dudus-qa (qasqebis erT-erTi mTavari qalaqi), mus-qa, am daboloebis toponimebi aseve gvxvdeba centralur da aR- mosavleT anatoliaSi: neriq/neriq-qa, Tafi-qa, ciaTis-qa, TaTis-q/ga, Taru-q/ga da sxv. sainteresoa, rom svanurSi dResac xSirad gvxdeba Zveli toponimebi -ga-ze daboloebuli: laz-ga, romelic calke aRebuli sacxovrebel adgils niSnavs da xSirad monawileobs toponimebSi; aseve fana-ga, leca-ga da sxv. 34 savaraudod aRdgenili leqsema. 35 URUDUIŠPARDU – lagami. 36 istorikosi a. ranoviCi wers: „mecxeneoba ganviTarebuli iyo kapado-kiaSi jer kidev xeTebis samefos droidan da mas TvalsaCino adgili ekava am mxaris meurneobaSi“ (Ранович А., 1949, ст. 120). sainteresoa, isic rom mogviano xanis teqstebSi xSirad ixsenieba mcire aziaSi asurelTa laSqrobis Semdeg xarkis saxiT msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa saqonelTan erTad cxenebic. magaliTad, asur- banifalis (Zv. w. VII s.) saxeliT Sedgenili asuruli lursmuli warwerebis mowmobiT, asurelTa ZlierebiT SeSinebul TabalelebisaTvis (xalibebisa da mosxebis mezoblebi), romlebic ara Tu ar emorCilebodnen asurbanifalis wi- napar mefeebs, aramed „iaraRiTac ki ibrZodnen“ maT winaaRmdeg, xarkis saxiT didi cxe-nebis moyvana da asureTis mefis haramxanaSi Tabalis mefis qaliSvi- lis gagzavna daukisrebiaT (Luckenbill D., 1926-27, II, 516, 531; Дьяконов И. М., 1951, c. 65). gansakuTrebul interess Tabalisadmi erTi mxriv, misi strategiuli mdebareoba apirobebda da meore mxriv, oqro-vercxliTa da saukeTeso jiSis cxenebiT simdidre. aseve sainteresoa strabonis cnoba. igi pontos kapadoki- is q. amasiis midamoebis aRwerisas ambobs, rom es midamoebi aq macxovrebeli xalxisTvis xelsayreli iyo mecxoveleobis gasaviTareblad, da rom msxvil- fexa rqosani pirutyvis moSeneba soflis meurneobaSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebda (str. XII, 7, 10). aseve aRniSnavs: „kapadokia sparseTis mefes yovelw- liurad fulad gadasaxadebis garda aZlevda 1 500 cxens, 2 000 jors, 50 000 cxvars” (str. XII, 17, 8). kapadokia sparsulad „lamazi cxenebis qveyanas“ niSnavs .(Katpatuka ,هیکوداپاک .spars) 37 Sdr. egviptur wyaroSi ixsenieba „qasqebis etlosani meomrebi“. ismiriqa _ xeTebis politikuri gaerTianeba 119 es kidev erTxel gvimyarebs im mosazrebas, rom ismiriqa SesaZloa erT-erTi qasqur-musquri saxelmwifo yofiliyo, anu qarTveluri tomebiT dasaxlebuli. ra Tqma unda geografiuli arealis da politikuri situaciis gaTval- iswinebiT dasaSvebia mosaxleobaSi xurituli elementis arsebobac. ismiriqas udidesi strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda. amaze metyvelebs is, rom xeTi mefeebi cdiloben, konkretu- lad ki arnuvanda I, SeeCerebinaT miTani-qicuvaTnas eqspan- sia da amis sapirispirod cdiloben ismiriqasa da xeTebis SekavSirebas, zemoT ismiriqasTan dadebuli xelSekrulebac amis dasturia. es aris anatoliaSi stabilizaciis SenarCu- nebis mcdeloba an poziciebis aRdgenisTvis brZola. ase rom, xeTebis aRmosavleT periferia Zalian sayur- adReboa rogorc xeTebis istoriis, aseve am regionis Sesas- wavlad da aqedan gamomdinare mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos uZvelesi istoriis sakvlevad. 120 nino CareqiSvili xelSekruleba ismiriqasTan KUB 26.41 wina mxare: 1-5: ase (ambobs) arnuvanda, didi mefe, mefe xaTis qveyni- sa: ismiriqas xalxno! am sityv(eb)iT mogmarTavT! RmerTebis winaSe vficav! . . . mefis, dedoflis, ufliswulebis, da xaTis qveynis (winaSe)! SexedeT, aTasi RvTaeba . . . mowmed . . . ! 6-11: mzis RmerTi, amindis RvTaeba, qalaq arinas mzis qalRmerTi, . . . amindis RvTaeba, RvTaeba zababa, Rv- Taeba . . . qalaq xalafis amindis RvTaeba, RvTaeba . . . qalaq anquvas RvTaeba qaTaxas (amindis RvTaeba) qalaq xalafis amindis RvTaeba, TeSubi, RvTaeba xefaTi . . . cisa da miwis RvTaebebi . . . 12-18: mefis, dedoflis, ufliswulebis . . . RvTaebrivi samarTlianobis erTgulni, Tavad . . . cudi ara- vin ar unda Caidinos, (magram Tuki vinme mainc) . . . cuds Caidens, am RvTaebrivi ficiT (daisajos) . . . erTianad, (misi) saxl-kari, (saxnav-saTesi) mindvrebi, baR-venaxebi . . . misi saxeli da misi Tesli (STamoma- vloba) . . . ganadgurdes! 19-22: . . . magram, mefis, dedoflis (da) ufliswulebis . . . maT winaaRmdeg (boroteba) . . . aravin ar unda dagegmos (gautexos saxeli, magram Tu vinme cuds Caidens maT winaaRmdeg), dae, (isini) col-Svilianad ganadgurdnen! . . . yoveli . . .

