By Thomas Zawadzki* 1

by Thomas Zawadzki* 1. Literature of Germany after World War Two, far more inter- ntil now only a few attempts at research esting is the study of the time before the founding have been made to analyse the biography of of the German Empire as LEWALD was born 12 years UTheodor LEWALD. The first one to be mentioned is after the Revolution of 1848. Further viewpoints to Arnd KRÜGER who in 1975 issued the work Theodor be taken into consideration are LEWALD'S activities Lewald. Sportführer ins Dritte Reich [Sports Leader in German Sports (Con-) Federations, in interna- into the Third Reich]. It was published as the third tional umbrella organisations, and especially his volume of the series entitled 'Turn und Sportfuhrer efforts for the genesis of the Olympic Movement. im Dritten Reich" [Gymnastics and Sports Leaders For this purpose LEWALD'S official functions in the in the Third Reich] which was published by the IOC have to be studied, starting with his election German publishing house Bartels & Wernitz from into the IOC by postal vote in 1924 and his "with- 1970 till 1976. On 144 pages KRÜGER described drawal" after the Olympic Games of Berlin. the familiar life and career of the half-Jew. Other All this research leads to the inclusion of several personalities treated in this series are Edmund aspects, namely sports, politics, culture, media and NEUENDORFF1, Youth Leader of the Deutsche society, in combination with the name of Theodor Turnerschaft, Hans von TSCHAMMER und OSTEN2, LEWALD. The last point to mention but one of the 3 "Reichssportführer", Carl KRÜMMEL , President of first to study are the networks created and used by the Reichsakademie für Leibesübungen, and Guido LEWALD, maybe one of the most important ones: the 4 von MENGDEN , publicist and spokesman of the close collaboration and relation with Carl DIEM.9 Reichssportfuhrer.5 KRÜGER up-dated some of the results of the research together with Rolf PFEIFFER 2.2. Literature Analysis 6 and re-published them in 1995. It seems reasonable to start by studying the litera- At the German Sport University a diploma thesis ture on German history. This facilitates an objec- was delivered in 1984 by Thomas KESEBERG entitled tive access to the personality Theodor LEWALD in Die Lebensarbeit Theodor Lewalds in Dokumenten. On his time. It is impossible to analyse a person who 42 pages the author depicted LEWALD'S life's work lived over half a century ago by contemporary and added another 270 pages of documents to his benchmarks and norms. In connection with this lit- thesis. The consultants to this thesis were Liselott erature on foreign politics especially German poli- DIEM and Karl LENNARTZ.7 tics in the East (today territory of the Polish state) The first of these three works may be regarded in which Theodor LEWALD was involved has to be as the fundamental work on LEWALD, although it pre-processed. As he also had very good connec- seems that KRUGER did not have full access to the tions with the USA, the relationship between the records which were stored in the Central Archives German Empire and the Weimar Republic, respec- in Potsdam. tively, and the United States has to be analysed.10 One important aspect of research here is LEWALD'S 2. Fundamental methodological aspects involvement in the World's Fairs 1900 in Paris and 11 2.1. Biographical methods8 1904 in St. Louis. The aim of the research is to study Theodor Finally works by LEWALD have to be collected LEWALD'S life under certain standpoints as it has and studied in order to form a picture of his work become usual in the modern genre of biography- in politics and sport.12 writing (Biographik). This means that an analysis of LEWALD'S childhood and schooldays, his further 2.3. Archival Research education and professional career as well as his oth- Dealing with the networks which Theodor LEWALD er activities, has to be included. Special periods of maintained it will also be necessary to analyse the German history also have to be treated: the German letters he wrote to colleagues and other officials, es- Empire (1871-1918), the Weimar Republic (1919- pecially in and about sports. Important addresses 1933) and the National Socialist Third Reich (1933- to visit are here the Carl and Liselott Diem Archives 1945). Due to the fact that LEWALD died in 1947 it situated in Cologne which store the correspondence seems not necessary to analyse the founding period between Carl DIEM and Theodor LEWALD13, and the

58 JOURNAL OF OLYMPIC HISTORY 14(MARCH 2006)1 IOC Archives in Lausanne which possess copies of the letters written by IOC members and officials to LEWALD. Further Archives to visit are the (German) Federal Archives in Potsdam where material on LEWALD was collected. Furthermore private collec- tors have already been asked for support.14

3. B i o g r a p h y In the official publication of the Deutsche Olympische Gesellschaft [German Olympic Society]15 which bears the (labelling) title Olympisches Feuer [Olympic Fire]16 Carl DIEM published a commemorative article on Theodor LEWALD.17 This article owns a special power and a lot of information on the life and work of Theodor LEWALD18, which is why in the following an English translation of it is presented, which contains some annotations by the author.

