DOCSLIB.ORG

KING MONGKUT's POLITICAL and RELIGIOUS IDEOLOGIES THROUGH ARCIDTECTURE at PHRA NAKHON KIRI Somphong Amnuay-Ngerntra Abstract

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
KING MONGKUT's POLITICAL and RELIGIOUS IDEOLOGIES THROUGH ARCIDTECTURE at PHRA NAKHON KIRI Somphong Amnuay-Ngerntra Abstract KING MONGKUT'S Buddhist sect, Thammayut, is characterised as rational, intellectual, and POLITICAL AND humanistic. Such religious reform was RELIGIOUS IDEOLOGIES integrated with scientific knowledge, THROUGH which he had learned during his contact ARCIDTECTURE AT PHRA with Christian missionaries as a monk and later as king. NAKHON KIRI1 Introduction Somphong Amnuay-ngerntra 2 King Mongkut, through his long Abstract association with Christian rmss10naries while in the monkhood and on the throne, and the Siamese elite were aware of the This research investigates King Mongkut 's increasing threat of European colonisation vision of modernity as expressed through in Southeast Asia, particularly after the the medium of Phra Nakhon Kiri in British defeated the Burmese in 1837, and Phetchaburi. King Mongkut used when western firearms were used to settle hierarchically traditional architecture as the Opium War in China in 1842 (Batson, a means of bolstering national pride and 1984: 4). In response to global political legitimising claims to the right ofkingship . circumstances, the Siamese elite Simultaneously, a political position of introduced the concept of modernity and Siam as a modern state was manifested W esternisation to Siam by incorporating through European-Sino-Siamese hybrid Western ideas of governance and architectural styles in the mid-nineteenth administration, changing the economy to a century. In addition, the bell-shaped market, cash economy (Keyes, 1989: 45). pagoda style within the site complex Notably, these Siamese elite, who had reflected his religious reform directed at foreseen the potential benefits from the upgrading monastic practices and trade treaty, welcomed the British purifying the canon. His reformed demands and later signed commercial treaties with European countries beginning 1 This essay is a revised version of the paper with Britain in 1855. Subsequently, these presented at the Third Asia-Pacific CHRIE Western treaties, led by the · Bowring (APacCHRIE) Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Treaty, removed all trade barriers and Malaysia, 26-28 May 2005. The author would established extraterritoriality for European like to express his grateful appreciation to subjects in Siam. Inevitably, the mass ·Professor Ross King, Faculty of Architecture arrival of Europeans had major socio­ Building and Planning, University of cultural influences on people of Siam, Melbourne, for his insightful and especially in term of modern scientific comprehensive comments. knowledge, health, and travel. This be~ 2 Assistant Professor, Travel Industry Management Division, Mahidol University witli the ruling elite who learned Western International College, Mahidol University scientific knowledge such as mechanical Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 06:39:35PM via free access King Mongkut 's Political and Religious Ideologies engineering, medical science, navigation, while leading a monastic life, the princely and astronomy from their close contact monk made pilgrimage trips to many with foreigners. provinces and beca,me well acquainted with the living conditions of his subjects. According to a record in the Thus, when King Mongkut ascended the Thiphakornwong chronicle of 1861 (cited throne, he realised that visiting the in Koompong, 2003: 146), the modem provinces was essential · to good notion of physical retreat travel was also governance. Secondly, steamboats came initiated by Westerners, who submitted a into existence during his reign, therefore petition to the king for an open air plot to making travel much faster· than before. ride carriages or horses for pleasure and to Consequently, the king built seven country recuperat~. Similarly, visiting new places residences both close to and far from was also believed to be beneficial to health Bangkok. Those to the north included and longevity. Subsequently, the first three Bang Pa-In Palace and Chankasem Palace roads in Bangkok: Charoen Krung (New in Ayutthaya and Narai Ratchanivej Road), Bamrung Muang, and Fuang Palace in Lop~uri; and to the south, Phra Nakhon, were constructed, was followed Nakhon Kiri, in Phetchaburi. by the use of horse-drawn carriages introduced during the reign of King Unlike Phra Aphinaowaniwet in Bangkok Mongkut. This also coincided with the which was demolished