Roman Legionary Fortresses and the Cities of Modern Europe Author(S): Thomas H

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Roman Legionary Fortresses and the Cities of Modern Europe Author(S): Thomas H Roman Legionary Fortresses and the Cities of Modern Europe Author(s): Thomas H. Watkins Source: Military Affairs, Vol. 47, No. 1 (Feb., 1983), pp. 15-25 Published by: Society for Military History Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1987828 . Accessed: 09/05/2011 18:10 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=smh. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for Military History is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Military Affairs. http://www.jstor.org RomanLegionciry fortresses aond the Ctiesof ModernEurope by Thomas H. Watkins Western Illinois University England the natives to take up city life. Agricola made good use of the IN assessing the Roman contributionto westernhistory, it is Winter: customaryto stress what may be broadlytermed the imperial achievement: the acquisitionand maintenanceof an empirefor For, to accustom to rest and repose throughthe charms several centuriesand the conversionof conqueredpeoples from ofluxury a populationscattered and barbarous and there- foreinclined to war, Agricolagave privateencouragement One of the strongest subjects to partnersin Roman civilization. and public aid to the buildingof temples, courts of justice agents in this imperial achievementwas the army, whose role and dwelling-houses,praising the energeticand reproving included much more than its primaryfunction of conquest and the indolent.Thus an honourablerivalry took the place of defense. The army was a powerfulfactor in Romanization.In- compulsion.He likewise provided a liberal education for deed, lifein the army was probablythe mosteffective means of thesons ofthe chiefs, and showedsuch a preferencefor the spreadingthe Roman way oflife throughout the provinces of the naturalpowers of the Britons over the industry of the Gauls Rome now Empire, especially among those classes ofthe populationwhich that they who lately disdained the tongue of coveted its eloquence. Hence, too, a likingfor our styleof suppliedmost of the recruits. Latin was thelanguage ofthe army, dress, and the "toga" became fashionable. Step by step and the soldiers tookit withthem wherever they served. Count- they were led to the things which dispose to vice, the less thousandsof people acquired at least a veneer ofromanitas lounge,the bath, the elegant banquet. All this in theirig- throughservice in or contactwith the military. The Roman army norance theycalled civilization,when it was but a part of also contributedto the urbanizationof westernEurope in that a their servitude. numberof its camps have lived on throughtime to become mod- (Agricola 21; Modern Library trans.) erncities. Examples ofthis legacy fromEngland and Europe, not as oftenobserved as they ought to be, are the subject of the Armycamps stimulatedeconomic growth and quasi-municipal presentstudy. developmentall along thefrontiers, and threetypes of commun- Two preliminarypoints are to be noted. First, in the early ityemerged. The first,canabae ("huts, sheds"), consistedof the centuriesof the Empire therewere essentiallytwo kindsof sol- collectionof buildings- workshops,warehouses, stores, inns, diers: legionaries and auxiliaries. The formerwere recruited houses, brothels- located adjacent to legionaryand auxiliary fromRoman citizens and served for 20 years in the legions of bases everywherein the Empire. Their inhabitantsserved the some 5,200men; the latterwere drawn fromthe non-citizenna- manyneeds ofthe garrisons - freshfoods, leather goods, drinks, tive peoples, served 25-yearenlistments in the infantrycohorts women - and the soldiers doubtless welcomed theirpresence. and cavalry "wings" of either 500 or 1,000men, and received Equally certainlythe canabae did somethingto Romanize many Roman citizenshipon discharge. Second, writersin English cus- thousands of provincials. The extentto which canabae contri- tomarilydesignate legionary bases as fortresses,and all smaller butedto urbangrowth is notso clear, forthough they tended to be bases, whetherfor auxiliary units or detachmentsof legions, as more or less permanentcommunities (given that army units forts.It is withthe fortressesalone thatwe are here concerned. remained in the same camps foryears), theywere oftenrather The Romans regarded city life as synonymouswith civilized ramshackle,unplanned affairs, straggling along one or tworoads life: "urban" was civilized,"rustic" and "rural" and were not. leading to one of the main gates of a base. The canabae of a More important,it was Roman policy to use cities as units of fortresswere morelikely to exhibittrue municipal features than governmentwhenever possible, workingthrough them where were those of the small auxiliary forts.Further, it is probable theyalready existedand establishingnew ones wherethere were that canabae were under the jurisdictionof the military,whose none. SometimesRome foundedcolonies of discharged veterans officersregarded them as necessaryevils and deniedthem much both to reward the time-servedsoldiers and to impress the na- in the way of developmentand self-government;canabae were tives