DOCSLIB.ORG

The Insula of the Paintings at Ostia 1.4.2–4 Paradigm for a City in Flux1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Insula of the Paintings at Ostia 1.4.2–4 Paradigm for a City in Flux1 5 The Insula of the Paintings at Ostia 1.4.2–4 Paradigm for a city in flux1 Janet DeLaine Introduction The life of a city is complex and ever changing, but archaeological and particularly structural evidence by its nature often tends to represent urban development as a series of static tableaux. Ostia is a case in point, despite the fact that here, as at Pompeii, we are dealing with a city more than two-thirds laid bare by excavation. Although the city existed for some 13 centuries, the fabric is predominantly that of the 2nd century AD, with some 3rd and 4th century buildings of note and pockets of construction going back to the original castrum walls of the 4th century BC; as a result we tend to assign all aspects of its development into a very few broad phases—five or six at the most—lasting several generations, while forgetting the dynamics of change which conspired to bring it about. Thanks to Russell Meiggs’s heroic work of synthesis, the overall picture is familiar;2 what eludes us are the nuances of the changing city, the city in flux. Meiggs himself was aware that the picture he presented was painted with a broad brush on a coarse canvas; when discussing the changes in the 4th century AD, his comment that “if we were better informed we should see a more complex picture” (p. 96) could be applied to almost any aspect and almost any period of Ostian life. My intention here is to trace the changing nature of one structure, the Insula of the Paintings (1.4.2–4, Fig. 5.1), against the accepted outline of Ostian history from its earliest days into the 4th century AD. Built as a single unit in the 130s AD at the height of Ostia’s expansion, the complex consists of three self- contained apartments—the twin Houses of the Paintings and of the Infant Bacchus, and the House of Jove and Ganymede—and a large garden; the joint and several lives of these apartments can be traced right through to the 4th century and beyond. In addition, thanks mainly to limited excavation below the floor of the imperial building, it is possible to trace the history of the site back at least to the 1st century BC, and beyond that to the 4th century since the House of Jove and Ganymede lies over the line of the old castrum wall. Here then is an opportunity, rare enough in Ostia, to trace the development of a single site over some 700 to 800 years. A small number of studies, notably the excavation of the 84 THE INSULA OF THE PAINTINGS AT OSTIA 1.4.2–4 Figure 5. 1 Insula 1.4, ground plan, final state. Baths of the Swimmer and the Dutch programme of documentation and analysis of the House of the Porch and the rest of Insula V.2, have shown the potential gains from such an exercise.3 By concentrating on the multiplicity of minor changes, rarely in themselves datable with any kind of accuracy, within a framework of a few major building phases, it is possible to highlight the rôle of the incidental and individual elements within the more sedate sweep of the city’s changing fortunes. Often the small changes—the blocking of a door here, the opening of a door there—are our only guide to changes in property usage and property boundaries, and this is particularly important in the context of private building. Indeed, such signs of frequent alterations and adaptations of pre- existing buildings often provide the major evidence for the continued vitality of the urban environment in periods not distinguished by extensive new constructions. The location of the Insula of the Paintings is an added attraction. Lying between the north wall of the castrum and the Tiber just east of the Cardo Maximus, close to the later forum and within a stone’s throw of the Hadrianic capitolium, the site in question must have partaken fully of the active life of the city, and shared some at least of its changing fortunes. At the same time, as we shall see, its story can hardly be considered typical for Ostia in all its details, and the accidental and idiosyncratic will serve to remind us of the non-uniform nature of the urban pattern. From the point of view of documentation—always a problem at Ostia—the insula is also an excellent subject for such an analysis. While a great deal of what follows is based on a new and detailed survey of the existing remains, much detail has been lost through decay since the original excavations and all evidence for the earlier and later phases can of course come only from excavation reports. In this we are relatively fortunate. Although the excavations conducted in the PREHISTORY 85 north and the southwest corner of the site between 1878 and 1905 were at best haphazard and poorly recorded, the major campaign carried out under the direction of Guido Calza between 1915 and 1919 was a vast improvement. An account of the excavations was published in some detail, including the late phase when the ground floor of the block was deliberately filled in and the ground level raised by several metres, and the excavation daybook (the Giornale degli Scavi) provides