"Theodor Lewald - in commemoration 18 August 1860 - 15 April 1947 During the preparations of the celebration of the VI modern Olympiad conferred on Berlin (1916) the Reichsamt des Innern [the Reich's Department of the Theodor Lewald (from: Amtlicher Interior] provided the budget of the year 1915 with Bericht1936) a first rate of 40,000 Goldmark. To everyone's sur- prise the budget commission rejected the sum due area of responsibility and became an umbrella or- to political annoyance at something distant. Then ganisation for Turnen23 and Sport under the name the Ministerialdirektor [head of the ministry de- of "DRA für Leibesübungen" [German Reich's partment] and deputy commissioner of the Federal Committee for Physical Exercise], and LEWALD be- Council, LEWALD, gave reasons for this attempt to came its first President in 1919 after the adoption support physical exercise out of the Reich's budget of the constitution. At that time he was Secretary in front of the Parliament on February 14th, 1914 in of State in the Reich's Ministry of the Interior, an thrilling address which was characterized by his worked on the Weimar Constitution, headed the belief in the cultural values of sports and the power negotiations about the Rhineland statutes with the of the Olympic Idea, thus the sum was approved Allies and strove to add the sound traditions of the by an overwhelming majority in the plenum. Reich's administration to the construction of the In 1900 in Paris and in 1904 in St. Louis LEWALD new Reich which was still in the turmoil of political had been commissioner of the Reich's Cabinet at overthrow. the German department of the respective World's Still he had time for his new task. He accept- Fair and become familiar with the Olympic ed and executed it in a superior way. He tackled Games.19 Little as these events may have displayed the idea of the Playground Law24; he spoke on the the Olympic Idea, LEWALD'S historical education public-playground advertising day in front of the and his being aware of what was culturally funda- Reichstag building at the Bismarck monument, he 20 mental were strong enough to disclose the true led the negotiations on the founding of the Deutsche kernel in a poor shell: He supported the German Hochschule für Leibesübungen25, a private institu- participation and was a sophisticated assistant to tion, and gained the approval of the University 21 the team on the spot. of Berlin, of the Prussian Ministry of Culture, Thus people's confidence in him grew. The and of the Reich's Cabinet. He overcame the re- Deutscher Reichsausschuß für Olympische Spiele sistance to "Reichsjugendkampfe" [Reich's Youth [German Reichs Commission for Olympic Games] Competitions] (today Bundesjugendspiele [Federal asked the high-ranking official who had been ap- Youth Games])26 and inaugurated the Deutsche pointed to Sub-secretary of State in 1917 and soon Kampfspiele [All-German Championships] in 1922, to a Wirklich Geheimer Rat [Privy Councillor] namely the National Olympic Games for Germans with the title Excellency to succeed General von all over the world!27 PODBIELSKI22 in his presidency. In the meantime re- Meanwhile he had retired from the Ministry of forms had been prepared. The Reich's Committee the Interior after thirty years of duty in the Reich which had arisen with the Olympics extended its and led as the plenipotentiary the negotiations

JOURNAL OF OLYMPIC HISTORY 14(MARCH 2006)1 59 All these activities were connected with his Olympic Activity. Courage was necessary to bring the All-German Championships into being in the post-war turmoil, as well as the National Olympia demanded in vain by so many men ever since the times of the Zentral-Ausschuß für Volks und Jugendspiele [Central Commission for People's and Youth' Games]. And superior humaneness was needed to pull the Turnerschaft and other Sports Federations out of their offside position, for the Turnerschaft was worried about its Turnfeste [Gymnastics Celebrations] and - some of the federations - about their other sources of income. Nobody really wanted to do anything about it, and yet - and LEWALD knew this - it was only through such