withurban life.Such cities were intendedto be showplaces on army property(territorium legionis) and could be abolished of Roman grandeur,deliberately designed to impress all who at the command of the military.2 visited or resided in them. As the second-centuryA.D. writer The second type of communityoriginating in proximityto Aulus Gellius put it, colonies were "littlecopies and images" of armybases was thevicus. Oftengrowing up a mile or moreaway Rome, reflectingthe glory of the capital in theprovinces (Noctes from the fortand so not on army land, the vicus was a true Atticae 16.13.9.).Colonies were thehighest category of city in the communityof its own,legally independentof the militarycom- Empire, bothprestigious and privileged,for they mirrored the mand. Many wealthymerchants took up residencein thevici, as magnificenceof Rome and generallypossessed valuable rightsof did retiredsoldiers and provincialsanxious to get ahead. Vete- self-governmentand tax-exemptionas well. Theyoften served as rans, who were fairlywell Romanized aftertheir long tours of provincialcapitals and centers of the imperial cult (worshipof duty,tended to marrynative women and settle down afterdis- the goddess Roma and the deifiedemperors). As examples we charge in thevici near the bases wheretheir units had longbeen can pointto Antioch-by-Pisidiain Asia Minor,Colchester in Bri- stationed.Generous provisions of discharge extended citizenship tain,Cologne in Germany,Lyon in France, Merida in Spain, and to theveterans' wives and childrenand thuspromoted extensive Timgad in Africa.1At a lowerlevel, Tacitus describes the policy Romanizationin these towns.As a consequence, some of these ofAgricola as governorof Britain in 80 A.D. workingto persuade places attained considerablesize, thoughthere was a wide gra- FEBRUARY 1983 15 dationin them.At theupper end, some vici near fortressesor the more importantauxiliary forts became sufficientlyRomanized CAERLEON (ISCA) fis.2I to be recognizedas municipiaor even, by theearly thirdcentury A.D., promotedto coloniae.3 This developmentwas evidently given officialencouragement along the Danube and in Dacia, where cities as in to be most began vici. York England appears -3~~~~~ - analogous,the vicus growingup across theOuse fromthe fortress and beinggranted colonial status ca. 211-217.At thelower end of the spectrum,there was littleto distinguishvicus fromcanabae at the more remotefrontier posts. What,for instance, should we make ofVindolanda on Hadrian's Wall? It was a prettymiserable place whencompared with the great vici ofthe Danube, butyet its PRINCIPIAI inhabitantsas the vici Vindolandesseshad enoughsense ofcom- (H Q) munityto dedicate an altar to Vulcan.4 The thirdand mostimportant type of community under consid- erationhere is thatwhich originated as or in - notnear or beside VIA~~~I~ - a legionaryfortress. As always thereis variation,and no single statementis valid everywhere.In essence, however,the situation is fairlysimple. Sometimes fortressesof the early Empire be- came cities afterthe end ofthe Roman period.In otherinstances therewas an intermediatephase: aftersome years or decades of occupationa legion abandoned its fortressto move to a position closer to the frontier,and the old base was convertedinto a civilian colonia whichin turnendured through the Medieval into modern times. England affordstwo examples of the former, Chesterand York, and twoof the latter, Gloucester and Lincoln. In bothtypes, what is of interestis
Recommended publications
  • Far from the Dragging Plough~
    ~FAR FROM THE DRAGGING PLOUGH~ VETERANS IN TRADE AND BUSINESS DURING THE ROMAN PRINCIPATE by Joseph Adam Hall School of Classics University of Wales, Trinity Saint David Dissertation submitted for MA degree in Ancient History and Classical Studies January 2013 Master’s Degrees by Examination and Dissertation Declaration Form. 1. This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed……………………………………………………………………………… Date ………………………………………………………………………………... 2. This dissertation is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MA Ancient History and Classical Studies Signed……………………………………………………………………………… Date..…………………………………………………………………..…………... 3. This dissertation is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed candidate:………………………………………………………………… Date: …………………………………………………….………………………. 4. I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopying, inter- library loan, and for deposit in the University’s digital repository Signed…………………………………………………………….……………… Date………………………………………………….…………….…………….. Supervisor’s Declaration. I am satisfied that this work is the result of the student’s own efforts. Signed…………………………………………………………………………….. Date……………………………………………………………………………….. ~SUMMARY~ In the study of the Roman world, few demographics receive scanter attention from modern scholarship than those time-served veterans who eschewed an agricultural life in favour of setting up in business for themselves. This study, then, is an examination of this class of men and the evidence we have for them. Modern scholarship’s apathy in this field of study is no doubt an effect of the lack of anything more than sparse one-dimensional references to veterans in the ancient literary sources, an aspect this paper will also examine.
