Tianbo Li O Inglês Como Língua Global Na China English As a Global Language in China
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Aveiro Universidade de AveiroDepartamento de Línguas e Culturas 2005 Tianbo Li O Inglês como Língua Global na China English as a Global Language in China Universidade de AveiroDepartamento de Línguas e Culturas 2005 Tianbo Li O Inglês como Língua Global na China English as a Global Language in China dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Ingleses, realizada sob a orientação científica do Dr. Gillian Moreira, Professor Auxiliar do Departamento de Línguas e Culturas da Universidade de Aveiro o júri presidente Prof.Doutor Anthony David Barker, Professor Associado da Universidade de Aveiro. Profa. Doutora Francesca Clare Rayner, Professora Auxiliar do Instituto de Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade do Minho. Profa.Doutora Gillian Grace Owen Moreira, Professora Auxiliar da Universidade de Aveiro. (Orientadora) agradecimentos My gratitude and esteem go to Professor Gillian Owen Grace Moreira, my supervisor in this work, without her patient direction and suggestions and corrections, this work would not have been presented here. Very special thanks to my family, who have been supporting and encouraging me. To Professor Susan Howcroft and Professor Teresa Roberto, who have constantly encouraged me to keep on my research. To the University of Aveiro, Portugal; Suihua Teachers College and No.7 Middle School of Suihua in Heilongjiang Province, P.R.China; China Mining Industry University; Nanjing University and No.50 Middle School of Nanjing in Jiangsu Province (PRC); which provided valid and valuable information for my dissertation. To my colleagues and friends in China: Liu Hong, Bian Jiantao, Xu jing, Yuan Minghuan, Zhang Yueming, Cao Chengzhi, Sun Zhuang, Zhi Xiaojing, whose contributions in my questionnaire and friendship encouraged me to finish this dissertation. To my Chinese friends in the University of Aveiro, Protugal: Wang Qinghua, Huang Can, Hong Lei, Lin Zhi, Li Zhanjian, Sun Lan, Liu Fengyi, Lu Xiaopeng who helped me to answer my questionnaire. palavras-chave língua global; educação em línguas; indigenização da língua inglesa; as quatro Modernizações; Revolução Cultural resumo O objectivo desta tese é a análise do desenvolvimento e funcionamento da Língua Inglês na China de uma perspectiva histórica no âmbito da globalização económica e cultural. Tomando em consideração a relação com as políticas, economia e pedagogia na China, exemplificamos alguns problemas no ensino de inglês na China. Por um lado, examinamos o desenvolvimento das políticas educativas em relação às línguas estrangeiras; por outro, analisamos o desenvolvimento do ensino/aprendizagem do Inglês. Os papéis e estatutos do Inglês na China, bem como questões pedagógicas relacionadas com o ensino do Inglês são analisados através de questionários de várias províncias da China. Finalmente consideramos diferentes variedades de Inglês na China, questões de identidade e cultura e o futuro do Inglês como língua global na China. keywords Global language; foreign language education; Chinese Englishes; the Four Modernizations; Cutural Revolution abstract This thesis addresses the question of English as a Global language in China from a historical angle in the context of economic and cultural globalization. Considering the relationship between politics, economics and pedagogy, it exemplifies some problems in China’s English education. On the one hand, it analyzes the development of foreign language learning; on the other hand, it looks at the development of the teaching of English as a foreign language. The role and status of English in China, as well as pedagogical issues related to the teaching of English are analyzed through questionnaires from different provinces of China. Finally, it considers different varieties of English in China, questions of identity and the future of English as a global language in China. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction_________________________________________________________3 1. The Situation of Foreign Languages before China Opened Its Door in 1978_______11 1.1 Foreign Languages in China from 1949 to 1956_______________________12 1.2 Foreign Language Education from 1957 to 1966_______________________17 1.3 Foreign Language Education in the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) and the Post-Cultural Revolution before 1978____________________________23 2. English Development since 1978_________________________________________29 2.1 Foreign Languages and the “Four Modernizations”___________________30 2.2 The Open-Door Policy and Foreign Languages________________________35 2.3 The Learning and Using of English as a Foreign Language in the