a joint challenge that the feeling of one united cultural movement, absolutely necessary for the participation in the international Olympia [sic!], could arise. After all these achievements he established the connection with the International Olympic Theodor Lewald and Henri de Baillet-Latour during the Committee. At the 1924 Session in Paris, from which Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 (Diem Archives) the Germans were still excluded30, he was elected a lifetime member and appointed into the Executive with the Polish state on Upper Silesia and national- Committee two years later. From then on he partici- ity matters, later on the trade agreement and the pated in all sessions and in the sizeable congresses German-Polish treaty on minorities. Although he in 1925 (Prague) and 1930 (Berlin), in the Olympic was "retired" new official duties kept being as- Games 1928 in St. Moritz - Amsterdam and 1932 signed to him. These duties were amongst oth- in Los Angeles. We owe him - and only him - the ers: President of the Alexander-von-Humboldt assignment of the Games of the XI Olympiad to Foundation, of the Historical Commission for the Berlin and Garmisch and the fact that these games Reich's Archives, of the Administrative Council were left there even after the "Machtubernahme" of the Germanic Museum in Nurnberg, Member [coming into power of the National Socialists]. of the boards of trustees of the Emperor-William- LEWALD'S life's work until then consisted Institutes, the Bibliotheca Hertziana in Rome and in having led the Deutscher Reichsausschuß für the Cultural and Historical Institute in Florence. Leibesübungen to the real top of German sports. It What tied him to sports was - there is no better was based upon the charming influence of his char- way to explain - the Olympic fire in his heart, this acter. Just as he spoke five (living) languages dur- extremely powerful adoration of everything that is ing international negotiations, changing from one beautiful and good. From this viewpoint he sensed into another from one moment to the other; just as all correlations and guided the thoughts of his col- in his present mind he had enormous knowledge laborators. He recognized the medicinal, peda- about economy, politics, rights, culture and history gogical, economical importance of sports. In front as well as personal knowledge at his disposal, he of the Berlin Chamber of Commerce and Industry he likewise possessed this special richness of heart gave a sensational speech on the economic impor- that enabled him to communicate with anyone, al- tance of sports ("Sport, deutsche Wirtschaft und ways in the circle of life and with the educational Volksgesundheit")28, in which he presented for the means of his counterpart, always completely un- first time ever figures on the value for the restric- intentional, out of simple humane benevolence, tion of social burdens and collected documents and so he empathized with the knowledge of the from the most important German physicians. others and always gave the impression with them He spoke in front of the sports associations in that they not only received but also gave. He al- Weimar about GOETHE'S work and thoughts for our ways practised hospitality. Thus sport leaders were cause and put up a prize for the Goethe Society to invited into his home filled with countless books the topic "Goethe and the Olympic Idea", which and select art treasures and had to form their deci- went to Dr. Adolf BECK in 1936.29 He headed the sions and judgments after an exchange from man pedagogical conventions: 1924 Physical Education, to man. 1927 Construction of Playgrounds, 1929 Training of He was faced with particularly bitter resistance Turnlehrer [Gymnastics Teachers]. from the representatives of the Deutsche Turnerschaft,

