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Inventory, Value and Restoration of Peatlands and Mires

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Inventory, Value and Restoration of Peatlands and Mires Inventory, value and restoration of peatlands and mires: recent contributions Drone photograph of the Zalama blanket bog (Bizkaia), where the cells protected by coconut fiber mesh can be seen. This helps to stabilize slopes exposed to erosion, limit the loss of peat and restore the vegetation (University of Nottingham Trent). Cover: Eriophorum vaginatum (Sergio González Ahedo) INVENTORY, VALUE AND RESTORATION OF PEATLANDS AND MIRES: RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS INVENTORY, VALUE AND RESTORATION OF PEATLANDS AND MIRES: RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS LIFE11 NAT/ES/704 “Sustainable Ordunte” Coordinating beneficiary: Provincial Council of Bizkaia (www.bizkaia.eus) Associated beneficiary: Hazi Foundation (www.hazi.eus) Editors: José María Fernández-García and Francisco Javier Pérez (Hazi Foundation) Design and layout: Beatriz Alonso Printed: Grafitec Artes Gráficas S.L. Photographs by the authors of each chapter, unless especifically mentioned. Legal deposit: VI-61/18 Contents Foreword 7 01 Vegetation diversity and conservation of European mires 11 Borja Jiménez-Alfaro 02 Overview of the Zalama peat bog (Bizkaia) over the last thirty years 23 Maite Aguirre, Iñaki Benito, Antonio Galera 03 Restoration of ombrotrophic bogs in the east of Canada 37 Eduardo González, Line Rochefort 04 Recovery of the Bernallán bog in the upper basin of the river Miera 57 Gonzalo Valdeolivas, Blanca Serrano, Carlos Sánchez 05 Evaluation of the restoration of the Jauregiaroztegi wetland (Auritz/Burguete, Navarra): changes in the vegetation in the period 2011-2015 69 Javier Peralta, Aritz Zaldua, Asun Berastegi 06 Study of the evolution of the topography of the Comeya bog (Picos de Europa National Park) over time with a terrestrial laser scanner 85 Celestino Ordóñez, Silverio García-Cortés, Susana Fernández, Jesús Valderrábano 07 Program LIFE+ “Bogs of the Jura”: 60 bogs to restore in six years 105 Emilie Calvar, Sylvain Moncorge, Luc Bettinelli, Pierre Durlet, Geneviève Magnon 08 Landscape-scale restoration of severely eroded blanket bog in the South Pennine Moors, England 133 Moors for the Future Partnership 09 The potential of geospatial technology for monitoring peatland environments 167 Ben Clutterbuck, Guaduneth Chico, Jillian Labadz, Nicholas Midgley 10 The Zalama blanket bog 183 Patxi Heras, Marta Infante 11 Genesis and dynamics of the bogs in the Atlantic Biogeographic region of the Iberian Peninsula 203 Pablo Ramil, Luis Gómez-Orellana, Javier Ferreiro, Castor Muñoz, Manuel Antonio Rodríguez 12 Origin and evolution of the blanket bog of Zalama (Montes de Ordunte, Northern Iberian Peninsula) 223 Xabier Pontevedra-Pombal, Martín Souto, Daniel Castro, José Antonio López-Sáez, Sebastián Pérez-Díaz, María Isabel Fraga, Eduardo García-Rodeja Foreword Peatlands are among the most threatened habitats, both at global and European scales. In our continent, 60-70% of the surface of peat bogs before the 18th cen- tury is estimated to have been lost, as a consequence of an increase in the demand for new exploitable lands. The perception of peatlands, previously considered worth- less and unhealthy, changed drastically, and the rate of destruction has been impor- tant since then, linked to the use of peat as fuel or to the drainage to gain soil for occupation by agriculture or forestry, especially in countries where peat bogs form landscapes. But even in Southern Europe, where the prevailing climatic and biogeo- graphical conditions are less favourable, peat bogs and other related systems have been reclaimed and transformed. Despite its desolate appearance to the uninformed visitor, the peat bogs that have survived harbor a disproportionately greater level of biodiversity than expected, in accordance to their extension compared with other terrestrial habitats. These eco- systems allow specialized and unique evolutionary dynamics, generated in a deli- cate and complex balance between elements and processes, physical and biological. But in addition, they provide ecosystem services that society is just beginning to be aware of and value, such as those linked to the storage, control and purification of water. In the Northern Iberian Peninsula, this deterioration of peatlands across centu- ries is reproduced, perhaps aggravated by late inventory and scientific knowledge, which has probably prevented the implementation of protection policies. The peat bog of Zalama, in the Eastern limits of the Cantabrian Mountain range, is a paradig- matic example, since until the 1990’s it did not receive the attention deserved to show up its naturalistic value, first, and to propose measures that would guarantee its conservation, later. Fortunately, the