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Far from the Dragging Plough~
~FAR FROM THE DRAGGING PLOUGH~ VETERANS IN TRADE AND BUSINESS DURING THE ROMAN PRINCIPATE by Joseph Adam Hall School of Classics University of Wales, Trinity Saint David Dissertation submitted for MA degree in Ancient History and Classical Studies January 2013 Master’s Degrees by Examination and Dissertation Declaration Form. 1. This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed……………………………………………………………………………… Date ………………………………………………………………………………... 2. This dissertation is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MA Ancient History and Classical Studies Signed……………………………………………………………………………… Date..…………………………………………………………………..…………... 3. This dissertation is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed candidate:………………………………………………………………… Date: …………………………………………………….………………………. 4. I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopying, inter- library loan, and for deposit in the University’s digital repository Signed…………………………………………………………….……………… Date………………………………………………….…………….…………….. Supervisor’s Declaration. I am satisfied that this work is the result of the student’s own efforts. Signed…………………………………………………………………………….. Date……………………………………………………………………………….. ~SUMMARY~ In the study of the Roman world, few demographics receive scanter attention from modern scholarship than those time-served veterans who eschewed an agricultural life in favour of setting up in business for themselves. This study, then, is an examination of this class of men and the evidence we have for them. Modern scholarship’s apathy in this field of study is no doubt an effect of the lack of anything more than sparse one-dimensional references to veterans in the ancient literary sources, an aspect this paper will also examine. -
2011: Durham University
THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION ANNUAL CONFERENCE DURHAM UNIVERSITY FRIDAY 15TH APRIL - MONDAY 18TH APRIL 2011 CONFERENCE INFORMATION We are delighted to invite you to attend the 2011 Classical Association Annual Conference, which this year will be hosted by Durham University. Founded by Royal Charter in 1832, Durham University is among the contenders to the title of third oldest University of England; yet despite its ancient roots, Durham prides itself on combining tradition with innovation. The same is true of its Classics Department, one of the largest, youngest, and most international Classics Departments around. Two-thirds of staff in the department are non- British nationals: Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Serbia, and the USA are all represented; current research postgraduates add Egypt, Greece, Hungary, Korea, and Japan to the list. All of this is testimony to our view that Classics not only continues to be relevant, but has become increasingly important as a shared cultural resource through which diverse contemporary cultures can communicate. In various ways, then, Durham Classics operates across boundaries of time and of space and stands for intellectual exchange across languages and cultures, and it is this spirit of open exchange and dialogue that we hope to enact and celebrate during the Classical Association Annual Conference as well. The Durham colleges allow us to return to the traditional format of the on-campus event, with both accommodation and academic sessions in the main conference venue, Collingwood College. It will however also be possible to book a room at the Business school, or at the Marriott; and Durham city offers a range of other possibilities. -
The Antonine Wall, the Roman Frontier in Scotland, Was the Most and Northerly Frontier of the Roman Empire for a Generation from AD 142
Breeze The Antonine Wall, the Roman frontier in Scotland, was the most and northerly frontier of the Roman Empire for a generation from AD 142. Hanson It is a World Heritage Site and Scotland’s largest ancient monument. The Antonine Wall Today, it cuts across the densely populated central belt between Forth (eds) and Clyde. In The Antonine Wall: Papers in Honour of Professor Lawrence Keppie, Papers in honour of nearly 40 archaeologists, historians and heritage managers present their researches on the Antonine Wall in recognition of the work Professor Lawrence Keppie of Lawrence Keppie, formerly Professor of Roman History and Wall Antonine The Archaeology at