invaluable supplementary material.4 Because of the height of the surviving structure (to the start of the third-floor level in the south part of the site) the Insula of the Paintings was much studied as an exemplar of the Roman insula and its place in the development of domestic architecture in Italy.5 The well preserved wall-paintings, one of them bearing a convenient graffito giving a terminus ante quem in the reign of Commodus, ensured a continuing scholarly interest in the complex and in dating the paintings it contained.6 If the excavations of the 1960s, carried out when some of the mosaics in the House of Jove and Ganymede were lifted for repair, still await formal publication, enough information has emerged to show phases going back at least to the early 1st century BC.7 Needless to say, gaps do remain in the record, especially for the early and late phases, and there are problems in interpretation. Nevertheless there is sufficient material to make a reassessment worthwhile. Prehistory As we have already noted, the earliest activity which can be assumed on the site of the later insula is the building of the castrum wall. The line of this runs just south of the north wall of Rm 29 in the House of Jove and Ganymede (Fig. 5.1), while the Via di Diana which forms the southern boundary of the block is a survival of the inner pomerial road. Although the outer pomerial road on the north side of the castrum does not survive, a reflection of it may possibly be seen in the north boundary of the House of Jove and Ganymede and the passage (Rm 22) into the communal garden.8 Thus the whole of the area on which the House of Jove and Ganymede was later built would have been free from any structures except the wall (and just possibly an agger 9 ) until its defensive rôle was no longer required, according to Meiggs not earlier than the early 2nd century BC, although the excavations in the taberna of the invidiosus (V.5.1) may allow this date to be pushed back into the second half of the 3rd century.10 No trace of the castrum wall is mentioned in the brief account of the excavations carried out in the House of Jove and Ganymede (Rms 24, 25, 29) during the 1960s published by Squarciapino.11 The earliest identified structure consists of a couple of walls in opus quasi-reticulatum, dated vaguely to the 1st century BC, although the construction technique would fit better in the earlier part of the century, if not the late 2nd.12 Squarciapino suggested that the structure may have been related to the corn supply; certainly a building of commercial character would suit both what little of the structure was uncovered and the location between the river harbour and the town. The north wall of this structure seems to 86 THE INSULA OF THE PAINTINGS AT OSTIA 1.4.2–4 respect the boundary of the presumed outer pomerial road, but there is simply no evidence to indicate whether there were other buildings between here and the Tiber at this date. On the other hand, the diagonal north boundary of the whole block (north wall of 1.4.4, Rm l; south wall of I.4.5) appears to run parallel to a much earlier road leading to the Tiber mouth and bypassing the castrum.13 The continuation of this alignment strongly suggests that property boundaries at least had been fixed long before the early Hadrianic reorganization of the area, quite probably by the 1st century BC. The next event in the structural development of the site was the demolition of the quasi-reticulate building and its replacement by a court, identified by paving and a surface gutter in tufa leading into a drain, with associated traces of minor walls. To this was later added what may have been a perimeter wall in brick-faced concrete, perhaps already fixing the west boundary of the insula, while it is clear that the court now extended further north than the House of Jove and Ganymede. The construction of this wall should be no earlier than the late Augustan period,14 giving a maximum chronological range for the phase from Sulla to the Julio-Claudians.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)
    Impact of Empire 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd i 5-4-2007 8:35:52 Impact of Empire Editorial Board of the series Impact of Empire (= Management Team of the Network Impact of Empire) Lukas de Blois, Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin, Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt, Elio Lo Cascio, Michael Peachin John Rich, and Christian Witschel Executive Secretariat of the Series and the Network Lukas de Blois, Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn and John Rich Radboud University of Nijmegen, Erasmusplein 1, P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected] Academic Board of the International Network Impact of Empire geza alföldy – stéphane benoist – anthony birley christer bruun – john drinkwater – werner eck – peter funke andrea giardina – johannes hahn – fik meijer – onno van nijf marie-thérèse raepsaet-charlier – john richardson bert van der spek – richard talbert – willem zwalve VOLUME 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd ii 5-4-2007 8:35:52 The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476) Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 B.C. – A.D. 476) Capri, March 29 – April 2, 2005 Edited by Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio With the Aid of Olivier Hekster & Gerda de Kleijn LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • Centurions, Quarries, and the Emperor
