DOCSLIB.ORG

The Great Migration from North China to Manchuria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Great Migration from North China to Manchuria SWALLOWS AND SETTLERS I SWALLOWS AND SETTLERS The Great Migration from North China to Manchuria Thomas R. Gottschang and Diana Lary plllii CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities/ Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. MICHIGAN MONOGRAPHS IN CHINESE STUDIES ISSN 1081-9053 SERIES ESTABLISHED 1968 VOLUME 87 Published by Center for Chinese Studies The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104-1608 © 2000 The Regents of the University of Michigan © The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries and Archives ANSI/NISO/Z39.48 -1992. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gottschang, Thomas R. Swallows and settlers : the great migration from north China to Manchuria / Thomas R. Gottschang and Diana Lary. p. cm.— (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies, ISSN 1081-9053) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-89264-134-7 1. Migrant labor — China — Manchuria. 2. Migration, Internal—China — Manchuria. 3. China - Economic conditions-1912-1949.1. Title: Great migration from north China to Manchuria. II. Lary, Diana. III. Title. IV. Series. HD5856.C5G67 2000 331.5I44"09518 - dc21 99-086273 CIP ISBN 978-0-89264-134-5 (hardcover) ISBN 978-0-472-03822-0 (paper) ISBN 978-0-472-12779-5 (ebook) ISBN 978-0-472-90175-3 (open access) The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This book is dedicated to Ho Lian (Franklin Ho) and Owen Lattimore, pioneers in our field. CONTENTS List of Tables, Figures, and Maps ix Note on Romanization and Place Names xiii Foreword xv Introduction 1 Overview of the Migration 2 The Texture of the Migration 4 Family Ties: The Engine of Migration 9 The Migration and Other Historical Studies 11 1. Memories and Numbers: Sources of Migrant Information 13 Who Were the Migrants? 15 Home Areas of the Informants 22 Statistical Record of the Migration 32 2. Pushes and Pulls: Forces that Shaped the Migration 43 Migration and the Economy 44 Recruitment 59 Other Migrant Destinations 63 Migration to Manchuria from Other Countries 66 Statistical Insights into Migrant Motivations 68 3. Family and Migration 69 The Role of the Family 69 Family Migration Strategies 73 Migration and Family Composition 77 Family Help in Migration 79 Full Family Migration 82 Remittances 88 4. Local Connections 95 Home and Identity 95 Laoxiang and Migration 104 vii Vlll SWALLOWS AND SETTLERS 5. Return Migration 113 Reasons for Return 113 Return Rates 119 Postwar Returns 124 6. Not for Politics or Glory 127 Migration and Politics 128 Views About Migration 133 Post-1949 Migration 135 Migration in the 1990s 143 Chapter Notes 145 Glossary 167 Sta tistical Appendix 169 Bibliography 199 Index 223 TABLES, FIGURES, AND MAPS Tables LI Reasons for Migration 5 1.2 Landholding of Refugee Migrants 8 1.1 Disasters in Linqu, 1915-1932 28 1.2 Locations of Ding County Migrants, 1930s 33 2.1 Ratio of "Real Wages/' Manchuria over North China, 1941 45 2.2 Transportation Cost per Ton-Mile 50 2.3 Average Number of Junks Entering Port Annually 51 2.4 Major Disasters, 1891-1931 59 3.1 Migrants from Deping, 1919 and 1934 78 3.2 Migration Agents for Informants 79 3.3 Refugees Arriving in Jilin from Shandong, 1927-1928 82 3.4 Postal Lines in Shandong 88 3.5 Major Currencies Circulating in Manchuria, 1929 91 3.6 Remittances from Informants 94 5.1 Reasons for Migrants' Return 114 5.2 Migrant Fares Between North China and Manchuria 123 6.1 Net Migration by Decade in Manchuria, 1950-1989 139 6.2 Net Migration by Decade in Shandong and Hebei, 1950-1989 142 A.I Estimated Migration Between North China and Manchuria, 1891-1942 169 A,2 Estimated Migration to Manchuria by Area of Origin, 1891-1942 171 A.3 Estimated Population, 1891-1942 172 IX x SWALLOWS AND SETTLERS A.4 Migrants per Thousand Population, 1891-1942 174 A.5 Railway Freight Tonnage, 1891-1931 175 A.6 Railway Freight Tons Per Capita of Population, 1891-1931 177 A.7 Total Net Trade, 1891-1931 178 A.8 Total Net Trade Per Capita of Population, 1891-1931 179 A.9 Migration from North China to Manchuria, Return Migration, and Return Ratio, 1891-1942 180 A.10 Migration from Hebei and West Shandong to Manchuria and Return, 1891-1942 181 A.ll Migration from the Shandong Peninsula to Manchuria and Return, 1891-1942 182 A.12 Population Changes in Liaoning, 1950-1989 183 A.13 Population Changes in Jilin, 1950-1989 185 A.14 Population Changes in Heilongjiang, 1950-1989 187 A.15 Population Changes in Shandong, 1950-1989 189 A.16 Population Changes in Hebei, Beijing, and Tianjin, 1950-1989 191 A.17 Population Changes in Hebei, 1950-1989 193 A.18 Population Changes in Beijing, 1950-1989 195 A.19 Population Changes in Tianjin, 1950-1989 197 Figures 1.1 Migration Between North China and Manchuria, 1891-1942 38 1.2 Migration from the