TAFISAMAGAZINE

Traditional and : New Perspectives on Cultural Heritage

4th TAFISA World Sport for All Games 2008

Under the Patronage of

1 2008 Contact

TAFISA Office Dienstleistungszentrum Mainzer Landstraße 153 60261 Frankfurt/Main Phone 0049.69.136 44 747 Fax 0049.69.136 44 748 e-mail baumann@.net http://www.tafisa.net

Impressum

Editor: Trim & Fitness International Sport for All Association (TAFISA)

Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Dr. Diane Jones-Palm

Editorial Assistant: Margit Budde

Editorial Board: Dr. Oscar Azuero, Colombia, Wolfgang Baumann, Germany, Prof. Dr. Ju-Ho Chang, Korea, Comfort Nwankwo, Nigeria, Jorma Savola, Finland

Production and layout: Gebr. Klingenberg Buchkunst Leipzig GmbH

Distribution: 1500

ISSN: 1990-4290

This Magazine is published in connection with the 4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for All Games, Busan, Korea, 26.09. - 02.10.2008 under the Patronage of IOC, ICSSPE and UNESCO

The TAFISA Magazine is the official magazine of TAFISA. It is published up to two times a year and issued to members, partners and supporters of TAFISA. Articles published reflect the views of the authors and not necessarily those of TAFISA. Reproduction of arti- cles is possible as long as the source is accredited.

The TAFISA Magazine is published with the support of the German Federal Ministry of the Interior, City of Frankfurt, Commerzbank AG, Hessian State Ministry of the Interior and for Sport, German Olympic Sport Confederation, Gundlach Holding GmbH & Co. KG and Sport StadiaNet AG TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Editorial Diane Jones-Palm (USA) 3

The Future of Traditional Games and 4 Jürgen Palm (Germany)

UNESCO and Traditional Sports and Games 8 Wataru Iwamoto ()

Traditional Games as “Sport for All” 10 from Traditional Rope Jumping to Modern Rope Skipping Gertrud Pfister ()

Traditional in the ECOWAS Area 17 Djibril Badji (Burkina Faso)

Traditional Movement Culture in the Caceres/Spain 19 Dirk Nasser (Spain)

Developing a Culturally-based Sport for All Program for Wellness and 24 Empowerment among the Indigenous Peoples of Mindanao Henry C. Daut ()

Traditional Sports and Games: A Resource for All 28 Joel Raynaud (France)

Traditional Games – the Australian Experience 33 Hon Brian Dixon (Australia)

Billiard, Traditional Transformed Today into a Cultural Heritage 37 Oscar Azuero-Ruiz (Colombia)

ETSGA, a Network for Traditional Games and Sports 40 Guy Jaouen (France)

Traditional Sport and Sport for All: A Bond of Unity and Recreation 43 The African (Nigeria) Perspective Comfort Nwankwo (Nigeria)

The Encyclopedia of Intangible Cultural Heritage as a Method to Safeguard 46 Traditional Sports and Games as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humankind Jorge Gustavo Caicedo (Mexico)

TAFISA Magazine | 1 Cooperation and Opposition in Sport and in Traditional Games 49 Pierre Parlebas (France)

4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for All Games 53 Ju-Ho Chang (Korea)

TAFISA/UNESCO Busan Appeal 55

Upcoming Events 60

Membership list 61

Board of Directors

2 | TAFISA Magazine Editorial

This volume has a key theme that extends to a decisive and worldwide recognized the heart of Sport for All: traditional games role in this field. This major task is also and sports. The rise of the international mentioned in the TAFISA statutes and sports movement in the 20th century has TAFISA already in 1992 has launched a caused traditional games and sports to special event under the title “TAFISA behind or even disappear. But there is good World Sport for All Games” for the world- news; traditional sports are coming back to wide promotion of this field. 2008 with the life again. This renaissance is due to the sig- patronage of IOC, UNESCO and ICSSPE nificant role traditional games and sports can has faced the most successful fourth edition play today as part of our cultural heritage and of this unique event in Busan, Republic of local identity. This global trend to rediscov- Korea. These TAFISA Games can be not er, develop and promote traditional games only considered to be a turning point in the and sports is present in many ways: in history of TAFISA but also for the global renewed interest in research and publica- movement of traditional games and sports. tions, ever-more organizations being devel- oped and in increasing numbers of practical This can be also documented by the adop- events at the local, regional and international tion of the TAFISA / UNESCO Busan level. Appeal in Busan which clearly states that all efforts have to be taken to preserve the There is no question that traditional games cultural heritage of traditional games and and sports build national identity and con- sports. As you will see this volume will tribute the popular Sport for All culture. reflect this new movement in many ways Above all traditional games and sports are and from various angles. necessary counterparts to the globalized mass culture of today, and as important as We are grateful that prominent experts in music, literature and architecture. Tra- this field from all over world have accepted ditional sports give us a platform to cele- our request to contribute to this Magazine. brate our diversity and regional cultural sig- We hope you enjoy reading about the tradi- nificance in spite of globalization. tion, culture, history and joy of Traditional Games and Sports. TAFISA has always put special emphasis on the development and promotion of tradi- tional sports and games and has proved to

Diane Jones-Palm is a Collegiate Professor and medical sociolo- gist at the University of Maryland in Heidelberg. She worked as a behavioral scientist at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the area of health risk behaviors, including physi- cal inactivity, and was an investigator in WHO’s MONICA Project, focusing on international patterns of physical activity as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. She was teaching at Emory University in before joining UMUC in Germany in January 1996. She has made over a hundred presentations on the topics of physical activity, health and society in coun- tries around the world, including many TAFISA training academies and annual mee- tings, and has published on the topic in magazines, professional journals and books.

TAFISA Magazine | 3 The Future of Traditional Games and Sports Jürgen Palm

Under the term “Sport for All” human phys- lower prices, access to former privileges ical activity is characterized by a worldwide etc. But we have to watch the influence of a growth of participation (beyond 1 billion uniformed way of life on discarding cultur- humans), innovation of form and equipment al identity and human diversity. (aerobics, spinning, snow boarding), and the creativity in bringing people to public I believe that the human being today - as the space like squares, parks, streets, beaches ones that lived before us - has an existential (for instance 2,5 million persons participat- demand to be in groups which exist over ing every Sunday in the Bogotá Cyclovia). time. Groups such as the family, the neigh- Supplementing these innovative processes borhood, hobby groups, colleagues at work, is a new love for the past: the rediscovery of sport teams, clubs or competitors in a match our physical cultures of yesterday in the are necessary mediators between the indi- form of the traditional games and sports. vidual and bigger society. Traditional games preserve chances to take part in the Indigenous games and sports are coming virtues of community interaction. In every back: in and , and , game, every dance, every wrestling match, in Korea, in China, in Nigeria and Egypt as hiking event, words and gestures bring real well as in Mexico, Brazil, the arctic circle interaction into life. of Greenland, but also in Europe. Traditional games and sports of that past There are a nearly unimaginable variety of that are alive in the manifold regional cul- forms of traditional sport: In Africa alone tures of the world have a new chance of sur- over 400 games have been documented – vival and of contributing to the quality of and hundreds are yet to be registered. These life. In the revival of indigenous games games are characterised by their diversity and sport the World Festivals of Traditional and regional cultural significance. Sports and Games are playing a major role. Traditional and regional games are increas- Indigenous games and sports should be rec- ingly generating international and global ognized as necessary counterparts to the interest. There are remarkable examples: globalized mass culture of today right along- Dragon boat racing has international cham- side regional language, music, literature and pionships now. has a world or- architecture. Their re-appearance is a sign for ganization as its foundation. Tug of War, the “survival of the specific” and a chance to , and all have inter- enjoy diversity in spite of globalization. national federations and championships.

Modern sport itself is an example of global- Zurkaneh is a 2000 year old game of ization – and the may be strength, rhythm and physical contemplation. the first worldwide-distributed global cul- Based on the Iranic Schiite Islam culture, ture: nearly a quarter century before the Zurkaneh has become an international feder- film industry and a century before the ation and thus leaves the territories of Isma. Internet (GRUPE, 2000). No doubt: the What also is remarkable is the application of process of globalization holds enormous Zurkaneh for women, who were excluded advantages in productivity, information, from the sport for two thousand years.