    [Show full text]
  • Galway City Walls Conservation, Management and Interpretation Plan
    GALWAY CITY WALLS CONSERVATION, MANAGEMENT & INTERPRETATION PLAN MARCH 2013 Frontispiece- Woman at Doorway (Hall & Hall) Howley Hayes Architects & CRDS Ltd. were commissioned by Galway City Coun- cil and the Heritage Council to prepare a Conservation, Management & Interpre- tation Plan for the historic town defences. The surveys on which this plan are based were undertaken in Autumn 2012. We would like to thank all those who provided their time and guidance in the preparation of the plan with specialist advice from; Dr. Elizabeth Fitzpatrick, Dr. Kieran O’Conor, Dr. Jacinta Prunty & Mr. Paul Walsh. Cover Illustration- Phillips Map of Galway 1685. CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 UNDERSTANDING THE PLACE 6 3.0 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 17 4.0 ASSESSMENT & STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 28 5.0 DEFINING ISSUES & VULNERABILITY 31 6.0 CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES 35 7.0 INTERPRETATION & MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES 37 8.0 CONSERVATION STRATEGIES 41 APPENDICES Statutory Protection 55 Bibliography 59 Cartographic Sources 60 Fortification Timeline 61 Endnotes 65 1.0 INTRODUCTION to the east, which today retains only a small population despite the ambitions of the Anglo- Norman founders. In 1484 the city was given its charter, and was largely rebuilt at that time to leave a unique legacy of stone buildings The Place and carvings from the late-medieval period. Galway City is situated on the north-eastern The medieval street pattern has largely been shore of a sheltered bay on the west coast of preserved, although the removal of the walls Ireland. It is located at the mouth of the River during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Corrib, which separates the east and western together with extra-mural developments as the sides of the county.
    [Show full text]
  • A Very Rough Guide to the Main DNA Sources of the Counties of The
    A Very Rough Guide To the Main DNA Sources of the Counties of the British Isles (NB This only includes the major contributors - others will have had more limited input) TIMELINE (AD) ? - 43 43 - c410 c410 - 878 c878 - 1066 1066 -> c1086 1169 1283 -> c1289 1290 (limited) (limited) Normans (limited) Region Pre 1974 County Ancient Britons Romans Angles / Saxon / Jutes Norwegians Danes conq Engl inv Irel conq Wales Isle of Man ENGLAND Cornwall Dumnonii Saxon Norman Devon Dumnonii Saxon Norman Dorset Durotriges Saxon Norman Somerset Durotriges (S), Belgae (N) Saxon Norman South West South Wiltshire Belgae (S&W), Atrebates (N&E) Saxon Norman Gloucestershire Dobunni Saxon Norman Middlesex Catuvellauni Saxon Danes Norman Berkshire Atrebates Saxon Norman Hampshire Belgae (S), Atrebates (N) Saxon Norman Surrey Regnenses Saxon Norman Sussex Regnenses Saxon Norman Kent Canti Jute then Saxon Norman South East South Oxfordshire Dobunni (W), Catuvellauni (E) Angle Norman Buckinghamshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Bedfordshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Hertfordshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Essex Trinovantes Saxon Danes Norman Suffolk Trinovantes (S & mid), Iceni (N) Angle Danes Norman Norfolk Iceni Angle Danes Norman East Anglia East Cambridgeshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Huntingdonshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Northamptonshire Catuvellauni (S), Coritani (N) Angle Danes Norman Warwickshire Coritani (E), Cornovii (W) Angle Norman Worcestershire Dobunni (S), Cornovii (N) Angle Norman Herefordshire Dobunni (S), Cornovii
    [Show full text]
  • 2011: Durham University
    THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION ANNUAL CONFERENCE DURHAM UNIVERSITY FRIDAY 15TH APRIL - MONDAY 18TH APRIL 2011 CONFERENCE INFORMATION We are delighted to invite you to attend the 2011 Classical Association Annual Conference, which this year will be hosted by Durham University. Founded by Royal Charter in 1832, Durham University is among the contenders to the title of third oldest University of England; yet despite its ancient roots, Durham prides itself on combining tradition with innovation. The same is true of its Classics Department, one of the largest, youngest, and most international Classics Departments around. Two-thirds of staff in the department are non- British nationals: Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Serbia, and the USA are all represented; current research postgraduates add Egypt, Greece, Hungary, Korea, and Japan to the list. All of this is testimony to our view that Classics not only continues to be relevant, but has become increasingly important as a shared cultural resource through which diverse contemporary cultures can communicate. In various ways, then, Durham Classics operates across boundaries of time and of space and stands for intellectual exchange across languages and cultures, and it is this spirit of open exchange and dialogue that we hope to enact and celebrate during the Classical Association Annual Conference as well. The Durham colleges allow us to return to the traditional format of the on-campus event, with both accommodation and academic sessions in the main conference venue, Collingwood College. It will however also be possible to book a room at the Business school, or at the Marriott; and Durham city offers a range of other possibilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Print Finishers
    2014 Newport Half Marathon Gun Pos Gun Time No Name M/F Cat Club Chip Pos Chip Time 1 1:14:46 1 Ryan McFlyn M 1 1:14:46 2 1:17:09 1175 Matthew Welsh M 1 Tri 2 1:17:08 3 1:17:15 910 Leighton Rawlinson M 3 1:17:14 4 1:17:30 865 Emrys Penny M Newport Harriers 4 1:17:29 5 1:17:43 68 Maciej Bialogonski M 5 1:17:42 6 1:17:46 316 James Elgar M 6 1:17:45 7 1:19:35 372 Tom Foster M Cardiff Triathletes 7 1:19:34 8 1:20:33 926 Christopher Rennick M 8 1:20:31 9 1:21:10 425 Mike Griffiths M Lliswerry Runners 9 1:21:09 10 1:21:27 680 Richard Lloyd M Aberdare VAAC 10 1:21:25 11 1:21:52 117 Gary Brown M Penarth & Dinas Runners 11 1:21:50 12 1:22:03 801 Doug Nicholls M San Domenico 12 1:22:02 13 1:22:21 625 Alun King M Lliswerry Runners 13 1:22:18 14 1:22:25 574 Dean Johnson M 14 1:22:22 15 1:22:38 772 Emma Wookey F Lliswerry Runners 15 1:22:36 16 1:22:54 256 Steve Davies M 50 Pontypool & District Runners 16 1:22:52 17 1:25:26 575 Nicholas Johnson M 17 1:25:24 18 1:25:50 597 Richard Jones M 18 1:25:39 19 1:25:55 458 Michael Harris M Caerleon Running Club 19 1:25:53 20 1:26:02 163 Jack Casey M 20 1:25:56 21 1:26:07 162 James Casburn M Caerleon Running Club 22 1:26:05 22 1:26:08 541 Richard Jackson-Hookins M Penarth & Dinas Runners 23 1:26:06 23 1:26:09 82 Thomas Bland M Lliswerry Runners 24 1:26:06 24 1:26:09 531 Mark Hurford M Pontypool & District Runners 21 1:26:03 25 1:26:10 803 Daniel Oakenfull M 25 1:26:08 26 1:26:12 215 Pete Croall M San Domenico 26 1:26:10 27 1:26:15 57 Jon Belcher M 27 1:26:12 28 1:26:43 107 Phil Bristow M 50 San Domenico 28 1:26:40
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman Wall Around Miles
    Let’s walk! St Giles Cripplegate Use this map and the key to help you find your way around. Remember, you can pause the audio walk at any point to take a closer look at your surroundings, complete St Alphage one of the activities Gardens overleaf or to stop for a rest. Barbican Moorgate This walk will take about 23 minutes plus This circular walk starts Guildhall Yard. We’ll move through stops and covers 1.6km Barbican and St. Giles before looping back on ourselves and (1 mi). This walk is finishing where we began. On the way we’ll find out all about suitable for pushchairs life and work in Roman London฀– then called and wheelchairs. Londinium and how they kept the city safe. Remember to check the opening times and admission prices of any venues before starting Noble Street your walk. A list of Guildhall Yard them can be found on St. Paul’s the final page. Start and End Key Point of Interest Look out for Bex! As well as your audio guide, Rest points she’s also here to point out additional things and Restrooms give you fun challenges to complete as you walk. ^ Fold me along the lines and read me like a book! me like me along the lines and read ^ Fold Venues on and around the walk Fun Kids Family Walks: The City of London Remember to always check the opening times and admission prices of venues before starting your journey. The Roman Museum of London museumoflondon.org.uk Wall Barbican barbican.org.uk Guildhall guildhall.cityoflondon.gov.uk London’s Wall is one of the oldest structures in the City.
