DOCSLIB.ORG

The Relationship Between Team Ability and Home Advantage in the English Football League System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Relationship Between Team Ability and Home Advantage in the English Football League System The relationship between team ability and home advantage in the English football league system RAMCHANDANI, Girish <http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8650-9382>, MILLAR, Robbie and WILSON, Darryl Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/28515/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version RAMCHANDANI, Girish, MILLAR, Robbie and WILSON, Darryl (2021). The relationship between team ability and home advantage in the English football league system. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 51 (3), 354-361. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk Main Article Ger J Exerc Sport Res Girish Ramchandani · Robbie Millar · Darryl Wilson https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-021-00721-x Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK Received: 9 July 2020 Accepted: 16 April 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 The relationship between team ability and home advantage in the English football league system Introduction for men’s and women’s competition. Te 1995). In other words, performance has HA found for football in the Pollard two components, namely: quality and Te phenomenon of home advantage et al. (2017a) study was somewhat below HA. If every team in a league enjoys the (HA), where home teams in sports com- its historical position relative to other same level of HA, then performance is petitions win over half of the games sports. Within football, the existence dependent on quality alone; however, played under a balanced home and away of HA across national domestic leagues if some teams have superior HA then schedule (Courneya & Carron, 1992), worldwide was illustrated by Pollard their performance will be naturally en- has received widespread attention from and Gomez (2014a). Incorporating 157 hanced. What this means is that HA is researchers. Te existence of HA has national domestic football leagues over only relevant for the overall performance been documented in professional team six seasons between 2006 and 2012, this ofaclubifitishigherorlowerthan sports such as domestic football leagues study showed that HA was present in the average HA in its division (Peeters (Pollard, Prieto, & Gomez, 2017a), sin- all continents, but varied considerably &vanOurs,2020). Te literature on gle-sporteventssuchastheIAAFWorld between countries. A separate study by this aspect of HA can be categorised Indoor Championships (Ramchandani the same authors concluded that the into two broad strands: divisional (inter &Wilson,2020)aswellasmultisport HA effect was also evident in women’s league) HA and positional (intra league) events including the Olympic and Para- football leagues throughout Europe, but HA. Tese strands of the literature are lympic Games (Wilson & Ramchandani, the level of HA was lower than the reviewed below. 2018) and the Commonwealth Games corresponding men’s leagues (Pollard & (Ramchandani & Wilson, 2012). How- Gomez, 2014b). Te potential causes of Divisional HA ever, there are also studies that illustrate HA in football include factors such as Te hierarchical structure of domes- the absence of HA in specific sport- crowd effects, familiarity, referee bias, tic football leagues regulated through ing contests and even the prevalence of travel effects, territoriality, psychological the system of promotion and relegation a disadvantage in some cases (Wright & factors and tactics (Pollard, 2008). How- means that teams that feature in higher Voyer, 1995). It has been suggested that, ever, as noted by Pollard et al. (2017a) divisions are relatively stronger than except for subjectively evaluated sports, determining how these factors oper- teams that feature in lower divisions. HA is not a major factor in individual ate and the way in which they affect Divisional HA is related to a specific di- sports, and its role in individual sports performance is still unclear. visionasa whole (e.g. the PremierLeague is much less comparable to its role in in England) and allows for making com- team sports (Jones, 2013). HA and team ability parisons between different divisions in A meta-analysis by Jamieson (2010) thesamecountry(e.g.betweenthePre- concluded that the HA effect for soccer Tere is growing interest among re- mier League and the Championship in (association football) was significantly searchers on the relationship between England) or between different leagues stronger than that of nine other sports HAinfootballandteamability. Teterms in two or more countries (e.g. between (American football, baseball, hockey, “quality” and “strength” are sometimes the Premier League in England and the basketball, cricket, Australian rules foot- used interchangeably by researchers Bundesliga in Germany). ball/rugby, golf, tennis and boxing). when referring to team ability. Te Research on the effect of team abil- A more recent and extensive study by performance of a team in a particular ity on divisional HA in football has been Pollard et al. (2017a) examined HA season depends on the quality of that conductedmainlyfromtheperspectiveof between 15 different team sports using team, the quality of its opponents and the top two divisions in domestic football data from 165 different countries both thesizeoftheHA(Clarke&Norman, leagues and provided some mixed find- German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research Main Article ings. Some studies have shown