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Historical Dictionary of Architecture

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Historical Dictionary of Architecture ARTS • ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts, No. 29 PALMER HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF Architecture, which can be understood in its most basic sense as a form of enclosure created with an aesthetic intent, first made its appearance in the Prehistoric Age. From its earliest developments, architecture changed over time and in different cultures in response to changing cultural needs, aesthetic interests, materials, and techniques. Architecture The Historical Dictionary of Architecture provides information on architects HISTORICAL such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Tadao Ando, Leon Battista Alberti, Filippo DICTIONARY Brunelleschi, Michelangelo, and Konstantin Stepanovich Melnikov, as well as OF A on famous structures such as the Acropolis, the Colosseum, the Forbidden City, Machu Pichu, Notre Dame, the Pyramids of Giza, Stonehenge, and the World Trade Center. The dictionary examines the development of architecture rchitecture over the centuries through a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on the major architects, well-known buildings, time periods, styles, building types, and materials in world architecture. Allison Lee Palmer is professor of art history at the University of Oklahoma. For orders and information please contact the publisher SCARECROW PRESS, INC. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5821-3 Lanham, Maryland 20706 ISBN-10: 0-8108-5821-5 1-800-462-6420 • fax 717-794-3803 ALLISON LEE PALMER www.scarecrowpress.com COVER IMAGE © SCPHOTOS / ALAMY HD Architecture.indd 1 8/11/08 11:16:24 AM Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. Science Fiction Literature, by Brian Stableford, 2004. 2. Hong Kong Cinema, by Lisa Odham Stokes, 2007. 3. American Radio Soap Operas, by Jim Cox, 2005. 4. Japanese Traditional Theatre, by Samuel L. Leiter, 2006. 5. Fantasy Literature, by Brian Stableford, 2005. 6. Australian and New Zealand Cinema, by Albert Moran and Errol Vieth, 2006. 7. African-American Television, by Kathleen Fearn-Banks, 2006. 8. Lesbian Literature, by Meredith Miller, 2006. 9. Scandinavian Literature and Theater, by Jan Sjåvik, 2006. 10. British Radio, by Seán Street, 2006. 11. German Theater, by William Grange, 2006. 12. African American Cinema, by S. Torriano Berry and Venise Berry, 2006. 13. Sacred Music, by Joseph P. Swain, 2006. 14. Russian Theater, by Laurence Senelick, 2007. 15. French Cinema, by Dayna Oscherwitz and MaryEllen Higgins, 2007. 16. Postmodernist Literature and Theater, by Fran Mason, 2007. 17. Irish Cinema, by Roderick Flynn and Pat Brereton, 2007. 18. Australian Radio and Television, by Albert Moran and Chris Keat- ing, 2007. 19. Polish Cinema, by Marek Haltof, 2007. 20. Old Time Radio, by Robert C. Reinehr and Jon D. Swartz, 2008. 21. Renaissance Art, by Lilian H. Zirpolo, 2008. 22. Broadway Musical, by William A. Everett and Paul R. Laird, 2008. 23. American Theater: Modernism, by James Fisher and Felicia Hardi- son Londré, 2008. 24. German Cinema, by Robert C. Reimer and Carol J. Reimer, 2008. 25. Horror Cinema, by Peter Hutchings, 2008. 26. Westerns in Cinema, by Paul Varner, 2008. 27. Chinese Theater, by Tan Ye, 2008. 28. Italian Cinema, by Gino Moliterno, 2008. 29. Architecture, by Allison Lee Palmer, 2008. Historical Dictionary of Architecture Allison Lee Palmer Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts, No. 29 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2008 SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright © 2008 by Allison Lee Palmer All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Palmer, Allison Lee, 1963– Historical dictionary of architecture / Allison Lee Palmer. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of literature and the arts ; no. 29) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5821-3 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8108-5821-5 (cloth : alk. paper) eISBN-13: 978-0-8108-6283-8 eISBN-10: 0-8108-6283-2 1. Architecture—History—Dictionaries. I. Title. NA200.P35 2008 720.9—dc22 008013926 ∞™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. To my father, Melvin Delmar Palmer Contents List of Illustrations ix Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Chronology xvii Introduction xliii THE DICTIONARY 1 Bibliography 289 About the Author 319 vii Illustrations Note: Photographs appear in the center of the book. 1. Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, England, c. 3100–1500 BC (Photo: Nancy Lee Palmer) 2. Pyramids at Giza, outside Cairo, Egypt, c. 2500 BC (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) 3. Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, 400s BC (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) 4. Colosseum, Rome, AD 72–80 (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) 5. Pantheon, Rome, AD 128 (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) 6. Angkor Wat, Angkor, Cambodia, AD 800s–1200s (Photo: Nancy Lee Palmer) 7. Anasazi “Great House” foundations, New Mexico, 900s–1400s (Photo: Allison Lee Palmer) 8. Uxmal Ceremonial Center, Mexico, 800s–1200s (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) 9. Machu Picchu, Peru, 1450s (Photo: Allison Lee Palmer) 10. Forbidden City, Beijing, 1368–1644 (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) 11. Castel del Monte, Puglia, 1240 (Photo: Allison Lee Palmer) 12. Notre Dame, Paris, 1200s (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) 13. Florence Cathedral, dome by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420s (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) 14. Saint Peter’s Church, Rome, begun 1505 (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) 15. Andrea Palladio, Villa Rotonda, Vicenza, Italy, 1560s (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) 16. Louis Le Vau, Versailles Palace, Versailles, 1660s (Photo: Nancy Lee Palmer) 17. Charles Garnier, Opéra, Paris, 1860s (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) 18. John Barry and Horace Jones, Tower Bridge, London, 1886–1894 (Photo: Allison Lee Palmer) ix x•ILLUSTRATIONS 19. Gustav Eiffel, Eiffel Tower, Paris, 1889 (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) 20. Antoní Gaudi, Parc Güell, Barcelona, 1900s–1910s (Photo: Alli- son Lee Palmer) 21. Frank Lloyd Wright, Robie House, Chicago, 1909 (Photo: Allison Lee Palmer) 22. Gerrit Rietveld, Schroeder House, Utrecht, 1924 (Photo: Allison Lee Palmer) 23. Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye, Poissy-sur-Seine, 1929 (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) 24. Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon, Empire State Building, New York, 1930s (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) 25. Le Corbusier, Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, 1955 (Photo: Dawn St. Clare) Editor’s Foreword Architecture is unquestionably one of the arts, and certainly not a lesser one, but dealing with it purely as an art would be very incomplete. For, more than other arts, it depends heavily on technology as concerns ma- terials used, construction techniques, and new technological possibili- ties in other fields. There is also a commercial aspect, as cost matters in many—if not quite all—cases. Meanwhile, broader trends in society and politics impinge on just what will be built, while aesthetic currents and even fads determine what style will be adopted. Thus a multifaceted approach is essential, one that is applied here and makes this historical dictionary particularly useful. This being said, it starts at the beginning, with Ancient Egyptian, Near Eastern, Greek and Roman architecture, and others, does not forget the middle with the Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo, and again others, and goes right up to Post- Modernist and High-Tech architecture and, yet again, others. While much of the coverage is “western,” other areas are not forgotten, such as China, India, Japan, or Mesoamerica and, for the last time, others. So it covers all the historical periods from the oldest to the most recent and all the major regions of the world. This makes the Historical Dictionary of Architecture a welcome ad- dition to the pool of information on the subject even in this age of the Internet when so much can be found on the Web. However, unlike the Web, this is all written by one person who has gone out of her way to integrate the material, so that one dictionary entry relates to another, and there are few gaps and little duplication. This is most obvious from the extensive dictionary section, which covers the periods and styles men- tioned above, and the various regions, and also has entries on notable architects, landmark buildings, technical terms, and various building materials. The progression over time and to some extent geographically xi xii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD can be traced in the chronology, which also refers readers to specific en- tries. Meanwhile, the introduction puts architecture in its broader con- text, and is worthwhile reading in its own right but also as a preliminary to looking up dictionary entries. The bibliography then directs readers to other sources of literature on the topic and even to some websites where further information can be found. This book was written by Allison Lee Palmer, who is an associate professor of art history at the University of Oklahoma, a place where ar- chitecture is particularly appreciated. There she teaches in the School of Art, giving courses on Renaissance art through the art of the 18th cen- tury. Obviously she has a specialization, which is Renaissance and Baroque art, on which she has written extensively. This is quite normal for an academic. What is less so is that she has such a broad view of ar- chitecture that in this book she can cover the whole field competently, a less common achievement in this age of academic specialization.
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