    Comp. by: C. Vijayakumar Stage : Revises1 ChapterID: 0002507155 Date:5/5/15 Time:11:37:24 Filepath://ppdys1122/BgPr/OUP_CAP/IN/Process/0002507155.3d View metadata,Dictionary : OUP_UKdictionarycitation and similar 289 papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – REVISES, 5/5/2015,provided SPi by University of Liverpool Repository 16 Centurions, Quarries, and the Emperor Alfred M. Hirt INTRODUCTION The impact of Rome on the exploitation of natural resources remains highly visible in the many ancient stone and marble quarries dotting the landscape of the former empire. Not only do they reveal the techniques employed in separating the marble or granite from the rock face, the distribution of their output can still be traced. The progressively more scientific determination of type and origin of these stones used in sacred and profane architecture of the Roman Empire reveals an increasingly detailed image of the distributive patterns of coloured stones. Even so, the analysis of these patterns stays vexed: the written sources are frightfully mute on the core issues, expressly on the emperor’s role in the quarrying industry and his impact on the marble trade. Scholarly discourse has oscillated between two positions: John Ward- Perkins argued that by the mid-first century AD all ‘principal’ quarries were ‘nationalized’, i.e. put under imperial control and leased out to contractors for rent; the quarries were a source of revenue for the emperor, the distribution of its output driven by commercial factors.1 Clayton Fant, however, offered a different view: the emperor monopolized the use of coloured and white marbles and their sources not for profit, but for ‘prestige’, consolidating his position as unchallenged patron and benefactor of the empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Untitled Report in Bulletin Archéologique Du Comité Des Travaux Historiques, 282–4
    ROME’S IMPERIAL ECONOMY This page intentionally left blank Rome’s Imperial Economy Twelve Essays W. V. HARRIS 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © W. V. Harris 2011 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Library of Congress Control Number 2010943332 Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn ISBN 978–0–19–959516–7 13579108642 to my Columbia students This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface ix List of Maps xi Abbreviations xii Introduction 1 PART I.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Roman Frontier1
    Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Impact of Empire Roman Empire, c. 200 B.C.–A.D. 476 Edited by Olivier Hekster (Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) Editorial Board Lukas de Blois Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt Elio Lo Cascio Michael Peachin John Rich Christian Witschel VOLUME 21 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/imem Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Edited by Daniëlle Slootjes and Michael Peachin LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016036673 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1572-0500 isbn 978-90-04-32561-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-32675-0 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print t>leedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6’ x 9” black arxf white photographic prints are available for any pfiotographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI TRADE IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN, 100-700 AD: THE CERAMIC EVIDENCE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robert Scott Moore, M.A., B.A. The Ohio State University 2000 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Timothy E.
    [Show full text]
  • True History of Christianity Part1
    ““JohnJohn SmithSmith”” TheThe TrueTrue HistoryHistory ofof ChristianityChristianity LLet him who seeks continue seeking until he finds. When he finds, he will become troubled. When he becomes troubled, he will be astonished ... Jesus said ... For nothing hidden will not become manifest, and nothing covered will remain without being uncovered. The apocryphal Gospel of Thomas, a 4th Century ‘heretical’ text discovered at Nag Hammadi, Egypt, in 1945. MMany others, who oppose the truth and are the messengers of error, will set up their error ... thinking that good and evil are from one (source) ... but those of this sort will be cast into the outer darkness. From the Apocalypse of Peter, also found at Nag Hammadi. “Jesus said, ... For there are five trees for you in Paradise which remain undisturbed summer and winter and whose leaves do not fall. Whoever becomes acquainted with them will not experience death”. The apocryphal Gospel of Thomas II:19, also found at Nag Hammadi. The True History of Christianity “John Smith” 2005 4 The True History of Christianity DEDICATIONS This book is dedicated to a number of individuals who played an important part in this project - Firstly, no greater thanks can go to my family who patiently waited 10 years while their dad finished this book, and to my folks for their assistance when the going was really tough. Thanks also to the idiot who undid my wheel nuts (almost wiping out an entire family), not to mention the vile piece of of filth who cut through my brake hose causing my vehicle to spin out of control.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Dictionary of Architecture