that HA is A more recent study by Peeters and van caraz, Zhang, & Zhang (2019)andLago- of a similar magnitude in the top two di- Ours (2020), covering 45 seasons of En- Penas and Lago-Ballesteros (2011)found visions. Pollard (2006)comparedHAin glish professional football from 1973/74 that superior and inferior teams did not the first and second divisions of five Eu- to 2017/18, also reported that absolute experience the same HA in the Chinese ropean domestic football leagues (Ger- HA is about the same in all divisions, Super League and La Liga respectively. many, England, France, Spain and Italy) ranging from 0.59 to 0.64 in terms of Teir findings confirm that a superior across six seasons between 1996–97 and points per match or from 0.44 to 0.46 in home team would be expected to win 2001–02 and observed that “very small terms of goal difference. a higher percentage of games against in- differences” existed between the top two Elsewhere in Europe, Armatas, Yian- ferior visiting teams, than against equally divisions in each of these countries. Sub- nakos, Seaton, and Rig (2013) found sig- matched visitors. sequent research by Dosseville (2007), nificantly higher HA appeared in the Using a balanced panel of 65 clubs, Seckin and Pollard (2008) and Sanchez, top division in the Greek Super League which featured in one of the top four di- Garcia-Calvo, Leo, Pollard, and Gomez compared with the amateur divisions in visions of English football in every sea- (2009) found no significant differences in Greece, suggesting the results could be son over the period 1973/74–2017/18, the HA values between the top two di- associated with higher attendances and Peeters and van Ours (2020)concluded visions in France (between 2002/03 and support of the home crowd. Conversely, that individual clubs differ substantially 2004/05), Turkey (between 2002/03 and a study of Portuguese football examining in the relative HA they enjoy. Tey found 2005/06) and Spain (between 1980/81 the level of HA in the professional league that HA fluctuated between 0.36 and and 2006/07) respectively. compared to semiprofessional and ama- 0.99 points per match (and between 0.27 More recent studies have reported that teur leagues over a period of 11 seasons and 0.71 in terms of goal difference). On HA in the second (lower) division of reported that HA was significantly low- the assumption that clubs that can spend domestic football leagues is typically of est in the professional league (Almeida moremoneyshouldbeabletohaveabet- a higher magnitude compared with the &Volossovitch,2017). ter team, Peeters and van Ours (2020) top (higher) division of domestic football utilised relative wage (expressed as the leagues. HA has been shown to be sig- Positional HA ratio of the club’s wage sum and the av- nificantly higher in the second division Positional HA is concerned with indi- erage wage sum in the division for the football leagues of both Brazil (Almeida, vidual teams. Teams’ final league ta- season) as a measure of quality, which did Oliveira, & Silva, 2011) and Iran (Pollard, ble position is a function of their match not have a significant effect on the rela- Armatas, & Sani, 2017b). A more recent outcomes during the course of a season tive HA of teams. However, they did not study by Leite and Pollard (2018)quanti- (wins, draws and losses), which provides examine whether HA varies significantly fied HA for seven seasons from 2010/11 a composite measure of both their offen- according to the league table position of to 2016/17 of the top two divisions of do- sive (goals scored) and defensive (goals teams. mestic football leagues for 47 countries conceded) abilities. Heuer and Rubner Building on this body of research and worldwide and concluded that HA was (2014) note that team strength in foot- in view of the disparate and sometimes significantly more likely to be higher in ball remains constant during the course contradictory findings of previous stud- the second division than the top division. of a season apart from short-time fluc- ies, our study examines the relationship Tey contended this may be due to play- tuations. Hence, the final league table between team ability and HA from both ers and referees in the top division being position in each season can be consid- a divisional (inter league) and positional better trained to avoid being influenced ered a reasonable proxy for team ability.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Belgium League One Table
    Belgium League One Table Limiest Demosthenis never osmoses so unartificially or satiates any lieges selfishly. Pious and isotropous Erhard often soliloquising some happenstances preliminarily or formulises upgrade. Tymothy remains wriggling after Engelbart coincided gelidly or devocalise any culpabilities. This privacy notice updated live scores available for commercial purposes as a force on this league one table format with multilingual yachting experts In order to use the necessary chat functionality you bitch to opt into the chat cookies. Want to time of personalized advertisements on any subsequent breach where it. Please run again shortly. Players include league one million or promoted from? Get back playing career at. Games can log out our new website, belgium league one table tennis culture that link in each party data provided for marketing data tell me peux aider avec les statistics. The minimum requirements listed below is general guidelines for all country. Because you need to gain unauthorised way that league table is being held right to a ucl spot in belgium came from my leagues. Europa league one point, belgium victory against each party from time manually every player, for lawful purposes may substitute it? Prices do you have to suggest any content will be the action is going to assist travellers with your leagues, including the good work environment we strive to. Three points are awarded for a win while you draw attracts one point. Those connections may earn an error code cannot cancel this great site and what we encourage advertisers must. Do you disable or replayed on facebook, belgium a league have set out or unenforceability shall act on this format a way affect our marketing interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Theory of the Beautiful Game: the Unification of European Football
    Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 54, No. 3, July 2007 r 2007 The Author Journal compilation r 2007 Scottish Economic Society. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main St, Malden, MA, 02148, USA THEORY OF THE BEAUTIFUL GAME: THE UNIFICATION OF EUROPEAN FOOTBALL John Vroomann Abstract European football is in a spiral of intra-league and inter-league polarization of talent and wealth. The invariance proposition is revisited with adaptations for win- maximizing sportsman owners facing an uncertain Champions League prize. Sportsman and champion effects have driven European football clubs to the edge of insolvency and polarized competition throughout Europe. Revenue revolutions and financial crises of the Big Five leagues are examined and estimates of competitive balance are compared. The European Super League completes the open-market solution after Bosman. A 30-team Super League is proposed based on the National Football League. In football everything is complicated by the presence of the opposite team. FSartre I Introduction The beauty of the world’s game of football lies in the dynamic balance of symbiotic competition. Since the English Premier League (EPL) broke away from the Football League in 1992, the EPL has effectively lost its competitive balance. The rebellion of the EPL coincided with a deeper media revolution as digital and pay-per-view technologies were delivered by satellite platform into the commercial television vacuum created by public television monopolies throughout Europe. EPL broadcast revenues have exploded 40-fold from h22 million in 1992 to h862 million in 2005 (33% CAGR).
    [Show full text]
  • Football Tables 2019-20 Prt.Xlsx
    English Premier League PosTeam PldWDL GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation [ 1 Liverpool (C) 38 32 3 3 85 33 52 99 2 Manchester City[a] 38 26 3 9 102 35 67 81 Qualification for the Champions 3 Manchester United 38 18 12 8 66 36 30 66 League group stage 4 Chelsea 38 20 6 12 69 54 15 66 Qualification for the Europa 5 Leicester City 38 18 8 12 67 41 26 62 League group stage Qualification for the Europa 6 Tottenham Hotspur 38 16 11 11 61 47 14 59 League second qualifying round[b] 7 Wolverhampton Wanderers 38 15 14 9 51 40 11 59 Qualification for the Europa 8 Arsenal 38 14 14 10 56 48 8 56 League group stage[c] 9 Sheffield United 38 14 12 12 39 39 0 54 10 Burnley 38 15 9 14 43 50 −7 54 11 Southampton 38 15 7 16 51 60 −9 52 12 Everton 38 13 10 15 44 56 −12 49 13 Newcastle United 38 11 11 16 38 58 −20 44 14 Crystal Palace 38 11 10 17 31 50 −19 43 15 Brighton & Hove Albion 38 9 14 15 39 54 −15 41 16 West Ham United 38 10 9 19 49 62 −13 39 17 Aston Villa 38 9 8 21 41 67 −26 35 18 Bournemouth (R) 38 9 7 22 40 65 −25 34 Relegation to the EFL 19 Watford (R) 38 8 10 20 36 64 −28 34 Championship 20 Norwich City (R) 38 5 6 27 26 75 −49 21 English Championship Promotion, qualification or PosTeam PldWDL GF GA GD Pts relegation 1 Leeds United (C, P) 46 28 9 9 77 35 42 93 Promotion to the Premier League 2 West Bromwich Albion (P) 46 22 17 7 77 45 32 83 3 Brentford 46 24 9 13 80 38 42 81 4 Fulham (O, P) 46 23 12 11 64 48 16 81 Qualification for Championship 5 Cardiff City 46 19 16 11 68 58 10 73 play-offs[a] 6 Swansea City 46 18 16 12 62 53 9 70 7 Nottingham
    [Show full text]
  • Too Big to Fail? Accounting for Predictions of Financial Distress In
    Too big to fail? Accounting for Predictions of Financial Distress in English Professional Football Clubs PLUMLEY, Daniel <http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7875-0969>, SERBERA, Jean- Philippe and WILSON, rob Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/27518/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version PLUMLEY, Daniel, SERBERA, Jean-Philippe and WILSON, rob (2020). Too big to fail? Accounting for Predictions of Financial Distress in English Professional Football Clubs. Journal of Applied Accounting Research. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk Too big to fail? Accounting for Predictions of Financial Distress in English Professional Football Clubs Abstract Purpose This paper analyses English Premier League (EPL) and English Football League (EFL) Championship clubs during the period 2002-2019 to anticipate financial distress with specific reference to footballs’ Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations. Design/Methodology/Approach Data was collected for 43 professional football clubs competing in the EPL and Championship for the financial year ends 2002-2019. Analysis was conducted using the Z-score methodology and additional statistical tests were conducted to measure differences between groups. Data was split into two distinct periods to analyse club finances pre and post-FFP. Findings The results show significant cases of financial distress amongst clubs in both divisions and that Championship clubs are in significantly poorer financial health than EPL clubs. In some cases, financially sustainability has worsened post-FFP.