the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, who spent edited by much of his academic career recording and studying the Wall. The 32 papers cover a wide variety of aspects, embracing the environmental and prehistoric background to the Wall, its structure, planning and David J. Breeze and William S. Hanson construction, military deployment on its line, associated artefacts and inscriptions, the logistics of its supply, as well as new insights into the study of its history. Due attention is paid to the people of the Wall, not just the ofcers and soldiers, but their womenfolk and children. Important aspects of the book are new developments in the recording, interpretation and presentation of the Antonine Wall to today’s visitors. Considerable use is also made of modern scientifc techniques, from pollen, soil and spectrographic analysis to geophysical survey and airborne laser scanning. In short, the papers embody present- day cutting edge research on, and summarise the most up-to-date understanding of, Rome’s shortest-lived frontier. -
Isurium Brigantum
Isurium Brigantum an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough The authors and publisher wish to thank the following individuals and organisations for their help with this Isurium Brigantum publication: Historic England an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough Society of Antiquaries of London Thriplow Charitable Trust Faculty of Classics and the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge Chris and Jan Martins Rose Ferraby and Martin Millett with contributions by Jason Lucas, James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven Verdonck and Lacey Wallace Research Report of the Society of Antiquaries of London No. 81 For RWS Norfolk ‒ RF Contents First published 2020 by The Society of Antiquaries of London Burlington House List of figures vii Piccadilly Preface x London W1J 0BE Acknowledgements xi Summary xii www.sal.org.uk Résumé xiii © The Society of Antiquaries of London 2020 Zusammenfassung xiv Notes on referencing and archives xv ISBN: 978 0 8543 1301 3 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to this study 1 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data 1.2 Geographical setting 2 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the 1.3 Historical background 2 Library of Congress, Washington DC 1.4 Previous inferences on urban origins 6 The moral rights of Rose Ferraby, Martin Millett, Jason Lucas, 1.5 Textual evidence 7 James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven 1.6 History of the town 7 Verdonck and Lacey Wallace to be identified as the authors of 1.7 Previous archaeological work 8 this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. -
LEG(Io) X GEM(Ina): Hispanic Legionary Countermarks During the Reign of Vitellius
LEG(io) X GEM(ina): Hispanic Legionary Countermarks during the Reign of Vitellius. Appendix: eagle (head) and boar types LEG(io) X GEM(ina): contramarcas legionarias hispánicas del reinado de Vitelio. Apéndice: tipos águila (cabeza) y jabalí Rodolfo Martini ([email protected]) Gabinetto Numismatico e Medagliere. Milano Resumen: La relectura de dos contramarcas imperiales romanas, conservadas en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Madrid (figs. 4-5), nos permite precisar y actualizar lo que se conoce sobre los tipos relacionados con la Legio X Gemina en el área hispanica: dos de ellos (B-C) ya están recogidos por la bibliografía, pero interpretados de forma incompleta y no relacionados entre sí; además, un nuevo ejemplar del tipo B (fig. 3) confirma el uso de la grafía arcaica cursiva para la letra E, en la forma de II, y hace que los dos tipos B-C sean únicos para las costumbres epigráficas de las contramarcas imperiales romanas. Los tres tipos (A-C) están atestiguados en las acuñaciones romanas imperiales de bronce de la ceca de Tarraco, sestercios de Claudio (A-B) y ases de Vitelio (C); su producción se sitúa aproximadamente a mediados del año 69 d. C., en el momento del traslado de la Legio X Gemina hacia la Germania Inferior para participar en la guerra contra los bátavos. Su acuñación fue reducida tanto por el corto período como por el volumen producido, y a este respecto parece probable que se utilizase un solo cuño para cada uno de los tres tipos. Las relaciones entre los tres grupos de contramarcas sobre monedas de bronce imperiales nos permiten también investigar desde un punto de vista diferente la producción y la circulación de una de las contramarcas romanas más comunes en el área hispánica, presente sobre las monedas de bronce locales de Augusto y Tiberio, la cabeza de águila; su tipología se discute brevemente junto a la contramarca jabalí por sus estrechas relaciones con el entorno legionario y el contexto histórico y social de la época de las guerras civiles. -