during the reign of move from water-based transportation to King Chulalongkorn, Phra Nakhon Kiri is land-based transportation. still in existence and is . the largest and most outstanding country palace erected According to the ancient system of divine during King Rama IV's reign. It kingship, Siamese monarchs and their significantly reflects the influence of royal families usually resided only in the western notions of science, health, and Grand Palace. This was regarded as a travel. This site complex has a unique sacred place and the administrative center geographical setting and attractive (Sarakadee, 2003). Royal travel was landscape and also contains a number of usually resricted to day-trips to the buildings in European-Sino-Siamese provinces near 'Bangkok, due to security hybrid architectural styles manifesting concerns and undeveloped infrastructure. King Mongkut's personal identity, in The kings would rarely make a long trip terms of his vision of modernity and away from the residence, unless they were religious beliefs. In addition, Phra Nakhon required to travel on important missions Kiri is currently one of Thailand's most such as witnessing the search for white visited national museums and the leading elephants, enshrining . sacred Buddha symbolic landmark in Phetchaburi. In images, and commanding troops during spite of such heritage values, it is wartime (Benjawan, 2000). However, surprising that so little empirical research ac.cording to Naengnoi and Freeman has actually been conducted to analyse (1996), this changed during the reign of King Mongkut's intelligent thoughts and King Mongkut for two reasons. Firstly, symbolic meanings embedded in · the 73 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 06:39:35PM via free access MANUSYA: Journal ofHumanities I 0.1, 2007 content and patterns of the cultural Compositional Architecture at Phra artifacts, especially the architecture at Phra Nakhon Kiri Nakhon Kiri. Phra Nakhon Kiri, commonly known As architectural buildings significantly among local residents as Khao Wang (the reflect the priorities and values of the celestial city on the mountain), is a 95- makers and users through their designs, meter high rural palace erected in 1859 forms, styles, and characteristics of under the royal aspiration of King cultural materials, this study therefore Mongkut. The Hilltop Palace creates a attempts to investigate and analyse the spectacular cultural landscape where the abstract meaning of King Mongkut' s European-Sino-Siamese hybrid ideology of modernisation, religious architectural styles of the edifices blend beliefs and personality through the into the natural surroundings comprising medium of static buildings at Phra Nakhon woods, rocks, and caverns. His vision of Kiri that now have no 'life'. Indeed, the modernity was revealed through the study also attempts to 'seek' rather than to architectural style embedded in the palace 'ascertain' the meanings of his intelligent complex that included throne halls, thoughts. In conducting this enquiry, it is religious edifices notably the royal chapel not the source of the insight which and chedi (a domed or bell-shaped validates the claim; instead it is the pagoda), and other buildings including the explicit nature of the reasoning which pavilion and citadels. Also present were sustains it and the means by which the some Neo-Classic Western styles, as well available data can be brought into as Chinese workmanship as seen in the relationship with it (Renfrew, 1994). To roof structures, and in the roof layouts. infer about architectural history in Siam, The result is an interesting hybrid of and determine to what extent political · architectural styles particular to this place. visions are embedded in the architectural Furthermore, it is the first palace that has forms of Phra Nakhon Kiri, and the reason three prominent peaks erected on the same why, a thorough investigation was first mountain: the West, the Middle, and the required to understand the socio-political East peaks. phenomena and the background of the king. As the site complex consists of a The West Peak is the setting of a complex large number of residential and religious of the royal structures known as the buildings, the following section discusses Phetphum Phairot Throne Hall, which the political and cultural values of the currently serves as a museum featuring stylistic architecture at the royal palace, royal belongings and utensils of both King and that ofthe royal temple. Mongkut and his son, King Chulalongkorn (reigned 1868-1910). Some cultural artifacts in this hall include furniture, bronze sculptures, porcelain and glasses in European, Chinese, and Japanese styles. Originally, Phetphum Phairot was the hall 74 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 06:39:35PM via free access King Mongkut 's Political and Religious Ideologies in which the king gave an audience to his The two-storey cylindrical tower courtiers during his stay at Phra Nakhon has massive walls with semi­ Kiri. In 1910, the hall was converted to circular openings surrounded by a accommodation for visiting dignitaries dome made of curved steel including the Duke Johan Alberkt and his members and ring beams, the consort Princess Elizabeth Stolberk from interstices covered with pieces