    [Show full text]
  • Coridor-Yr-M4-O-Amgylch-Casnewydd
    PROSIECT CORIDOR YR M4 O AMGYLCH CASNEWYDD THE M4 CORRIDOR AROUND NEWPORT PROJECT Malpas Llandifog/ Twneli Caerllion/ Caerleon Llandevaud B Brynglas/ 4 A 2 3 NCN 4 4 Newidiadau Arfaethedig i 6 9 6 Brynglas 44 7 Drefniant Mynediad/ A N tunnels C Proposed Access Changes 48 N Pontymister A 4 (! M4 C25/ J25 6 0m M4 C24/ J24 M4 C26/ J26 2 p h 4 h (! (! p 0 Llanfarthin/ Sir Fynwy/ / 0m 4 u A th 6 70 M4 Llanmartin Monmouthshire ar m Pr sb d ph Ex ese Gorsaf y Ty-Du/ do ifie isti nn ild ss h ng ol i Rogerstone A la p M4 'w A i'w ec 0m to ild Station ol R 7 Sain Silian/ be do nn be Re sba Saint-y-brid/ e to St. Julians cla rth res 4 ss u/ St Brides P M 6 Underwood ifi 9 ed 4 ng 5 Ardal Gadwraeth B M ti 4 Netherwent 4 is 5 x B Llanfihangel Rogiet/ 9 E 7 Tanbont 1 23 Llanfihangel Rogiet B4 'St Brides Road' Tanbont Conservation Area t/ Underbridge en Gwasanaethau 'Rockfield Lane' w ow Gorsaf Casnewydd/ Trosbont -G st Underbridge as p Traffordd/ I G he Newport Station C 4 'Knollbury Lane' o N Motorway T Overbridge N C nol/ C N Services M4 C23/ sen N Cyngor Dinas Casnewydd M48 Pre 4 Llanwern J23/ M48 48 Wilcrick sting M 45 Exi B42 Newport City Council Darperir troedffordd/llwybr beiciau ar hyd Newport Road/ M4 C27/ J27 M4 C23A/ J23A Llanfihangel Casnewydd/ Footpath/ Cycleway Provided Along Newport Road (! Gorsaf Pheilffordd Cyffordd Twnnel Hafren/ A (! 468 Ty-Du/ Parcio a Theithio Arfaethedig Trosbont Rogiet/ Severn Tunnel Junction Railway Station Newport B4245 Grorsaf Llanwern/ Trefesgob/ 'Newport Road' Rogiet Rogerstone 4 Proposed Llanwern Overbridge
    [Show full text]
  • GADARG - Essays 09/03/2009 10:47
    GADARG - essays 09/03/2009 10:47 GLOUCESTER AND DISTRICT ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP Registered charity No.252290 Contact us: ~ GLEVUM ~ The Roman origins of Gloucester by Nigel Spry In 1997 Gloucester celebrated its founding as a Colonia - the highest status to which any Roman settlement could aspire. To learn about this, let's start at the beginning - and then we can follow on with some later history. Kingsholm Some time after AD 49 the Roman army - we cannot be certain but probably the 20th legion or elements of it, from Colchester - built a fortress at Kingsholm near an Iron-Age settlement beside the then course of the Severn. There appears to have been two major phases of construction, the later one bringing the site to full legionary size. The use of the fortress and its continuity of occupation is uncertain, but its probable role was as a strategic base and support headquarters for campaigns in Wales. Because of flooding the location was an unsatisfactory one; this no doubt was one reason that around AD 66 it was abandoned and the army established a new fortress one km to the south, on an area of raised ground that would in due course become known as Gloucester, where there had been earlier occupation. A New Fortress The new fortress, rectangular in shape and covering an area of 17 hectares (43 acres), had turf faced and 'timber strapped' clay ramparts, 3.5m high, surmounted by a timber palisade and walkway, and fronted by wide steeply cut V-shaped ditches. Substantial timber gate towers pierced the rampart on each side and between them along the ramparts were other timber towers at intervals and at the rampart corners.