60 JOURNAL OF OLYMPIC HISTORY 14(MARCH 2006)1 but one year after his resignation from the Deutscher joyed the triumph of having offered German sports Reichsausschuß even this was overcome at last. Only and the German people a great celebration, an oa- one of them remained unforgiving and insulting, sis of liberty in tyranny, through his personality. By but then the Nazi period gave him the opportunity this organisational success and the unexpectedly to "disrobe" himself.31 LEWALD showed here his full high achievements the crop of LEWALD'S activity humaneness. By having calmly affronted this young during the -in many ways - fertile Weimar period "yob" in this unforgettable meeting in Bellevue was brought in. Street 15, he resigned from the post in the Deutscher LEWALD now planned to spend the autumn of Reichsausschuß and kept only the realisation of the his life in quiet seclusion and to only carry out Olympic Games in 1936. HITLER had to ask him to sportive duties in the IOC for the rest of his life. But do so. Even the racial accusations against LEWALD32 something was brewing in Nazi circles. The author were prohibited by HITLER and the Rassengesetze of these ambitious plans need not be named here.37 [race laws] were suspended for participants and One day the Secretary of State LAMMERS38 came visitors of this celebration. No racial interference to LEWALD, his former supervisor and his former existed in the Olympic Organising Committee. The friend, and conveyed to him HITLER'S 'advice' to NSDAP [Nazi Party] kept their promise concern- retire from his work with respect to his advanced ing this matter. At the inauguration of the Games, age - the gratitude of the brown house.39 This co- BAILLET-LATOUR, the then IOC President, and incided with EDSTROM'S altruistic endeavours to LEWALD, his colleague in the Executive Committee propose LEWALD "as the best man" for the IOC Vice and President of the Organising Committee, were President's post, an idea with which he agreed im- the ones to receive the Head of State as their guest, mediately, once he had been amicably contacted. and examined the parade of the participants from Instead of becoming BAILLET [LATOUR]'S substitute the Grand Stand. LEWALD stepped back from his lifetime member- As usual, LEWALD had put in his labour. Some of ship at the party's urging in 1937 and proposed as the important tasks, e.g. cultural, artistic, and social successor General von REICHENAU40 who could not ones, he had omitted for himself and kept the cor- be rejected by the Nazis, who was undoubtedly respondence on this on his own. None-the-less, he however, a true sportsman and no Party official.41 had given all of his letters to his General Secretary From now on LEWALD lived in his memories. He [DIEM] to check through in order that everything refused to write them down, no matter how often could be coordinated. No matter how many files people asked him to. The war broke out. During were sent to his home address during the day, the the bomb attacks over "his Berlin", his hometown, next morning they were always reviewed, annotat- he temporarily fled to Baden-Baden but returned ed, and ready for collection. One of LEWALD'S gen- after his house had been destroyed during the air iuses was his diligence. raid on the Lutzow quarter. I have never heard any For him, an address was always a serious obli- complaint about the loss of his books and his treas- gation. He requested drafts, but then always revised ures coming out of his mouth. It was only when the and enriched them on his own. He had the Opening "Prussian State" was dissolved and its possessions Speech on August 1st, 1936 in the Olympic Stadium were handed over to the successor countries due to stylistically reviewed by the poet Borries Freiherr the Control Council Law from February 25, 1947, that von MUNCHHAUSEN33 in order to make it resistant I saw him shocked for the first time. to linguistic and stylistic criticism. For the exhibi- Since the bomb attacks he lived near Reichsstraße, tion "Sport in der antiken Kunst" [Sports in ancient near "his" stadium with one PETERSEN family He arts] he negotiated with WIEGAND34, for the Olympic was preserved from freezing by "his" stadium work- Anthem with Richard STRAUSS35. According to his ers, who supplied him with the wood of fallen trees, request this greatest musical poet of that time from from hunger by the food parcels which were sent Garmisch composed the incomparably powerful by his friend, the American President