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TRAVEL TEXTS AND MOVING CULTURES A German-focused Comparative Analysis in the Context of the Mobilities Turn Anita Jean Perkins A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy At the University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand 21, December, 2012. ii Abstract How does the experience of travel transform culture over time? This is the question at the heart of my thesis, which brings together two main areas of scholarship: the cultural analysis of literature and film, and the emerging field of mobilities studies. The objects of analysis are travel texts , i.e. literature and film critically engaged in the cultural experience of movement as travel. The selected texts, which are predominantly German, are (re)viewed within the context of the mobilities turn . This emerging methodological direction (re)conceives of cultures as mobile, and is set out paradigmatically in Mimi Sheller’s and John Urry’s article “The New Mobilities Paradigm” (2006). Mobilities scholars critique traditional sedentary perspectives of people and place, such as that which Martin Heidegger promotes in his essay “Bauen, Wohnen, Denken” (1951). My analysis generally draws on two main concepts or ways of being, namely dwelling , or remaining in one place, which connotes stability, groundedness and permanence, and mobility , or travel to other destinations, which connotes movement, change, and uncertainty. The main body of analysis is prefaced by an examination of the Greek epic, Homer’s Odyssey (ca. 750-700 BC) . I consider Odysseus’s culturally foundational journey and the notion of his return to Ithaca as an ideal homecoming. Next, I review selected examples of travel writing from a historical period of significant social change defined by Reinhart Koselleck as the Sattelzeit, 1770-1830. During the Sattelzeit a culture founded on mobilities emerged and the desire for travel opened up a space in which new supplementary ideas were formed in relation to technology, Bildung, and culture. Works analysed include Georg Forster’s A Voyage Round the World (1777), which describes the young German scientist’s journey to New Zealand with Captain Cook. I also examine Adelbert von Chamisso’s Peter Schlemihls wundersame Geschichte (1814). This fictional narrative by the exiled French- German includes the notable image of a traveller who loses his shadow and thus human contact, but gains seven-league boots which enable enhanced worldwide travel. The Sattelzeit is then compared to the contemporary period of 1985-2010, which comprises two sections. In the first part encompassing 1985-1995, the central focus is on global turning point of 1989/90. The analysis of travel texts shows that travel is increasingly regarded as a human right. I look at the travel ideals of East German writers in the build-up to the Fall of the Berlin Wall, in Erich Loest’s novel Zwiebelmuster (1985) and Friedrich Christian Delius’s novella Der Spaziergang von Rostock nach Syrakus (1995). I argue that after 1989/90 the world reaches a point-of-no-return with regard to the global intensification of mobilities. This is intimated in Andrei Ujica’s documentary film Out of the Present (1995) via an extra-terrestrial filmic gaze and the obsolescence of the cosmonaut’s national identity. In the second part, encompassing 1995-2010, I evaluate how travellers experience and negotiate the overwhelming presence of intense mobilities. Here, Theodoros Angelopoulos’s film, Ulysses’ Gaze (1995) and Christoph Ransmayr’s drama, Odysseus, Verbrecher (2010) are examined as contemporary iterations of the Odyssey , which problematize the possibility of homecoming. In the concluding section of this thesis I recapitulate the dominant themes with reference to Bernhard Schlink’s novel Heimkehr (2006), the odyssey of a young German man in search of his father. I suggest future directions for research. Further, I reflect on the extent iii to which a German-focused comparative cultural analysis of travel texts makes a useful contribution to the emerging field of mobilities studies. A key outcome here is that the approach taken opens up the possibility of an evaluation of the ethics of ever-increasing mobility which is lacking in existing critical mobilities literature. iv Acknowledgements There are so many people who have contributed to the writing of this thesis. First and foremost I would like to thank my amazing supervisors, Simon Ryan and Tim Mehigan. They have been so supportive, kind and inspirational throughout the entire PhD process as well as throughout all my years at Otago. I most certainly could not have done this without you, and it has been a great privilege to know you and work with you. I hope we remain in contact for many years to come. I am so lucky to have a wonderful family. Thank you to Yvonne, Graeme, Chris, Anita, Talia, James and Kerry Perkins and Deb Frazer. My Nanna Stewart and Grandma Perkins also provide me with inspiration, as do Poppa Stewart and Grandpa Perkins who we remember with a smile. I have so many friends there is not even room here to mention you all, but you keep me entertained and encouraged in so many ways. Thanks to my pod office friends, Margi MacMurdo-Reading, Robert Styles, Dean Alexander, Niki Williams, Anne Begg, Kenton Storey and everyone else from the postgrad years. I am grateful for the friendship of Danielle Salmon, Pia Davie, Flavia Rubini-Lean, Lauren Moody, Nicola Lormans, Anneke Bhat, Adrienne Martin, Mel Lewis, Amy Lewis, Molly George, Claire Sims, Amanda Mulock, Karen Tustin, Hadley O’Sullivan and so many others! Thank you to the staff at Otago, particularly Charles Tustin, Thelma Fisher and also the administrative and academic staff of the Department of Languages and Cultures. I would also like to thank Martha Bell, Tara Duncan and Vivienne Anderson of Otago for connecting me to mobilities research in New Zealand. Thank you to the University of Otago for the generous support of a postgraduate scholarship. Thank you all the staff and young leaders at the Asia New Zealand Foundation who have provided me with amazing friends and opportunities. Thanks also go to Hans-Liudger Dienel, Heike Wolter and the T 2M International Association for the History of Transport, Traffic and Mobility for the chance to travel to Berlin in 2011. Ich möchte mich auch ganz herzlich bei meiner Gastfamilie in Dorfen, Deutschland bedanken – Emil, Huguette, Sarah, Thomas, Nicola und Julian Rudolf. Wenn ich nicht am Ende 1999 bei Euch gelandet wäre, so wäre ich nie so weit gekommen. Vielen Dank! v Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... v Notes on Abbreviations and Citations ................................................................................... viii Chapter One: Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Goethe’s Stein des guten Glücks ...................................................................................... 1 1.2 A Mobilities Approach to the Analysis of Travel Texts ................................................ 10 1.3 Thesis Structure .............................................................................................................. 29 Part I: A Point of Departure ..................................................................................................... 34 Chapter Two: Homer’s Odyssey (circa. 750-700 BC) ............................................................. 34 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 34 2.2 The Odyssey Begins ....................................................................................................... 35 2.3 Cultural Memories of Home .......................................................................................... 36 2.4 Athene, Penelope and the Restoration of Fixed-Culture ................................................ 38 2.5 Mobility and the Gods .................................................................................................... 40 2.6 An Ideal Return to Ithaca? ............................................................................................. 43 2.7 Beyond the Odyssey: Flaws in Heidegger’s Homeric Idealism ..................................... 46 2.8 Crumbling Antique Foundations .................................................................................... 47 Part II: An Emerging Mobilities Culture ................................................................................. 49 Chapter Three: The Sattelzeit 1770-1830 ................................................................................ 49 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 49 3.2 Theoretical Approach ..................................................................................................... 50 3.3 Historical Context and Sattelzeit Writers ....................................................................... 58 3.4 Travel Text Analysis: Sattelzeit Journeys .....................................................................