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Infrastructure
    INFRASTRUCTURE Bangkok has been undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization since 1960. The increasing population is due in part to the development of infrastructure, such as road networks, real estate developments, land value, and a growing economy that resulted in expansion into the surrounding areas and the migration of people to the city from all parts of the country. 7>ÌiÀÊ ÃÕ«ÌÊÊ >}Ê>`Ê6VÌÞÊÀi> Õ°° Discovering the City the Discovering City the Discovering xxÈ°Ó Èää x£È°Ó xän°£ {nÈ°Î {n°È {ÇÈ°Ç {ää Óää ££°Ç È°{ n°£ ä ÓääÓ ÓääÎ Óää{ , - / *1 Ê7/ ,Ê-1**9Ê Ê"/ ,- 1- --]Ê-// Ê / ,*,- ]Ê"6¿/Ê 9Ê Ê 1-/, Source: Metropolitan Waterworks Authority /Ì>Ê7>ÌiÀÊ*À`ÕVÌÊÉÊ Water Management ->iÃÊÊ >}Ê>`Ê6VÌÞÊÀi> At present, the Metropolitan Waterworks To develop an effl uent treatment system, To build walls to prevent and solve Authority (MWA) provides the public and establish a “Flood Control Center” fl ood problems caused by seasonal, water supply in the BMA, Nonthaburi with 55 network stations, using low-cost northern and marine overfl ows in the and Samut Prakarn provinces at an treatment techniques and building Bangkok area. Ê Õ°° average of 4.15 million cubic meters additional water treatment systems, while Ó]äää per day, over a 1,486.5 sq. km area. restoring the beauty and cleanliness To develop an information technology £]xÎn°Î £]xää £]xäx £]x£È°£ of canals and rivers. system to support drainage systems £]{n£°Ç £]{În°x £]äÇÈ The BMA continuously monitors the throughout Bangkok. £]äää È°{ £]ä£Î° Ó°x nnä°Î quality of the water supply and canals.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ROUGH GUIDE to Bangkok BANGKOK
    ROUGH GUIDES THE ROUGH GUIDE to Bangkok BANGKOK N I H T O DUSIT AY EXP Y THANON L RE O SSWA H PHR 5 A H A PINKL P Y N A PRESSW O O N A EX H T Thonburi Democracy Station Monument 2 THAN BANGLAMPHU ON PHE 1 TC BAMRUNG MU HABURI C ANG h AI H 4 a T o HANO CHAROEN KRUNG N RA (N Hualamphong MA I EW RAYAT P R YA OAD) Station T h PAHURAT OW HANON A PL r RA OENCHI THA a T T SU 3 SIAM NON NON PH KH y a SQUARE U CHINATOWN C M HA H VIT R T i v A E e R r X O P E N R 6 K E R U S N S G THAN DOWNTOWN W A ( ON RAMABANGKOK IV N Y E W M R LO O N SI A ANO D TH ) 0 1 km TAKSIN BRI DGE 1 Ratanakosin 3 Chinatown and Pahurat 5 Dusit 2 Banglamphu and the 4 Thonburi 6 Downtown Bangkok Democracy Monument area About this book Rough Guides are designed to be good to read and easy to use. The book is divided into the following sections and you should be able to find whatever you need in one of them. The colour section is designed to give you a feel for Bangkok, suggesting when to go and what not to miss, and includes a full list of contents. Then comes basics, for pre-departure information and other practicalities. The city chapters cover each area of Bangkok in depth, giving comprehensive accounts of all the attractions plus excursions further afield, while the listings section gives you the lowdown on accommodation, eating, shopping and more.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 MEMORY of the WORLD REGISTER Archival Documents Of
    1 MEMORY OF THE WORLD REGISTER Archival Documents of King Chulalongkorn’s Transformation of Siam (1868-1910) Ref N° 2008-34 PART A- ESSENTIAL INFORMATION 1. SUMMARY Present-day Thailand is in many aspects a legacy of the policies and practices carried out by King Chulalongkorn the Great of Siam (A.D.1868-1910) within the context of western colonialism and modernization. This includes the setting up of a national bureaucracy, a centralized government with territorial integrity and sovereignty, professional armed forces and police, an independent judiciary with a modern legal code, and diplomatic relations with foreign powers. The documents are also the records of social policies such as the successful emancipation of slaves by peaceful and legal means, the abolition of gambling, the establishment of a public school