HOOVER and hymn which has today been replaced by another36 - his Olympic colleagues, especially EDSTROM. Inside an indication of how such a committee can sink into he struggled with the German destiny and sought poverty after a personality like LEWALD drops out, consolation in GOETHE. One morning he was found The Olympic Games of 1936 are still today re- deceased peacefully at the age of 87. Until the final garded as what COUBERTIN said of them: The fulfill- moment of this life he possessed all of his mental ing of the cultural mandate which is based in the powers, his propping mind, his amicable feeling for Olympic Idea. At the age of 76 he [LEWALD] partici- everybody who had once been close to his heart. In pated during the two weeks in everything, in every the music-filled rooms of his friends' house he was advisory counsel, every event and every festivity. secure and after he had passed away the PETERSEN He came through the festive days in splendid phys- family moved closer in their family grave and left ical condition and mental freshness; he silently en- space for him who had desired to be buried in the

JOURNAL OF OLYMPIC HISTORY 14(MARCH 2006)1 61 cemetery close to the Reichssportfeld. There he is ter 1924, member of the Nazi Party since 1933, Spokesman resting, buried on a cold April morning in front of of the German Soccer Federation, 1935 Spokesperson of the Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen, since 1938 the debris of the cemetery hall with a cortege of SA-Sturmbannfuhrer, during World War II editor of the of- very few people, after a busy life near the site which ficial publication NS-Sport, General Secretary of the Deutsche was created by him only - one of the most beautiful Olympische Gesellschaft, 1961 General Secretary of the German facilities in the world that owes its architectonical NOC, 1954-1963 CEO of the German Sports Confederation and Executive Committee Member of the Scientific and natural beauty to his steermanship. Advisory Board. - BERNETT, Hajo, Guido von Mengden. If today we have again a sports confederation, ,,Generalstabschef" des deutschen Sports (Turn- und Sportfuhrer if we have a great movement in constructing train- im Dritten Reich; vol. 5), Berlin/Munich/Frankfurt 1976. ing and sports facilities, if there is a movement of 5 A review of the whole series: GOHLER, Josef, "Turn- und Sportfuhrer im Dritten Reich. Anmerkungen zu einer recreation, and if now we have a sport university Schriftenreihe", in: Stadion. Internationale Zeitschrift für die founded by the state and maybe bear again the idea Geschichte des Sports 5(1979), pp. 263-277. of All-German Championships, then we can find 6 PFEIFFER, Rolf/KRÜGER, Arnd, "Theodor Lewald: Eine something of LEWALD'S creative power in all of this. Karriere im Dienste des Vaterlands oder die vergebliche Suche nach der judischen Identitat eines 'Halbjuden'", in: Menora- German sports must not and will not forget Jahrbuchcfur deutsch-judische Geschichte 6(1995), pp. 233-265 him." 7 KNESEBERG, Thomas, Die Lebensarbeit Theodor Lewalds in Dokumenten. Beitrage zum Aufbau des Sports von 1908 - 1933, Notes diploma thesis German Sport University, Cologne 1984. 8 Fundamental thoughts on the compilation of biogra- * I am indebted to Javier KOLLAND for his linguistic and stylis- phies were collected in one volume: BODEKER, Hans tic support. Erich (ed.), Biographie schreiben (Gottinger Gesprache zur 1 NEUENDORFF, Edmund, *23 April 1875 in Berlin †30 August Geschichtswissenschaft; vol. 18), Gottingen 2003. 