4 | TAFISA Magazine The globalization of traditional, regional boats are stripped off all decorative ele- sport forms is nothing new. After all ments, the rowers are in a sports clothes and European, North American sports featured no more in regional costumes. Of course in the Olympic all began as traditional part of the character of the game has sports. Now we can look at all the varia- changed, but the sport itself is saved for its tions of Asian Martial Arts that find their ongoing practice! followers in Europe and the Americas. We look at the interchange of wrestling disci- What qualifies a traditional and regional plines, which takes place between Iceland sport as a Sport for All is the principle of and the Canary Islands. We see how hurling inclusion, applied to a wide range of poten- followed Irish emigrants to north America. tial activities. Any indigenous sport which And we can see that the Tango has a renais- is not physically harmful and doesn’t sance in Finland and Estonia far away from request superior qualification or economic the floors of Andalusia. wealth can be a Sport for All.

The possibility to conduct traditional sports Seeing a sport under the inclusion impera- in a framework of internationally accepted tive solves a problem and creates two major rules allows a permeability in the forms of changes. It solves the problem of access as sport. Capoeira can be mixed with aerobics a right for everybody that can be interested and tournaments established. Martial arts in the activity. However this logically can teachers from China work in , lead to include persons which formerly Canadian Lacrosse teams are invited to were excluded, like women in a traditional- demonstrate and teach in Korea. Log throw- ly male activity and vice versa. That is the ers from Scotland find out that they do first major change. And it transports an something similar in Hungary and that indigenous game, dance, sport into a for- becomes a reason for an exchange and may eign location, into a contrasting cultural lead to an adapted system of rules between setup. That is the second major change pro- several sides. duced by the application of inclusion to tra- ditional games. Where as customary focuses on a handful of competitves, exclusive sports, The combination of protecting, rediscover- new programs are discovering the visual ing, developing traditional sports on one attractivity of indigenous sports. When the hand and the development of Sport for All culture TV channel Arte, shared by France on the other hand have a fruitful if conflic- and Germany, presents Basque strength tive consequence: both are essentially sports or Iranian Bastani, and the American changing. The result may not be as distinc- program „Ushuaia“ or the “Discovery tive here as it is in high performance sport Channel” present the Tarahumara Run and but it is significant anyhow. the Southwest Broadcasting SWRF shows Irish Hurling, they not only cater for vie- The migration of sportive activities from wers with interest in cultural discoveries, one part of the world to another is not lim- they might also stimulate trying out such ited to competitive sports, but includes traditional games, and stimulate competiti- recreational activities, health oriented prac- ve forms on another . tices, spiritual involvement and aesthetic performances. Which are the consequences? Dragon Boat races on the Maschsee in Germany look Top sport television has played a role in tra- quite different from ones in Hong Kong: the ditional games, generating possibilities for

TAFISA Magazine | 5 tourism and invovlement of the interested From the viewpoint of the conservationist, general public: European visitors to the the losses are dominant. United States have brought Square Dance and Horseshoes back home, visitors to India This leaves us in a paradox: we want to sup- Yoga practices, and the transfer of long dis- port regional identity and cultural heritage tance sled dog racing from Alaska to and find modern an appropriate medium for Bavaria was enhanced by a tourist experi- that identity. The dominance of sport over ence. A citizen of or Argentine the historic socio-cultural context is en- used to Tango at the Rio de la Plata may hanced in the process of promoting these wonder about the difference found in this traditions in the environment of Sport for dance when practiced in Helsinki or All programs. Under the conditions of . Huskies in Bavaria pulling sleds changing societies we cannot have both, the on wheels may astound an Alaskan, and, as complete preservation of the past and the well, a Yoga class in the Swedish province inclusivion promised in the world of mod- may astonish a visitor from Mumbay. The ern sport. practice of traditional sports and games geographically and culturally distant from Even ethnologists hoping to conserve the the geographic and cultural origin causes purity of traditional games will admit that changes in meanings and practice with rediscovered indigenous activities and modern sports - both in cooperative and Coming to the third question: Does the non-competitive in form – is a socio-cultur- globalization of a traditional sport exclude al experiment under way, with interesting or support its character of a Sport for All? consequences for both. The ethnocentrism The quantity of practitioners internationally of the original Olympic movement is over- contributes to the growth of a formerly come and a place for the inherited past in an regional sport. Variability may lead to losses active presence is secured. The cultural as diversity and culturally creative varia- width of sport is extended way beyond of tions change. But the goal of Sport for All what was seen as sport just one generation forbids in itself to keep indigenous sports in ago. isolation from the rest of the world and under museum-like conditions. Sport for This is expressed in the growing number of All development should understand, recog- sports in a future sport culture. Conserva- nize and support the regional and interna- tive definitions of sports can be left behind tional diversity of games, dances, sports and new contexts explored with the benefit and their context with customs and cos- of an open process and cultural innovation. tumes, religion, culture and music wherever Take some examples: and whenever they are presented and cele- brated as a synonym of specific identity. 1. Esthetic expression and combat are not contradictions: they can be combined like Our fourth question is what happens when a they are in Capoeira. traditional activity is stripped off its situa- 2. Aerobic endurance and muscular power tional, ritual, ceremonial, spiritual context must not exclude each other as can be and becomes a physical activity? Do the seen in the case of Canelas Log Runs gains outweigh the losses? The answer can among Brazilian tribes. only be given from either the culture con- 3. Strength training must not be limited to servation or Sport for All promoter’s view- up and down linear weight exercises but point. In the view of the Sport for All can take the form of round swinging promoter, the gains will be highlighted. movements as in the Iranian Bastani.

6 | TAFISA Magazine The interchange of the games of the past Could it be that the acceptance of globaliza- with the sport of today can extend well tion is the prize for survival? Probably yes. beyond a loss of cultural context to a chance TAFISA made a decisive step when it for a creative interaction. brought games and sports from all corners of the world to the first World Festival in We are coming to a complex fifth question: , Germany. This Festival allowed the Can traditional sports keep their signifi- globalization of the regional character of cance as a counterweight to globalization traditional games. This is a different ap- when they are played beyond their home proach than Margaret Mead learned visiting regions? And are they then still authentic? the tribes on the Pacific Islands.

Traditional sports, when they are stripped of Observation is not actively interfering. In their socio-cultural context and integrated at the EXPO 2000 however tribal into educative or recreational concepts, do Mexican Indians of Mayan descent instead lose essential parts of their authenticity. of performing their 150 km log run over the They keep the name and the main kinetic hills of their home now were running on the qualities and – as in the case of some mar- asphalt of a Western city. tial arts – make efforts to conserve ethical meanings. But they are played in a different Without this transformation from regional time, on different grounds, often with dif- to global, UNESCO would not have per- ferent equipment and played by people of a ceived and agreed in recognizing the world’s differing socialization and enculturation. cultural heritage of traditional sports.

Jürgen Palm who passed away in 2006, was among the found- ing fathers of TAFISA in 1991 and served as TAFISA president until 2005, when he retired and was elected honorary president. He was an articulate and tireless champion of Traditional Sports, and organized the first TAFISA World Festival of Traditional Games and Sports in Bonn, Germany. In his professional career Jürgen Palm was the Executive Director of the German Sports Federation for near- ly 40 years. As the father of the “Trim Movement” his achievements for the German Sport for All development have been unsurpassed. He was highly respected in the field of sports, authoring hundreds of scholarly and popular articles and earning numerous awards, including the highest civilian order of the Federal Republic of Germany, the American Dwight Eisenhower Fitness Award and awards of distinction from ICSSPE and the IOC.

TAFISA Magazine | 7 UNESCO and Traditional Sports and Games Wataru Iwamoto

UNESCO, as the UN agency responsible create a worldwide awareness of traditional for education, science, culture and commu- sports and indigenous games and physical nication, has promoted a program on sport activities, thus making an important contri- and physical education as a vehicle for the bution to their preservation”. The endeavors development of both the individual and the of promoting Traditional Sports and Games society. Among various issues in the field were further emphasized at MINEPS IV of sport and physical education Traditional which was held in , Greece, in 2004. Sports and Games is most important and Consequently, Resolution 21 at the calls for the attention of the Member States UNESCO 33rd General Conference “in- of UNESCO. vites Member States to find appropriate mechanisms for sharing information about UNESCO’s Role in the Development of traditional games and sports and about their Traditional Sports and Games efforts to preserve and protect them”.