system and the reform of the Buddhist Sangha, as well as the promotion of agricultural production, the market economy, financial and fiscal institutions. These measures contributed to the maintenance of Siam independence, a rare feat in the world at the time. The nominated documents in the Thai language are records of all these accomplishments. They were either hand-written texts on local papers made from the mulberry and khoi trees, or typed on imported papers. They consist of official and private correspondence and memoranda between King Chulalongkorn and his ministers, memoranda between officials, reports of meetings, and drafts of royal decrees and proclamations that took place during his reign. These documents are the basic source of information on the revolutionary measures adopted, the reasons for them, the strategies, process of execution and outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Connection" in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
    AYUDHYA: CAPITAL-PORT OF SIAM AND ITS "CHINESE CONNECTION" IN THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES CHARNVIT KASETSIRI DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY In 1990 Princess Maha Chakri presided over the open­ Ayudhya, founded in 1351, remained an important ing of the "Ayudhya Historical Study Centre," an elaborate economic and political center of Siam for more than four and gigantic research exhibition centre dedicated to the rich hundred years. In 1767 it was overrun by the Burmese, and diversity of Ayudhya history. The centre is a gift of¥ 999 the capital was rebuilt at Thonburi-Bangkok. Ayudhya is million from the Japanese Government to Thailand. It has situated about 90 kilometers from the coast, tucked away at two hi-tech exhibition buildings with one large room por­ the northern tip of the Gulf of Siam, making it some distance traying "Ayudhya as a port city. The exhibition depicts the away from the main international sea-route which passed the relationship between Ayudhya and foreign nations. A Thai straits between present-day Malaysia-Singapore-Indonesia. junk and Pomphet fort...[have been] recreated to demonstrate Strictly speaking, Ayudhya might be termed a hin­ the life-style, market places and trading activities of ancient terland kingdom. Its economy was self-sufficient, depending A yudhya," while another separate room displays a huge re­ on wet-rice cultivation and control of manpower. Overseas production of a map of Ayudhya drawn from a seventeenth­ trade seemed to be relatively small and less important, con­ century Dutch oil painting. sisting of exchanging raw natural products with manufac­ This room, "Ayudhya and its external relations," shows tured goods from more advanced countries-India, China, not only the impressive map but also documents for overseas and later Europe.1 Nevertheless, its overseas trade was a contact (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Chao Phraya River Station C.2 Discharge Volume of 416 M3/Sec (Yesterday: 432 M3./Sec) Water Level: +19.33 M.M.S.L
    Current Situation: normal, office hours 8.30 – 16.30 Water Watch and Monitoring System for Warning Center Royal Irrigation Department , MOAC Tel: 0 2669 2560 Fax 0 2243 6956, 0 2241 3350, 0 2243 1098 Hotline: 1460 http://www.rid.go.th/2009, http://wmsc.rid.go.th, E-mail : [email protected] th Report for water situation on 13 Sunday January 2013 1. Weather atmosphere The moderate high pressure covers upper Thailand causing cool with fog and dense fog in some places likely in the North, the Northeast and the Central. All transport should proceed with caution in areas of poor visibility. The southeasterly winds and the southerly winds prevail from the Gulf of Thailand with the humidity to the lower Central and the East resulting in isolated rain. 2. Highest rainfall in each region From 07.00 on 12th January 2013 to 07.00 on 13th January 2013 as follows: North part at Mueang Phchit 0.4 mm. Northeastern part at Mueang Kalasin 0.7 mm. Central part at Mueang Samut Prakan 5.8 mm. Eastern part at Ko Si Chang District Chon Buri 1.2 mm. Southern part (east coast) at Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat 0.8 mm. Southern part (west coast) No rain 3. 3-day Raining Prediction During 14 – 17 January 2013, it is predicted that All regions may have rain about 1 – 5 mm. Information is from The National Centers for Environmental Prediction, starting prediction from 12th January 2013. 4. Water condition in reservoirs Water condition in large and medium scale reservoirs: Water volume in reservoir is 50,217 MCM which is 67% (available water volume is 26,418 MCM which is 35%).