Marcas Legionarias De La Vi Victrix Y La X Gemina En El Foro De Caesar Augusta1
MARCAS LEGIONARIAS DE LA VI VICTRIX Y LA X GEMINA EN EL FORO DE CAESAR AUGUSTA1 Resumen: Edición y comentario de las marcas de cantero de las legiones VI Victrix y X Gemina procedentes del foro de Caesar Augusta. Palabras clave: Legio VI Victrix, legio X Gemina, legio IIII Macedonica, marcas de cante- ro, Caesar Augusta. Abstract: Edition and comment of the legionary quarry marks (legio VI Victrix and legio X Gemina) from the Caesar Augusta forum. Kay words: Legio VI Victrix, legio X Gemina, legio IIII Macedonica, quarry marks, Caesar Augusta. Conocí a Ignacio Barandiarán Maestu en los años 70, cuando profesaba en la Universidad cesarau- gustana formando parte, primero, del Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología que entonces dirigía mi padre, Antonio Beltrán Martínez, y después, efímeramente, como cabeza del recién creado Departa- mento de Historia Antigua, en el que fue mi profesor y al que yo mismo me incorporé poco después de su traslado a la Universidad del País Vasco en 1976. Sirvan estas páginas como testimonio de mi gran res- peto intelectual por su fértil trayectoria académica y recuerdo de aquellos años en los que frecuentaba sus brillantes clases de metodología histórica y de Hispania «prerromana». 1. Como es bien sabido, el imponente dispositivo militar puesto en pie por Augusto a partir de 26 a. E. para culminar la conquista de Hispania sólo fue parcialmente desactivado tras el fi nal de las Guerras Cántabras, de manera que, tras la evacuación del grueso de los efectivos entre 19 y 13 a. E., tres de las siete u ocho legiones empleadas durante el confl icto permanecieron acuarteladas en torno al escenario de la guerra, tal y como refl eja Estrabón en su Geografía a comienzos del reinado de Tiberio (III 3, 8; 4, 20). -
Representations of Veterans in the Imperial Cult in Gallia Narbonensis, 46 BC-79 AD
Representations of veterans in the imperial cult in Gallia Narbonensis, 46 BC-79 AD Dennis Hermans s4165527 15-08-2017 Master thesis Eternal Rome Index Introduction p. 2 Chapter 1 – Creating a corpus regarding veterans and the imperial cult p. 10 1.1 Baeterrae p. 15 1.2 Narbo Martius p. 19 1.3 Arausio p. 22 1.4 Forum Iulii p. 24 1.5 Arelate p. 26 1.6 Cularo p. 29 1.7 Geneva p. 30 1.8 Alba Helviorum p. 33 1.9 Allebaece Reiorum Apollinarum p. 34 1.10 Vienna p. 36 1.11 Nemausus p. 38 1.12 Massilia p. 43 Chapter 2 – Inscriptions and the career path for equites and nobiles p. 45 Conclusion p. 54 Bibliography p. 57 Appendix p. 63 1 Introduction1 ‘I settled colonies of soldiers in Africa, Sicily, Macedonia, both Spains, Achaea, Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensis, Pisidia. Moreover, Italy has twenty-eight colonies founded under my auspices which have grown to be famous and populous during my lifetime.’2 The quote above comes from the Res Gestae divi Augusti, the works or deeds of the deified Augustus, published after his death in 14 AD. Much like the rest of the Res Gestae, the quote above contains a boasting and propaganda element: Augustus has settled soldiers in colonies all over the world and they have all become great and grew very large. This gives an insight into the image that Augustus wanted to portray about his deeds and himself. Although Augustus has settled veterans in many colonies, he was definitely not the first to do so, as the process of establishing veteran colonies already started around 100 BC. -
Roman Roads of Britain