1961 in Bramsche, studied linguistics, German and philoso- 9 DIEM, Carl, *24 June 1882 in Wurzburg †17 Dezember 1962 phy in Berlin and took an examination for gymnastics instruc- in Cologne, German sports researcher, General Secretary of tor at the Berlin Zentral-Turnanstalt [Central Gymnastics the planned Games in Berlin 1916 and the Games of the XI Institute]; received the doctoral degree of the University Olympiad Berlin 1936; founder of the Deutsche Hochschule of Greifswald in 1897, leading positions in the Deutsche für Leibesübungen [German University for Physical Exercise] Turnerschaft [German Gymnastics Association] and the in Berlin and of the Sporthochschule Koln [Sport University Jugendbewegung [Youth Movement] until 1933, 1925-1932 Cologne]. As a biographical study already takes place, the president of the Preußische Hochschule für Leibesübungen author only refers to this study and mentions only the con- [Prussian Academy for Physical Exercise], member of the troversial debate which is still taking place. The research NSDAP since 1932, since 1936 lecturer at the University of project is situated at the University of Munster where Dr. Bonn, later studies in theology and works as a priest for Frank BECKER deals with the subject. refugees in Bramsche where he died. Cp. BERNETT, Hajo/ 10 Cp. BECKER, Frank, Amerikanismus in Weimar. Sportsymbole PEIFFER, Lorenz, "Neuendorff, Edmund", in: ROTHIG, und politische Kultur 1918-1933, Wiesbaden 1993 (Dissertation Peter/PROHL, Robert (eds.), Sportwissenschaftliches Lexikon, 7 University of Miinster 1992). Schorndorf 2003, pp. 403-404. - UEBERHORST, Horst, 11 Cp. LEWALD, Theodor, Amtlicher Bericht uber die Edmund Neuendorff. Turnfuhrer ins Dritte Reich (Turn- Und Weltausstellung in Saint Louis 1904 [Official Report of the Sportfuhrer im Dritten Reich; vol. 1), Berlin/Munich/ World's Fair in St. Louis 1904], Berlin 1906. LEWALD, Frankfurt 1970. Theodor, Official Catalogue of the exhibition of the German em- 2 TSCHAMMER und OSTEN, Hans von, *25 October 1887 in pire, Berlin 1904. Dresden; †25 March 1943; land owner, 1907 till 1920 officer, 12 E.g. LEWALD, Theodor, ,,Sport, deutsche Wirtschaft und member of the Nazi Party since 1922, SA leader since 1929, Volksgesundheit. Ein Beitrag zum Wirtschaftsprogramm Reichssportfuhrer since May 10th, 1933, President of the der Reichsregierung", Berlin 1926; in addition several of German Olympic Association since 1934, Secretary of State LEWALD'S forewords to sports and Olympic editions. in the Reich's Ministry of the Interior, since 1936 President 13 The paper finding aids hereto list 236 records between DIEM of the Reich's Academy for Physical Exercise, member of the and LEWALD. Cp. BORGERS, Walter (Red.), Nachlaß Carl Reichstag - STEINHOFER, Dieter, Hans von Tschammer und Diem. Gesamtverzeichnis der Korrespondenz (Schriftenreihe Osten. Reichssportfuhrer im Dritten Reich (Turn und Sportführer des Diem-Archivs; vol. 2), Cologne 1995, p. 133. im Dritten Reich; vol. 2), Berlin/Munich/Frankfurt 1973. 14 Among others Karl LENNARTZ and Volker KLUGE offered ac- 3 KRUMMEL, Carl, *24 January 1895 in Hamburg; †21 August cess to material collected on LEWALD whom I would like to 1942 near Muhlberg/Elbe (plane crash), Lieutenant during express deepest thanks by this way. World War I; studied political sciences and anthropology in 15 The Deutsche Olympische Gesellschaft (DOG) was founded Munich, Dr. oec. publ.; 1925-1930 President of the German January 5th, 1951 in Frankfurt/Main after plans by Carl Sports Teachers Association, Member of the Education DIEM, Hilmar DRESSLER, Wilhelm GARBE, Karl HAHNE, and Staff holding the post of SA-Hauptsturmfuhrer since 1933, Georg von OPEL in 1950. Its main target is the diffusion of Ministry Director in the Prussian Ministry for Science, Arts the Olympic Idea. It supports education, the youth welfare and National Education, Chief of the Physical Education service, and national education as well as meetings between Department, holder of the initiative to close the Deutsche Germans and foreigners. Cf. DOG-Satzung §2 (1). Hochschule für Leibesübungen in 1935 and to found the 16 Olympisches Feuer. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Olympischen Reich's Academy for Physical Education, Professor honorarius Gesellschaft; offizielles Organ des Nationalen Olympischen by July 19th, 1935 - UEBERHORST, Horst, Carl Krummel und Komitees für Deutschland. Since 1951 DOG edits its official die nationalsozialisische Leibeserziehung (Turn- und Sportfuhrer publication which contains information about the organisa- im Dritten Reich; vol. 4), Berlin/Munich/Frankfurt 1976. tion, thoughts about the Olympic movement and pre- and 4 MENGDEN, Guido Ludwig Hermann Paul Hans von (alias reviews on Olympic Games. Till van RHYN), *13 November 1896 in Duren †4 May 1982 in 17 DIEM, Carl, ,,Theodor Lewald - Zum Gedachtnis (18. Aug. Gottingen, volunteer during World War I, studied geodesy 1860 bis 15. April 1947)", in: Olympisches Feuer 7(15 April in Bonn, surveyor and engineer, hockey player, journalist af-