    [Show full text]
  • The King's Nation: a Study of the Emergence and Development of Nation and Nationalism in Thailand
    THE KING’S NATION: A STUDY OF THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATION AND NATIONALISM IN THAILAND Andreas Sturm Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London (London School of Economics and Political Science) 2006 UMI Number: U215429 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U215429 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 I Declaration I hereby declare that the thesis, submitted in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and entitled ‘The King’s Nation: A Study of the Emergence and Development of Nation and Nationalism in Thailand’, represents my own work and has not been previously submitted to this or any other institution for any degree, diploma or other qualification. Andreas Sturm 2 VV Abstract This thesis presents an overview over the history of the concepts ofnation and nationalism in Thailand. Based on the ethno-symbolist approach to the study of nationalism, this thesis proposes to see the Thai nation as a result of a long process, reflecting the three-phases-model (ethnie , pre-modem and modem nation) for the potential development of a nation as outlined by Anthony Smith.
    [Show full text]
  • 9 Sacred Sites in Bangkok Temple As an Auspicious Activity That Grants Them Happiness and Good Luck
    The 9 Sacred Sites Buddhists in Thailand pay homage at the temple or ‘wat’ as they believe it is a way to make merit. They consider paying homage to the principal Buddha image or to the main Chedi of the 9 Sacred Sites in Bangkok temple as an auspicious activity that grants them happiness and good luck. The number nine is considered auspicious because it is pronounced as ‘kao,’ similar to the word meaning ‘to progress’ or ‘to step forward.’ Therefore it is believed that a visit to nine sacred temples in one day gives the worshippers prosperity and good luck. The nine sacred temples in Bangkok are of significant value as they are royal temples and convenient for worshippers as they are located close to each other in the heart of Bangkok. Wat Saket Printed in Thailand by Promotional Material Production Division, Marketing Services Department, Tourism Authority of Thailand for free distribution. www.tourismthailand.org E/JUL 2017 The contents of this publication are subject to change without notice. The 9 Sacred Sites Buddhists in Thailand pay homage at the temple or ‘wat’ as they believe it is a way to make merit. They consider paying homage to the principal Buddha image or to the main Chedi of the 9 Sacred Sites in Bangkok temple as an auspicious activity that grants them happiness and good luck. The number nine is considered auspicious because it is pronounced as ‘kao,’ similar to the word meaning ‘to progress’ or ‘to step forward.’ Therefore it is believed that a visit to nine sacred temples in one day gives the worshippers prosperity and good luck.
    [Show full text]
  • Ayutthaya Wat Phra Si Sanphet Saraburi • Ang Thong • Suphan Buri Pathum Thani • Nonthaburi Contents Ayutthaya 8 Pathum Thani 44
    Ayutthaya Wat Phra Si Sanphet Saraburi • Ang Thong • Suphan Buri Pathum Thani • Nonthaburi Contents Ayutthaya 8 Pathum Thani 44 Saraburi 24 Nonthaburi 50 Ang Thong 32 Suphan Buri 38 8 Wat Mahathat Ayutthaya The ancient city of Ayutthaya, formally designated Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya was the Thai capital for 417 years, and is one of Thailand’s major tourist attractions. 8 9 Ayutthaya province is relatively small at 2,557 sq. km. and is easily accessible due to good road, rail and river connections and its proximity to Bangkok. Straddling the Chao Phraya River, the nation’s principal waterway, the province is extremely important, as it was the Siamese capital for four centuries. The city of Ayutthaya is 76 km. north of Bangkok and boasts numerous magnificent ruins from its days as the capital. Just to the south, in perfect condition, stands the royal palace of Bang Pa-in set in splendid gardens. The province is also noted for H.M. the Queen’s Bang Sai Arts and Crafts Centre. The ancient city of Ayutthaya, formally designated Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya was the Thai capital for 417 years, and is one of Thailand’s major tourist attractions. Many ancient ruins and art works can be seen in a city that was founded in 1350 by King U-Thong when the Thais were forced southwards by northern neighbours. During the period when Ayutthaya was capital, 33 kings and several dynasties ruled the kingdom, until the glittering city was sacked by the Burmese in 1767, ruined and abandoned. The extensive ruins and the historical records demonstrate that Ayutthaya was one of Southeast Asia’s most prosperous cities.
