Università Degli Studi Di Pisa Dottorato in Storia XIX Ciclo-2004 M-STO/04

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Università Degli Studi Di Pisa Dottorato in Storia XIX Ciclo-2004 M-STO/04 Università degli Studi di Pisa Dottorato in Storia XIX ciclo-2004 M-STO/04 La politica di repressione tedesca nel Litorale Adriatico (1943-1945) Candidato Tutor Dott. Giorgio Liuzzi Prof. Paolo Pezzino Coordinatore del Dottorato Prof. Roberto Bizzocchi INDICE Introduzione 1 I Parte 1. La nascita dell’Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland 12 1.1.2 Friedrich Rainer 16 1.1.3 Le radici dell’OZAK 20 1.1.4 OZAK una scelta politica o militare 27 1.2 La politica dell’Oberste Kommissar 34 1.2.2 La scissione dall’Italia 34 1.2.3 Gli obiettivi della Zivilverwaltung 41 2. Il sistema giudiziario 54 2.1.2 Il «Tribunale speciale di pubblica sicurezza» 60 2.1.3 Autorità civile e autorità militare 64 2.1.4 Una seduta del Tribunale Speciale di Pubblica Sicurezza 66 3. L’apparato repressivo nell’OZAK 69 3.1 La Wehrmacht nell’OZAK 72 3.1.2 Il General der Gebirgstruppen Ludwig Kübler 73 3.1.3 I compiti del Befehlshaber 75 3.1.4 La Wehrmacht e l’amministrazione civile 79 3.1.5 Le forze militari nell’OZAK 82 3.2 Le forze di Polizia nell’OZAK 89 3.2.2 L’Ordnungspolizei 90 3.2.3 La Sipo/SD 93 3.2.4 Odilo Globocnick 95 3.2.5 L’Höherer SS- und Polizei-Führer in der OZAK 102 3.2.6 Le truppe speciali di Globocnik 105 3.2.7 La 24. Waffen-Gebirgs (Karstjäger) Division der SS 113 3.3 Bandenkampfgebiet 119 I 3.4 I centri della repressione 127 3.4.1 La prigione di Udine 128 3.4.2 Il comando di Cividale 130 3.4.3 Il centro di repressione di Palmanova 133 3.4.4 Il comando della Sipo/SD di Trieste 139 3.4.5 Il Polizeihaftlager della Risiera di San Sabba 143 4. La lotta antipartigiana nell’OZAK 149 4.1.2 Prassi e tattica di combattimento 153 4.1.3 Guerra ai civili 160 4.2 Guerra di bande e propaganda 169 4.2.2 L’organizzazione della propaganda nell’OZAK 171 4.2.3 La propaganda antipartigiana 175 4.2.4 La Kampfpropaganda 179 II Parte 5. L’occupazione militare 182 e il primo grande ciclo di operazioni antipartigiane 5.2 L’avanzata delle truppe tedesche dopo l’8 settembre 185 5.3 Il primo ciclo di operazioni anti-partigane – Operation Istrien 203 5.4 Prima fase - il rastrellamento della zona di Gorizia 210 5.5 L’operazione in Istria e nella zona di Fiume 211 5.5.2 Il settembre 1943 in Istria 213 5.5.3 Le unità partigiane in Istria 217 5.5.4 Gli ordini e lo scontro 221 5.6 La strage di Bretto di Sopra 237 5.6.2 I tedeschi e i partigiani 239 5.6.3 La rappresaglia 241 5.6.4 Spunti di analisi 245 5.7.Un primo conto delle vittime di questa fase 247 II 6. La primavera di sangue. Le rappresaglie del 1944 252 6.1 Ogni terrore verrà distrutto 259 6.1.2 Comeno e Rifembergo 266 6.2 Terrore a Trieste 269 6.2.2 Opicina 273 6.2.3 Quanto sangue a Opicina 276 6.2.4 L’attentato al Deutsches Soldatenheim. 289 6.2.5 La ferrea legge di guerra 294 6.2.6 Trieste e le sue Fosse Ardeatine 300 6.2.7 Trieste e le rappresaglie naziste 306 6.3 Le rappresaglie di Premariacco e San Giovanni al Natisone 316 6.3.2 Johannes Kitzmüller e l’Aussenstelle Udine 316 6.3.3 Sonderbehandlung 319 6.3.4 L’esecuzione 323 7. La lunga estate di fuoco 327 7.1. La lotta per la liberazione della Carnia e dell’Alto Friuli 334 7.1.2 La dura sorte di Barcis 336 7.1.3 L’incendio di Forni di Sotto 340 7.1.4 L’Alta Valle del But 347 7.1.5 Controbande, squadre d’assalto e Jagdkommandos 349 7.1.6. La rappresaglia di Malga Pramosio e Paluzza 351 7.2 La zona orientale 356 7.2.2 I fatti di Torlano 360 7.2.3 Il caso Torlano 365 8. La fine delle zone Libere 371 8.2 Cosacchi e Caucasici 381 8.3 Le operazioni antipartigiane 387 8.3.2 L’Operazione Klagenfurt 391 8.3.3 La rappresaglia su Attimis, Nimis e Faedis 394 8.3.4 L’Operazione Waldläufert 399 8.3.5 L’occupazione cosacca della carnia 406 III 9. La fase finale: la lenta ritirata 414 9.1.2 La violenta ritirata nella bassa friulana 421 9.1.3 La strage di Ovaro 425 9.2 La strage di Avasinis 432 9.2.2 La strage 434 9.2.3 La vendetta di Avasinis 438 9.2.4 Perché e chi compì la strage 439 Conclusioni 446 Appendice 465 Tabella stragi e rappresaglie nell’OZAK 466 Cartine 471 Abbreviazioni 480 Fonti archivistiche consultate 484 Bibliografia 489 IV Introduzione Il periodo compreso tra l’8 settembre 1943 e maggio 1945 è stato tristemente segnato nel nostro Paese da stragi, rappresaglie e singoli eccidi compiuti dalle forze armate tedesche o dalle forze collaborazioniste. Questi tragici avvenimenti sono stati spesso oggetto della memoria locale e ricordati quindi nei luoghi in cui avvennero. Se le prime ricostruzioni e