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Elettaria Cardamomum (Cardamom)

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Elettaria Cardamomum (Cardamom) Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 2008. Predicting Invasive Plants in Florida using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Invasive Plant Science and Management 1: 178-195. Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) Question number Question Answer Score 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0 1.02 Has the species become naturalised where grown? 1.03 Does the species have weedy races? 2.01 Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- 2 high) 2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) 2.04 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation n 0 2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its y natural range? 3.01 Naturalized beyond native range y 0 3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n 0 3.03 Weed of agriculture n 0 3.04 Environmental weed n 0 3.05 Congeneric weed n 0 4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 0 4.02 Allelopathic n 0 4.03 Parasitic n 0 4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals 4.05 Toxic to animals n 0 4.06 Host for recognised pests and pathogens y 1 4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 0 4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 0 4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle ? 4.1 Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining ? soils) 4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit n 0 4.12 Forms dense thickets n 0 5.01 Aquatic n 0 1 5.02 Grass n 0 5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0 5.04 Geophyte 6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.02 Produces viable seed y 1 6.03 Hybridizes naturally 6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic n -1 6.05 Requires specialist pollinators n 0 6.06 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y 1 6.07 Minimum generative time (years) 7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 1 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n -1 7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n -1 7.05 Propagules water dispersed n -1 7.06 Propagules bird dispersed 7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n -1 7.08 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) 8.01 Prolific seed production n -1 8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) n -1 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides 8.04 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation 8.05 Effective natural enemies present in Florida, or east of the continental divide Total Score -1 *Used secondary screen from: Daehler, C. C., J.L. Denslow, S. Ansari, and H. Kuo. 2004. A risk assessment system for screening Outcome Accept* out harmful invasive pest plants from Hawaii’s and other Pacific islands. Conserv. Biol. 18: 360-368. 2 section # questions answered satisfy minimum? A 7 yes B 9 yes C 14 yes total 30 yes Data collected 2006-2007 Question number Reference Source data 1.01 widely cultivated, but selection has likely been for more fruits 1.02 1.03 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13. Spices. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. "it does not tolerate waterlogging" 2.05 "E. cardamomum occurs wild in…the western Ghats in southern India and the western highlands in Sri Lanka. It is possibly also truly wild in Burma (Myanmar), Indo-China and Malesia, and de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) has been introduced into other parts of Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13. the tropics. Introduction into Guatemala Spices. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. in the 1920s was particularly successful". 3.01 MacDonald, IAW, C Thébaud, WA Strahm, and D Strasberg (1991) Effects of alien plant invasions on native vegetation remnants on Found on La Réunion in a survey of La Réunion (Mascarene Islands, Indian "introduced species that had become Ocean). Environmental Conservation 18: 51- established in native community 61. remnants". 3.02 no evidence 3.03 no evidence 3.04 MacDonald, IAW, C Thébaud, WA Strahm, E. cardamomum found on one transect and D Strasberg (1991) Effects of alien plant (out of 14), and there it had a low invasions on native vegetation remnants on La Réunion (Mascarene Islands, Indian "importance value" (frequency x Ocean). Environmental Conservation 18: 51- abundance). [so not considered an 61. environmental weed] 3.05 no evidence 4.01 de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13. Spices. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. no description of these traits 4.02 no evidence 4.03 de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) no description of this 3 Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13. Spices. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 4.04 4.05 no evidence 4.06 "The most important disease of cardamom in southern India is the mosaic virus known as katte or marble disease…Planting of diseased rhizomes is a serious source of infection…Pests of de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) cardamom include the thrips Taeniothrips Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13. cardamomi, affecting all cardamom Spices. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. growing districts in India." 4.07 no evidence 4.08 no evidence 4.09 "Cardamom is very sensitive to moisture stress and performs comparatively better in cool, shady environment…Cardamom does not tolerate direct sunlight, at the same time under too much shade the metabolic activities of plants are retarded and they fail to grow well and yield. Hence removal of excess shade is also Korikanthimath, VS (2002) Agronomy and essential so as to allow sufficient light management of cardamom. Pp. 91-128 in penetration. Shade has to be PN Ravindran and KJ Madhusoodanan (eds) regulated...so as to get about 50 per cent Cardamom: the Genus Elettaria. Taylor & filtered sunlight for proper growth and Francis, London and New York. flowering." 4.1 "Evergreen montane forest land supplies the most favourable environment for cardamom, with soils varying from deep forest loam to white quartz gravel with only a shallow zone of humus de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) accumulation…The crop does best in Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13. little-disturbed soils well supplied with Spices. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. organic matter". 4.11 de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13. Spices. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. "robust perennial herb, up to 5 m tall" 4.12 no evidence 5.01 terrestrial 5.02 USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Zingiberaceae 5.03 USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. herbaceous Zingiberaceae 5.04 6.01 6.02 1. de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) 1. "Cardamom seeds germinate 5-7 Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13. weeks after sowing". 2. "Cardamom can 4 Spices. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 2. be propagated by seeds". Korikanthimath, VS (2002) Agronomy and management of cardamom. Pp. 91-128 in PN Ravindran and KJ Madhusoodanan (eds) Cardamom: the Genus Elettaria. Taylor & Francis, London and New York. 6.03 6.04 1. de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13. Spices. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 2. Korikanthimath, VS (2002) Agronomy and 1. "Flowers are self-sterile…Several management of cardamom. Pp. 91-128 in clones should be planted, to overcome PN Ravindran and KJ Madhusoodanan (eds) self-incompatibility." 2. "Seedling Cardamom: the Genus Elettaria. Taylor & population is variable because cardamom Francis, London and New York. is a cross pollinated crop." 6.05 de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13. Spices. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. "Pollination is by bees and ants." 6.06 1. de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13. Spices. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 2. Korikanthimath, VS (2002) Agronomy and management of cardamom. Pp. 91-128 in 1. "Cardamom is easily propagated PN Ravindran and KJ Madhusoodanan (eds) vegetatively by division of rhizomes". 2. Cardamom: the Genus Elettaria. Taylor & "Cardamom can be propagated…by Francis, London and New York. vegetative means." 6.07 "Cardamom comes into bearing about 3 de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) years after field planting, which may be 4- Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13. 5 years after sowing." [but time to Spices. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. vegetative reproduction unknown] 7.01 7.02 de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13. Widely cultivated throughout the tropics - Spices. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. traded in the form of whole fruits. 7.03 no evidence 7.04 de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) "Fruit a globose or subcylindrical trilocular Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13. capsule, 1-2 (-5) cm long" [no evidence of Spices. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. adaptations to wind dispersal] 7.05 no evidence 7.06 7.07 de Guzman and Siemonsma, eds. (1999) "Fruit a globose or subcylindrical trilocular Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 13.
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