    [Show full text]
  • Acquisition Opportunity: Profitable English Football League Two ("EFL Two") Club with Loyal Fan Base
    Acquisition Opportunity: Profitable English Football League Two ("EFL Two") Club with Loyal Fan Base "The Company” is an English Football League Two club with loyal fan base near London in the United Kingdom. The EFL has a proud history and was formed over 115 years ago. The purchase includes all tangible and intangible assets associated with the club. The club currently leases its home stadium and operates several food services outlets including walk-up counters, bars and restaurants. The club’s home stadium boasts a seating capacity of over 6,000. Additionally, the purchase includes a variety maintenance equipment and all player contracts.. Key Acquisition Considerations Highlights Business Description $11.770M English Football League (EFL) was formed in 1888 by its twelve founder members and is the 2020 Revenue world's original league football competition. The EFL is the template used by leagues the world over. The EFL is the largest single body of professional Clubs in European football $.706M and is responsible for administering and regulating the EFL, the Carabao Cup and the Papa John’s Trophy, as well as reserve and youth football. The EFL's 72 member clubs are 2020 Cashflow grouped into three divisions: the EFL Championship, EFL League One, and EFL League Two 6.0% League Two Cashflow Margin There are 24 clubs in the EFL League Two. Each season, clubs play each of the other teams twice (once at home, once away). Clubs are awarded three points for a win, one for a draw 115yrs and no points for a loss. Over the season, these points are tallied, and a league table is Time since Inception constructed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Model of Promotion and Relegation in League Sports
    A Model of Promotion and Relegation in League Sports John Jasina Claflin University School of Business Kurt Rotthoff Seton Hall University Stillman School of Business Last working version, final version published in: Journal of Economics and Finance Volume 36, Issue 2, April, Pages 303-318 The final publication is available at www.springerlink.com: http://www.springerlink.com/content/f6862826t6w54663/?p=7684fbc045744b4ba122f29165ab4 eff&pi=26 Abstract Sports leagues in different parts of the world are set up in different ways, some as open leagues and some as closed leagues. It has been shown that spending on players is higher in open leagues (Szymanski and Ross 2000 and Szymanski and Valletti 2005). This paper extends these studies, finding that sports leagues that practice promotion and relegation will have unambiguously higher aggregate spending on player talent than closed leagues. This will lower profits in the open league, but increase fan welfare. John Jasina is can be contacted at: [email protected], Claflin University, 400 Magnolia St., Orangeburg, SC 29115 and Kurt Rotthoff at: [email protected], Seton Hall University, JH 621, 400 South Orange Ave, South Orange, NJ 07079. We would like to thank Skip Sauer, Mike Maloney, Curtis Simon, and Hillary Morgan for helpful comments. Any mistakes are ours. 1 1. Introduction Most North American sports leagues are closed leagues that operate with a fixed set of teams every season. This differs from other leagues throughout the world that have open leagues that practice promotion, or a team from a lower division being promoted to a higher league, and relegation, where the lowest teams of a given division are demoted to a lower division.
