DOCSLIB.ORG

The Constitution of Sweden(Pdf, 1009

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Constitution of Sweden(Pdf, 1009 2016 The Constitution of Sweden The Fundamental Laws and the Riksdag Act The Constitution of Sweden The Constitution of Sweden 2016 The majority of democratic countries have a written constitution which regulates how society shall be governed. Sweden has four fundamental laws: the Instrument of Government, the Act of Succession, the Freedom of the Press Act and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression. These establish among other things how parliament and government are to be appointed and how they shall function. The fundamental laws also include protection for citizens’ rights and freedoms. The Fundamental Laws and the Riksdag Act and the Riksdag The Fundamental Laws The organisation and working procedures of the Riksdag (the Swedish Parliament) are regulated in more detail in the Riksdag Act, which occupies an intermediate position between fundamental law and ordinary law. On 1 September 2014, a new Riksdag Act came into force. The Constitution of Sweden contains an introduction describing the Swedish form of government and how it developed, followed by the law texts in their entirety in English translation, as of 1 January 2015. The Swedish Parliament • SE-100 12 Stockholm • Phone: +46 8 7864000 • www.riksdagen.se (165 mm) (165 mm) (13 mm) The Constitution of Sweden THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS AND THE RIKSDAG ACT With an introduction by Magnus Isberg 2016 Published by Sveriges Riksdag, 2016 SE-100 12 Stockholm, Sweden Tel: +46 8 786 40 00 www.riksdagen.se Design and production: The Riksdag Administration, Information Department. Printed by: The Riksdag Administration, Department for Parliamentary Documents, Stockholm 2016. ISBN: 978-91-86673-25-3 2 Foreword Like most other democratic countries, Sweden has a written constitution. It regulates the manner in which the Riksdag (the Swedish Parliament) and the Government are appointed, and sets out the way in which these State bodies shall work. Freedom of opinion and other rights and free- doms enjoy special protection under the Constitution. The Constitution thus establishes a framework for the exercise of political power. This framework can only be changed after very careful consideration. This is expressed in the special procedure laid down for amendment of the Constitution. Fundamental law is enacted by means of two identical decisions of the Riksdag. These decisions must be separated by a general election. As of 1980, it is also possible to hold a binding refe- rendum on a draft constitutional measure held in abeyance. Sweden has four fundamental laws: the Instrument of Government, the Act of Succession, the Freedom of the Press Act and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression. The Riksdag Act occupies a position between fundamental law and ordinary law. After a lengthy review pro- cess, the Riksdag decided in 1974 to replace the old 1809 Instrument of Government with a new one. The earlier Riksdag Act of 1866 was also replaced. The laws came into force on 1 January 1975. Both the funda- mental laws and the Riksdag Act have since been amended. A new Riksdag Act came into force on 1 September 2014. The Instrument of Government, the Freedom of the Press Act and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression have also been amended on a few points since the last edition of this book (2012). The book begins with an overview of developments in relation to con- stitutional law in Sweden. This is followed by an account of the principal contents of the fundamental laws and the Riksdag Act. The main part of the book contains the fundamental laws and the Riksdag Act in the wor- ding in force from 1 January 2016. The introduction was prepared by Magnus Isberg, Associate Professor in Political Science and former Head of Secretariat of the Committee on the Constitution, and was updated in 2015 by Hans Hegeland, Ph.D. in Political Science and Senior Committee Secretary at the Committee on the Constitution. Urban Ahlin Speaker of the Riksdag 3 Abbreviations AS The Act of Succession EC The European Communities EU European Union FLFE The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression FPA The Freedom of the Press Act IG The Instrument of Government RA The Riksdag Act SFS Swedish Code of Statutes (Svensk Författningssamling) 4 Contents The development of constitutional law in Sweden ...................................9 Why do we have a constitution? .......................................................9 A look back at history .....................................................................10 Constitutional developments after the Second World War .............15 A new Instrument of Government and a new Riksdag Act ....15 Further work on the Constitution ...........................................17 Full review of the Instrument of Government ........................19 New fundamental laws for the freedom of expression ............22 The principal content of the fundamental laws and the Riksdag Act ......25 The Instrument of Government (IG) ..............................................25 Basic principles of the form of government ............................25 Fundamental rights and freedoms ..........................................28 The Riksdag ...........................................................................33 The Head of State ...................................................................35 The Government .....................................................................35 Acts of law and other provisions ............................................37 Financial power ......................................................................40 International agreements and transfers of power ...................42 Sweden and