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Die Küste, Heft 74, 2008 Die Küste, 74 ICCE (2008), 212-232 Tidal Barriers at the North and Baltic Sea Coast By HANS-ANDREAS LEHMANN and HEINZ JASPER Contents 1. Introduction . 212 2. Barrages, their Development and Operation . 213 3. Barriers/Barrages in Germany . 213 4. Layout and Concept of the Barrages. 217 4.1 Gates and Other Closure Devices . 217 4.2 Drives . 217 4.3 Scour Protection . 217 4.4 Additional Installations. 218 4.5 Secondary Installations . 218 5. Design and Construction . 218 5.1 Legal Principles . 219 5.2 Owner Function and Control . 219 6. Operation and Maintenance . 219 7. Future Prospects. 219 8. Description of Selected Barrages . 220 8.1 Ems Barrier in Lower Saxony . 220 8.2 Lesum Barrier in Bremen. 222 8.3 Eider Barrier in Schleswig-Holstein . 224 8.4 Barrage Billwerder Bucht in Hamburg . 228 8.5 Barrage Greifswald-Wieck in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . 230 9. Acknowledgements . 233 10. References . 233 1. Introduction The German North and Baltic Sea Coast being an integral part of the Federal provinces (Länder) Lower Saxony, Bremen, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vor- pommern was shaped by the last ice age. Under the influence of the external forces of the sea it evolved to be a continuously changing boundary line between land and water. Approximately 2,500 years ago, man began to colonize the coastal zone. Subsidence of the coastal area as well as the melting process of the polar ice led to gradually rising sea levels and, consequently, more frequent flooding of coastal areas. In order to protect themselves against rising water levels the coastal people started building earth mounds (Warften, Wur- ten) some 2000 years ago. The further rise of the mean sea level necessitated a continuous raising of these mounds. For a more efficient protection of houses and arable lands the con- struction of dikes started some 1,000 years ago. While initially low elevation ‘summer’ dikes were sufficient for protection increasing tidal levels and storm surges required structures with higher crown elevations. Thus, dikes were strengthened and raised in the course of time. In the following centuries, dike design and construction evolved to create the present efficient flood protection system. Two main tasks have developed from human habitation of the coastal zone: sæ #OASTALæPROTECTIONænæSTABILIZATIONæOFæTHEæCOASTLINEæPREVENTIONæOFæLOSSæOFæLANDRECEDINGæ of the coastline) sæ &LOODæPROTECTIONænæPREVENTIONæOFæFLOODINGæOFæLOWLANDSæDURINGæSTORMæSURGES Die Küste, 74 ICCE (2008), 212-232 213 &LOODæPROTECTION ISæGENERALLYæDEFINEDæASæTHEæSUMæOFæALLæMEASURESæFORæTHEæPROTECTIONæOFæ THEæPOPULATIONæANDæMATERIALæGOODSæAGAINSTæFLOODING The protection is provided by flood protection structures (Hochwasserschutzanlagen HWS). This does not only include dikes but particularly artificial structures such as protective walls, sluices, pumping stations and BARRAGESTIDALæBARRIERS. 