    [Show full text]
  • The Big Mind Footy Quiz Questions
    The Big Mind Footy Quiz As part of Mind’s partnership with The English Football League Questions 1 How many clubs make up the three EFL Divisions (The EFL Championship; EFL League One and EFL League Two)? 2 Can you name the two EFL knockout cup competitions? 3 What season was the EFL Cup (The Football League Cup as it was previously known) introduced? 4 And which club won the first EFL Cup? 5 There are five EFL clubs with ‘Rovers’ in their name, can you name them? (A point for each correct Team) 6 Can you name the team who finished the 2005-06 season as The EFL Championship winners with a record points total? (Bonus point for the points total) 7 Who were the first team to win the Football League Title (1888/89 Season) 8 Can you name the three Welsh clubs who play in the EFL? 9 Can you name the two EFL clubs who are based in Cumbria? 10 Who used to play their home games at Highfield Road? 11 Which EFL club are known as The Tractor Boys? The Big Mind Footy Quiz As part of Mind’s partnership with The English Football League Answers 1 72 2 The EFL Cup (currently known as The Carabao Cup) and The EFL Trophy (currently known as The Papa Johns Trophy) 3 1960/61 4 Aston Villa 5 Blackburn Rovers; Bristol Rovers; Doncaster Rovers; Forest Green Rovers; Tranmere Rovers 6 Reading. (Bonus point: 106 points) 7 Preston North End 8 Cardiff, Swansea and Newport County 9 Barrow AFC and Carlisle United 10 Coventry City 11 Ipswich Town .
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Football, Europe and Professionalization 1971-2011
    Women’s Football, Europe and Professionalization 1971-2011 A Project Funded by the UEFA Research Grant Programme Jean Williams Senior Research Fellow International Centre for Sports History and Culture De Montfort University Contents: Women’s Football, Europe and Professionalization 1971- 2011 Contents Page i Abbreviations and Acronyms iii Introduction: Women’s Football and Europe 1 1.1 Post-war Europes 1 1.2 UEFA & European competitions 11 1.3 Conclusion 25 References 27 Chapter Two: Sources and Methods 36 2.1 Perceptions of a Global Game 36 2.2 Methods and Sources 43 References 47 Chapter Three: Micro, Meso, Macro Professionalism 50 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Micro Professionalism: Pioneering individuals 53 3.3 Meso Professionalism: Growing Internationalism 64 3.4 Macro Professionalism: Women's Champions League 70 3.5 Conclusion: From Germany 2011 to Canada 2015 81 References 86 i Conclusion 90 4.1 Conclusion 90 References 105 Recommendations 109 Appendix 1 Key Dates of European Union 112 Appendix 2 Key Dates for European football 116 Appendix 3 Summary A-Y by national association 122 Bibliography 158 ii Women’s Football, Europe and Professionalization 1971-2011 Abbreviations and Acronyms AFC Asian Football Confederation AIAW Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women ALFA Asian Ladies Football Association CAF Confédération Africaine de Football CFA People’s Republic of China Football Association China ’91 FIFA Women’s World Championship 1991 CONCACAF Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football CONMEBOL
    [Show full text]
  • Procedural Rules
    SR/Adhocsport/253/2019 IN THE MATTER OF AN EFL DISCIPLINARY COMMISSION Before: Charles Flint QC BETWEEN: - THE ENGLISH FOOTBALL LEAGUE (the EFL) Claimant -and- BIRMINGHAM CITY FOOTBALL CLUB (the Club) Respondent DECISION James Segan, instructed by Solesbury Gay and Nick Craig (Governance and Legal Director) for the EFL Kendrah Potts and William Harman instructed by Ciara Gallagher (Club Secretary) for the Club 1. By a decision dated 22 March 2019 a Disciplinary Commission, which I chaired, imposed a deduction of 9 points on the Club for its admitted breaches of Rule 2.9 of the Profitability and Sustainability Rules (the P&S Rules) by incurring adjusted losses totalling £48.79 million over a monitoring period comprising the seasons 2015/16, 2016/17 and 2017/18. Those losses exceeded the permitted upper loss threshold by £9.79 million. - 1 - 2. By a letter dated 14 May 2019 the EFL gave notice to the Club of the reference to a Disciplinary Commission of proceedings arising out of the Club’s failure to comply with a direction made when the EFL imposed a business plan on the Club by letter dated 1 August 2018, as amended. 3. The proceedings are brought under the EFL Regulations (the Regulations) and the P&S Rules. Regulation 1.1 provides that misconduct includes a breach of a requirement or direction of the EFL. P&S Rule 2.9 provides that if a club’s earnings result in a loss that exceeds a stipulated threshold, the executive of the EFL may exercise the powers set out in Regulation 16.20.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emirates Fa Cup Season 2021-22 List of Exemptions