the EU ................................................................43 Administration of justice and public administration ..............45 Parliamentary control .............................................................46 Local authorities .....................................................................49 War and the danger of war .....................................................49 The Riksdag Act (RA) ....................................................................51 Riksdag sessions .....................................................................51 Leadership and planning of the work of the Riksdag .............51 Meetings of the Chamber .......................................................52 Introduction of business .........................................................53 Preparation of business ...........................................................53 Settlement of business ............................................................55 Staff and administration .........................................................56 The Act of Succession .....................................................................56 The Freedom of the Press Act and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression ...........................56 The freedom to produce and disseminate information ...........56 The principle of exclusivity ....................................................57 Ban on censorship and other obstacles ...................................57 News sources ..........................................................................58 Liability rules .........................................................................60 Select bibliography ..........................................................................62 The Instrument of Government ................................................................65 Chapter 1. Basic principles of the form of government ..................65 Chapter 2. Fundamental rights and freedoms ..................................66 Chapter 3. The Riksdag ...................................................................72 5 Chapter 4. The work of the Riksdag ................................................75 Chapter 5. The Head of State ...........................................................77 Chapter 6. The Government ............................................................78 Chapter 7. The work of the Government .........................................79 Chapter 8. Acts of law and other provisions ....................................80 Chapter 9. Financial power ..............................................................85 Chapter 10. International relations ..................................................87 Chapter 11. Administration of justice .............................................90 Chapter 12. Administration..............................................................92 Chapter 13. Parliamentary control ...................................................94 Chapter 14. Local authorities...........................................................96 Chapter 15. War and danger of war .................................................96 Transitional provisions ..................................................................100 The Riksdag Act (2014:801) ..................................................................103 Chapter 1. Introductory provisions ................................................103 Chapter 2. Elections to the Riksdag...............................................104 Chapter 3. Riksdag sessions ..........................................................104 Chapter 4. Direction and planning of the work of the Riksdag .....106 Chapter 5. The members of the Riksdag .......................................108 Chapter 6. The Chamber ................................................................110 Chapter 7. The Riksdag committees and the Committee
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Synopsis of the Meeting Held in Strasbourg on 21 January 2013
    BUREAU OF THE ASSEMBLY AS/Bur/CB (2013) 01 21 January 2013 TO THE MEMBERS OF THE ASSEMBLY Synopsis of the meeting held in Strasbourg on 21 January 2013 The Bureau of the Assembly, meeting on 21 January 2013 in Strasbourg, with Mr Jean-Claude Mignon, President of the Assembly, in the Chair, as regards: - First part-session of 2013 (Strasbourg, 21-25 January 2013): i. Requests for debates under urgent procedure and current affairs debates: . decided to propose to the Assembly to hold a debate under urgent procedure on “Migration and asylum: mounting tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean” on Thursday 24 January 2013 and to refer this item to the Committee on Migration, Refugees and Displaced Persons for report; . decided to propose to the Assembly to hold the debate under urgent procedure on “Recent developments in Mali and Algeria and the threat to security and human rights in the Mediterranean region” on Thursday 24 January 2013 and to refer this item to the Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy for report; . decided not to hold a current affairs debate on “The deteriorating situation in Georgia”; . took note of the decision by the UEL Group to withdraw its request for a current affairs debate on “Political developments in Turkey regarding the human rights of the Kurds and other minorities”; ii. Draft agenda: updated the draft agenda; - Progress report of the Bureau of the Assembly and of the Standing Committee (5 October 2012 – 21 January 2013): (Rapporteur: Mr Kox, Netherlands, UEL): approved the Progress report; - Election observation: i. Presidential election in Armenia (18 February 2013): took note of the press release issued by the pre-electoral mission (Yerevan, 15-18 January 2013) and approved the final composition of the ad hoc committee to observe these elections (Appendix 1); ii.