KUB 23.68 wina mxare: 3-12: . . . unda iyos! da . . . sadac . . . brZolaze uars ity- vis da . . . (sakuTari nebiT mtris qveynis) arc erT saelCoSi ar unda (gaigzavnos, magram Tuki vinme rogorc elCi romelime mtris qveynidan) mova, ar damaloT, (aramed ) SeipyariT (da mefes mihgvareT!) . . . xolo qicuvaTnasken (?) roca mteri . . . Tqven . . . Tqven moemzadebiT suli . . . dawynardeba . . . Cven is . . . da Tanamzraxvels etyvis . . . amavdroulad ... ar unda gauSvaT . . . mefes mihgvareT! ismiriqa _ xeTebis politikuri gaerTianeba 121 13-16: ukeTu . . . mezobeli qveynidan . . . ltolvili . . . adamiani, . . . an vinmes mama (an deda, da an Zma) vinmes gaeqceva, Semdeg is . . . (rogorc) ltolvili . . . mova, da man ar dado . . . 17-20: xaTis qveynis ltolvilebi ar SeiZuloT. (mra- valjer) es Tqven . . . xolo jari Tqvens laSqars amis Sesaxeb (ase) mimarTavs: . . . „isini (iqnebian) daculebi! sxvaTa (mfarvelobis) qveS (ki) daculebi ver iqnebian! (Tqven) . . . daicaviT kargad! 21-24: Tuki Tqvengan vinme cud sityvas ityvis, es iqneba sazRvris dacvis ufrosi . . . (Tu) es iqneba xaTi (xaTeli) Tu es iqneba qicuvaTneli . . . Tuki adamiani sakuTar mamas, Tavis dedas, Tavis Zmas, Tavis das an Zes, sakuTar dis qmars (siZes) . . . vinc (msgavs) sityvas etyvis, is aravin damalos, (aramed) is Seipyron da warudginon (mefes)! 25-28: Tuki Cems qveyanaSi erTi qalaqi Sescodavs, (maSin Tqven), ismiriqas xalxno, SediT da es (qalaqi) mamak- acebianad gaanadgureT, dapyrobili mosaxleobis moqalaqeni (deportirebulni) gaugzavneT mefes, xolo msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa saqoneli Tqven daitoveT! xolo Tuki qalaqSi erTi saxli (ojaxi) Sescodavs, (es) saxli (ojaxi) mamakacebianad (unda) ganadgurdes! msaxurebi (gaugzavneT mefes)! xolo msxvilfexa da wvrifexa saqoneli daitoveT. Tuki erTi adamiani Secodavs, is (unda mokvdes)! ukana mxare: 1-6: da (rac Seexeba) Tqvens mZime SeiaraRebas, adre 150 kaci iyo ismiriqadan gamosuli, (axla) TqvenTvis (axali dadgenileba) gamoveci da es Tqvengan 60 mZimed SeiaraRebuls iTvaliswinebs, mwyobrad mx- olod Tavisuflebma unda iaron, (xolo) mona da daqiravebuli mZimeSeiaraRebulis saxiT ar (unda) gaigzavnos, es RmerTebis ficiTaa dadgenili. Tuki qveyana (isev) didi gaxdeba, mZimeSeiaraRebulebi (ufro meti unda) gaigzavn[os . . . Tuki mZimeSei- araRebulebSi monas an daqiravebuls (ipovis) . . . es niSnavs imas, rom Tqven ismiriqas mcxovreblebo (amiT) codva CaidineT! . . . 122 nino CareqiSvili 7-10: SexedeT, Tqven ismiriqas xalxno, yvelani mefesTan ficiT xarT (dakavSirebulni), (amiT) mefis, de- doflis, ufliswulebis da xaTis qveynis momavali daculi iqneba! mogvianebiT ki Tqveni Svilebic me- fis SvilebTan ficiT (unda iyvnen dakavSirebulni), (aseve) Tqveni SviliSvilebi mefis SviliSvilebTan ficiT (unda iyvnen SekavSirebuli). mxolod Tqven zemoT caa Tavisufali da Tqven qveS miwaa Tavisuf- ali. (Tqven) momavalSi mefe, dedofali, ufliswule- bi, (maTi) SviliSvilebi da SvilTaSvilebi dagicaven! 11-16: da Tqven, ismiriqas xalxno, yvelasTvis ficiTaa dadgenili: (saxeldobr) Eḫalte-saTvis ismiriqelebi, qicuvaTnaSi arian, caclifaa maTi qalaqi, is iyo vaSuqanSi, [ ] ismiriqelebi qicuvaTnaSi arian, vaSuqa- nSi maT qalaqSia varlavalu. ismiriqelebis qalaqia vaSuqani [maTi] qalaqi . . . ismiriqelebis qalaqia ciacia, qicuvaTnaSi ki aris vaSuqani maTi qalaqi. . . ismiriqelebis qalaqia ciacia, is aris qicuvaTnaSi, (saxeldobr) vaSuqanSi. 