    [Show full text]
  • WELLINGTON and the WREKIN, Wellington to the Wrekin, One of the Midlands Most Famous Natural SHROPSHIRE Landmarks
    An 8 mile circular walk connecting the historic east Shropshire market town of WELLINGTON AND THE WREKIN, Wellington to The Wrekin, one of the Midlands most famous natural SHROPSHIRE landmarks. The journey begins in the centre of medieval Wellington and explores The Ercall (the most northerly of the five hills of the Wrekin range) before following the main track to the summit of its iconic 1334-foot sibling. The trail Strenuous Terrain leaves Wellington following the orange-coloured Buzzard signs indicating the new main route of the long-distance Shropshire Way footpath, which continue all the way to summit of The Wrekin. Returning, the route detours through the town’s Bowring Park and historic Market Square before arriving back at the railway station. 8 miles ADVICE: The heathland atop The Wrekin is a precious landscape that can be easily damaged. Please do not Circular trample on the heather and bilberry and keep dogs on their leads during spring and early summer, when many ground-nesting birds are present. Similarly, the hillfort is 4 hours a Scheduled Ancient Monument (SAM) and visitors are encouraged not to walk on its ramparts. FACILITIES: The walk starts at Wellington rail station, 050419 where tourist information and maps of footpaths in the wider area are available. A cafe is situated on Platform Two and public toilets can be accessed with a key during booking office opening hours. Pay toilets are also located at the adjacent bus station, while free facilities can be found at Wellington Civic Centre in Larkin Way. The route also passes the Red Lion pub on Holyhead Road, while Wellington town centre is home to many catering establishments.
    [Show full text]
  • Consideraţii Privind Organizarea Cărămidăriei Legiunii a Xiii-A Gemina De La Apulum
    BHAUT, XII, 2010, p. 201-213 CONSIDERAŢII PRIVIND ORGANIZAREA CĂRĂMIDĂRIEI LEGIUNII A XIII-A GEMINA DE LA APULUM Doina Benea Cuvinte cheie: cărămidărie, legiunea a XIII Gemina, stampila de legiune, lut, material tegular Schüsselwörte: Ziegelei, Legio XIII Gemina, Legionsstempel, Lehm, Baumaterialien Zusamenfassung: Bei Apulum sind zwei Haupttypen der Legionsstempel bekannt. Beim ersten kommt nur der Legionsname vor, beim zweiten gibt es daneben auch gewisse Personennamen, die als Namen der Leiter der Ziegeleien betrachtet werden. Unter diesen kommen mindestens drei von Zivilisten vor, die also zu Lokalwerkstätten der canabae gehören. Die bislang erschienenen drei Namen Iulius Serenus, Terentianus, P. Clodius... auf Baumaterialien und auf bestimmten Gegenständen heben das hervor. Von diesen Beispielen ausgehend wurde die Ansicht vertreten, dass in den Werkstätten Baumaterialien aus Lehm auf Bestellung der Behörden oder der Armee für öffentliche Zwecke oder für das Militär hergestellt wurden. Man kann zum ersten Mal feststellen, dass diese bedeutende wirtschaftliche Tätigkeit in den Lagerdörfern der Legion XIII Gemina von Apulum stattfand, und zwar in den privaten Ziegeleien, die sowohl für die Armee als auch für den privaten Bereich gearbeitet haben. Der bedarf an Baumaterialien für die Errichtung der öffentlichen oder militärische Bauten in den neuen Siedlungen Dakiens haben die Behörden dazu veranlasst, sich an private Unternehmer zu wenden. Die keramischen Baumaterialien für die Provinz wurden in den canabae von Apulum hergestellt. Weder die Ausmaße und der Umfang dieser Produktion noch deren Verbreitung auf dem Gebiet der Provinz können allerdings ganz erfasst werden. Die Produktion wurde vermutlich von der Legion XIII Gemina überwacht, von einem magister figlinae oder –arum, wie zum Beispiel Aurelius Godes.
