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Review of Radar System Performance and Estimation of Slope Deformation Threshold Values for the Leveäniemi Open Pit

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Review of Radar System Performance and Estimation of Slope Deformation Threshold Values for the Leveäniemi Open Pit ` Review of radar system performance and estimation of slope deformation threshold values for the Leveäniemi open pit Janusz Niekrasz School of Engineering Master’s thesis Espoo 15.10.2018 Supervisor Prof. Mikael Rinne Advisor Dr. Sraj Banda Umar ` Copyright © 2018 Janusz Niekrasz Aalto University, P.O. BOX 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Abstract of the master’s thesis Author Janusz Niekrasz Title Review of Radar system performance and estimation of slope deformation threshold values for the Leveäniemi open pit Degree programme EMMEP European Mining Course Major Mining engineering Code of major ENG3077 Supervisor Prof. Mikael Rinne Advisor Dr. Sraj Banda Umar Date 24.4.2018 Number of pages Language English Abstract Slope stability is crucial for safety in operations during open pit mining. A slope failure could influence the environment, lead to human injuries and economic losses. To ensure proper management and mitigation of the stability problems it is necessary to provide accurate slope designs and constant and accurate slope monitoring procedures. There are many techniques that are used for the slope monitoring. One of the most effective methods is the slope stability radar (SSR) technology. It allows for 24 h per day, real-time monitoring of slopes in all-weather condition. The SSR covers a large expanse of the wall slope and can detect deformations within the slopes well before slope failure occurs. This makes the SSR as an effective tool for an early warning signal for an impending slope failure. One of the requirements is the availability of the line of sight between the SSR and the monitored wall. This study aims at reviewing the threshold values for input into a slope stability radar which is being installed at the one of Svappavaara open pit’s- Leveäniemi open pit, for monitoring slope stability. The Leveäniemi open pit is located near Svappavaara in Swedish Lapland and is a part of LKAB. Threshold values are difficult to set as they depend on so many rock mass properties and pit geometry, which in turn also change from place to place (site-specific). Around the world, many mines use radar systems for the protection of slopes and avoidance of slope failure. Therefore, the threshold value for the Leveäniemi open pit will be estimated using other case studies. An expected outcome of the research is a range of deformation at which the SSR will give an early warning signal against a likely failure in the pit slopes. Moreover, the study will determine operating procedures for the radar system to be installed and establish a smooth reporting system for the data gathered through the radar. Keywords Slope stability radar; Slope monitoring, Threshold value, Leveäniemi open pit ` Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. 6 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem statement ....................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Aims and objectives ..................................................................................................... 1 1.4 Scope of the study ........................................................................................................ 1 1.5 Overview of the study area and field investigation ..................................................... 2 2 Literature study ................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Open pit slopes and their stability ............................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Shear strength of discontinuities .......................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Limit equilibrium method .................................................................................... 7 2.1.3 Requirements for slope stability ........................................................................... 8 2.2 Slope failure ................................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Failure classification .................................................................................................. 16 2.3.1 Rotational failure ................................................................................................ 16 2.3.2 Plane failure ........................................................................................................ 16 2.3.3 Wedge failure ..................................................................................................... 17 2.3.4 Toppling failure .................................................................................................. 18 2.3.5 Rockfalls ............................................................................................................. 18 2.4 Slope monitoring ....................................................................................................... 18 2.4.1 Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) .................................................................. 20 2.4.2 Photogrammetry ................................................................................................. 21 2.4.3 Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) ............................................................. 21 2.4.4 Interferometry of Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) ........................................ 22 2.4.5 Slope Stability Radar (SSR) ............................................................................... 22 2.5 Failure prediction ....................................................................................................... 22 2.6 Failure management .................................................................................................. 29 2.7 Principles of SSR technology .................................................................................... 33 2.7.1 Radar .................................................................................................................. 33 2.7.2 Measurement of displacement by SSR ............................................................... 34 2.8 Advantages of the SSR over other methods .............................................................. 36 2.9 Radar and risk management ...................................................................................... 36 3 Case study ......................................................................................................................... 38 ` 3.1 Reasons behind radar system in Leveäniemi open pit ............................................... 38 3.2 Radar system review .................................................................................................. 38 3.2.1 Hardware ............................................................................................................ 38 3.2.2 Software ............................................................................................................. 43 3.2.3 Data processing .................................................................................................. 47 3.3 Radar placement ........................................................................................................ 52 3.4 Radar settings ............................................................................................................ 54 4 Results ............................................................................................................................... 57 5 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 61 6 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 63 References ................................................................................................................................ 64 Appendices ................................................................................................................................. 1 ` List of Figures Figure 1 Location of the Leveäniemi Open Pit .......................................................................... 2 Figure 2 Main elements of the slope (Sjöberg,1999) ................................................................. 4 Figure 3 Mohr plot of peak and residual strength (Hoek, 2006) ................................................ 5 Figure 4 Classes of asperities (Wyllie & Mah, 2005) ................................................................ 6 Figure 5 Coulomb Mohr diagram ............................................................................................... 8 Figure 6 Creep curve (Sullivan, 1993) ..................................................................................... 10 Figure 7 Ground Reaction Curves (Sullivan,2007) .................................................................. 10 Figure 8 Slope movement stages (Sullivan, 2007) ..................................................................
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