Many Traditional Sports and Games have Why are Traditional Sports and Games been durable parts of cultural identity and relevant to UNESCO? diversity. Often they have lasted in similar forms for thousands of years and been the One of UNESCO’s concerns is how to safe- backbone of diverse communities. How- guard cultural identity. The organization has ever, it is recognized that the retention of made an effort to include diverse fields Traditional Sports and Games within differ- under this umbrella. For the Physical ent societies rapidly declined recently. Education and Sport section of UNESCO, UNESCO is driven to protect and promote Traditional Sports and Games may provide these sports to further community spirit, a window through which cultural identity bring peoples together and install a sense of and diversity can be observed. The preser- pride in a society’s cultural roots. vation of these traditional activities pro- motes peace between different populations Why is UNESCO interested in preserv- by encouraging dialogue and understanding ing and promoting Traditional Sports between diverse cultures. and Games? What is UNESCO doing for Traditional UNESCO organized the 3rd International Sports and Games? Conference of ministers and senior officials responsible for Physical Education and As a follow-up to the recommendations of Sport (MINEPS III) in Punta del Este, MINEPS III, UNESCO published “The Uruguay, in 1999. At this conference it was World Sport Encyclopedia” in 2008. noted that “the World Festival of Furthermore, in line with UNESCO Resolu- Traditional Sports” be celebrated in June tion 33C/R.21 and the recommendations 2000 under the auspices of the Trim and adopted by the Ministers of Physical Fitness International Sport for All Associa- Education and Sport during MINEPS III and tion (TAFISA) and with the patronage of IV, an international platform for the promo- UNESCO in connection with the Hanover tion and development of Traditional Games world exhibition ‘Expo 2000’, will help to and Sport was launched in November2006.

8 | TAFISA Magazine UNESCO has also proposed the develop- ment of a Network on Traditional Sports and Games (UNTSG) that will incorporate the: - Creation of national networks - Provision for supporting research-policy linkages for promotion and protection - Capacity to improve the sharing and dis- semination of information through semi- nars, conferences and publications

UNESCO will endeavor to continue to strengthen its relationships with all stake- holders in the field of sport and physical education, in particular, Traditional Sports and Games.

After long career as the Governmental Official in the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Sport, Mr IWAMO- TO joined UNESCO in September 2001 and was appointed a of the Division for Secondary, Technical and Voca-tional Education. He has attended numerous international meetings and symposia including 47th Council of the UNESCO International Bureau of Education in 2001. He made an intervention on Secondary Education and conduct- ed sessions on various occasions such as the International Conference on Secondary Education Reform organized by the Omanese Govern-ment and UNESCO in 2002. He was also responsible for organization of MINEPS IV (Fourth International Conference of Ministers and Senior Officials Responsible for Physical Education and Sport) held in Athens in 2004. Since January 2006, He assumes the responsi- bility of the Director of the Division of Social Sciences, Research and Policy in the Social and Human Science Sector, in working continuously in the field of youth, sport and physical education. He made an intervention at the V World Forum on Sport, Education and Culture in in 2006. He also assumed the Director General’s representative during the First Conference of Parties to the International Convention against Doping in Sport in 2007.

TAFISA Magazine | 9 Traditional Games as “Sport for All” - from Traditional Rope Jumping to Modern Rope Skipping Gertrud Pfister

On the history of rope jumping . GutsMuths devoted a whole Rope jumping was one of those physical chapter to “Dancing with ropes and hoops” activities that I “naturally” learnt to master as (pp. 455ff). For GutsMuths rope jumping a child. And I’ve still got a very ordinary and was of great importance from the point of greying little jumping rope that has survived view of the methods and “science of train- from those times. I have not pursued the ing”. “Dancing with a rope” constituted an traces of rope jumping in the various coun- “encumbrance while running and jumping”, tries and in any great detail, but and in his opinion the greater difficulty that initial research has already revealed that rope resulted from this, along with the need to jumping was, and still is, a common pastime make use of the whole body, contributed in many different epochs and cultures. towards improving both skill and perform- ance. A good eye, the right beat and the deco- It is rumoured that rope jumping was prac- rum of poise and movement were further tised in Greek antiquity as a gymnastic exer- benefits of exercises with ropes. GutsMuths cise (Diem, 1971, vol. 1, p. 152). Girls in describes numerous exercises, including Sparta are reported to have jumped up to as double and triple “unders”, jumping on com- many as a thousand times. In Polynesia, on mands and speed contests. the island of Tonga, various exercises and competitions with long as well as a short In Germany, on the grounds used by the jumping ropes were common, and very pop- Turners (the Turnplätze), as well as in the ular especially among girls. Even so, boys practice of Turnen, jumping with a rope was took part in these games as well. In Korea a well- established activity. Friedrich Ludwig rope jumping was a boy’s game (Diem, 1971, Jahn, the father of Turnen, and his support- vol. 1, p. 414). Likewise, in a book called ers, had not only educational but also politi- “Games Children Enjoy”, published by cal objectives, advocating an education Catsen in Zurich in 1657, there is an illustra- which prepared young men to fight for their tion of a boy jumping with a rope. The text country. Their aims were liberation from accompanying the illustration points out that French occupation, a united Germany and a rope jumping teaches children rhythm. In German constitution. But like the gymnasi- 17th century German the text explains: “The ums of the Philanthropist, the grounds of the rope jumper shows how to heed the hour, to Turners were no place for women. beware of time lest the occasion eludes one” (quoted in Masüger, year unknown, p. 90). In Jahn and Eiselen’s “Deutsche Turnkunst” (the “Practice of German Turnen”), pub- Rope jumping was also greatly valued by the lished in 1816, there are descriptions of exer- Philanthropists, especially GutsMuths, cises with a short rope: jumping with arms whose “Gymnastics for Youth”, published in crossed, while walking or trotting, with turns, 1793, was considered one of the most impor- etc., as well as with long ropes: various tech- tant publications on the subject of physical niques of walking through and jumping over exercises. Translated into numerous lan- the rope (pp. 147ff). In their instructions on guages, it became popular all over Europe. setting up a Turnplatz, the authors designate However, youth referred merely to “male a separate area for rope jumping, and the list youth”, girls being completely barred from of apparatus required includes both short and

10 | TAFISA Magazine long “jumping ropes” (p. 206). Thus, rope jumping had an established place in the canon of exercises performed by the Turners. In the period of Restoration after Napoleon’s defeat, the political objectives of the Turners were no longer desirable; in 1820 Turnen was banned, at least in Prussia.

Nevertheless, out of concern for the health of young people, gymnastics courses continued to be provided in Germany. And health was one reason why the “weaker sex” also came to enjoy the privilege of physical exercise. Since the motto of girls’ gymnastics was: “Head up, legs down and closed” rope jump- ing was declared especially suitable for girls as it did not offend the rules of decorum and was neither too strenuous nor dangerous.