17-21: . . . , nani, alivaSu, 4 ismiriqeli qicuvaTnaSia, maTi qalaqia macia, xurlanis (da) 2 ismiriqelis qalaqia adara, qicuvaTnaSia arana maTi qalaqi: aqiias, suxanis da 2 ismiriqelis. qicuvaTnaSia TeruSa maTi qalaqi: zardumanis da . . . , 2 ismiriqelis qalaqia . . . , qicu- vaTnaSia uriga maTi qalaqi. 22-24: . . . -dan furia, qicuvaTnaSi aris uruSa maTi qalaqi. . . . -dan qalaqi iriTa, qicuvaTnaSia uruSa maTi qalaqi . . . (da) fariamuvas (da), 2 caclifanelis, Te- . . . 25-26: . . . Tqven ismiriqelebi modixarT dasaficad, (agreTve) Tqveni colebi, Svilebi . . . dgebiT Tqven am ficis qveS da yvelani (debs fics!) 27-28: . . . Tuki vinme RmerTebis fics gatexs, maSin Rmer- Tebis fici unda aRsruldes . . . da isini saxl- karianad, mindvrianad (saxnav-saTesi miwebianad), baR-venaxianad (ganadgurdnen!). . . isini moispon! . .“ ismiriqa _ xeTebis politikuri gaerTianeba 123 gamoyenebuli literatura

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Prag: Academia. 126 nino CareqiSvili Nino Charekishvili Ismirika – Hittites Political Union of Eastern Periphery

Hittites have given strategic importance to the relationships with the rich Eastern Periphery and the political entities or associations existing here. Eastern Periphery districts were mostly mountainous and was distinguished by the richness of the woods, especially the “Urum Trees”. This side was also rich in copper and iron ores, which may be interesting for the countries of the South region with the Hittites and the Assyrians. From the III-II millennium BC, powerful states fought for the capture of territories rich with ores, therefore, first of all, there were conquered the territories rich with ores and mining - metallurgical production. These were the countries or unions in the east and north-east of the Hatti Kingdom, most of which were inhabited by the tribes of Kartvelian origin. In addition, the upper was a convenient way to establish ties between the South Caucasus and previous Asia. The article discusses one of the important geographical points of the political entities on the Eastern Periphery – Ismirika. Especially it’s important to mention here the Ismirika’s agreement, which the king of Hittites put to the people of Ismirik. Ismirika’s agreement is published in the series of KUB and ABot, these texts and fragments are preserved in the Boghazkois archive. History of Hittites is discussed based on the Georgian translation of Ismirika’s agreement and is revealed the controversial issues of this period. In the article we are talking about the approximate location, toponymical and other important issues of Ismirika. Also the novelty is that for the first time it is specially studied - one of the major political unions in the Eastern Periphery of Hittites. This may also be the case in the future of Hittites East periphery attitude to the South Caucasus. The article analyzes the issue of dating the agreement, which is related to the reign of the king - or Arnuwanda II. Accord- ingly, on the basis of analysis of the history of the Hittite and the written sources, the following conclusions are made by us: 1. Arnuwanda I ruled for more period than the king Arnuwanda II. 2. Arnuwanda I hold all over his reign in combat operations, which we cannot say about Arnuwanda II. 3. Suphiluliuma doesn’t mention Arnuwanda II in his writes, if this fact had any facts, it would have been the case. 4. The sources confirm that the Eastern Periphery is active during the reign of Arnuwanda I. ismiriqa _ xeTebis politikuri gaerTianeba 127 5. Arnuwanda I, who signed the contract, was known to have a wife and a son. 6. Arnuwanda II died without the heir and he was younger than the son of Arnuwanda I. The sources even do not name his second half. So, Ashmisharuma could not be the son of Arnuwanda II, it is more ac- ceptable to consider his as Arnuwanda I’s son.