    [Show full text]
  • TIJBS FINAL VERSION.Indd 125 8/22/2011 4:11:43 PM 126 T BS II, 2011 • Review
    125 A Book Review: ‘Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth - Century Thailand’ Forest Recollections: Wondering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand. By Kamala Tiyavanich. University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, 1997. This book, published fourteen years ago, explains the life of Thai tudong or forest monks in the twentieth century. In general it is an accomplished account of forest monasticism in the North-East, explaining well the lifestyle of the monks, and the many physical and psychological problems they faced while living deep in the jungle. Important aspects of the forest life covered include how the forest tradition came into existence in Thailand (Chapter 1), how Thai monks take up the forest lifestyle and deal with problems of fear, bodily su ering, sexual desire, hardships of wandering and so on (Chapters 2-6), the monks’ relationship with Sangha o cials and villagers, and the con icts they had with the Sangha administration (Chapter 10). Thai International Journal of Buddhist Studies II (2011): 125-134. © The International PhD Programme in Buddhist Studies, Mahidol TIJBS FINAL VERSION.indd 125 8/22/2011 4:11:43 PM 126 T BS II, 2011 • Review The book begins with some background information, based especially on the work of previous scholars (especially J.L.Taylor)1 . Each chapter is arranged in a straightforward manner, with lucid explanations devoid of academic jargon, but with Thai or Laotian words in parentheses to help the general reader with local names. More problematic are the sections dealing with King Rama IV (King Mongkut, or former Vajiraño Bhikkhu) and Prince Vajirañavarorasa, his royal son.
    [Show full text]
  • The Graceful Temples 1
    The Graceful Temples 1 คค ำน ำน ำ ำ แบบฝึกทักษะการอ่านภาษาอังกฤษเพื่อความเข้าใจ ตามแนวการสอนภาษาอังกฤษเพื่อการ สื่อสาร ชุด Check in now! รายวิชาภาษาอังกฤษพื้นฐาน รหัสวิชา อ32101 ชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 5 ชุด นี้ ผู้พัฒนาได้ด าเนินการพัฒนาขึ้น เพื่อใช้เป็นแบบฝึกทักษะส าหรับจัดการเรียนรู้ให้แก่นักเรียนชั้น มัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 5 โดยมีวัตถุประสงค์ที่ส าคัญ คือ เพื่อพัฒนาทักษะการอ่านภาษาอังกฤษเพื่อความเข้าใจ ตามแนวการสอนภาษาอังกฤษเพื่อการสื่อสาร ของนักเรียนชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 5 โรงเรียนดีบุกพังงาวิทยายน สังกัดส านักงานเขตพื้นที่การศึกษามัธยมศึกษา เขต 14 ให้สูงขึ้น เนื้อหาในแบบฝึกทักษะการอ่านภาษาอังกฤษเพื่อความเข้าใจ ตามแนวการสอนภาษาอังกฤษ เพื่อการสื่อสารชุด Check in now! รายวิชาภาษาอังกฤษพื้นฐาน รหัสวิชา อ32101 ชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 5 ชุดนี้ แบ่งออกเป็น 5 เล่ม คือ เล่มที่ 1 เรื่อง The Graceful Temples เล่มที่ 2 เรื่อง The Fifty Shades of Markets เล่มที่ 3 เรื่อง The Attractive Monuments เล่มที่ 4 เรื่อง The Recess Park เล่มที่ 5 เรื่อง The Gorgeous Palaces แบบฝึกทักษะเล่มนี้เป็น เล่มที่ 1 เรื่อง The Graceful Temples ผู้พัฒนาขอกราบขอบพระคุณ นายนิมิตร ต่อฑีฆะ อดีตศึกษานิเทศก์ช านาญการพิเศษ ส านักงานเขตพื้นที่การศึกษาประถมศึกษาพังงา นางเบญจลักษณ์ อึ๋งสืบเชื้อ ต าแหน่งครูวิทยฐานะ ครูช านาญการพิเศษ โรงเรียนเฉลิมพระเกียรติสมเด็จพระ ศรีนครินทร์ ภูเก็ต ในพระราชูปถัมภ์สมเด็จพระเทพรัตนราชสุดาฯ สยามบรมราชกุมารี ส านักงานเขตพื้นที่ การศึกษามัธยมศึกษา เขต 14 นางอุรา เสนาเพ็ง ครูช านาญการพิเศษ ปฏิบัติหน้าที่หัวหน้ากลุ่มสาระ ภาษาต่างประเทศ โรงเรียนดีบุกพังงาวิทยายน ส านักงานเขตพื้นที่การศึกษามัธยมศึกษา เขต 14 นาง ยุพา เกื้อสกุล ครูช านาญการพิเศษ กลุ่มสาระการเรียนรู้ภาษาต่างประเทศ