Shandong Peninsula and Hebei-West Shandong, 1891-1942 39 1.3 Rate of Migration from the Shandong Peninsula and Hebei-West Shandong, 1891-1942 40 2.1 Rail Freight Volume in Hebei-West Shandong and Manchuria, 1891-1931 53 2.2 Railway Freight Tons per Capita, Hebei-West Shandong and Manchuria, 1891-1931 54 2.3 Total Net Trade: Shandong Peninsula, Hebei-West Shandong, and Manchuria, 1891-1931 55 2.4 Trade per Capita: Shandong Peninsula, Hebei-West Shandong, and Manchuria, 1891-1931 55 TABLES, FIGURES, AND MAPS xi 5.1 Return Migration, 1891-1942 115 5.2 Total Return Ratio, 1891-1942 120 5.3 Annual Return Migration Rates by Home Area, 1891-1942 122 Maps Map 1 North China and Manchuria: Major Railways and Cities xii Map 2 Shandong Province with Interview Sites 22 Xll SWALLOWS AND SETTLERS • Interview site Railroad (1940) 0 50 100 150 200 miles City Grand Canal Province boundary (1970) Map 1 North China and Manchuria: major railways and cities. NOTE ON ROMANIZATION AND PLACE NAMES We generally follow China's official romanization system, Hanyu pinyin. Exceptions occur for people from Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and other places that use the Wade-Giles system. We have spelled people's names the way they spell them in their own publications, including Chiang Kai-shek, who is Jiang Jieshi in pinyin. Quotations from works published in Western languages retain the romanizations used in the originals, which in some cases differ from both pinyin and Wade-Giles. A few places, like Manchuria, are familiar to readers in the English language by names that are not related to the current Chinese names; in these cases we have retained the more familiar names. Most of the important places mentioned in this study are widely known by more than one name. We have, therefore, listed below the different names for prominent places that we encountered in the course of our research. Manchuria is known in Chinese as either the Three Eastern Provinces (Dongsansheng) or the Northeast (Dongbei), the standard term used in China today. Manchuria is the most common term in inter- national English language usage (e.g., "the Manchurian Incident") and no longer carries the imperialist flavor that it acquired when Japanese forces created the puppet state of Manchukuo (Manzhouguo, Manchoukuo) in 1932. Manchuria also has a looser meaning, which obviates the need to change the terminology for the period of the Japanese occupation or for boundary changes that have occurred since 1949. Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang, the three provinces of Man- churia, have taken several different forms and names over the years. During the Republican period Liaoning was usually called Fengtien, but it was also known as Shengjing (Sheng-ching, Sheng-king) and Liaodong (Liao-tung). It encompassed much of present-day Jilin (Kirin) Province, Xlll xiv SWALLOWS AND SETTLERS while Jilin incorporated much of the territory of today's Heilongjiang Province. Yingkou, the first treaty port in Liaoning, was widely known in Western languages as Newchwang (Niuzhuang), which was in fact a town inland of the port where the Customs station was officially located. Dalian (Ta-lien), Manchuria's most important port, was pronounced "Dairen" in Japanese and appeared as Dairen in Western-language publications of the Japanese government. In Russian it was called Dalny. Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning Province, was called Mukden by the Manchus and was also known as Fengtien. North China traditionally includes the region containing today's provinces of Hebei (Ho-pei), Shandong (Shan-tung), Shanxi (Shan-hsi), Shaanxi (Shen-hsi), Henan (Ho-nan), and often the northern parts of Jiangsu and Anhui. Hebei Province was part of Zhili (Chihli) Province during the Qing dynasty (1644-1911). In the Republican period (1911-1937) the northern third of Zhili was divided between Rehe (Jehol) Province and Chahar Province. In 1928 Zhili's name was changed to Hebei. After 1949 Hebei lost a narrow southern section but added much of Rehe to its northern border. Qingdao, Shandong's main port, was known to Westerners before 1949 as Ch'ing-tao or Tsingtao, but Customs reports for Qingdao were filed under the name of the town of Jiaozhou (Kiaochow) where the Chinese Customs station was officially located. Yantai (Yen-t'ai), the largest port on the north coast of the Shandong Peninsula, was known as Zhifu (Chih-fu) before 1949 and is commonly rendered Chefoo in Customs reports and other English language sources.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Case Study of Jining Religions in the Late Imperial and Republican Periods