2. Barrages, their Development and Operation In Germany, the planning and design of barrages to dam off entire river regimes and estuaries started about 100 years ago. Initially, their main task was to obstruct storm surges and, thereby, prevent the intrusion of large water masses into river regimes and estuaries and the adjacent fertile lowlands. Thus, barrages provided the basis for a full utilization of those areas for agriculture and habitation. In 1936, the first Eider barrage was completed, followed by the Leda Barrier in the Ems estuary in 1950. The severe storm surges in the Netherlands in 1953 and at the German North Sea coast in February of 1962 were catastrophic events necessitating the strengthening and raising of crown levels of existing dikes as well as the design and construction of tidal barriers. Another storm surge in 1976 affected particularly the Hamburg harbour region. Based on the experi- ence of these events, major efforts have been undertaken to improve coastal and flood protec- tion. This required major financial investments into the improvement and completion of all protective (HWS) structures. Often, the construction of tidal barriers results in a shortening of the dike defence line. Consequently, the placing of a barrage close to the river mouth seems to be reasonable. Be- cause of their location barrages would also meet important requirements of water manage- ment such as drainage of lowlands, maintaining inland water levels during dry periods and/ or maintaining or improving the navigability of a main navigation route and/or tributaries by impounding water. 3. Barriers/Barrages in Germany The following table deals solely with storm surge barriers. Sluices and locks are not included, even though they can function as barriers dependent on their location. Along the German North Sea coast and in the estuaries, we can find 32 barrages which have to ward off storm surges. While the Eider Barrier with a discharge width of 200 m used to be the largest and most impressive German tidal barrage at the North Sea coast, in the meantime this claim has been taken over by the Ems Barrier with a passage width of more than 400 m. Table 1: German tidal barriers LFD 3PERRWERKE )NBETRIEB +ENNZEICHNENDEæ'REN !NSPRECHPARTNER .R NAHME 1 Leda- Sperrwerk 1954 Durchflussweite: 70 m WSA Emden Öffnungen: 5 14 m Verschlüsse: Hubtore 214 Die Küste, 74 ICCE (2008), 212-232 2 Ems- Sperrwerk 2002 Durchflussweite: 414 m NLWKN Öffnungen: 7 Betriebsstelle Aurich (60 m, 250 m, 463,5 m) Verschlüsse: 1 Drehsegment, 1 Segment, 5 Hubtore (1-fache Sicherheit) 3 Sperrwerk 1991 Durchflussweite: 30 m NLWKN Leysiel Öffnungen: 310 m Betriebsstelle Aurich und Seeschleuse Verschlüsse: Hubtore 4 Hunte- 1979 Durchflussweite: 92 m NLWKN Sperrwerk Öffnungen: 4 Betriebsst. Brake-Olden- (226 m und 220 m) burg Verschlüsse: 2 Stemmtore und 2 Segmenttore 5 Ochtum-Sperr- 1979 Durchflussweite: 20 m NLWKN werk Öffnungen: 210 m und Betriebsst. Brake-Olden- Schleuse burg Verschlüsse: Hubtore 6 Lesum- 1979 Durchflussweite: 60 m Bremischer Deichverband Sperrwerk Öffnungen: 415 m a. r. Weserufer/Bremen und Schleuse Verschlüsse: zweiteilige Hub- tore 7 Geeste Sturm- 1961 Durchflussweite: 31 m Bremenports GmbH & Co flutsperrwerk Öffnungen: 124 m KG/Bremerhaven und Spülöffnung Verschlüsse: Stemmtore und Rollschütze 8 Sperrwerk 1979 + Durchflussweite: 19 m NLWKN Schleusenpriel 2009 Öffnungen: 119 m Betriebsstelle Stade n. Umbau Verschlüsse: Stemmtore 9 Sperrwerk 2009 