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Felix Warburg and the Impact of Non-Zionists on the Hebrew University

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Felix Warburg and the Impact of Non-Zionists on the Hebrew University FELIX WARBURG AND THE IMPACT OF NON-ZIONISTS ON THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY: 1923-1933 By Jeffrey Lawrence Levin Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Date 2018 American University Washington, D.C. 20016 © COPYRIGHT By Jeffrey Lawrence Levin 2018 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii FELIX WARBURG AND THE IMPACT OF NON-ZIONISTS ON THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY: 1923-1933 BY Jeffrey Lawrence Levin ABSTRACT This dissertation addresses the impact on the founding of the Hebrew University of the group of individuals known as non-Zionists. Using the personage of Felix Warburg as an entrée into the origins of this cohort, it argues that the Hebrew University, like the Yishuv itself, was based on a wide spectrum of adherence to orthodox Zionism. Rather, there were many contributors who felt less strongly inclined towards Zionism than did Chaim Weizmann, and these individuals played a substantive role in shaping the course of the Jewish settlement in Palestine Felix Warburg, a naturalized American citizen born into a wealthy Hamburg banking family, is a perfect example of how support for the Hebrew University, the Jewish Agency, and the Yishuv did not require one to advocate for the future creation of a Jewish nation-state. Prior to his significant involvement with issues in Palestine, the main focus of Warburg’s philanthropy was in alleviating the abhorrent conditions of Jews in the Soviet Union and of those Jews who had recently emigrated to the United States and badly needed assistance in acculturating to New York City society. He was initially brought into the fold of the Hebrew University by Weizmann himself, who at the time was seeking American donors more than collaborators. However, Warburg found an administrative skill that he had previously never displayed, and became a staunch advocate for any supporters of the Hebrew University who did not consider themselves to be Zionists. ii In this way, the ongoing battles among the administrative factions of the Hebrew University will be seen a microcosm of the ideological battles raging over how the Yishuv should function. Since there was considerable overlap between the Hebrew University Board and the Jewish Agency, this is not an arbitrary analogy: the same arguments appear in the minutes of both august organizations. This dissertation concludes that the contribution of the non-Zionists has been thoroughly overlooked in the previous historiography and that the robust debate Warburg’s cohort and the Zionists, led by Chaim Weizmann, directly influenced the future of the Hebrew University and of the Yishuv itself. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In this process of writing my dissertation, I have had the great fortune of working with a great number of people without whom I would have been unable to reach this point. I would like to thank the archivists at the American Jewish Archives, the Hebrew University, and the Central Zionist Archives for their knowledge, insight, and help in locating relevant materials. They made the onerous process of archival work much simpler and more straightforward, and for that I am most appreciative. To the brilliant educators from whom I have had the joy to learn and to work alongside at Commonwealth Academy, thank you for your skill, your dedication, and for pushing me to think about how to teach and talk about history every day. You have made these years enjoyable and personally and professionally fulfilling. To my classmates and professors at American University and the London School of Economics, thank you for challenging me day in and day out to present my arguments more clearly and succinctly, and to assess the literature from perspectives I might not otherwise have considered. My skills as a historian owe much to these seminars, and for that I am grateful. To my committee, and especially to my Chair and advisor Michael Brenner, thank you for the hours you spent reading the multiple drafts of this dissertation, making suggestions, and forcing me to think deeply about my analysis. You inspire me to be a better historian, writer, and thinker. The success of this paper is due largely to your advice, and for that I am thankful. To my friends, especially those who preceded me down this path and showed me that this task was not insurmountable, I’m honored to have you in my life. Thank you for the inspiration, the laughter, and the many years of friendship. To my family, who has stood beside me throughout my many years of graduate school, I could not have finished without you. Grandma iv Marcy and Grandma Joyce, thank you for your endless love. I wish my grandfathers, Mort Levin and Richard Nathanson, were here to read this dissertation. I know they would have been proud. Mom and Dad – you have supported me and encouraged me to follow this dream from the moment I articulated this desire. Andrew and Scott, you were consistently optimistic for me, even while possibly finding my unending discussion of the minutiae of Israeli history tiresome. And, most importantly, to Meghan and Mason, thank you for being the lights of my life and my reasons for being. Mason, being your father is the greatest joy I have ever experienced. Meg, you have been my unfailingly loving, empathetic, and steadfast partner for this entire process. I love you. This, like everything in my life, is dedicated to you. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1: SOURCES, METHODOLOGY, AND HISTORIOGRAPHY ..................... 15 CHAPTER 2: WARBURG BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY ................................................. 29 CHAPTER 3: IDEOLOGY: FELIX WARBURG’S NON-ZIONIST VIEWS .................... 47 CHAPTER 4: THE GEOPOLITICAL CONTEXT .............................................................. 63 CHAPTER 5: A JEWISH UNIVERSITY? .......................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 6: FIRST APPROACHES BY THE UNIVERSITY ......................................... 82 CHAPTER 7: WARBURG’S INCREASED INVOLVEMENT .......................................... 98 CHAPTER 8: YEAR 1 ....................................................................................................... 111 CHAPTER 9: THE AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY ............ 126 CHAPTER 10: THE UNIVERSITY EXPANDS ............................................................... 134 CHAPTER 11: EARTHQUAKE ........................................................................................ 152 CHAPTER 12: BACK ON SOLID GROUND .................................................................. 166 CHAPTER 13: RIOTS ........................................................................................................ 179 CHAPTER 14: RESIGNATION ........................................................................................ 197 CHAPTER 15: AFTERMATH ........................................................................................... 212 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................... 226 vi INTRODUCTION The founding of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, against all odds, remains a triumph of logistics, administration, and philanthropy. In a territory controlled by the largest imperial power in the world, blessed with few pre-existing structures and little by way of natural resources, Jewish leaders from around the world managed to overcome their profound and manifest differences of ideology in order to further the cause of Jewish national regeneration. The university, which over the ensuing 91 years has become a leading center of the academy not only in the Middle East but in the world, required the devotion of many men and women who might not otherwise have found much if any common ground. The university opened in 1925 with dignitaries from around the world in attendance at the dedication ceremony on Mount Scopus, a site that remains controversial well into the 21st century. During the first academic year, the university enrolled only graduate students; an undergraduate program would not appear for several years.1 The curriculum was largely practical in nature, revolving around engineering and the sciences, with many leaders hoping that the university might be able to produce scientific academics capable of assisting in the remarkable undertaking that was the Yishuv. This opening period of the university’s existence, when the continued functioning of the school remained very much in doubt, was certainly not without its fair share of discord among the administration. Judah Magnes, the first Chancellor of the Hebrew University, was a different kind of Zionist from Chaim Weizmann, who had been the driving force in getting the institution off the ground, though Magnes was a consistent supporter of the University project from the 1 Hagit Lavsky, “Introduction,” in Assaf Selzer (ed.), The History of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem: Who’s Who Prior to Statehood: Founders, Designers, Pioneers (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 2015), 5. 1 beginning.2 Many of the benefactors who comprised
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