Tourismus in Pakistan

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Tourismus in Pakistan Tourismus in Pakistan Darstellung, Stellenwert und Perspektiven aus entwicklungspolitischer Sicht Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie im Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität zu Frankfurt am Main vorgelegt von Uwe Greier aus 60437 Frankfurt am Main (Einreichungsjahr 2000 und Erscheinungsjahr 2006) Referent: Prof. Dr. Lothar Brock Korreferent Prof. Dr. Eike Schamp Tag der mündlichen Prüfung 9. Juli 2001 1 Einleitung....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problemaufriß .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Ziele der Arbeit............................................................................................ 2 1.3 Vorgehensweise........................................................................................... 6 2 Internationaler Tourismus und Tourismus in Ent-wicklungsländern... 10 2.1 Begriffsdefinitionen: Tourismus, Tourism, Fremdenverkehr, Reisen....... 10 2.1.1 Zentrale Leistungsimplikationen von Tourismus................................ 11 2.1.2 Pauschalreise - Ein Dienstleistungspaket mit vielen Dimensionen .... 12 2.2 Historische Betrachtung zur Entstehung der Pauschalreise ...................... 16 2.3 Tourismus als Motor der internationalen Entwicklung Chancen und Risiken ................................................................................. 17 2.3.1 Zur Entwicklung der Diskussion......................................................... 17 2.3.1.1 Phase I: Tourismus-Euphorie (ca. 1961-1972)............................ 17 2.3.1.2 Phase II: Ernüchterung, Kritik, Ablehnung (ca. 1973-1985) ....... 18 2.3.1.3 Phase III: Pragmatismus............................................................... 19 2.3.1.4 Phase IV: Organisation................................................................. 21 2.3.1.5 Phase V: Widerstand .................................................................... 22 2.3.1.6 Phase VI: Umsetzung ................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Entwicklung und Dimension des internationalen Tourismus ............. 28 2.3.3 Der Anteil der Entwicklungsländer am internationalen Tourismus.... 34 3 Pakistan im Kontext des internationalen Tourismus .............................. 41 3.1 Pakistan, eine landeskundliche Einführung............................................... 41 3.1.1 Geographische Lage, Land und Einwohner........................................ 41 3.1.1.1 Der Einfluß des Klimas auf den Fremdenverkehr in Pakistan ..... 42 3.1.2 Historischer Überblick und politische Situation ................................. 44 3.1.3 Bevölkerung ........................................................................................ 52 3.1.4 Wirtschaft............................................................................................ 54 3.2 Tourismus nach Pakistan ........................................................................... 57 3.2.1 Motive für Reisen nach Pakistan......................................................... 67 3.3 Bestandsaufnahme der touristischen Infrastruktur Starts, Landungen, Einreisen, Hotels etc................................................... 71 3.3.1 Verkehrsmittel und -wege nach Pakistan (Flug, Landweg, Seeweg und Bahn)................................................... 75 3.3.2 Verkehrsmittel innerhalb Pakistans .................................................... 81 3.3.3 Beherbergungs-Infrastruktur Nationale und internationale Hotels und Hotelketten .......................................................................................... 87 - I - 3.4 Sport, Unterhaltung, Nachtleben etc.......................................................... 94 3.5 Saisonalität des pakistanischen Tourismus................................................ 95 3.6 Pakistan als Reiseziel für Touristen aus Deutschland ............................... 99 4 Akteure und Institutionen im Tourismussektor Agenturen der Entwicklung oder der Stagnation ? ..................................... 102 4.1 Staatlicher und halbstaatlicher Überbau Die politischen Rahmen- bedingungen............................................................................................. 102 4.1.1 Ministry of Tourism .......................................................................... 103 4.1.2 Pakistan Department of Tourist Services.......................................... 108 4.1.3 Pakistan International Airlines.......................................................... 109 4.1.4 Pakistan Railway............................................................................... 115 4.1.5 Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. Halbstaatliche Unternehmen auf Landes- und Provinzebene ................................... 118 4.1.6 Pakistan Tours Ltd. ........................................................................... 122 4.1.7 Pakistan Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management ........................ 123 4.2 Private Tourismus-Akteure und Verbände in Pakistan ........................... 124 4.2.1 Travel Agents Association of Pakistan (TAAP) Dachverband der Reisebüros und Reiseveranstalter ..................................................... 125 4.2.2 Pakistan Hotel Association Die Interessensvertretung der Beherbergungsbetriebe...................................................................... 127 4.2.3 PATA - Pakistan Chapter................................................................. 129 4.2.4 Vorstellung der verschiedenen Touroperator (eine Auswahl) .......... 130 4.2.5 Private Fluggesellschaften................................................................ 133 4.3 Akteure und Institutionen im Tourismussektor – Zusammenfassung ..... 134 5 Pakistans tourismuspolitischen Konzepte und ihre Umsetzung........... 136 5.1 Tourismussituation und Perspektiven Pakistans in der Regierungs- zeit von Zulfikar Ali Bhutto .................................................................... 136 5.2 Problematik und Situation nach der Machtübernahme durch das Militär 1977 ............................................................................................. 143 5.3 Erneute Versuche der Tourismusöffnung am Ende der Militär- regierung im Jahr 1988 ............................................................................ 145 5.4 Exkurs zur Problematik der Durchführung von Charter- flügen nach Pakistan ........................................................................................... 146 5.5 Konzeptionelle Ansätze für fragile Natur- und Wirtschafts- räume........ 148 6 Tourismusentwicklung Pakistans im Blick der Öffentlichkeit Rezeption - Diskussion - Partizipation ....................................................... 152 6.1 Medien - Kritische Begleiter der Diskussion und der Entwicklung........ 152 - II - 6.2 Nichtregierungs-Organisationen im Kontext der Tourismus- entwicklung.............................................................................................. 161 7 Bestimmungsfaktoren der Tourismusentwicklung und der Tourismuspolitik ....................................................................................... 162 7.1 Problematische Erfahrungen anderer Länder und ihre Gültigkeit für Pakistan .............................................................................................. 162 7.2 Wirtschaftliche Faktoren......................................................................... 174 7.3 Innen- und außenpolitische Faktoren....................................................... 181 8 Bedeutung und externe Effekte des Tourismus für Pakistan ............... 191 8.1 Umwelt- und Naturveränderungen .......................................................... 191 8.2 Soziokulturelle Effekte............................................................................ 194 8.3 Exkurs zum Trekking-Tourismus in Pakistan ......................................... 204 9 Bewertung und Perspektiven der Tourismus- entwicklung in Pakistan...................................................................................................... 211 9.1 Konzeptionelle Weiterentwicklung ......................................................... 215 9.2 Anforderungen an die Tourismuspolitik.................................................. 220 9.3 Prioritäten einer umweltfreundlichen Tourismuspolitik.......................... 226 9.4 Perspektiven des Tourismus in Pakistan.................................................. 231 9.5 Schlußbemerkung und Zusammenfassung .............................................. 238 10 Literaturverzeichnis.................................................................................. 243 10.1 Quellen..................................................................................................... 243 10.2 Allgemeine Literatur................................................................................ 245 10.2.1 Literatur zu Entwicklungsproblemen................................................ 246 10.2.2 Tourismusliteratur, Aufsätze und Artikel ......................................... 247 10.2.3 Tageszeitungen, Zeitschriften, Magazine ......................................... 257 10.2.4 Periodisch erscheinende Nachschlagewerke..................................... 258 10.3 Pakistan Literatur und Medien................................................................. 258 10.3.1 Allgemeine Literatur, Aufsätze und Artikel...................................... 258 10.3.2 Tourismus Literatur,
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