    [Show full text]
  • Pomerania in the Medieval and Renaissance Cartography – from the Cottoniana to Eilhard Lubinus
    Pomerania in the Medieval and Renaissance Cartography… STUDIA MARITIMA, vol. XXXIII (2020) | ISSN 0137-3587 | DOI: 10.18276/sm.2020.33-04 Adam Krawiec Faculty of Historical Studies Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-3936-5037 Pomerania in the Medieval and Renaissance Cartography – from the Cottoniana to Eilhard Lubinus Keywords: Pomerania, Duchy of Pomerania, medieval cartography, early modern cartography, maritime cartography The following paper deals with the question of the cartographical image of Pomer- ania. What I mean here are maps in the modern sense of the word, i.e. Graphic rep- resentations that facilitate a spatial understanding of things, concepts, conditions, processes, or events in the human world1. It is an important reservation because the line between graphic and non-graphic representations of the Earth’s surface in the Middle Ages was sometimes blurred, therefore the term mappamundi could mean either a cartographic image or a textual geographical description, and in some cases it functioned as an equivalent of the modern term “Geography”2. Consequently, there’s a tendency in the modern historiography to analyze both forms of the geographical descriptions together. However, the late medieval and early modern developments in the perception and re-constructing of the space led to distinguishing cartography as an autonomous, full-fledged discipline of knowledge, and to the general acceptance of the map in the modern sense as a basic form of presentation of the world’s surface. Most maps which will be examined in the paper were produced in this later period, so it seems justified to analyze only the “real” maps, although in a broader context of the geographical imaginations.
    [Show full text]
  • Spotlight on Parliaments in Europe
    Spotlight on Parliaments in Europe Issued by the EP Directorate for Relations with National Parliaments N° 13 - November 2016 Quality of legislation stemming from the EU On 19 September 2016, the Italian Senate submitted a request to the ECPRD network concerning the quality of legislation stemming from the EU. This request was an opportunity for National Parliaments to exchange best practices on how to ensure the quality of legislation with specific regard to transposition, implementation and enforcement of EU law. From the 21 answers provided by National Parliaments it is clear that transposition and implementation of EU Law is highly unlikely to require special attention. While almost all of them are using legislative guidelines and procedures for guaranteeing high standard of general law-making, only a few have felt the need to establish special mechanisms to ensure the quality of legislation stemming from the EU. The use of legislative guidelines and procedures; the main way to ensure the quality of legislation stemming from the EU. The use of legislative guidelines and procedures appears to be the most common way for National Parliaments to ensure the quality of legislation, also the legislation stemming from the EU. It allows for good linguistic coherence in the national languages while enhancing the standardization of the law. For example, in the case of Austria, the Federal Chancellery has published specific “Legistische Richtlinien”. In Spain, the instrument used is the Regulation Guidelines adopted in the Agreement of the Council of Ministers of 22 July 2005. Both Italian Chambers use Joint Guidelines on drafting of national legislation.
    [Show full text]
  • Elections Act the Elections Act (1997:157) (1997:157) 2 the Elections Act Chapter 1
    The Elections Act the elections act (1997:157) (1997:157) 2 the elections act Chapter 1. General Provisions Section 1 This Act applies to elections to the Riksdag, to elections to county council and municipal assemblies and also to elections to the European Parliament. In connection with such elections the voters vote for a party with an option for the voter to express a preference for a particular candidate. Who is entitled to vote? Section 2 A Swedish citizen who attains the age of 18 years no later than on the election day and who is resident in Sweden or has once been registered as resident in Sweden is entitled to vote in elections to the Riksdag. These provisions are contained in Chapter 3, Section 2 of the Instrument of Government. Section 3 A person who attains the age of 18 years no later than on the election day and who is registered as resident within the county council is entitled to vote for the county council assembly. A person who attains the age of 18 years no later than on the election day and who is registered as resident within the municipality is entitled to vote for the municipal assembly. Citizens of one of the Member States of the European Union (Union citizens) together with citizens of Iceland or Norway who attain the age of 18 years no later than on the election day and who are registered as resident in Sweden are entitled to vote in elections for the county council and municipal assembly. 3 the elections act Other aliens who attain the age of 18 years no later than on the election day are entitled to vote in elections to the county council and municipal assembly if they have been registered as resident in Sweden for three consecutive years prior to the election day.