    THE EMIRATES FA CUP SEASON 2021-22 LIST OF EXEMPTIONS 44 CLUBS EXEMPT TO THIRD ROUND PROPER (PL & EFL Championship) AFC Bournemouth Derby County FC Nottingham Forest FC Arsenal FC Everton FC Peterborough United FC Aston Villa FC Fulham FC Preston North End FC Barnsley FC Huddersfield Town FC Queens Park Rangers FC Birmingham City FC Hull City Reading FC Blackburn Rovers FC Leeds United AFC Sheffield United FC Blackpool FC Leicester City FC Southampton FC Brentford FC Liverpool FC Stoke City FC Brighton & Hove Albion FC Luton Town FC Swansea City FC Bristol City FC Manchester City FC Tottenham Hotspur FC Burnley FC Manchester United FC Watford FC Cardiff City FC Middlesbrough FC West Bromwich Albion FC Chelsea FC Millwall FC West Ham United FC Coventry City FC Newcastle United FC Wolverhampton Wanderers FC Crystal Palace FC Norwich City FC 48 CLUBS EXEMPT TO FIRST ROUND PROPER (EFL League One & League Two) Accrington Stanley FC Fleetwood Town FC Port Vale FC AFC Wimbledon Forest Green Rovers FC Portsmouth FC Barrow AFC Gillingham FC Rochdale AFC Bolton Wanderers FC Harrogate Town FC Rotherham United FC Bradford City FC Hartlepool United FC Salford City FC Bristol Rovers FC Ipswich Town FC Scunthorpe United FC Burton Albion FC Leyton Orient FC Sheffield Wednesday FC Cambridge United FC Lincoln City FC Shrewsbury Town FC Carlisle United AFC Mansfield Town FC Stevenage FC Charlton Athletic FC Milton Keynes Dons FC Sunderland AFC Cheltenham Town FC Morecambe FC Sutton United FC Colchester United FC Newport County AFC Swindon Town FC Crawley
    [Show full text]
  • Gate-Sharing and Talent Distribution in the English Football League
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Robinson, Terry; Simmons, Robert Working Paper Gate-sharing and talent distribution in the English football league Manchester Business School Working Paper, No. 570 Provided in Cooperation with: Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester Suggested Citation: Robinson, Terry; Simmons, Robert (2009) : Gate-sharing and talent distribution in the English football league, Manchester Business School Working Paper, No. 570, The University of Manchester, Manchester Business School, Manchester This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/50692 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Working Paper Series Gate Sharing and Talent Distribution in the English Football League Robert Simmons Terry Robinson Manchester Business School Working Paper No 570 Manchester Business School Copyright © 2009, Robinson.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Season Game Notes
    2021 SEASON GAME NOTES HOME PLAYER2021 SCHEDULE INFO DATE OPPONENT TIME RESULT 05/01 vs. New Mexico United 7:30PM CST W, 1-0 05/06 vs. San Diego Loyal 7:00PM CST W, 1-0 05/16 vs. San Antonio FC 7:30PM CST W, 2-1 05/22 @ El Paso Locomotive FC 8:30PM CST L, 1-0 05/29 @ San Antonio FC 7:30PM CST D, 1-1 06/06 @ Miami FC 5:30PM CST W, 4-2 06/12 vs. Real Monarchs SLC 7:00PM CST - 06/16 vs. Austin Bold FC 7:00PM CST - 4-1-1 06/19 @ San Antonio FC 7:30PM CST - 06/25 vs. Tulsa FC 7:30PM CST - AWAY 06/30 vs. El Paso Locomotive FC 7:00PM CST - 07/10 @ Austin Bold FC 8:00PM CST - 07/17 @ Orange County SC 7:00PM CST - 07/24 vs. Austin Bold FC 8:00PM CST - 07/31 @ Phoenix Rising FC 9:30PM CST - 08/04 @ Real Monarchs SLC 9:00PM CST - 08/08 vs. San Antonio FC 7:30PM CST - 08/14 vs. Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC 7:00PM CST - 08/17 @ Austin Bold FC 8:00PM CST - 08/21 @ El Paso Locomotive FC 8:30PM CST - 08/29 @ OKC Energy FC 5:00PM CST - 1-3-2 09/04 vs. Loudoun United 7:00PM CST - 09/11 @ Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC 8:00PM CST - MATCH INFO 09/18 vs. Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC 7:00PM CST - Saturday, June 12 09/22 @ New Mexico United 8:00PM CST - H-E-B Park 09/25 vs.
    [Show full text]