Roman Roads of Britain A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 04 Jul 2013 02:32:02 UTC Contents Articles Roman roads in Britain 1 Ackling Dyke 9 Akeman Street 10 Cade's Road 11 Dere Street 13 Devil's Causeway 17 Ermin Street 20 Ermine Street 21 Fen Causeway 23 Fosse Way 24 Icknield Street 27 King Street (Roman road) 33 Military Way (Hadrian's Wall) 36 Peddars Way 37 Portway 39 Pye Road 40 Stane Street (Chichester) 41 Stane Street (Colchester) 46 Stanegate 48 Watling Street 51 Via Devana 56 Wade's Causeway 57 References Article Sources and Contributors 59 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 61 Article Licenses License 63 Roman roads in Britain 1 Roman roads in Britain Roman roads, together with Roman aqueducts and the vast standing Roman army, constituted the three most impressive features of the Roman Empire. In Britain, as in their other provinces, the Romans constructed a comprehensive network of paved trunk roads (i.e. surfaced highways) during their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 - 410 AD). This article focuses on the ca. 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of Roman roads in Britain shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain.[1] This contains the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is readily available to the general public. The pre-Roman Britons used mostly unpaved trackways for their communications, including very ancient ones running along elevated ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath. -
1 Ever Since First Reading About Female Gladiators, the Concept and Details
Ever since first reading about female gladiators, the concept and details behind such “woman warriors” has continued to fascinate me. While there are fewer primary sources that discuss female gladiators and their involvement in the arena, the sources I did locate helped me compile an interesting insight into the potential life of a female gladiator. I decided to direct my focus on a woman of the upper, elite class becoming a gladiator because I believe that “transformation” from femina (a woman of upper class status) to gladiator is more interesting than a woman of lower status making the choice to fight in the arena. I draw evidence from two books: Gladiatrix: The True Story of History’s Unknown Woman Warrior by Amy Zoll, and Women in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook by Bonnie Maclachlan. I also cite two scholarly articles: “Female Gladiators in Imperial Rome: Literary Context and Historical Fact” by Anna McCollough, and “New Evidence of Female Gladiators” by Alfanso Manas, and I utilize three readings from class, including: “Roman Sexualities” by Judith P. Hallett and Marilyn B. Skinner, “Sexuality and Gender in the Classical World” by Laura McClure, and “Recruitment and Training of Gladiators” by Rodger Dunkle. In the first part of my letter, I mention the shame and infamia that Cassia has brought upon her family by making the choice to become a female gladiator: “I know you both fund it disgusting and unthinkable that I gave up my status as the daughter of a wealthy senator to pursue the lifestyle of a female gladiator”. I drew a lot of my information for this section from Anna McCollough’s article “Female Gladiators in Imperial Rome: Literary Context and Historical Fact”. -
Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalrymen Tombstones
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2014-12-01 The Roman Riders: Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalrymen Tombstones Jessica Colleen Kramer Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Anthropology Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Kramer, Jessica Colleen, "The Roman Riders: Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalrymen Tombstones" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 4343. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4343 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Roman Riders: Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalrymen Tombstones Jessica Colleen Kramer A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Cynthia Finlayson, Chair John E. Clark David Johnson Department of Anthropology Brigham Young University December 2014 Copyright © 2014 Jessica Colleen Kramer All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The Roman Riders: Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalryman Tombstones Jessica Colleen Kramer Department of Anthropology, BYU Master of Arts The funerary grave stelae of the Roman cavalrymen are large, impressive monuments set apart from their military counterparts by the ornate relief carvings which they exhibit. The two most common motifs featured on these tombstones are the rider relief motifs and the totenmahl motifs. Aspects of both the reliefs and the inscribed epitaphs are distinctly characteristic of the Roman military. Throughout the history of the Roman Empire, men in the auxiliary cavalry units were recruited from non-Roman allied tribes. -