In the 1840s gymnastics became a subject at German schools, first of all at boys second- unfit) for . In a time of ary schools. But it wasn’t until almost half a spreading nationalism, decreasing national century later that gymnastics was taught at all strength was perceived as a threat to the schools. From the very beginning rope jump- country’s future. In 1891 the Central Com- ing belonged to the canon of gymnastic exer- mittee for National and Youth Games was cises for both girls and boys. A brief survey founded, which supported the building of of exercises with ropes is also given in , the training of games leaders, Euler’s famous “Encyclopaedia” (1895, vol. the publishing of rules for games and the 2, p. 732). Lion, the author of the article, had organising of games afternoons and games already published a monograph on the sub- festivals. In accordance with its motto “The ject, in which he recommended – besides the strong are born of the strong”, girls were ad- exercises described by GutsMuths – various mitted to the games movement (Pfister 1982). kinds of jumps and gymnastic elements like Rope jumping is referred to in Kloss’s performing a forward roll. In his article Lion “Gymnastics as Play, or Enjoyable Games remarked: “The number of exercises put for Active Boys” (Dresden 1861), as well as together in this way is virtually inex- in his book of games for girls, and also in haustible” (p. 624). Mittenzwey’s “Outdoor Games” (1884) and in Trapp and Pinzke’s compendium of games Rope jumping was also mentioned in the which appeared in the same year. In his book numerous compendia of games that were of girls’ games, Netsch deals extensively published since the 1860s and increasingly in with rope jumping. In vivid colours and poet- connection with the “games movement” that ic language he describes how, “once the emerged in Germany from the 1880s spring sun has begun to warm people’s hearts onwards. The games movement was a “citi- and dry the streets and the squares”, spirited zens’ initiative” with the aim of promoting young girls get out their jumping ropes and children’s games. It grew out of a concern for “swing their favourite piece of gymnastic a seeming decline in the health of the nation, apparatus in beautifully changing arcs and documented in the numbers of recruits fit (or circles, jumping and hopping with lightness

TAFISA Magazine | 11 and grace” (1895, pp. 49-50). For Netsch versatility. Rope jumping has always been a girls with their jumping ropes and youthful children’s game, but it belonged also to the light-heartedness go together like spring and canon of exercises of both the Philanthropists blossoming nature. But he also points to the and German Turners, as well as being an dangers of girls “jumping endlessly until integral part of not only they are exhausted” or “stamping, while but also boxing training. Jumping was done pitching the body from one foot to the in schools and on the streets, by boys as well other”. Rope jumping, though, is also recom- as girls, and in many epochs and cultures. mended for boys, appearing, for example, in Hermann Wagner’s “Illustrated Book of What also strikes one is the fact that rope Boys’ Games” (year unknown, p. 29). Boys jumping was not “sportified” at the turn of were considered to be capable of “stronger the century, at a time when sport began its tri- fare” than girls; even so, they too were umphal march not only through Germany but warned of the harmful effects of “excessive” through the whole of Europe and North play. Wagner mentions not only “normal” America. Jumpers may have tried, of course, rope jumping but also jumping over a hori- to increase the number of jumps or turns of zontal rope fixed at one end, as well as a the rope, as well as making the jumps ever game of tag in which the boys try to catch more complicated; nevertheless, rope jump- one another while jumping through the rope. ing remained either a recreational activity or Rope jumping belonged to the canons of a form of gymnastic training. It never chil-dren’s games in many other countries, became a competitive, performance-oriented too. It is described in books of games from sport. England and the United States, for example in Jessie Bancroft’s “Games for the Play- Rope skipping today ground” (1922): “Jumping a rope is In the 1970s rope jumping enjoyed a renais- admirable for boys and girls, combining sance in the United States. The American much skill with invigorating exercise ...” (p. Heart Association began to encourage chil- 117). Gomez (1990) describes rope jumping dren and adolescents to take up rope jumping as a street game in Colombia. And I have in order to strengthen the heart and circula- watched girls jumping with ropes in France, tion. In addition, the police and social work- Cyprus and Italy.” ers used tricks with long ropes to occupy and re-socialise problem youths in “black” neigh- In Germany rope jumping survived the wave bourhoods. In anti-drug campaigns, the of “sportification” which set in after the turn of motto “Rope is better than dope” was used to the century and even took on new functions. In coax youngsters away from drugs and to various gymnastic systems and schools, for physical exercise. example that of Medau, the jum-ping rope was used as a piece of hand apparatus. In modern Thus, rope skipping was rediscovered and rhythmic gymnastics, exercises with ropes practised again with growing enthusiasm by have developed into acrobatic performances children and adolescents on the streets and in which no longer have anything to do with the backyards. More and more combinations and original use of the rope. In addition, rope new variants of swinging and jumping the jumping has been discovered as functional rope were invented or re-invented; skipping gymnastics for training en-durance and agility or jumping was done in rhythm, to the beat of in several types of sport such as boxing. dance-floor hits; rope quality was improved – and a new image and movement were born. When surveying the development of rope Rope skipping has many fans in different jumping, what strikes one is its variety and parts of the world, like Japan, where a

12 | TAFISA Magazine Double-Dutch Association (a federation for The new ropes function quite differently. jumping with long ropes) has been founded. The crucial point is that the handles are hol- The World Rope Skipping Federation low, so that the rope can turn in them, which (WRSF) was formed but later disbanded, but increases speed and accuracy. The rope is there are various rope-skipping federations at thus turned at the wrists, and the legs national and international levels. In scarcely need to bend. Germany, the game is supervised by the DTB (the German Gymnastics Federation), the For individual skipping, ropes are made of youth association of the federation artificial fibres; for partner skipping, “beaded (Turnerjugend), as well as the Regional ropes” are used, which are made of thin plas- Gymnastics Associations, especially the tic pipes strung on a cord. This enables a associations in the Rhineland Palatinate, smooth, slow swing. Long “cloth ropes” are Bavaria and Swabia (http://www.ropeskip- used for skipping in a group. A further new ping-dtb.de). Today rope skipping is prac- development is the music – the wilder, the tised in roughly 4,500 clubs and schools in better. Depending on the skipper’s proficien- Germany. In addition, some fitness centres cy, the beat is faster or slower. The aim is to offer rope skipping and there are also inde- skip as fast and as dynamically as possible. pendent groups In 2004, the DTB established a specific committee for rope skipping and Fans readily claim that there are fundamen- since than the federation organises German tal differences between the moves performed championships. In the USA skipping is in modern skipping and those of traditional jumping. Compared to traditional jumping, they say, there is now a greater variety of possible movements of the legs, like doing the splits or crossing the feet. The literature on rope skipping from the 19th century, how- ever, reveals that numerous forms of jumps and stunts were already known in those days. Even partner and group exercises belonged to the inventory of traditional rope jumping, just as they do today in skipping displays. It must be said, though, that many of the com- plicated tricks are only possible with the new ropes. Today rope skipping is a succession of “tricks” ranging from the simple basic jump to pair skipping and complex sequences of organized by USA Jump Rope (USAJR), a moves by several partners like the “wheel” or merger of two former federations, formed in the “visitor”. Besides, skipping can be com- 1995. In addition, regional and international bined with floor exercises or tricks with balls. federation emerged: an European Federation, The “tricks” are learnt at first in slow motion, the Asian Rope Skipping Federations and the and then performed at an ever increasing International Rope Skipping Federation tempo with music and in combination with based in Canada. other tricks. The most difficult thing is for the members of a group to jump synchronously. What is new about rope skipping? Thus, the “sportification” of rope skipping One of the main difference between modern can be seen in the development of a fixed and traditional rope skipping is the rope. canon of exercises, the development of

TAFISA Magazine | 13 methodical learning stages, the introduction fast beat of the music, the variety of the of systematic measures of basic and further tricks, the quick sense of achievement and training, the publication of manuals and the the trendy image certainly all play an impor- introduction of competitions. The driving tant role. forces as well as the consequences of these developments are to be seen in the organisa- Rope skipping improves gymnastic and tion of the sport into clubs and associations. acrobatic skills and agility, as well as promot- ing creativity through its possibilities of com- Rope skipping competitions are still a young bination and its dance elements. In addition – sport, with various forms of performance and this is something that is often neglected comparison under discussion. As in all sports in many “typical” girls’ sports – it is an in which performance cannot be measured in centimetres, grams or seconds, standards and evaluation criteria must first be developed. At present there are different types of compe- tition in rope skipping: there are, for exam- ple, individual contests, in which the num- bers of either specific jumps as “triple unders” are counted. In speed contests the aim is to skip as fast as possible in a certain time. The world record for 30 second is 188 jumps. In the “freestyle” competition con- endurance sport which requires strength and testants must combine as many complicated stamina. Because it means doing sport with tricks as they can. Similar contests exist for others, with one’s best friend or in a group, it pairs. The list of competitions is rounded off, motivates players to improve their perform- finally, by group contests, displays of four or ance. Furthermore, all participants – even more participants, performing among other those with limited motor skills, and regard- things speed relays or skipping with two long less of age or size– can learn rope kipping ropes which are turned by two participants and in time improve. The different tasks, for (“”). In 1991 the first European example doing tricks in double Dutch with championships took place in Ghent. The the long ropes, also enable less agile girls to 1999 European championships were held in join in and be at the centre of things, swing- Budapest, while in the same year the world ing the ropes. Moreover, a slim figure and championships took place in St. Louis, in the ideals of beauty are of far less importance in mother country of the rope skipping move- rope skipping than, for example, in ballet, ment. In 2008 the world championship is aerobics or even in rhythmic sport gymnas- organised in Cape Town, South Africa. tics. And, last but not least, RS is a sport at which girls can do as well as boys. What, then, makes rope skipping so attractive? The rational arguments in favour of promot- From a traditional game to “sport for all” ing and encouraging rope skipping are its The success story of rope skipping leads to health benefits, its ability to improve basic the question of whether other traditional motor skills and coordination, its positive physical activities might become “sport for effects on overall physical condition, its ver- all”. Why and how does a traditional game satility, the social aspects, the schooling of develop into a sporting activity that is creativity, and its appeal for audiences. What required to obey the principles of modern makes rope skipping so fascinating for sport, i.e. abstract performance, competition youngsters can only be conjectured, but the and the setting and breaking of records?