    ARTS • ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts, No. 29 PALMER HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF Architecture, which can be understood in its most basic sense as a form of enclosure created with an aesthetic intent, first made its appearance in the Prehistoric Age. From its earliest developments, architecture changed over time and in different cultures in response to changing cultural needs, aesthetic interests, materials, and techniques. Architecture The Historical Dictionary of Architecture provides information on architects HISTORICAL such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Tadao Ando, Leon Battista Alberti, Filippo DICTIONARY Brunelleschi, Michelangelo, and Konstantin Stepanovich Melnikov, as well as OF A on famous structures such as the Acropolis, the Colosseum, the Forbidden City, Machu Pichu, Notre Dame, the Pyramids of Giza, Stonehenge, and the World Trade Center. The dictionary examines the development of architecture rchitecture over the centuries through a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on the major architects, well-known buildings, time periods, styles, building types, and materials in world architecture. Allison Lee Palmer is professor of art history at the University of Oklahoma. For orders and information please contact the publisher SCARECROW PRESS, INC. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5821-3 Lanham, Maryland 20706 ISBN-10: 0-8108-5821-5 1-800-462-6420 • fax 717-794-3803 ALLISON LEE PALMER www.scarecrowpress.com COVER IMAGE © SCPHOTOS / ALAMY HD Architecture.indd 1 8/11/08 11:16:24 AM Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Empire Strikes: the Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C
    The Empire Strikes: The Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C. – A.D. 68 A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics of the College of Arts and Sciences by David Schwei M.A., University of Cincinnati, December 2012 B.A., Emory University, May 2009 Committee Chairs: Peter van Minnen, Ph.D Barbara Burrell, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Coins permeated the Roman Empire, and they offer a unique perspective into the ability of the Roman state to implement its decisions in Italy and the provinces. This dissertation examines how this ability changed and grew over time, between 60 B.C. and A.D. 68, as seen through coin production. Earlier scholars assumed that the mint at Rome always produced coinage for the entire empire, or they have focused on a sudden change under Augustus. Recent advances in catalogs, documentation of coin hoards, and metallurgical analyses allow a fuller picture to be painted. This dissertation integrates the previously overlooked coinages of Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt with the denarius of the Latin West. In order to measure the development of the Roman state’s infrastructural power, this dissertation combines the anthropological ideal types of hegemonic and territorial empires with the numismatic method of detecting coordinated activity at multiple mints. The Roman state exercised its power over various regions to different extents, and it used its power differently over time. During the Republic, the Roman state had low infrastructural minting capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Ashmolean Non-Monumental Latin Inscriptions
    30-Apr-19 Ashmolean Non-Monumental Latin Inscriptions BRICKSTAMPS AshLI 178 TN1864 Brickstamp Description A large complete rectangular brick, with a stamp in hollowed retrograde letters on two lines. Dimensions • Letters: line 1, h., 0.027; line 2, h., 0.025 • Brick: h., 0.223; w., 0.233; d., 0.038 Text VIN PAN SVL/ PI Vin(ici) Pan(tagathi) Sul(picianum)/Pi(---) Translation ‘Sulpician product of Vinicius Pantagathus. Pi(---)’ Photograph • ASHLI Apparatus Date • AD c.120 (Steinby 1974-75: p.91) Collection history This stamp has a temporary accession number (and object barcode ODS9-3396), and is found in storage box CDS9-345. No further information about its provenance is available. Historical notes This stamp belongs to the same series as CIL XV 565, stamps from the figlianae Sulpicianae. In other examples, the second line of the stamp contains the initials of one of his workmen: PI is otherwise unknown. Bibliography Editions Unpublished. Works cited • Steinby, M. (1974-75) ‘La cronologia delle figlinae doliari urbane’, Bullettino della commissione archeologica comunale di Roma 84: 25-132 1 30-Apr-19 AshLI 179 1872.1482(1) (no.364) Brickstamp, Portus Description A circular, orbicular stamp, slightly damaged, with a large orbiculus extending into the central section of the stamp. There is one line of text around the edge of the stamp, and in the centre is a canine animal (interpreted by Dressel 1891 as a wolf, whilst Lanciani 1868: p.174 considered it to be a dog), walking to the right, with one front paw raised. It seems likely that it should be viewed as a wolf (lupus), punning upon the name of its producer (Bodel 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Roman and Medieval Coins Found in Scotland, 2006–10 | 227