1 Kathleen M. Coleman Department of the Classics
Kathleen M. Coleman Department of the Classics Office tel.: 617-495-2024 Harvard University Mobile tel.: 617-909-5315 204 Boylston Hall Office fax: 617-496-6720 Cambridge, MA 02138 [email protected] 1. Academic qualifications 1973 University of Cape Town: B.A. with Distinction in Latin 1975 University of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe): B.A. (Special) Honours in Classics, First Class 1979 Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford: D.Phil. 2. Honors and awards 1976–79 Beit Fellowship 1980 A.L.I.S. Award (British Council) 1981 Oxford Award (British Federation of University Women) 1987–88 Alexander von Humboldt Forschungsstipendium 1991 University of Cape Town Book Award (for Siluae IV); prize shared with J. M. Coetzee (for Age of Iron) 1992 Alexander von Humboldt Forschungsstipendium 1998– Honorary Research Curator, Harvard University Art Museums 2003–08 Harvard College Professor, Harvard University 2005 Joseph R. Levenson Teaching Prize for Senior Faculty, awarded by the Undergraduate Council of Harvard College 2007 Walter Channing Cabot Fellowship, Harvard University 2008 Ausonius-Preis, Universität Trier 2009 Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Honorary Member 2010 Loeb Classical Library Foundation research grant 2012 Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Corresponding Member 2013–14 Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Fellow 2017–18 Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, Member 3. Posts held 1976 Temporary Teaching Assistant, Department of Classics, University of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) 1979–81 Junior Lecturer, Department of Classics, University of Cape Town 1982–87 Lecturer, Department of Classics, University of Cape Town 1988–90 Senior Lecturer, Department of Classics, University of Cape Town (ad hominem promotion) 1991–93 Associate Professor, Department of Classics, University of Cape Town (ad hominem promotion) 1993–98 Professor of Latin, Trinity College, Dublin 1996–97 Visiting Professor, Harvard University 1998–2010 Professor of Latin, Harvard University 2010– James Loeb Professor of the Classics, Harvard University 1 4. -
The Scottish Campaigns of Septimius Severus 208-211
The Scottish campaigns of Septimius Severus 208-211 A reassessment of the evidence Author : L.J.J. Kieboom The Scottish campaigns of Septimius Severus 208-211 A reassessment of the evidence Name author: L.J.J. Kieboom Student number: s1424904 Course: Bachelorthesis Name supervisor: Dr. J. de Bruin Specialisation: Archaeology of Europe University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden, 15-06-2017, Final version Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 5 1.1 The aim of the research 5 1.2 Research approaches and questions 6 1.3 Chapter layout 7 Chapter 2: Background information 8 2.1 Iron Age Scotland 8 2.2 Roman military 11 2.2.1 Organisation 11 2.2.2 The Roman army on march 12 2.3 Roman military campaigns into Scotland prior to Severan campaigns 17 Chapter 3: Historical sources and consensus of the Severan campaigns 19 3.1 Roman sources regarding the reign of Severus 19 3.2 Septimius Severus 22 3.2.1 Personal life 22 3.2.2 Personal involvements with Britain 24 3.3 Historical accounts of the Severan campaigns 29 3.3.1 Third century histories: Dio and Herodian 29 3.3.2 Fourth century histories: Eutropius and the Historia Augusta 34 3.4 Current image of the Severan campaigns 35 Chapter 4: Archaeological evidence for the Severan campaigns 38 4.1 Scotland 38 4.1.1 Forts 40 4.1.2 Camps 43 4.1.3 Miscellaneous evidence 47 4.2 Outside Scotland 50 4.2.1 Hadrian’s Wall 50 4.2.2 Outposts at High Rochester and Risingham 53 Chapter 5: Synthesis and discussion 55 5.1 Preparations (Pre-208 CE) 55 5.2 The campaigns (208-210 CE) 58 5.3 Aftermath of the campaigns (post-211 CE) 63 Chapter 6: Conclusions 64 3 Summary 66 Samenvatting 67 References 68 List of figures and tables 74 4 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 The aim of the research When discussing the Roman military presence in modern day Scotland, the campaigns of governor and generalGnaeus JuliusAgricola between 79/80-83/84 usually get the most attention from both scholars and the general public.