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 and Democracy
    Date: Tuesday, September 15, 2020 COVID-19 and Democracy: Time: Can parliaments come to the rescue? 8:00 am - 9:30 am AZT The Inter-Parliamentary Union and the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory at 11:00 am - 12:30 pm EST Arizona State University are co-hosting an informal panel debate for International Day 5:00 pm - 6:30 pm CET of Democracy. Can parliaments learn from the past six months to become stronger and more effective institutions that impose checks and balances on executive powers to better serve the people? _FREE REGISTRATION : Gabriela Cuevas Barron was elected in 2017 as the 29th President of https://na.eventscloud.c the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). She is the youngest President of the IPU and the second woman to hold the post. Gabriela Cuevas Barron has been in politics for om/573074 the last 20 years. She was a senator from September 2012 to July 2018 and now holds a seat in the Chamber of Deputies. She was the Chairperson of the Foreign Relations Committee, which is responsible for the analysis of Mexico’s foreign policy. She has worked to promote laws on human rights, gender equality, the fight Also with: against corruption, transparency and environmental protection and is particularly active on the human rights of migrants and the protection of children. Michelle Bachelet is a teenage climate activist based in New York City and one of Xiye Bastida is the current the lead organizers of the youth climate justice movement. Xiye was born and United Nations raised in Mexico as part of the Otomi-Toltec Indigenous Peoples and holds that High Commissioner philosophy and value-system for caring for Mother Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Constitutional Court Judgment No. 5/1981, of February 13 (Unofficial Translation)
    Constitutional Court Judgment No. 5/1981, of February 13 (Unofficial translation) The Plenum of the Constitutional Court, comprising the Senior Judges Manuel García-Pelayo y Alonso, Chairman, Jerónimo Arozamena Sierra, Angel Latorre Segura, Manuel Díez de Velasco Vallejo, Francisco Rubio Llorente, Gloria Begué Cantón, Luis Díez-Picazo y Ponce de León, Francisco Tomás y Valiente, Rafael Gómez-Ferrer Morant, Angel Escudero del Corral, Antonio Truyol Serra and Placido Fernández Viagas, has ruled IN THE NAME OF THE KING the following J U D G M E N T In the unconstitutionality appeal against various precepts of the Organic Law 5/1980 of 19 June regulating the Schools Statute proposed by sixty four Senators and represented by the Commissioner T.Q.S.F.C., in which the State Attorney entered an appearance representing the government and with Francisco Tomás y Valiente acting as Rapporteur with the proviso indicated in paragraph 1.15. Conclusions of Law 1. The State Attorney claims the inadmissibility of the appeal on the grounds that the Commissioner appointed by the Senators in this appeal assumes, in virtue of art. 82.1 of the OLCC, their representation, however he cannot also take on its legal direction on which the aforementioned precept is “silent”. In the light of this silence, the State Attorney considers that the norm contained in art. 81.1 of the same Law is applicable, according to which “ad litem representative” and legal director are two distinct persons”. Furthermore, the Government representative bases his argument on the text of art. 864 of the Organic Law of the Judiciary which, according to the State Attorney “prohibits … the simultaneous performance of the duties of legal counsel and the activities of court agent”.