testimonianze si possono inserire all’interno di un processo puramente commemorativo, negli ultimi decenni la storiografia italiana si è particolarmente interessata al tema della violenza e delle stragi contro la popolazione occorsi durante l’occupazione tedesca della penisola. A stimolare questo nuova serie di studi, oltre al cinquantesimo anniversario di molti di questi eccidi, il grande interesse dell’opinione pubblica riguardo al processo Priebke sulle Fosse Ardeatine e il contemporaneo dibattito in Germania sulla condotta di guerra della Wehrmacht1. Su questi temi si è costituito già dal 1999 un gruppo di lavoro nazionale formato dalle università di Bari, Bologna, Napoli e Pisa2. L’intento del progetto, come scrive il suo coordinatore Paolo Pezzino, «è stato quello di ricollocare più precisamente le stragi nella storia, ricostruendo le strutture di potere, le logiche e i condizionamenti culturali che le resero possibili, i comportamenti e le finalità dei vari protagonisti, l’evoluzione complessa della memoria dei sopravvissuti, le modalità con le quali la memoria comunitaria sia stata assunta, o esplosa, dal paradigma antifascista dell’Italia repubblicana»3. 1 Ci si riferisce al dibattito storiografico, e non solo, nato attorno alla mostra sui crimini della Wehrmacht – Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1944 – allestita nel marzo del 1995 dall’Institut für Sozialforschung di Amburgo. 2 Il progetto dal titolo «Per un atlante delle stragi naziste in Italia» è stato cofinanziato dagli atenei sopra citati e dell’allora Murst. I risultati del gruppo di studio sono stati presentati in un convegno internazionale tenutosi a Bologna nel giugno del 2002 e sono poi confluiti nei due volumi: L. Baldissara – P. Pezzino (a cura di), Crimini e memorie di guerra, Napoli 2004; e sempre a cura degli stessi autori Giudicare e punire: I processi per crimini di guerra tra diritto e politica, Napoli, 2005. 3 P. Pezzino, Guerra ai civili. Le stragi tra storia e memoria, in L. Baldissara – P. Pezzino (a cura di), Crimini e memorie di guerra cit., p. 7. 1 Sul piano metodologico, come scrive Luca Baldissara, vi è in questo impegno la valorizzazione della microstoria, «dell’indagine approfondita su di un determinato case study, dal quale trarre elementi e materiali per una riflessione di carattere generale», non in senso “accumulativo”, ma bensì “qualitativo”4. In questo caso lo studio consiste nella ricostruzione della strategia di occupazione delle forze tedesche e della “politica del terrore” che fu applicata nella lotta antipartigiana. Il presente lavoro, risultato di un Dottorato di Ricerca presso l’Università di Pisa, vuole essere un ulteriore contributo allo stesso filone storiografico attraverso l’analisi della struttura di repressione e della strategia politico-militare che i comandi nazisti costituirono e poi applicarono, dal settembre del 1943 sino agli ultimi giorni della guerra, nella Operationszone Adriatisches Kustenland (OZAK), la zona più orientale d’Italia così ribattezzata dai tedeschi dopo l’8 settembre 1943. La storiografia sulla Zona d’Operazioni, da Collotti, ad Apih, da Sala a Ferenc in Slovenia, ha messo in risalto la particolare violenza che le truppe di occupazione applicarono in questo territorio, dove il forte sentimento anti italiano di vendetta e disprezzo dimostrato dai tedeschi anche nel resto d’Italia, veniva accresciuto da due fattori: l’odio verso il bolscevismo, di cui molte unità partigiane erano l’avanguardia, e l’odio verso la componente slava, tipico della concezione razziale nazista, caratterizzata da deportazione, distruzione ed eccidi. I dati da me raccolti per quanto riguarda il territorio in questione, si sono sommati a quelli di altri ricercatori e delle altre istituzioni locali quali l’ANED e l’Istituto Storico Regionale del Movimento di Liberazione e sono apparsi subito molto significativi. Nel periodo che va dall’8 settembre del 1943 al 5 maggio del 1945 per quanto riguarda la deportazione Coslovich parla di 8.222 persone, di cui 6.525 uomini (79,4%) e 1.687 donne (20,5%), mentre 10 restano indefiniti. Si tratterebbe di circa il 20% della deportazione totale italiana. I deportati per motivi politici furono 1.561, gli ebrei 1.457 (dei quali 707 uomini e 750 donne). Altri 5.194 non sono classificati (si tratterebbe per lo più di persone rastrellate nel territorio durante le operazioni antipartigiane per essere poi deportati come manodopera), ma 4 L. Baldissara, Guerra totale, guerra partigiana, guerra ai civili, in G. Fulvetti – F. Pelini (a cura di), La politica del massacro, Napoli, 2006, p.
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