14 | TAFISA Magazine These principles are, at the same time, the Capoeira. Even so, there are numerous peo- criteria for the “sportification” of a physical ple and groups not catered for by the usual activity, meaning that traditional games can sport providers. And this is true to an even become sports if they allow the comparison greater extent of regions and countries in and improvement of performance. An impor- which, for a wide variety of reasons, there is tant aspect with regard to a game’s attraction no question of the population or certain sec- is – as youngsters constantly demand – that it tions of the population taking up a sporting isn’t boring; in other words, that it incorpo- activity. The reasons may range from the lack rates ever new challenges. Moreover, it must of facilities to prohibition or exclusion on be able to be integrated, ideally, into already religious grounds. existing structures and organisations. And a crucial aspect for its being accepted among New sports, therefore, should be promoted children and adolescents is trendy packaging by the “sport for all” movement if they fulfil and marketing. The sport must be in keeping the following criteria: they must be easy to with young people’s outlooks, give them a learn; there must be little risk of injury; the “cool” image and help them to live out their health benefits must be substantial; there identity. Ideals, activities and symbols will must be inclusion of different age groups, only take hold if they can relate to the different levels of proficiency and both addressees’ taste (in Bourdieu’s, 2004, sense sexes; and material expenses with regard to of the term). Finally, it is of great importance facilities and equipment must be low. Ideally that a person or a small group “takes up the it should be possible for the sport to be cause” of a new physical activity. In played by everyone everywhere. And, if Germany Rope skipping found a number of these criteria are applied to rope kipping, this supporters who formed informal “task new sport scores very well. Perhaps we can forces” to promote rope skipping, even if all contribute towards promotion – and also they did not always see eye to eye. discover further children’s games that might extend the range of the “sport of all” pro- Rope skipping fulfils the above criteria, and gramme. since it is done all over the world, the pro- spects are excellent for the popularisation of Why shouldn’t we observe the children play- its new sporting version. One now might ask ing on the streets? In today’s world, howev- what other games exhibit similar features. er, it is often no longer possible to play on the streets. Therefore, we ought to look back to At the same time the question arises as to the past. In Germany we could revive the whether we really need any new “sports” at “games movement”, which developed all and whether there is any point in further towards the end of the 19th century. At that extending the list of recreational sporting time the poor state of health of children and activities already provided. adolescents, as well as the great pressure placed on them through school work, led to There is general consensus that the number increased calls for physical exercise and of sports on offer in the rich industrial nations games out of doors in the fresh air. And is incredibly large. In big cities like Berlin today, for a variety of reasons – lack of exer- there seems to be a sporting activity for every cise, an environment that is not particularly taste, every level of proficiency, every per- “children-friendly”, less time given over to sonal motive and every pocket. In clubs, physical education at school – the develop- commercial studios, local colleges or even ment of motor skills and the state of health of alone people can choose their sport from a children and adolescents are at greater risk list ranging from jogging to Tai Chi and than they have seldom been before.

TAFISA Magazine | 15 The books of games published in the past Kalbfleisch, Susan, Harris, Jo and Elbourn, may provide us with lots of new ideas about Jill: Skip to health: an instructional pro- how to turn long-forgotten children’s games gramme for fitness leaders. Ancaster 1990. into “sports for all”. Kloss, Moritz: Das Turnen im Spiel oder lustige Bewegungsspiele für muntere Bibliography Knaben. Dresden 1861 Kloss, Moritz: Das Turnen im Spielen der Bancrofts, Jessie: Games for the . Mädchen. Dresden 1862 New York 1922 Krüger, Michael: Einführung in die Ge- Böttcher, Heiner: Rope Skipping. Aachen schichte der Leibeserziehung und des 1997 Sports. Schorndorf 1993 Bourdieu, Pierre: Distinction: a social cri- Masüger, J.B.: Schweizerbuch der alten Be- tique of the judgment of taste. Cambridge wegungsspiele. Zürich o.J. Mittenzwey. 2004 Louis: Das Spiel im Freien. Leipzig 1884 Diem, Carl: Weltgeschichte des Sports. Netsch, A.: Spielbuch für Mädchen. 2 Bde. 3. Aufl. Stuttgart 1971 Hannover 1895 Erbgut, Hildegard and Medau, Hans Pfister, Gertrud: „Das Ziel der weiblichen Jochen: Porträt einer Gymnastikschule: Erziehung hat unverrückbar die kom- Entstehung und Entwicklung rhythmisch- mende Mutter zu sein“ - Entwicklungen er Gymnastik am Beispiel der Medau- und Veränderungen im Mädchenturnun- Schule. Schorndorf 1991 terricht. In: Liedtke, M. (Hrsg.): Sport und Euler, Carl: Encyklopädisches Handbuch Schule. Geschichte und Gegenwart. des gesamten Turnwesens. 3 Bde. Heilbrunn 1998, 99-123 Wien/Leipzig 1894/1895 Pfister. Gertrud: "Starke werden nur von Gomez, Humberto: Juegos recreativos de la Starken geboren - Die Spielbewegung calle. O.O. 1990 und die körperliche Ertüchtigung des GutsMuths, Johann Christoph Friedrich: weiblichen Geschlechts." In: Steins, G. Gymnastik für die Jugend. Schnepfenthal (Hrsg.): Spielbewegung -Bewegungsspiel. 1793 (2. Aufl. 1804) 100 Jahre Goßler'scher Spielerlaß. Berlin Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig/Eiselen, Ernst: 1982, 59-66 Die Deutsche Turnkunst. Berlin 1816 Schwartz, Rüdiger: Das Kinderspiel in (reprint 1861) Western Samoa und Tonga. Münster 1992 Jenny, W.: Schwungseilübungen. Beilage Trapp, Eduard/Pinzke, Hermann: Das zur Deutschen Tunrzeitung. Leipzig 1873 Bewegungsspiel. Langensalza. 1905 Kalbfleisch, Susan, Gleza, Jenna and Wagner, Herrmann: Illustriertes Spielbuch Disney, Caroline (1998). Power skipping: für Knaben. Leipzig 1912 fitness & training manual. Ancaster 1998.