62 JOURNAL OF OLYMPIC HISTORY 14(MARCH 2006)1 1947) pp. 14-16. Re-published under the same title in: DIEM, freedom should remain on one hand; on the other he appre- Carl, Spatlese am Rhein. Gedanken und Reden uber den Sport aus ciated HITLER'S power politics. After many disputes on the den Jahren 1947-1957, ed. by the Sport University Cologne, influence of politics on poetry MUNCHHAUSEN retired and his Cologne 1957. activities became more and more unimportant. He commit- 18 LEWALD wrote at the age of 22 a short curriculum vitae (dat- ted suicide by taking an overdose of sleeping pills when he ed March 25th, 1882) he handed in together with his request noticed that the Allied Forces were approaching his manor for examination at the Berlin Court of Justice accompanying in Windischleuba. Cp. GREIFE, Liselotte (ed.), Der letzte his application for incorporation into civil service. This doc- Munchhausen im Pleißengau, Goldebek 2002. ument reflects LEWALD'S university education and neglects 34 WIEGAND, Theodor, *30 October 1864 in Bendorf/Rhine the familiar situation he descends from. Cp. KRUGER, †l9 December 1936 in Berlin, German archaeologist, par- Lewald, pp. 15-16. ticipated amongst others in the excavations under Wilhelm 19 Cp.LENNARTZ, Karl/TEUTENBERG, Walter, II. Olympische DORPFELD on the Acropolis in Athens. From 1932 till 1936 Spiele 1900 in Paris, Kassel 1995, and LENNARTZ, Karl, Die he was President of the Archaeological Institute of the German Spiele der III Olympiade 1904 in St. Louis, Kassel 2004. Reich and anticipated the National Socialists' exertion of in- 20 LEWALD undertook between his stopovers for the World's fluence on classical archaeology. Fairs an educational journey to Egypt and Greece. 35 STRAUSS, Richard, *11 June 1864 in Munich; t8 September Furthermore he was talented in languages. 1949 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, German musician, 21 LEWALD had offered the German Reich's Committee a budget President of the Reichsmusikkammer 1933-1935; An interest- of 10,000 Mark for the participation in the Olympic Games. ing fact about STRAUSS is his hostility to sports. In a letter LEWALD'S predecessor Max RICHTER had done the same as to Stephan ZWEIG he writes: "I disport the boredom of Advent the Reich's commissioner for the World's Fair in 1900. composing an Olympic Anthem for these proletarians, me, the 22 PODBIELSKI, Victor von, *26 February 1844 in Frankfurt/Oder; downright adversary and dispraiser of sports. Yes, an idle brain is †21 January 1916 in Berlin; Officer in the General Staff dur- the devil's workshop." (Letter STRAUSS to ZWEIG, dated 21 ing the Franco-German War, took leave from the army in the December 1934.) His aversion was also noticed by LEWALD, rank of Major General in 1891, representative of the Reichstag who reacted to the recriminations in a letter. Above all re- since 1893 for the Deutsch-Konservative Partei, Secretary of sentments the composer met his duties and entered the sta- State for the Reich's Post Department in 1897 and from 1901 dium for rehearsals and the debut performance what might to 1906 Prussian Minister for Agriculture, Domains and be ascribed to LEWALD'S persuasiveness. Cp. KRAMER, Forests; President of the DRAfOS since 1909 until his death. Bernhard, Die Olympischen Kunstwettbewerbe. Von 1912 bis 23 As "Turnen" describes the special form of gymnastics which 1948. Ergebnisse einer Spurensuche, Weimar 2004, pp. 58-59. was developed in Germany by Friedrich Ludwig JAHN and 36 In 1948 the official Olympic Anthem was Roger QUILTER'S others the term "Turnen" will not be replaced by gymnastics. hymn with Rudyard KIPLING'S words "Non Nobis Domine" 24 Cp. LENNARTZ, Karl et al., Dokumente zum Aufbau des after the IOC declared the German anthem as inappropri- Deutschen Sports. Das Wirken von Carl Diem (1882-1962), ate after the war. A