    www.ccsenet.org/ach Asian Culture and History Vol. 4, No. 2; July 2012 Pluralism, Vitality, and Transformability: A Case Study of Jining Religions in the Late Imperial and Republican Periods Jinghao Sun1 1 History Department, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China Correspondence: Jinghao Sun, History Department, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China. Tel: 86-150-2100-6037. E-mail: [email protected] Received: March 12, 2012 Accepted: June 4, 2012 Online Published: July 1, 2012 doi:10.5539/ach.v4n2p16 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v4n2p16 The final completion and publication of this article was supported by the New Century Program to Promote Excellent University Talents (no.: NECJ-10-0355). Abstract This article depicts the dynamic demonstrations of religions in late imperial and republican Jining. It argues with evidences that the open, tolerant and advanced urban circumstances and atmosphere nurtured the diversity and prosperity of formal religions in Jining in much of the Ming and Qing periods. It also argues that the same air and ethos enabled Jining to less difficultly adapt to the West-led modern epoch, with a notable result of welcoming Christianity, quite exceptional in hinterland China. Keywords: Jining, religions, urban, Grand Canal, hinterland, Christianity I. Introduction: A Special Case beyond Conventional Scholarly Images It seems a commonplace that intellectual and religious beliefs and practices in imperial Chinese inlands were conservative, which encouraged orthodoxy ideology or otherwise turned to heretic sectarianism. It is also commonplace that in the post-Opium War modern era, hinterland China, while being sluggishly appropriated into Westernized modernization, persistently resisted the penetration of Western values and institutes including Christianity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for 1950S China-India History
    Before 1962: The Case for 1950s China-India History The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Ghosh, Arunabh. 2017. Before 1962: The Case for 1950s China-India History. The Journal of Asian Studies 76, no. 3: 697-727. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41288160 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP DRAFT: DO NOT CITE OR CIRCULATE Before 1962: The Case for 1950s China-India History Arunabh Ghosh ABSTRACT China-India history of the 1950s remains mired in concerns related to border demarcations and a teleological focus on the causes, course, and consequence of the war of 1962. The result is an overt emphasis on diplomatic and international history of a rather narrow form. In critiquing this narrowness, this paper offers an alternate chronology accompanied by two substantive case studies. Taken together, they demonstrate that an approach that takes seriously cultural, scientific and economic life leads to different sources and different historical arguments from an approach focused on political (and especially high political) life. Such a shift in emphasis, away from conflict, and onto moments of contact, comparison, cooperation, and competition, can contribute fresh perspectives not just on the histories of China and India, but also on histories of the Global South. Arunabh Ghosh ([email protected]) is Assistant Professor of Modern Chinese History in the Department of History at Harvard University Vikram Seth first learned about the death of “Lita” in the Chinese city of Turfan on a sultry July day in 1981.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastward Spread of Wheat Into China – New Data and New Issues
    Zhao Zhijun Eastward Spread of Wheat into China – New Data and New Issues Zhao Zhijun* Key words: Wheat–Diffusion Agriculture–History Eurasia Steppe Flotation Northern Frontier Zone From the beginning of the 21st century, flotation tech- Introduction nique has been widely applied by Chinese archaeology It is well known that wheat was originated in the West as means of obtaining ancient plant remains during rou- Asia. It was introduced into China, and eventually be- tine archaeological excavations. Up to the present, flo- came the dominant crop in the dry-land agriculture of tation work has been practiced at more than one hun- Northern China after replacing the major native crops dred archaeological sites of diverse time periods, and of foxtail millet and broomcorn millet. Yet, neither the large amounts of plant remains of high research poten- time when it arrived in China nor the routes through tial have been found, including wheat remains. These which it was introduced are made clear. Therefore, these new discoveries provide significant archaeological evi- are the major problems we are now dealing with. dence for a better understanding of the spread of wheat It has been widely agreed that the introduction of into China, the route and the temporal-spatial background wheat into China should have occurred before the his- in which the introduction events took place. The present torical time, because the script “来”for “wheat”has paper is aimed at synthesizing these new data, referring been identified from records on oracle bones of the Shang to those data of early wheat remains reported in last Dynasty.