Gertrud Pfister is a professor in the Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen. She has conducted several national and international research projects, among oth- ers funded by the IOC, and is the author of numerous articles in peer reviewed journals and several books earning four interna- tional awards for her scholarly work. From 1983 to 2001 Dr. Pfister was President of the International Society for the History of Physical Education and Sport and in 2004 she was elected as President of the International Sport Sociology Association

16 | TAFISA Magazine Traditional Wrestling in the ECOWAS Area. Djibril Badji

Introduction wrestling is very developed in some tradi- tional societies such as southern parts of The Economic Community of West African Senegal and Guinea Bissau, and it occupies States (ECOWAS) was created on 28th an important position in society. May, 1975 in Lagos, Nigeria. It is compo- sed of 15 States with a population of 230 Wrestling is common to almost all the million inhabitants. The ECOWAS member ECOWAS member countries. Its major States are: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape area of practice remains the Sudano- Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Sahelian zone of the community although it Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, is practised in the Gulf of Guinea area. Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. The ECOWAS headquarters is loca- Policy for the Development of Wrestling ted in Abuja, Nigeria. The importance of sports and traditional Background games had been stressed since 1982 by the Conference of Heads of State and Wrestling has always been part of the phys- Government in the Decision A/DEC ical exercises of the people of West Africa. 13/5/82, which stipulates in his article 5: It is a symbol of power and manhood. “the promotion of sports and traditional games - a symbol of our cultural identity.” It is generally practised after farm work and is an occasion to engage youths, animate In 1986, Decision C/DEC 3/11/86 of the the city or organise intervillages’ meetings. Council of Ministers made traditional It is a powerful factor for social cohesion: wrestling the community’s sport. However, wrestling sessions are organised during from 1982 to 2005, actions taken to imple- family ceremonies (marriages, baptism) or ment these decisions were restricted to during initiation ceremonies (ritual of pas- financial aid granted for the purchase of tro- sage from adolescent to adulthood). It is phies for the African Wrestling Tournament also important to note that women’s of the Community (AWTC) organised annually in Niamey, Niger.

The various decisions relating to traditional games and sports became operational from 2005 when ECOWAS set-up a specialised agency: the Youth and Sport Development Centre (YSDC/ECOWAS) based in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Since then substantial resources have been provided to the YSDC for the promotion and develop- ment of traditional wrestling. These resources increase the number of partic- ipating countries in the AWTC from 5 coun- tries in 2005 to 9 in 2007 and to 11 in 2008.

TAFISA Magazine | 17 In addition, they create a 2nd wrest-ling functional infrastructures (arenas) for the tournament in Dakar; contribute to the cre- practice of wrestling. Therefore, the cham- ation of the Association of the West African pionship is rotated annually among the dif- Wrestling Federations (AWAWF) and train ferent regional headquarters. wrestling officials (referees). Senegal With regard to member countries, besides the organisation of the wrestling tourna- In Senegal, wrestling is practised over nine ment, only two of them are well organised; months a year. With the emergence of televi- they are Niger and Senegal. sion and the improvement in its organisation, wrestling has witnessed a real revolution. It Niger should be noted that there are two types of wrestling in Senegal: In 2008 the 29th edition of the National Traditional Wrestling Championship in - Wrestling involving the exchange of Niger. This activity, whenever it is organ- blows; ised, becomes the centre of interest of the - Wrestling without blows. entire country and a real factor for national cohesion. The government, having under- Concerning the rate of attendance of specta- stood this enthusiasm for wrestling, provid- tors, wrestling is the 2nd most patronised ed the eight regional headquarters with sport after football (between 20 and 45 thousand spectators during “big fights”).

Wrestling has become an important source of income. With the increase television cov- erage, wrestlers have acquired very strong social identity in society. The image of wrestlers has improved very positively in society; they are no longer seen as people with “big hands”.

Djibril Badji has been a teacher of physical education (PE), served as a regional advisor in Physical Education and sport for the region of Saint-Louis, Senegal and the official representative and head of the Department of Cultural Activities and Secondary School and University Sports in the Directorate of Physical Activities and Sports of the Ministry of Sport of Senegall. Most recently, he was the Sports program officer in YSDC/ECOWAS and Minister of Youth and Sport of ECOWAS.

18 | TAFISA Magazine Traditional Movement Culture in Cáceres/Spain Dirk Nasser

The article summarize some of the conclu- traditional movement culture has almost sions of an extended investigation that disappeared at least as a free spontaneous examined the traditional movement games game, because there is no room to practice found in 10 selected villages of Cáceres, a these games due to the loss of space to province in the southwest of Spain near the buildings and cars. Portuguese border. In this research, we tried to recover a part of traditional culture of Definition/Description of Traditional play and movement that still exist at least in Games in Spain: the memory of the older generation. Traditional or popular games are unique During our interviews we found a total of and original like Wrestling from León 214 traditional games. All these traditional (“Lucha leonesa”) or Ninepin Games from games are documented in eleven publica- León (“El Bolo leonés”). tions edited by the Provincial Government of Cáceres. Results show a rich play and Traditional games have the following things movement culture in each village that was- in common: n’t passed down to the younger generation • They are activities that come from the tra- who have other leisure habits. The biblio- ditional movement culture . (Excluded are graphical sources obtained from this the playing of cards, gambling in a casino, research serve as an important didactic social games like Bingo, Mikado or “Las instrument for educators, recreation and Damas” or any modern game from the leisure time instructors, as well as a source “New Games” movement); of interest for those who work in historical • They are games that have a specific rela- or anthropological aspects of the region of tionship to traditions, culture, history and Extremadura or the village at issue. old habits of a specific community; • They can be related to an agricultural re- At the end we will complete the article with gion and the availability of certain natural two original examples and some impres- resources like sea or forests (for example, sions of our practical dissemination work: “Las Txingas” – a competition of weight the organisation of our Festival of Tradi- transport related originally to the ability to tional Games and Sports. dominate animals pulling weights); • They can have a direct relation to certain The purpose of this research was above all survival, subsistence, work techniques or to document traditional games in a system- ability improvements of certain profes- atic form for the following reasons: First, du- sions Examples are wood and grass cut- ring the classes of Sport and Recreation in ting competitions, races of former whale the Sport Science Faculty it was noticed hunting boats, today held within a har- that students lacked knowledge of the cul- bour, or Canaries Stock fight of the tural importance of traditional games. Shepards -“La Lucha Canaria” Secondly, there is a great popular interest in • They are passed down from one genera- and acceptance of Festivals of Traditional tion to the next; Games and Sport among all generations. • They have to be physical movement Finally, in the bigger cities like Madrid, this games, played actively;

TAFISA Magazine | 19 • They can be part of the entertainment of Finsinfa: annual popular activity of a village, for ex- ample to show old work techniques like a 214 games were documented in this project. relay race of transporting wheat sacks. This huge variety of games reflects a rich • They show a great creativity in construct- and very important movement cultural her- ing their own play material and with creat- itage. About 85 percent of the founded ing their own game rules; games are original and uniquely different • They are part of the local or regional so- from each other. Almost 15 percent of the cialization and education within leisure games represent a similar game idea with time and schools; variants that were named differently. We • They can be distinguished between chil- included all of the names, not only for their dren and adult games. Often there are pre- didactic utility, but also for its cultural ferences of special girls and boys games; importance and local identification ("but in • They are games played mainly outdoors my village it is called in this way…”). and with other friends; thus, there are social and group identity effects involved Our publications follow specific themes: • They can be spontaneous (e.g. as part of First, we catalogued the alphabetical names children’s or the elder’s leisure time) or of the 214 games along with a description of regulated games (official competitions each game in order to document and to con- like “La Calva”, a precision launch game). serve this knowledge. It follows the objec- tive of a specific didactical utility in card Description of the investigation: form: one page one game. Second, the con- text of the game within the village was de- We centred our interviews exclusively on scribed. This reflects a local cultural reality the older generation because traditional of the past, which is part of the present as movement was much a part of public life in well. Examples might be games such as the the past than present. Ten villages of the "Frog" (“La Rana”). This section represents province of Cáceres were selected (Torre- a variety of traditional games that were mocha, Arroyo de la Luz, Malpartida de present during the childhood of the elders Cáceres, Alcántara, Mata de Alcántara, that were interviewed in each village. Valencia de Alcántara, Miajadas, Montán- chez, Caminomorisco and Moraleja). The From our research, we observed that the loss interviews took place during 2005 and 2006 of importance of these traditional games can at the places where elders gather like mar- be understood in the following ways: ket places, pubs and social care centres. • Before there was a society of deficiencies ("Mangelgesellschaft") in which a person Classification of the received information: with imagination, creativity and available resources required the production of play- To improve the didactical utility of our in-ves- ful material and using surrounding space. tigation we decided to organize each des-crip- Today there exists the opposite, an abun- tion of every game name, classification, rules, dance society ("Überflussgesellschaft") in setting and other factors. This was ne-cessary which at every turn one are encouraged to in order to organize such a huge amount of consume and participate in modern games disperse knowledge received by our inter- in specific ways. views about the rules, game material etc. of • Before there were more possibilities to each game. These uniform criteria of the play in the street. The car has invaded whole documentation will be a practical help each space, mainly in the cities, and as a to put this knowledge easier into practice. result playing in the street has become dan-