People’s Republic of China since 1978_______________________________39 2.4 The Teaching of English as a Foreign Language since China Opened up__43 2.5 Foreign Languages and Examinations_______________________________50 2.6 Some Problems in English Language Teaching and Learning____________54 2.7 Foreign Language Education Reform______________________________67 3. The Future of English in China__________________________________________70 3.1 Opinions of Teachers and Learners_________________________________71 3.2 Chinese Englishes________________________________________________79 3.3 The Influence of English on Chinese Culture, Identity and Language_____86 3.4 The Future of English Language in China____________________________92 3.5 English everywhere in China?_____________________________________96 Conclusion____________________________________________________________106 Bibliography___________________________________________________________109 Sources From The World Wide Web__________________________________________121 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 ‘Global Influence’ of Major Languages according to the Engco Model________5 Table 1.1 Total Number of Foreign Language Teachers in 1956 in China_____________16 Table 2.1 Number of Full-Time Junior and Senior Secondary School Chinese, English and Russian Language Teachers_____________________________34 Table 2.2 Chinese Government Regulation of English Education in China since 1978___42 Table 3.1 Data of the Chinese People Surveyed in China and Portugal_______________71 Table 3.2 Grammar Comparisons between China English and Standard English_______84 Table 3.3 Comparison of Internet Population in China___________________________99 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Chairman Mao Met Red Guards on Tiananmen Square___________________25 Figure 2.1 English Examinations Accompany a Person for Their Whole Life in Present Day China___________________________________________52 Figure 2.2 Chinese Education System of All Levels______________________________52 Figure 3.1 English Is an Easy Language for Chinese People_______________________73 Figure 3.2 English Is the Dominant Foreign Language at present in China____________74 Figure 3.3 The English Language Is a Useful Tool for Communication________________74 Figure 3.4 English Is now widely Used in China________________________________75 Figure 3.5 The Current Situation of English as a Global Language Is excessively Emphasized in China____________________________________________75 Figure 3.6 Is the Influence of English Harmful to Chinese Culture?________________76 Figure 3.7 English Will Have a Dominant Role in the Future of China?_______________77 Figure 3.8 English Will Spread everywhere in China_____________________________77 Figure 3.9 Chinese Youth Celebrating Christmas Day in 2004______________________90 Figure3.10 Headmaster of the Beijing New Oriental School Giving a Speech on English and Life to University Students___________________________________104 Figure3.11 Chinese Primary Children Learning English__________________________ 104 Appendix 1 Questionnaire: English as a Global Language in China (in English)_________________122 Questionnaire: English as a Global Language in China (in Chinese)________________126 1 “Map of China” The map displays the boundaries and provincial names for China, showing that English learners cover all regions of China Source -http://backchina.com 2 Introduction There is no doubt that the importance given to English in China nowadays is great. My studies on the English Studies Masters at the University of Aveiro led me to question the role played by English, or Englishes, in many different parts of the world, and especially in my own country where the status and need for English seem to be increasing all the time. As a teacher of English in China, I had contact with the reality of this situation and also the way in which the demand for English was not always met by the teaching and examination methods employed. Although the Chinese Ministry of Education has taken some measures to reform English education at present in China, it is likely that it will be some time before they have a deep and lasting effect on the cultural and educational traditions. There is also the question of the English language itself. What English is it that Chinese people are learning? When Chinese people learn and use English, a variety of English appears, which has been variously characterized as China English, Chinese English, Chinglish and is one of many varieties of indigenized English developing in parts of the world where English is widely used but is not a native language of the country or people. The extensive learning and use of English in China places it in the environment of world Englishes,