Durchflussweite: 14 m NLWKN Alter Fischerei- (geplant, Öffnungen: 114 m Betriebsstelle Stade hafen nach Verschlüsse: Stemmtore Neubau) 10 Oste- Sperrwerk 1968 Durchflussweite: 110 m WSA Cuxhaven Öffnungen: 522 m Verschlüsse: 1Stemmtore und 4Segmenttore 11 Freiburg- 1967 Durchflussweite: 8 m NLWKN Sperrwerk Öffnungen: 18 m Betriebsstelle Stade Verschlüsse: Stemmtore 12 Stör- Sperrwerk 1975 Durchflussweite: 130 m WSA Hamburg Öffnungen: 4 Außenbezirk Glückstadt (222 m und 243 m) Verschlüsse: 2Stemmtore und 2Segmenttore Die Küste, 74 ICCE (2008), 212-232 215 13 Sperrwerk 1978 Durchflussweite: 30 m NLWKN Wischhafen Öffnungen: 3 Betriebsstelle Stade (120 m und 25 m) Verschlüsse: 1Stemmtore und 2Hubtore 14 Sperrwerk 1978 Durchflussweite: 14 m NLWKN Ruthen strom Öffnungen: 27 m Betriebsstelle Stade Verschlüsse: Stemmtor (vorn) und Hubtor (hinten) 15 Sperrwerk 1971 Durchflussweite: 13,5 m NLWKN Abbenfleth Öffnungen: 113,5 m Betriebsstelle Stade Verschlüsse: Stemmtore 16 Krückau- 1969 Durchflussweite: 44 m WSA Hamburg Sperrwerk Öffnungen: 3 (120 m und 212 m) Verschlüsse: 1Stemmtore und 2Hubtore 17 Pinnau- 1969 Durchflussweite: 36 m WSA Hamburg Sperrwerk Öffnungen: 3 (120 m und 28 m) Verschlüsse: 1Stemmtore und 2Hubtore 18 Schwinge- 1971 Durchflussweite: 16 m NLWKN Sperrwerk Öffnungen: 116 m Betriebsstelle Stade Verschlüsse: Stemmtore 19 Lühe- Sperrwerk 1959 Durchflussweite: 10 m NLWKN Öffnungen: 110 m Betriebsstelle Stade Verschlüsse: Stemmtore 20 Sperrwerk Este- 2000 Durchflussweite: 40 m HPA mündung Öffnungen: 140 m Hamburg Verschlüsse: Stemmtore 21 Baumwall- 1969 Durchflussweite: 7,30 m LSBG sperrwerk Öffnungen: 17,30 m Hamburg Verschlüsse: Stemmtor (vorn) und Segmenttor (hinten) 22 Nikolai- 1969 Durchflussweite: 10 m LSBG sperrwerk Öffnungen: 110 m Hamburg Verschlüsse: Klapptore 23 Sperrwerk 1966 + Durchflussweite: 128 m HPA Billwerder 2002 Öffnungen: 4 Hamburg Bucht n. Umbau (234 m und 230 m) Verschlüsse: Klapptore (oben gelagert) 24 Sperrwerk 1965 + Durchflussweite: 12 m HPA Veringkanal 2003 Öffnungen: 112 m Hamburg n. Umbau Verschlüsse: Stemmtore 25 Sperrwerk 1966 + Durchflussweite: 12 m HPA Schmidtkanal 2002 Öffnungen: 112 m Hamburg n. Umbau Verschlüsse: Stemmtore 216 Die Küste, 74 ICCE (2008), 212-232 26 Sperrwerk 1978 Durchflussweite: 41,90 m HPA Müggen burger Öffnungen: 141,90 m Hamburg Durchfahrt Verschlüsse: Klapptor (privater HWS) (1-fache Sicherheit) 27 Sperrwerk 1978 Durchflussweite: 18,70 m HPA Marktkanal Öffnungen: 118,70 m Hamburg (privater HWS) Verschlüsse: Klapptor (1-fache Sicherheit) 28 Sperrwerk 1978 Durchflussweite: 41,90 m HPA Peutekanal Öffnungen: 141,90 m Hamburg (privater HWS) Verschlüsse: Klapptor (1-fache Sicherheit) 29 Sperrwerk 1966 Durchflussweite: 15 m NLWKN Seevesiel Öffnungen: 35 m Betriebsstelle Lüneburg Verschlüsse: Schlagtor (vorn) und Hubtore (hinten) 30 Ilmenau- 1974 Durchflussweite: 36 m NLWKN Sperrwerk Öffnungen: 3 Betriebsstelle Lüneburg (116 m und 210 m) Verschlüsse: 1Stemmtore und 2Hubtore 31 Eider- Sperrwerk 1973 Durchflussweite: 200 m WSA Tönning Öffnungen: 540 m + Schleuse Verschlüsse: 5 Segmentver- schlüsse 32 Sperrw. Greifs- in Planung Durchflussweite: 21 m Staatl. Amt für Umwelt und wald-Wieck Öffnungen: 121
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