    [Show full text]
  • Training and Simulation
    Food for thought 05-2021 Training and Simulation Written by AN EXPERTISE FORUM CONTRIBUTING TO EUROPEAN CONTRIBUTING TO FORUM AN EXPERTISE SINCE 1953 ARMIES INTEROPERABILITY the Research team of Finabel European Army Interoperability Center This study was written under the guidance of the Swedish presidency, headed by MG Engelbrektson, Commander of the Swedish Army. Special thanks go out to all ex- perts providing their insights on the topic, including but not limited too: MAJ Ulrik Hansson-Mild, Mr Henrik Reimer, SSG Joel Gustafsson, Mr Per Hagman, Robert Wilsson, MAJ Björn Lahger and SGM Anders Jakobsson.This study was drawn up by the Research team of Finabel over the course of a few months, including: Cholpon Abdyraeva, Paolo d'Alesio, Florinda Artese, Yasmine Benchekroun, Antoine Decq, Luca Dilda, Enzo Falsanisi, Vlad Melnic, Oliver Noyan, Milan Storms, Nadine Azi- hane, Dermot Nolan under the guidance of Mr Mario Blokken, Director of the Per- manent Secretariat. This Food for Thought paper is a document that gives an initial reflection on the theme. The content is not reflecting the positions of the member states but consists of elements that can initiate and feed the discussions and analyses in the domain of the theme. All our studies are available on www.finabel.org TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Data Utilisation, the Need for Standardisation and Obstacles 33 Cultural Interoperability 4 Introduction 33 Introduction 4 9. What is Data? 34 1. Exercises as Means to 10. Political Aspects: National Deter Opposition 5 Interests vs. Interoperability 34 2. Current Trends in SBT 13 11. Data Interoperability 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Government Review of Sweden Towards a Data-Driven Public Sector
    Digital Government Review of Sweden Towards a Data-driven Public Sector Key findings Revised version – October 2018 Contents 1. BACKGROUND 1 2. STRENGTHENING THE INSTITUTIONAL GOVERNANCE FOR DIGITAL GOVERNMENT IN SWEDEN 6 3. LEVERAGING DATA FOR PUBLIC SECTOR DIGITAL INNOVATION AND INTELLIGENCE 14 4. OPEN GOVERNMENT DATA IN SWEDEN: From transparency to proactive openness, user engagement and public value co-creation 18 BIBLIOGRAPHY 24 NOTES 24 OECD Digital Government and Open Data Unit Digital Government Project KEY FINDINGS KEY DIGITAL GOVERNMENT REVIEW OF SWEDEN 1. Background The OECD Digital Government Review of Sweden builds on The OECD Recommendation on Digital Government Strategies the experience and knowledge acquired by the Reform contains twelve key recommendations grouped in three of the Public Sector Division of the OECD Directorate for main pillars (Figure 1.1) to support countries in realising the Public Governance through similar projects conducted digital transformation of the public sector, and therefore over the past 15 years in a number of OECD member and serves as an overall analytical framework for this review. partner countries. The Recommendation was adopted by the Council in 2014, and applies to all the OECD member countries, as well as to The Review also draws upon the close collaboration non-OECD members that proactively adhere to it. between the OECD and the Swedish Government, including the participation of Sweden in the OECD The aim of the Digital Government Review is to assist the Working Party of Digital Government Officials (E-Leaders), Swedish government in its efforts to take the full benefits of the OECD Expert Group on Open Government Data, digital technologies and data to boost public sector intelligence and the 2016 OECD comparative project on Digital and act as a platform for public value co-creation and Government Strategies for Transforming Public Services sustained public trust.