accumulation of data and the dissemination of technical information enabled its recognition and action, in a proper alliance be- tween specialists and managers. The mitigation of pressures and the application of ecological restoration techniques at this site have been promoted by the Provincial Council of Biscay in its role as public administration, but it is true that without qual- ity technical information, it would probably have proved difficult to make decisions, to make them correctly and to obtain resources. In this context, LIFE + Ordunte Sostenible wanted to disseminate this type of knowledge, in the idea -credited by experience- that making these habitats visible will help to raise their profile in the political agenda. Throughout twelve chapters, recognized experts present their contributions regarding the identification, descrip- tion, restoration and protection of peat bogs. It is fair to thank them for their participa- tion in this volume, which also owes to the trust and exchange networks that have been created by other thematic initiatives, such as LIFE + Tremedal. As a consequence, the positive effects of the LIFE program of the European Union goes beyond particular pro- jects, by fostering links between people and institutions, capable of mobilizing the infor- mation and putting it at the service of conservation. The LIFE + Sustainable Ordunte team Author: Hazi Foundation 01 Vegetation diversity and conservation of European mires Borja Jiménez-Alfaro1,2 (1) German Center for Biodiversity Integrative Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany. (2) Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany Correspondence: B. Jiménez-Alfaro [[email protected]] Abstract European mires, including bogs and fens, are among the most threatened habitats in Eu- rope. The distribution of these habitats have decreased in Europe more than in any other continent, especially in regions of Central and Southern Europe where they are rare and represent important refugia for flora and fauna. As a tool for describing and protecting Eu- ropean mires, this chapter reviews the classification of vegetation types and related habi- tat types in Europe. Floristic classification is based on the differentiation of ombrotrophic bogs and minerotrophic fens, which are described by four and eleven phytosociological al- liances, respectively. The crosswalks between these vegetation types and the habitat types defined by EUNIS classification and the Habitats Directive legislation provides a reference for interpreting mire ecosystems. These crosswalks are however difficult to generalize at the continental scale, since in many cases the habitat concepts are broader or narrower than the phytosociological alliances. Despite this limitation, vegetation diversity is crucial for understanding mire habitats, and the development of large databases is providing a new framework to define diversity patterns across vegetation types and geographic regions. Nevertheless, effective conservation of mires can be only based on local actions, and the final interpretation of habitats must be taken at regional or local scales. To this aim, this chapter introduces a framework to improve communication between scientists, techni- cians and policy makers involved in the conservation of European mires. Keywords: mires; fen; bog; peat; classification of habitats; Habitats Directive; EUNIS. Introduction Mires, including bogs and fens, are worldwide distributed wetlands that support a particular combination of flora, fauna, fungi and microorganisms. These wetland habitats are well differentiated by the dominance of mosses and sedges, among oth- ers specialists adapted to extreme abiotic conditions (Wheeler & Proctor, 2000). The most evident adaptations of plants for living in mires are related to the accumulation of water in Sphagnum species or the assimilation of insects in carnivorous plants (e.g. Drosera). However, most plants living in these ecosystems also have physio- 12 INVENTORY, VALUE AND RESTORATION OF PEATLANDS AND MIRES: RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS logical adaptations to nutrient-limitation, water saturation and deficiency in oxygen (Joosten & Clarke, 2000). Bogs and fens have been present in Europe at least since the Last Glacial Maxi- mum, when they were mainly distributed in Western and Central Europe (Janská et al., 2017). In the post-glacial period, mires colonized deglaciated areas of northern Europe and were confined to relatively small areas in Western, Central and Southern Europe. In the middle Holocene (6,000 years BP), i.e. before the explosion of hu- man colonization and the Anthropocene, their distribution reached regions with high atmospheric humidity or sufficient precipitation to support permanent waterlogged soils. The oldest written documents referring to these habitats were provided
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