20 | TAFISA Magazine gerous. Modern city-planning policy must adults. Another educational aspect can be take this into account. In some modern the consideration of traditional games from urban areas of Germany there are ‘play different cultures and countries within an streets’ ("Spielstrassen"), a concept of co- Intercultural Movement Education that edu- existence of cars and play. cate consciousness and sensitivity towards • Over the past 100 years, there have been other cultures. changes in the habits of leisure time. Children today are more passive due to te- Two examples of traditional games in levision, play is more prefabricated (for Cáceres, Spain: example, with play stations) and play is more consumer-oriented (the emphasis is The Frog (“La Rana”) is a Precision launch on buying, using and then throwing away game in which two teams of two players and game items). The consequence, for exam- one reserve member compete. The members ple, is a more sedentary life style. of the first team have to do all the throwing, • The traditional games are no longer im- followed by the members of the second portant for group identity or for individual team. Each player must throw 10 disk dur- formation of personality. In cities with ur- ing his turn, from a distance of 3,5 meters. ban life styles, generally knowledge about If a player passes the throwing line, the throw traditional games is longer pass down to is not valid. In order to play the game, the the following generations because there following thinks are required: a “Rana” table, are other priorities. In addition many par- with nine holes, 10 iron disks of 38 mm ents simply lack time to physically play (diameter) and 60 grams and a place of with their children. 7 m x 2 m, to carry out the game • Also, from an educative and democratic view, there has been a shift towards other In “Castilla y León” (Spain) there are estab- values and "rules of the game" over time. lished the following scores: Some traditional games represent an old Frog 50 points and exclusive culture, even including phy- Middles 25 points sical punishments, which is not favour- Bridges 10 points able for educative purposes. This requires Holes 5 points that some traditional games have to be mo- dified for the modern context. Rules involve different ways to throw the • Knowledge of traditional games stay alive, 10 iron disks, for example: but often in a "corner" of the society, as something separated, within the home of - Throwing from 3,5 meters; the retired, which impedes their adequate - Throwing from 3,5 meters, with eyes diffusion and transmission. closed; - Throwing with the left hand (with the The “played" game, with movement, out- right hand if your are left- handed); doors and requiring other participants make - Put your body back to the table, and then possible an authentic connection with the try to throw the disk towards the table; real world, as compared to other forms of - Try to jump and throw the disk in the air at entertainment that are also called "games" the same time. but are more abstract and virtual. The throwing distance is set by age and Therefore traditional games can contribute ability; it is really difficult to throw it into to healthy leisure time habits and socially the mouth of the frog, but there are other balanced development of children and aims/wholes as well that point.

TAFISA Magazine | 21 Normally the original game idea is to hit it away as far as possible, however, his would cause safety problems in the public during a festival celebration. That’s why we modi- fied the original game into a precision that is controlled and coordinated in a circum- ference. Because children can be injured if they put their heads over the billarda, the game has been modified to hit with an extended arm to keep the distance between the wood and their head.

“La Billarda” is a recreational version of a precision launch game. This traditional game is played with a billarda, a cylindrical wooden piece of 2 centimetres in thickness and 8-10 centimetres in length, pointed on the two ends, and a mocho or wooden board approximately 80 centimetres long used to strike the billarda. Each player must have a mocho.

The billarda has to be struck with the mocho by teams of 1-4 players, in order to send it to the opposite field without touch- I conclude with some practical dissemina- ing the ground. The opposite team tries to tion work and examples of our traditional avoid it with his boards. The game is placed Games and Sports in a modern context: in a rectangular area of about 20 x 10 me- • The Wheel guided by young people - tres; within this rectangle we draw two cir- Festival of Traditional Spanish Games and cumferences of 2 meters of diameter sepa- Sports, Aliseda, 27.5.2006 rated by 8 meters. Each circumference will • The Wheel guided by older generation - be the field of each team. Festival of Traditional Spanish Games and Sports, Arroyo de la Luz, 27.11.2004 The rules of the game are complex: The bil- • Launch of Horseshoe with young people - larda can only be struck with the mocho Festival of Traditional Spanish Games and both in assault and in defence; in addition, Sports, Piornal, 20.5.2006 players cannot exceed the line of their own • Launch of Horseshoe with the older gen- field (circumference) while the billarda is in eration - Festival of Traditional Spanish play. Three tries are allowed to get the bil- Games and Sports, Arroyo de la Luz, larda out of one’s own field. 27.11.2004 • Rope Skipping - Festival of Traditional Teams get 3 points if the billarda is returned Spanish Games and Sports, Piornal, to the field of the team in service and 20.5.2006 2 points are scored by the team in service if • Lacrosse etc. - Festival of Traditional the billarda lands inside the receiving field. Games and Sports of the World, Torrecilla One point is scored by the serving team if de la Tiesa, 23.4.2005 the billarda touches the opposite field and • “La Calva” in the popular party “Olim- then goes out of it. piadas Rurales” in Carcaboso, 27.4.08

22 | TAFISA Magazine • “Sogatira” (Rope pulling) in the popular party “Olimpiadas Rurales” in Carcaboso, 27.4.08 – an exception even at the country side, where children and adults play to- gether and this knowledge is passed down to the following generations.

Dirk Nasser studied Physical Education, Social Science and Spanish in Cologne and New York. He finished his Diploma in Physical Education at the German Sport University of Cologne where he was an invited lecturer during 9 years. He collaborated in the organization of the first Specialisation Course in Leisure Studies and Recreational Sports at the Institute of Madrid. Since 1995 he is a lecturer of Sport and Recreation at the Sport Science Faculty of the University of Extremadura, Spain (http://ccdeporte.centros.unex.es). In 1998 he founded the Cultural and Scientific Association of Leisure, Tourism and Sport Studies (www.accettd.com) that focuses on knowledge transfer between Spain, Germany and . The main investiga- tion and publication lines are: experiential orientated education - sport systems and habits – sport and environment – concepts of recreational sports – traditional movement culture.

TAFISA Magazine | 23 Developing a Culturally-based Sports for All Program for Welleness and Empowerment among the Indigenous Peoples of Mindanao. Henry C. Daut

Introduction: •9. Mandaya 14. Tagakaolo 10. Manguwangan 15. Kalagan Mindanao, the so called “Land of Promise” 11. Manobo 16. Tiboli is the second biggest island of the 7.107 12. Mansaka 17. Teduray islands in the Philippines. Located in the 13. Subanon 18. Ubo southern part of the country, Mindanao is home to more than 18 indigenous groups or These groups are scattered all over the tribes locally known as “Lumads”. With its island with each group having distinct char- rich natural resources and fertile lands, acteristics and cultural practices. Generally, Mindanao became a destination of migrant their way of living evolve around farming, Filipinos from the other islands particularly fishing, hunting and belief in gods and spir- from Luzon and the Visayas making it its (while some are still animistic). With the home to migrant Christians, Muslims and coming of Christian settlers from the north, Lumads. quite a number of the indigenous peoples were able to adapt to the Christian way of The colorful and diverse cultural make up life. A great majority still live in their tradi- of the inhabitants has become an attraction tional dwelling places and preserve their to local and foreign tourists as they enjoy rich cultural traditions and practices. The the many natural island wonders. However, cultural festivities that showcase their in the midst of natures’ bounty and beauty, respective traditional songs, music, dances, Mindanao became a center of armed con- sports and games continue to create excite- flict between the government forces and ment and ap-preciation to both local and for- separatist groups that continue to struggle eign visitors. for independence and self-determination that dates back from the early 70’s. Major problems concerns among the Lu- mads of Mindanao, however: education, “Lumad” is a Visayan word that means health, poverty and social acceptance, land native or indigenous. The term Visayan ownership, self-determination and armed refers to the people from the Visayas conflict. While there are programs and serv- Islands. Lumad is the accepted general term ices initiated and provided by the govern- referring to the indigenous groups or people ment to address these problems, much has not only in Mindanao but all over the coun- to be done to ensure that the indigenous try. In Mindanao there are 18 identified peoples of Mindanao and the Philippines indigenous groups namely: are given equal opportunity to gain access to development while preserving the rich 1. Ata 5. Bukidnon cultural heritage of these peoples. 2. Bagobo 6. Dibabawon 3. Banwaon 7. Higaonon 4. B’laan 8. Mamanwa