    [Show full text]
  • © 2013 Yi-Ling Lin
    © 2013 Yi-ling Lin CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT IN MISSIONARY CHINA: AMERICAN MISSIONARY NOVELS 1880-1930 BY YI-LING LIN DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2013 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral committee: Professor Waïl S. Hassan, Chair Professor Emeritus Leon Chai, Director of Research Professor Emeritus Michael Palencia-Roth Associate Professor Robert Tierney Associate Professor Gar y G. Xu Associate Professor Rania Huntington, University of Wisconsin at Madison Abstract From a comparative standpoint, the American Protestant missionary enterprise in China was built on a paradox in cross-cultural encounters. In order to convert the Chinese—whose religion they rejected—American missionaries adopted strategies of assimilation (e.g. learning Chinese and associating with the Chinese) to facilitate their work. My dissertation explores how American Protestant missionaries negotiated the rejection-assimilation paradox involved in their missionary work and forged a cultural identification with China in their English novels set in China between the late Qing and 1930. I argue that the missionaries’ novelistic expression of that identification was influenced by many factors: their targeted audience, their motives, their work, and their perceptions of the missionary enterprise, cultural difference, and their own missionary identity. Hence, missionary novels may not necessarily be about conversion, the missionaries’ primary objective but one that suggests their resistance to Chinese culture, or at least its religion. Instead, the missionary novels I study culminate in a non-conversion theme that problematizes the possibility of cultural assimilation and identification over ineradicable racial and cultural differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Painters Help Lift County out of Poverty
    CHINA DAILY HONG KONG EDITION Wednesday, August 22, 2018 CHINA 7 University to launch course on gaming studies By WANG KEJU in Beijing and ZHOU LIHUA in Wuhan A university in Wuhan, capi­ tal of Hubei province, plans to join the growing number of Chinese colleges offering a course on electronic games, as the nation looks to fill the tal­ ent gap in the rapidly develop­ ing industry. Huazhong University of Science and Technology’s course — introduction to game studies — will be availa­ ble from September next year and will interpret games from an academic perspective, said Xiong Shuo, a lecturer at the university’s School of Journal­ ism and Information Com­ munication. Farmer artists work on a giant painting of peonies for the venue of the 18th Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit in Qingdao, Shandong province. PHOTOS PROVIDED TO CHINA DAILY “Many young people are very interested in games but don’t understand what a game is,” Xiong, 30, said. “The course won’t train stu­ dents to play games but will Painters help lift county out of poverty introduce issues related to vid­ eo game research and develop­ ment, technology, industry and psychology.” More than 15,000 farmers practice the gongbi art style across Shandong’s Juye county Xiong has been a video game fan since he was 4 years old, and he is keen on invent­ By ZHAO RUIXUE in Jinan ing games. He could not afford [email protected] a travel chess game when he was in primary school, so he Huang Guigui held two cut pieces of cardboard into brushes — one with pigment small cards and drew on them, and the other with water — in creating his own version.