We have tried to bring additional arguments and facts about the pos- sibility that military operations in South-East Anatolia are associated with the name Arnuwanda I and the agreement with Ismirika is signed by him. As we see, Ismirika along with the other cities, states or the Unions of the Eastern Periphery of the Kingdom of Hittite, played an important role between the Kingdom of Hittite and . Based on the text, Ismirika is more likely to be a political union and not a separate political unit. As the political union of Ismirika was composed of several political units or principalities: Ziyaziya, Adara and others, who were mentioned in the treaty and which were ruled by elder authorities rather than kings. Therefore, in the case of Ismirika, we must not deal with the king-ruler, at least it’s not mentioned in the Agreement. Arnuwanda I do not call the king of Ismirika, but the inhabitants of Ismirika, and puts the agreement with them: “People of Ismirika! I apply to you with these words! “People of Ismirika, all of you are connected with the king by oath!”, “You, the people of Ismirika, it’s rule for all of you by the oath!” Therefore, the Treaty of Ismirika is very similar to those agreements concluded with Kaskas, Pahhuwa, Azzi-Hayasa. Everywhere there is a king on the one side of the treaty, and on the other side there are people, in this case “the people of Ismirika” and not the king or the ruler or the elder authority of Ismirika. It is similar to the fact that in the case of Kaskas, when Hittites were agreed with Kaskas, the treaty was signed by the king of Hittites on the one side, and on the other side there were the number of “Kaskian men” who might be the “elder authorities”. As the name of Ismirika, Kaska might be the general name of the union of 12 communities that were united against the Hittites. According to the texts, Kaskas lived in the mountainous system of the “small Caucasus”, in the Mountains of Ponto, or at the Lazistan Ridge (in Hittites: Kassiyar Mountain, Turkish: Kaçkari mountainous region), in the east and south of which the river Chorokhi (Hittites: Kummesmaha), and the coast from the north are boarded. The central northern Anatolia should have been inhabited by Kaskas, but it is difficult to deter- mine the boundaries of the east. As for the location of Ismirika, it might be located in the north of , near Isuwa (today: Elaziğ) and Pahhuwa (today: Tuncel), on 128 nino CareqiSvili the border of Mitanni, about on the territory of today Erzurum provincy, near Azzi-Hayasa (or maybe even in its ownership). Presumably on the historical territory of Speri. I think, in this respect, the toponym itself of Ismiri - ka /ga, where Ismiri is the root, and ka / ga is the ending (suffix), m / p sounds are allowed in the Kartvelian languages and might, therefore, be derived from the root of “Ismiri” - ispiri - //speri phonetic variants. This opinion once again states the idea that Ismirika might be one of the states of Kaskas - Muskis, settled by Kartvelian tribes. Of course, by the geographical area and the political situation, there might be the existence of Hurrian elements in the population. Ismirika had a great strategic importance. This is indicated by the fact that the kings of Hittites (Arnuwanda I) were trying to stop the expansion of Mitanni - Kizzuwadna and on the contrary, tried to unite Ismirika and Hittites, agreed by the treaty. This is an attempt to maintain stabilization in Anatolia or fight for restoration of positions. At the end, I want to sum up that the eastern periphery of Hittites is very important to study the history of the Hittite and the region and, therefore, it is important to search Georgia’s ancient history.