hymn composed by Jaako LINJAMA with Sankt Augustin 1984, pp. 110-113. the words of Toivoo LYY followed for 1952. Michal SPISAK 25 Cp. LENNARTZ, Dokumente, pp. 119-138. wrote a hymn which was accepted for later Olympic cele- 26 Cp. LENNARTZ, Dokumente, pp. 114-116. brations but his claims for money were not affordable to the 27 Cp. LENNARTZ, Dokumente, pp. 146-151. IOC. Later the IOC decided on the Spyros SAMARAS/KOSTIS 28 Cp. note 12. PALAMAS anthem for the following games. Cp. BARKER, 29 It is interesting to note that DIEM himself researched GOETHE'S Philip, "The Anthem - Olympism's Oldest Symbol", in: standpoint to sports. Cp. DIEM, Carl, Korpererziehung bei Journal of Olympic History 12(2004)2, pp. 46-53. Goethe, Frankfurt 1948. 37 The only one interested in an IOC membership was Hans 30 Cp. LENNARTZ, Karl, ,,The Exclusion of the Central von TSCHAMMER und OSTEN, the Reichssportfuhrer, who Empires from the Olympic Games in 1920", in: BARNEY, was still lacking an important post in international sports. Robert K. et al., Global and Cultural Critique: Problematizing Cp. STEINHOFER, Tschammer, p. 75. the Olympic Games. Fourth International Symposion for Olympic 38 LAMMERS, Hans-Heinrich, *27 May 1879 in Lublinitz/Upper Research, London Ontario 1998, pp. 69-74. Silesia †4 January 1962 in Dusseldorf, German lawyer 31 It seems to be Edmund NEUENDORFF who worked on the (Dr. jur.) and sentenced National Socialist War Criminal, dissolution of the "disliked Deutscher Reichsausschuß für amongst other posts he was a highly decorated SS leader Leibesübungen"'. He offered HITLER "to form the Turners side and Reich's Minister and Chief of the Reich's Office; his pen- by side with the SA and Stahlhelm" and was the first to accom- alty of originally 20 years which was announced by the IV plish the "Arierparagraph" in the Deutsche Turnerschaft. Cp. Allied Military Court of Appeal on 11 April 1949 was reduced BERNETT/PEIFFER, "Neuendorff", pp. 403-404. to 10 years by the American commissioner John J. MCCLOY; 32 According to the race laws LEWALD belonged to the sub- LAMMERS was released from prison on 16 December 1951. group of the so called "Halbjuden", people with Jewish an- 39 After this incident LEWALD kept in touch with LAMMERS and cestors. LEWALD'S b i o g r a p h y can b e traced b a c k t o one David later he requested him amongst other things to save the life WEHLAU from the first half of the 18th Century. This Jewish of his Jewish friend Mrs. HERZ by stopping her deportation boatsman originated from Wehlau near the East Prussian to Theresienstadt. Cp. KRUGER, Lewald, p. 61. capital Konigsberg. Cf. KRUGER, Lewald, p. 10. 40 Cp. LENNARTZ, Karl, "General Walther von Reichenau. 33 MUNCHHAUSEN, Borries Freiherr von, *20 March 1874 in Officer, Sportsman, IOC Member, War criminal", in: Journal Hildesheim †l6 March 1945 (Suicide) in Windischleuba, of Olympic History 14(2006)1, pp. 27-41. distinguished German poet; his ballads were widely read in 41 DIEM does not seem to be informed about the war crimes Germany until World War I, afterwards he was less success- which were committed by REICHENAU during World ful and formulated among other things in a letter to a friend War II. Cp. Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung (ed.), in 1929: "As you might know I am not an anti-Semite, but I think Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Dimensionen des Vernichtungskrieges that the German heritage [Deutschtum] has to be protected in 1941-1944 [Catalogue of an exhibition], Hamburg 2002, its desperate defence against an overgrowth of the Jewish spirit." pp. 89, 295, 328-335, 435, 598-605; RICHTER, Timm C, After HITLER'S election to German Chancellor MUNCHHAUSEN "Handlungsspielraume am Beispiel der 6. Armee", in: saw his last chance to restore his lost reputation as many of HARTMANN, Christian/HÜRTER, Johannes/JUREIT, his adversaries emigrated from Germany. His attitude to the Ulrike (eds.), Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Bilanz einer Debatte, Nazi government always remained ambivalent: the poet's Munich 2005, pp. 60-68.

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