    [Show full text]
  • Qingdao As a Colony: from Apartheid to Civilizational Exchange
    Qingdao as a colony: From Apartheid to Civilizational Exchange George Steinmetz Paper prepared for the Johns Hopkins Workshops in Comparative History of Science and Technology, ”Science, Technology and Modernity: Colonial Cities in Asia, 1890-1940,” Baltimore, January 16-17, 2009 Steinmetz, Qingdao/Jiaozhou as a colony Now, dear Justinian. Tell us once, where you will begin. In a place where there are already Christians? or where there are none? Where there are Christians you come too late. The English, Dutch, Portuguese, and Spanish control a good part of the farthest seacoast. Where then? . In China only recently the Tartars mercilessly murdered the Christians and their preachers. Will you go there? Where then, you honest Germans? . Dear Justinian, stop dreaming, lest Satan deceive you in a dream! Admonition to Justinian von Weltz, Protestant missionary in Latin America, from Johann H. Ursinius, Lutheran Superintendent at Regensburg (1664)1 When China was ruled by the Han and Jin dynasties, the Germans were still living as savages in the jungles. In the Chinese Six Dynasties period they only managed to create barbarian tribal states. During the medieval Dark Ages, as war raged for a thousand years, the [German] people could not even read and write. Our China, however, that can look back on a unique five-thousand-year-old culture, is now supposed to take advice [from Germany], contrite and with its head bowed. What a shame! 2 KANG YOUWEI, “Research on Germany’s Political Development” (1906) Germans in Colonial Kiaochow,3 1897–1904 During the 1860s the Germans began discussing the possibility of obtaining a coastal entry point from which they could expand inland into China.
    [Show full text]
  • New China and Its Qiaowu: the Political Economy of Overseas Chinese Policy in the People’S Republic of China, 1949–1959
    1 The London School of Economics and Political Science New China and its Qiaowu: The Political Economy of Overseas Chinese policy in the People’s Republic of China, 1949–1959 Jin Li Lim A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, September 2016. 2 Declaration: I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 98,700 words. 3 Abstract: This thesis examines qiaowu [Overseas Chinese affairs] policies during the PRC’s first decade, and it argues that the CCP-controlled party-state’s approach to the governance of the huaqiao [Overseas Chinese] and their affairs was fundamentally a political economy. This was at base, a function of perceived huaqiao economic utility, especially for what their remittances offered to China’s foreign reserves, and hence the party-state’s qiaowu approach was a political practice to secure that economic utility.
    [Show full text]
  • The Late Northern Dynasties Buddhist Statues at Qingzhou and the Qingzhou Style
    The Late Northern Dynasties Buddhist Statues at Qingzhou and the Qingzhou Style Liu Fengjun Keywords: late Northern Dynasties Qingzhou area Buddhist statues Qingzhou style In recent years fragmentary Buddhist statues have been Northern Qi period. (3) In the winter of 1979, 40 small frequently unearthed in large numbers in Qingzhou 青州 and large fragmentary statues and some lotus socles were and the surrounding area, including Boxing 博兴, discovered at the Xingguo Temple 兴国寺 site in Gaoqing 高青, Wudi 无棣, Linqu 临朐, Zhucheng 诸 Qingzhou, mainly produced between the end of North- 城, and Qingdao 青岛. Especially notable are the large ern Wei and Northern Qi period. There were also two quantities of statues at the site of the Longxing Temple Buddha head sculptures of the Sui and Tang periods. (4) 龙兴寺 at Qingzhou. The discovery of these statues drew In the 1970s, seven stone statues were discovered at great attention from academic circles. The significance He’an 何庵 Village, Wudi County. Four of them bear of these statues is manifold. I merely intend to under take Northern Qi dates. (5) In November 1987, one single a tentative study of the causes and date of the destruction round Bodhisattva stone sculpture of the Eastern Wei of the Buddhist statues and of the artistic features of the period and one round Buddhist stone sculpture of the Qingzhou style statues. Northern Qi period were discovered on the South Road of Qingzhou. Both works were painted colorfully and I. Fragmentary Buddhist Statues of the Late partly gilt. They were preserved intact and remained Northern Dynasties Unearthed in the Qingzhou Area colorful.
    [Show full text]
  • Waldron Spring 2014
    University of Pennsylvania Department of History History 412 The Republic of China, 1911-1949 and After Professor Arthur Waldron Spring 2014 Summary: This seminar treats the history, politics, and culture of the Republic of China, which ruled China from 1911/12 until its overthrow by the Communists in the Civil War (1945-49) who established a new state, the People’s Republic of China (1949-). This was a time of political contention, considerable progress in education, the economy, and other areas: also of comparative openness compared to what followed. After 1931, however, all was dominated by the menace of Japan, which exploded into full scale warfare in 1937-1945. The course consists of readings, seminar discussions, and a research paper. We meet from 3:00-6:00 on Thursdays in Meyerson Hall B-6. Introduction: The last of the traditional dynasties that had ruled China for millennia, the Qing, was overthrown by a series of uprisings that began in October of 1911, It abdicated on February 24, 1912, and was succeeded by the Republic of China, which ruled China until 1949. Its history is fascinating and full of questions. How does a society that has had an emperor for thousands of years set up a new form of government? How do people, who have long operated in accord with well defined “traditions” in everything from the arts to family organization, become “modern”? In fact, for a long time, many believed that was impossible without a revolution like that which created the Soviet Union in 1917. What sorts of literature, arts, fashion, etiquette, and so forth could be both “Chinese” and “modern”? (Again, many have thought this impossible).
