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78-5890 MECHIKOFF, Robert Alan, 1949- the POLITICALIZATION of the XXI OLYMPIAD

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78-5890 MECHIKOFF, Robert Alan, 1949- the POLITICALIZATION of the XXI OLYMPIAD 78-5890 MECHIKOFF, Robert Alan, 1949- THE POLITICALIZATION OF THE XXI OLYMPIAD. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1977 Education, physical University Microfilms International,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 © Copyright by Robert Alan Mechikoff 1977 THE POLITICALIZATION OF THE XXI OLYMPIAD DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robert Alan Mechikoff, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1977 Reading Committee Approved By Seymour Kleinman, Ph.D. Barbara Nelson, Ph.D. Lewis Hess, Ph.D. / Adviser / Schoc/l of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation This study is dedicated to Angela and Kelly Mechikoff; Alex and Aileen Mechikoff; Frank, Theresa, and Anthony Riforgiate; and Bob and Rosemary Steinbauer. Without their help, understanding and encouragement, the completion of this dissertation would not be possible. VITA November 7, 1949........... Born— Whittier, California 1971......................... B.A. , California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach California 1972-1974....................Teacher, Whittier Union High School District, Whittier, California 1975......................... M.A. , California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California 1975-197 6 ....................Research Assistant, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1976-197 7....................Instructor, Department of Physical Education, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Physical Education Studies in Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education. Professor Seymour Kleinman Studies in History of Sport and Physical Education. Professor Bruce L. Bennett Studies in Administration of Physical Education. Professor Lewis A. Hess TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................... iii VITA........................................................ iv Chapter I. INTRODUCTION...................... ............ 1 The Problem.................................. 2 Limitations of the Study.................. 2 Methods and Procedures..................... 3 Definition of Terms........................ 5 Nationalism............................... 5 The body Politic......................... 5 Sport...................................... 5 Propaganda................................ 5 The Political Act........................ 6 Hypothesis................................... 6 Minor Hypotheses......................... 6 II. PROFILE......................................... 7. The Revival of the Modern Olympiad....... 7 The Nature of Politics and Sport......... 11 The use of Sport by Politicians........ 12 International Relations................. 13 Sport as a propaganda vehicle.......... 14 III. THE BEGINNING.................................. 18 Berlin: August 1, 1936 - August 15, 1936....................................... 18 Status of Sport in Nazi Germany........ 18 Political and Social Policy of the Nazis.................................... 19 Political Climate of the Nazi Olympics. 22 v Table of Contents (continued) Page IV. THE COLD WAR OLYMPICS......................... 31 London: July 29, 1948 - August 14, 1948. 31 World Political Climate.................. 31 Pre-Olympic Maneuvering.................. 35 Visible Effects of Politics During the Games................................ 37 Helsinki: July 19, 1952 - August 1, 1952........................................ 37 World Political Climate.................. 37 Pre-Olympic Maneuvering.................. 40 Visible Effects of Politics During the Games........................... 43 Melbourne: November 22, 1956 - December 8, 1956.......................... 46 World Political Climate.................. 46 Pre-Olympic Maneuvering.................. 52 Visible Affects of Politics During the Games................................ 54 Rome: August 24, 1960 - September 11, 1960........................................ 57 World Political Climate.................. 57 Pre-Olympic Maneuvering.................. 62 Visible Affects of Politics During the Games................................ 65 Tokyo: October 10, 1964 - October 25, 1964........................................ 70 World Political Climate.................. 70 Pre-Olympic Maneuvering.................. 73 Visible Affects of Politics During the Games................................ 75 V. CRISIS: THE XIX AND XX OLYMPIADS.......... 82 Mexico City: October 7, 1968 - October 21, 1968................................... 82 World Political Climate.................. 82 Pre-Olympic Maneuverin g .................. 85 Visible Affects of Politics During the Games................................ 87 Munich: August 6, 1972 - August 18, 1972........................................ 94 World Political Climate.................. 94 Pre-Olympic Maneuvering.................. 98 vi Table of Contents (continued) Page Visible Affects of Politics During the Games............................... 100 Summation.................................... 109 VI. THE POLITICALIZATION OF THE XXI OLYMPIAD...................................... 115 Montreal: July 17, 1976 - July 29, 1976........................................ 115 The Taiwan Issue.......................... 115 Boycott of the XXI Olympiad............. 121 Military Atmosphere of the Games....... 127 Political Defections and Propaganda.... 128 VII. FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY........................... 131 Findings..................................... 131 Conclusions.................................. 133 Recommendations for Further Study........ 138 BIBLIOGRAPHY 140 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION With the inception of the 1936 Olympiad in Berlin, the Games developed a political character that was to retain its presence throughout the eras of the Cold War and Detente. Hitler utilized the Games of the XII Olympiad to foster Nazi nationalism and display the superiority of the Third Reich for all the world to see. Thus, the precident was established for the utilization of the Olympic Games as a political tool. The post World War II era led to the emergence of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. The divergent political ideologies adhered to between the two world powers resulted in a political propaganda war. Each side attempted to discredit the political and social system of the other; every avenue of propaganda was used. The entry of the Soviet Union into the Olympic Games in 1952 added a new dimension to the Cold War. The Games became the battleground between east and west; victory in the Olympic arena was equated to the superiority of the political and social system of the victor. Victories in 2 the Olympics became an invaluable source of propaganda. As a result of the propaganda war between east and west, the Games developed a political nature that increased in scope and intensity and would involve other political entities. The Problem There has been a lack of scholarly research with re­ gard to the political nature of the Cold War Olympics and specifically, the politicalization of the XXI Olympiad in Montreal. The injection of politics into the Olympic Games has, for the most part, emerged as a negative by­ product. The purpose of the study is to assemble in logical order, the development of the political nature of the Cold War with regard to the impact of international politics upon the Games and in particular, the Games of the XXI Olympiad. Limitations of the Study The scope of the study was limited to the Games of the Summer Olympiad beginning with the XII Olympiad held in Berlin. The primary investigative technique utilized by the writer was a search of the literature restricted to publications in English. No attempt was made by the writer to validate authors or interpretative material presented; therefore, the research may have been influenced by evidence which was factually unreliable or biased in 3 content. The writer relied primarily upon wire stories; Associated Press, Reuters, United Press International and articles from The New York Times for information. Methods and Procedures The historical method of research was used to gather and analyze materials relative to the topic. Much of the material utilized by the author was available in the libraries of the University of Minnesota and The Ohio State University. A major portion of information regard­ ing the political events associated with the Cold War Olympics was derived from five sources; The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Sports Illustrated, Time, and Newsweek. National Olympic Committees were contacted by personal correspondence to solicit primary source material (docu­ ments, information) which would benefit the study. Attempts were made to contact former Olympians who could supply personal insight regarding the political atmosphere of the Games. This proved to be extremely difficult; very little information was supplied by the sources contacted. As a result of correspondence to all the National Olympic Committees recognized by the International Olympic Committee, the author received only eight replies; the National Olympic Committees of Bolivia, Finland, Iran, 4 New Zealand, Panama, Sweden, and the United States unanimously stated that they abhored the intrusion of politics into the Olympic Games. Members of the United States Olympic Committee who responded to the author's request for material concerning the injection of politics into the
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