    [Show full text]
  • The Siamese Government's Responses to Western Forces at the Time of King Mongkut
    UNIWERSYTET ZIELONOGÓRSKI IN GREMIUM 11/2017 Studia nad Historią, Kulturą i Polityką ISSN 1899-2722 ■ s. 67-92 Nguyen Tien Dung* THE SIAMESE GOVERNMENT’S RESPONSES TO WESTERN FORCES AT THE TIME OF KING MONGKUT (1851-1868) Amidst the strong wave of Western colonialist invasion in the East in the second half the 19th century, Siam was the only political entity in Southeast Asia which managed to avoid colonization. It is noteworthy that most Vietnamese and international scholars, while accounting for the success of Siam in the protection of its security and independ- ence, believe that Siam was able to maintain its sovereignty because it was located in a “buffer zone” between British and French forces and took advantage of conflicts and fights for influence between imperialist countries on the Sino-Indian peninsula1. * The author is now a Lecturer at Faculty of Cultural Studies, Hanoi University of Culture (HUC) and also a Doctoral candidate at Faculty of History, University of Social Sciences and Humanities (USSH), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU). The author would like to give deeply thank to Advisors: Prof. Dr. Nguyen Van Kim, Prof. Vu Duong Ninh and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hoang Khac Nam at Vietnam National University, Hanoi and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bruce Lockhart at Department of History, National University of Singapore (NUS). His email contact is [email protected] or [email protected]. 1 On Siam’s foreign policies for Western colonialist forces in the second half of the 19th century in general and analyses of the “buffer zone” location of this country, please see: D.
    [Show full text]
  • BANGKOK 101 Emporium at Vertigo Moon Bar © Lonely Planet Publications Planet Lonely © MBK Sirocco Sky Bar Chao Phraya Express Chinatown Wat Phra Kaew Wat Pho (P171)
    © Lonely Planet Publications 101 BANGKOK BANGKOK Bangkok In recent years, Bangkok has broken away from its old image as a messy third-world capital to be voted by numerous metro-watchers as a top-tier global city. The sprawl and tropical humidity are still the city’s signature ambassadors, but so are gleaming shopping centres and an infectious energy of commerce and restrained mayhem. The veneer is an ultramodern backdrop of skyscraper canyons containing an untamed universe of diversions and excesses. The city is justly famous for debauchery, boasting at least four major red-light districts, as well as a club scene that has been revived post-coup. Meanwhile the urban populous is as cosmopolitan as any Western capital – guided by fashion, music and text messaging. But beside the 21st-century façade is a traditional village as devout and sacred as any remote corner of the country. This is the seat of Thai Buddhism and the monarchy, with the attendant splendid temples. Even the modern shopping centres adhere to the old folk ways with attached spirit shrines that receive daily devotions. Bangkok will cater to every indulgence, from all-night binges to shopping sprees, but it can also transport you into the old-fashioned world of Siam. Rise with daybreak to watch the monks on their alms route, hop aboard a long-tail boat into the canals that once fused the city, or forage for your meals from the numerous and lauded food stalls. HIGHLIGHTS Joining the adoring crowds at Thailand’s most famous temple, Wat Phra Kaew (p108) Escaping the tour
    [Show full text]