    [Show full text]
  • CEWL 2017 AGM Presentation ENG.Pdf
    2017 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING CHINA EVERBRIGHT WATER LIMITED 25 APRIL 2018 Forward-looking Statements This presentation may contain forward-looking statements. Any such forward-looking statements are based on a number of assumptions about the operations of China Everbright Water Limited (the “Company”) and factors beyond the Company's control and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, and accordingly, actual results may differ materially from these forward-looking statements. The Company undertakes no obligation to update these forward-looking statements for events or circumstances that occur subsequent to such dates. The information in this presentation should be considered in the context of the circumstances prevailing at the time of its presentation and has not been, and will not be, updated to reflect material developments which may occur after the date of this presentation. The slides forming part of this presentation have been prepared solely as a support for oral discussion about background information about the Company. No representation or warranty, express or implied, is made as to, and no reliance should be placed on, the fairness, accuracy, completeness or correctness of any information or opinion contained herein. It should not be regarded by recipients as a substitute for the exercise of their own judgment. Information and opinion contained in this presentation may be based on or derived from the judgment and opinion of the management of the Company. Such information is not always capable of verification or validation. None of the Company or financial adviser of the Company, or any of their respective directors, officers, employees, agents or advisers shall be in any way responsible for the contents hereof, or shall be liable for any loss arising from use of the information contained in this presentation or otherwise arising in connection therewith.
    [Show full text]
  • Making the Palace Machine Work Palace Machine the Making
    11 ASIAN HISTORY Siebert, (eds) & Ko Chen Making the Machine Palace Work Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Making the Palace Machine Work Asian History The aim of the series is to offer a forum for writers of monographs and occasionally anthologies on Asian history. The series focuses on cultural and historical studies of politics and intellectual ideas and crosscuts the disciplines of history, political science, sociology and cultural studies. Series Editor Hans Hågerdal, Linnaeus University, Sweden Editorial Board Roger Greatrex, Lund University David Henley, Leiden University Ariel Lopez, University of the Philippines Angela Schottenhammer, University of Salzburg Deborah Sutton, Lancaster University Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Artful adaptation of a section of the 1750 Complete Map of Beijing of the Qianlong Era (Qianlong Beijing quantu 乾隆北京全圖) showing the Imperial Household Department by Martina Siebert based on the digital copy from the Digital Silk Road project (http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/II-11-D-802, vol. 8, leaf 7) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 035 9 e-isbn 978 90 4855 322 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463720359 nur 692 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise).
    [Show full text]
  • Study on the Comprehensive Improvement of Ecosystem Services in a China's Bay City for Spatial Optimization
    water Article Study on the Comprehensive Improvement of Ecosystem Services in a China’s Bay City for Spatial Optimization Ying Fang 1, Tianlin Zhai 1,2,*, Xiaodong Zhao 1, Kun Chen 3, Baishu Guo 4 and Jing Wang 1,5,* 1 School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; [email protected] (Y.F.); [email protected] (X.Z.) 2 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China 3 College of Land Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; [email protected] 4 School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; [email protected] 5 College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.Z.); [email protected] (J.W.) Abstract: Ecosystem services are characterized by region and scale, and contribute to human welfare. Taking Yantai city, a typical bay city in China, as the example, its three representative ecosystem services: food supply (FS), carbon sequestration (CS) and water yield (WY) were chosen as study targets. Based on analyzation of six different aspects of the supply and variation characteristic of demand, this study tried to propose advices for comprehensive improvement of ecosystem services for spatial optimization. The results showed that: (1) ecosystem services supply was strong in central and southern areas of Yantai, while the northern coastal areas were relatively weak; (2) synergistic relationships were found of FS-CS, FS-WY and CS-WY both in 2009 and 2015, with the strongest one for FS-WY. Additionally, in the synergistic relationships, each pair of ecosystem services was Citation: Fang, Y.; Zhai, T.; Zhao, X.; dominated by one ecosystem service; (3) most of the three pairs of synergistic relationships had the Chen, K.; Guo, B.; Wang, J.
    [Show full text]