    Proc Soc Antiq Scot 143 (2013), 227–263ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 2006–10 | 227 Roman and medieval coins found in Scotland, 2006–10 J D Bateson* and N M McQ Holmes† ABSTRACT &RLQVDQGRWKHUQXPLVPDWLFÀQGVIURPORFDWLRQVDFURVV6FRWODQGDUHOLVWHGDQGGLVFXVVHG INTRODUCTION alphabetically by location. The type of site is included for the Roman sites of A1, with those This survey lists those coins recovered and on the Antonine Wall preceded by AW, eg ‘AW reported between January 2006 and December fort’. WRJHWKHU ZLWK D IHZ HDUOLHU ÀQGV ZKLFK The medieval catalogue covers all issues have not been included in earlier papers in from the Anglo-Saxon period to the Act of this series. The catalogue and discussion cover Union in 1707. For the 17th century, all gold coins dating from the Roman period to the and silver coins are included, but the numerous Act of Union of 1707 and include all casual Scottish copper coins are not normally listed DQG PHWDOGHWHFWRU ÀQGV ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ individually. Where such coins occur as part of QRWLÀHG WR HLWKHU RI WKH DXWKRUV DV ZHOO DV assemblages containing earlier coins, this fact is KRDUGVIRXQGLQLVRODWLRQDQGDQXPEHURIÀQGV appended to the list. In the discussion section, from archaeological excavations and watching the 17th-century material is again treated EULHIV&RLQÀQGVIURPPDMRUH[FDYDWLRQVZKLFK separately. will be published elsewhere, have, on occasion, In addition to the identity of each coin, not been listed individually, but reference has the following information, where available, is been made to published or forthcoming reports. included in the catalogue: condition/weight/ The format follows that of the previous die axis/location.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Cusp of an Era
    On the Cusp of an Era BIAL-18-srinivasan_CS2.indd i 16-3-2007 14:55:12 Brill’s Inner Asian Library Editors Nicola di Cosmo Devin Deweese Caroline Humphrey VOLUME 18 BIAL-18-srinivasan_CS2.indd ii 16-3-2007 14:55:12 On the Cusp of an Era Art in the Pre-KuߧÖa World Edited by Doris Meth Srinivasan LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 BIAL-18-srinivasan_CS2.indd iii 16-3-2007 14:55:13 On the cover: Lavender Flowers near Maimana. © Luke Powell This book is printed on acid-free paper. ISSN 1566-7162 ISBN 978 90 04 15451 3 © Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands BIAL-18-srinivasan_CS2.indd iv 16-3-2007 14:55:13 CONTENTS Chapter One Pre-Kußà»a Art: A New Concept ................ 1 Doris Meth Srinivasan Chapter Two Pathways Between Gandhàra and North India during Second Century B.C.–Second Century A.D. ........................................................................ 29 Saifur Rahman Dar Chapter Three Passages to India: •aka and Kußà»a Migrations in Historical Contexts .......................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Coinage for Large Payments at Roman Sagalassos (Sw Anatolia). Combining Evidence from Historical Sources, Coin Finds
    THE USE OF COINAGE FOR LARGE PAYMENTS AT ROMAN SAGALASSOS (SW ANATOLIA). COMBINING EVIDENCE FROM HISTORICAL SOURCES, COIN FINDS AND REGIONAL HOARDS Fran Stroobants KBR – Department of Coins and Medals, Abstract: This paper wishes to analyse the use of high-value Bruxelles coinage for large payments at Sagalassos during the Roman [email protected] imperial and late Roman period. To start, two case-studies on possible contexts in which large payments could have taken place, i.e. taxation and public expenses, will be presented for DOI: 10.14795/j.v7i1_SI.496 Roman Asia Minor and the region of Sagalassos in particular. ISSN 2360 – 266X Afterwards, the article will focus on the concrete evidence that ISSN–L 2360 – 266X exists for large transactions and/or the use of high-value coinage, from both historical sources, coin finds from the excavations, and regional hoard evidence. These different material categories will afterwards be combined to analyse the role coinage might have played when large sums had to be paid by the citizens, elite or civic government at Sagalassos. Keywords: Roman Asia Minor, Sagalassos, high-value coinage, taxation, public expenses. 1. INTRODUCTION he ancient city of Sagalassos was located in the inland region of Pisidia in southwest Anatolia, a mountainous area characterized by a vibrant Tnetwork of smaller and larger cities during the Roman period. Occupation at the site of Sagalassos took place from the 5th century B.C. until the 13th century AD, after which community life came to an end. As such the site knew Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine overlords, and witnessed its heydays during Roman Imperial times.
    [Show full text]