    [Show full text]
  • Stare Decisis
    1974] A PROPER LAW OF TORTS 101 A. PROPER LAW OF TORTS IN THE CONFLICT OF LAWS* PETER J. M. LOWN** The subfect examined by this thesis is the conflicts rules which should be applied to determine liability in tort actions, and the question of whether or not a "proper law" approach could be adopted in this particular area. It is submitted, in Section I, that changing circumstances and changing theoretical bases for conflict of laws, are reasons for a fresh look at the area of torts in the conflict of laws. Moreover it is submitted, in Section II, that such a fresh look should be firmly based on funda­ mental policies of conflict of laws generally, such as the absence of forum-shopping, the convenience of the parties and the achieving of a uniform result whatever the forum of a particular action, The existing rules are examined in the light of their application to the varying circumstances which can arise in tort actions. In addition a critical examination of the existing rules is attempted, in respect of the require­ ments of identifying the locus delicti, and whether the existing rules relate to choice of law or furisdictional questions. The "prorer law" concept is suggested as a solution to the problems arising from this critica examination, and is buttressed by the operation and use of such a concept in other areas of the law, such as contracts and recognition of foreign divorce decrees. Since the "proper law" approach has been adopted in the United States, it is necessary to examine the experience in those jurisdictions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Racist Legacy in Modern Swedish Saami Policy1
    THE RACIST LEGACY IN MODERN SWEDISH SAAMI POLICY1 Roger Kvist Department of Saami Studies Umeå University S-901 87 Umeå Sweden Abstract/Resume The Swedish national state (1548-1846) did not treat the Saami any differently than the population at large. The Swedish nation state (1846- 1971) in practice created a system of institutionalized racism towards the nomadic Saami. Saami organizations managed to force the Swedish welfare state to adopt a policy of ethnic tolerance beginning in 1971. The earlier racist policy, however, left a strong anti-Saami rights legacy among the non-Saami population of the North. The increasing willingness of both the left and the right of Swedish political life to take advantage of this racist legacy, makes it unlikely that Saami self-determination will be realized within the foreseeable future. L'état suédois national (1548-1846) n'a pas traité les Saami d'une manière différente de la population générale. L'Etat de la nation suédoise (1846- 1971) a créé en pratique un système de racisme institutionnalisé vers les Saami nomades. Les organisations saamies ont réussi à obliger l'Etat- providence suédois à adopter une politique de tolérance ethnique à partir de 1971. Pourtant, la politique précédente de racisme a fait un legs fort des droits anti-saamis parmi la population non-saamie du nord. En con- séquence de l'empressement croissant de la gauche et de la droite de la vie politique suédoise de profiter de ce legs raciste, il est peu probable que l'autodétermination soit atteinte dans un avenir prévisible. 204 Roger Kvist Introduction In 1981 the Supreme Court of Sweden stated that the Saami right to reindeer herding, and adjacent rights to hunting and fishing, was a form of private property.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Learning, Fast and Slow: Market-Oriented Reforms of Czech and Polish Healthcare Policy, 1989-2009
    Policy Learning, Fast and Slow: Market-Oriented Reforms of Czech and Polish Healthcare Policy, 1989-2009 Tamara Popić Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Political and Social Sciences of the European University Institute Florence, 24 November 2014 (defence) European University Institute Department of Political and Social Sciences Policy Learning, Fast and Slow: Market-Oriented Reforms of Czech and Polish Healthcare Policy, 1989-2009 Tamara Popić Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Political and Social Sciences of the European University Institute Examining Board Prof Sven Steinmo, EUI (Supervisor) Prof László Bruszt, EUI Prof Ana Marta Guillén Rodríguez, University of Oviedo Prof Ellen Immergut, Humboldt University Berlin © Popić, 2014 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Abstract What determines the pace of policy innovation and change? Why, in other words, do policy makers in some countries innovate faster than in others? This thesis challenges conventional explanations, according to which policy change occurs in response to class conflict, partisan preferences, power of professional groups, or institutional and policy legacies. The thesis instead argues that different paths of policy change can be best explained by the different learning processes by which policy makers develop ideas for new policies in reaction to old policies. The thesis draws upon both ideational and institutional streams of literature on policy change, and develops its argument that policy change, understood as a learning process, is a result of interactions between three different, yet interdependent factors – ideas, interests and institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Arbitral Law-Making
    Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 25 Issue 4 2004 Arbitral Law-Making Thomas E. Carbonneau Penn State Dickinson School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Commons, Litigation Commons, and the Transnational Law Commons Recommended Citation Thomas E. Carbonneau, Arbitral Law-Making, 25 MICH. J. INT'L L. 1183 (2004). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol25/iss4/20 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARBITRAL LAW-MAKING Thomas E. Carbonneau* I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1183 II. THE FOIBLES OF MUNICIPAL ADJUDICATION ......................... 1187 III. THE ARBITRAL SOLUTION ...................................................... 1195 IV. THE ARBITRAL LEGAL CULTURE ........................................... 1199 V. THE ARBITRAL LEX MERCATORIA .......................................... 1202 VI. PROSPECTIVE ARBITRAL PRACTICE ......................................... 1206 I. INTRODUCTION Diversity--of a cultural, economic, religious, and political kind--exists not only among nation-states and in the sources and interpretation
    [Show full text]