    [Show full text]
  • La «Legio Vii»: Mandos Y Soldados
    LA «LEGIO VII»: MANDOS Y SOLDADOS Manuel Abilio Rabanal Alonso Universidad de León La vida militar en Hispania tiene una importancia considerable. A partir de la crea­ ción de la «Legio VII» por Galba, ésta queda como única fuerza. De ahí que basándo­ nos en la epigrafía de la provincia de León, tracemos un breve esquema de lo que representan estos militares en el marco general de la administración romana. I. LOS LEGADOS DE LA LEGION En la epigrafía de la provincia de León aparecen tres «legati legionis» y un «dux legionis». El «legatus legionis», el poder supremo en la legión, lógicamente como dele­ gado del emperador, que es el jefe supremo de todos los ejércitos. Estos legados gene­ ralmente pertenecen al orden senatorial. Ya en el siglo III el cargo de «dux legionis», que era un mando extraordinario en principio, se convierte en la denominación normal del máximo responsable del mando legionario; quizá en este nuevo título se trata de remarcar las funciones estrictamente militares, que hacen clara referencia a expedicio­ nes («dux»-«ducere» = «conductor», «conducir»), por oposición a «praepositus» cuyas funciones son básicamente administrativas. Inscripción 1—Q. TULUUS MAXIMUS Bibliografía CIL, II, 2660; ILS, 3259; CM León, p. 27; Fita, MEA, I, 1872; Rada, MEA, VI, 1875; Nieto, pp. 19-21, 1925; Mariner, pp. 27-28, 150 y 201,1952; Alfóldy, p. 121, 1959; Rabanal, AL, 45-46, 1969, pp. 25-28; Vives, p. 532, η. 5754; Pastor, p. 202; Fernández Aller, pp. 28-29, η. 5; Rabanal, pp. 44-46, η. 4; Diego, pp. 35-38, η.
    [Show full text]
  • El Congreso De Lyon Sobre Las Legiones De Roma En El Alto Imperio
    El congreso de Lyon sobre las legiones de Roma en el Alto Imperio Julio RODRÍGUEZ GONZÁLEZ La historia concreta de las unidades legionarias del Imperio Romano ha sido desde siempre un tema muy apreciado por un sector de historiadores: aquellos que se dedican a la Historia Militar de la Antigüedad. Conocer el origen de cada una de las legiones romanas, saber el porqué de su nombre y de su número, las circunstancias de su reclutamiento, el origen de sus soldados, el nombre y la graduación de sus mandos (algunos, futuros empe- radores) y soldados, las provincias y campamentos en los que estuvo de guarnición, las campañas en las que intervino y su destino final, es de gran utilidad no sólo para la pura historia militar, sino también para hacer historia política, e incluso reconstruir la historia social y económica. Desde el siglo XIX, que es cuando se empiezan a hacer los primeros estudios serios y científicos sobre el tema, la historia de las legiones ha producido miles de títulos al respecto, pero uno de ellos resalta sobre todos los demás: el de E. Ritterling, titulado sencillamente “Legio”1, magnífico artículo con entidad de monografía que aún rinde y rendirá excelentes servicios a los historiadores. Sin embargo, hace más de setenta y cinco años que fue publicado y en ese tiempo son innumerables las aportaciones que el análisis de la documentación literaria, epigráfica y numismática (tanto en lo que se refiere a nuevas fuentes halladas como a recapitulación y revisión de las ya conocidas) ha producido en el campo de la historia militar romana.
    [Show full text]