24 | TAFISA Magazine Sports for All Program as instrument in and interests and developing programs and promoting wellness and people empow- activities that are appropriate, acceptable, erment among indigenous people. and adaptable to their culture and way of life. Developing a culturally-based Sport The strength and progress of a nation for All program requires an in-depth study depend upon the wellness and productivity of the beliefs and practices of the indige- of its people. The promotion and develop- nous peoples. It can be facilitated through ment of a healthy, fit, and strong citizenry research and immersion by actual living can be achieved by providing opportunity and observation in the community. for individuals to participate in wholesome, sports and physical activities not only for Stage 2. Partnering with the Community the greater majority but including the cul- and its Leaders tural minorities. Community involvement and partnership A true Sports for All concept is an inclusive with its leaders are vital components in program that does not discriminate others developing trust, respect and acceptance in from the benefits of participation in sports the introduction of new programs that are and physical activity. It should provide alien to their culture and practices. For a greater opportunity and access for participa- program to succeed, it has to be conceived tion to all, and respond to the needs and with the community and the people as part- interests of the people it serves, including ner. It must allow for the development of indigenous people. Sports for All should in- leaders and empowerment of the people. clude the long-held physical activities com- mon among the indigenous peoples to Stage 3. Identification and Training of include their games and sports, dances and Program Leaders rituals. Developing leaders from among the indige- A culturally based Sports for All program is nous people is one way of promoting people the key in the promotion of wellness and empowerment that provides opportunity for people empowerment among indigenous greater role and responsibility in shaping people of Mindanao, advancing cultural the kind of program that will truly fit the identification. The preservation and propa- culture of the people. There is a need to give gation of indigenous games and sports is ownership to the program by identifying part of the cultural heritage of our people and training members of the community with because it recognizes the uniqueness of the leadership potentials. Teaching the indige- indigenous people and their contributions to nous people how to lead and implement society. A culturally relevant and successful programs will have longer lasting impact in sports for all program requires the active the continuity of the program. participation in leadership as well. Stage 4. Program Planning and Organi- Developing a culturally-based Sports for zation All program for the indigenous peoples of Mindanao Planning and organization of the Sport for All program for indigenous peoples should Stage 1. Knowing the People and Culture take into consideration community involve- ment, target participants, cultural values Understanding the people and their culture and practices, belief systems, acceptable is a prerequisite in determining their needs physical activities, traditional games and

TAFISA Magazine | 25 sports, values and benefits, facilities, equip- The University has a key role in promoting ment and the environment. Sports For All among the Indigenous People of Mindanao. It initiated extension activities Stage 5. Program Awareness and Pro- and manpower resources to develop cultur- motion ally-based programs for the indigenous people of Mindanao. It also assisted in Adequate educational and awareness cam- training and developing program leaders paign of the value and benefits of the pro- from among the indigenous people, estab- gram will enhance support and greater par- lishing strong partnerships with communi- ticipation among the people. Development ties and leaders in promoting the program. strategies that are developed in cooperation with indigenous people is vital to greater The objectives of the program were as follows: participation. When individuals understand • Establish linkages with indigenous com- and appreciate the benefits of participation munities in Mindanao in relation to their health and life, accept- • Provide programs and activities related to ance and adherence are enhanced. sports, physical education, recreation, fit- ness and dance. Stage 6. Program Implementation and • Promote peace, unity and understanding Supervision among people through SPEARD. • Provide a venue for cultural exchange and Successful implementation and supervision awareness. of the program for maximum participation • Conduct research on traditional sports and continuity requires commitment and and games, dances and songs of the in- dedication on the part of the leaders. A well- digenous group planned and organized program enhances • Conduct seminar clinics in selected sports its success. Careful consideration of dates • Provide leadership training among the and time of launching and implementation youth on program planning and develop- of programs add excitement and participa- ment tion especially when they are related to spe- cial occasions in the calendar of the cultur- The promotion activities included the fol- al festivities of the community. lowing elements:

Stage 7. Program Documentation and • Cultural Awareness and Immersion Evaluation • Seminar Clinic on Modern Sports and Games Documentation provides the basis for prop- • Physical Fitness and Exercise Activities er evaluation and review of programs create • Leadership Training for the Youth an opportunity for research on program ef- • Recreational Activities for children and fectiveness, measuring such things as atti- the community tudes, participation and perceptions. Infor- • Learning of indigenous games, dances, mation can be gathered to profile participants songs and musical instruments and their relevant experiences to improve • Social events furture programs and activities. Conclusion Adopt a Community Program: A Pilot Program of the College of Sports, Phy- There is a need to go beyond the conduct of sical Education and Recreation Mind- physical activities and sports among the anao State University, Marawi City indigenous people as an attraction for pro-

26 | TAFISA Magazine motional purposes. It is time for indigenous people to exercise their rights to participate in activities that will enhance their health and quality of life. Developing and promot- ing a culturally-based Sports for All pro- gram that is relevant, acceptable, and adapt- able to the culture and environment is a step towards recognizing and valuing the indige- nous people’s existence and contribution to society. Sport for All contributes signifi- cantly in the development of an empowered and healthy indigenous communites and strong nation.

Henry Daut is an Athlete, Coach, Administrator and Sports Leader specializing in Leadership and Management in Sport, Sports Psychology and Coaching Education. He is currently Dean of the College of Sports, Physical Education and Recreation at Mindanao State University in Marawi City, Philippines and a counsultant to the Philippine Sports Commission-Philippine Sports Institute Philsports, ULTRA, Pasig City and an inter- national and national resource speaker in Sports, Physical Education and Recreation, Coaching, Sports Management and Teacher Education.

TAFISA Magazine | 27 Traditional Games and Sports: a Resource for Sport for All Joël Raynaud

Congresses and seminars organized during In traditional sports, events are played the TAFISA World Festivals have been according to a pre-existing order and they occasions to regularly approach the topic of combine asymmetrical and dissociated the traditional games and sports. We must groups. Modern sports, by contrast, have a take time to analyze, in a scientific or eth- well-established symmetry of rules, number nological manner, what we understand as of players on each team, and objective traditional games and sports. rules. They also require difference of resources and talent and chance, that in turn In this paper, I attempt to clarify the diffi- determine winners and losers. culty in comparing modern games compa- red to the traditional sports, describe and Thus, modern sport shares many forms with trace the origin some of the many forms of traditional games. The French “Soule”, the traditional games, giving examples from the classical ancestor of soccer or rugby, was Basque region. founded in tribal practices. These games oc- curred during religious festivals and took Traditional vs. Modern games and sports place in community spaces. In contrast, the ritual of the modern sport falls under a logic It is difficult when we are asked by organi- of autonomization: rites and festivals are pro- zations such as UNESCO to carry out a fane, the calendars are specific, equipments logical classification of the cultural and are specialized and there are social distinc- historical activity compared to contempora- tions between players and non-players. ry practice. Consider for example the modern term “games” may or may not refer So we can see that there is a differentiation to competitions in the modern use of the between the tribal sporting game, practiced term. In the majority of games, there are no in the form of ritual, and the game detached winners or losers, but in traditional sports of its community origin in what is contem- one can very find organized competitions porary sport. under elaborate rules. Sporting rites and games in traditional An example is the Mexican game of societies. Tlachtli. It is played on a ground conside- red sacred. It consists in projecting a ball Analyses relating to traditional games and with the hip and the knee through stone competitions underline their connection to rings located in height in the middle of a the demonstration of supernatural forces length of ground (E. Thompson). The con- and worship (R. Caillois; J. Cazeneuve). cepts of winning and losing teams are not Roger Caillois mentions the cord games of present in this game, which differentiates Eskimos as being tied to mystical principles this game from contemporary sports. of seasons, summer or winter, or of an ele- Instead, the ball represents the sun and its ment of nature such as the sea or a particu- movement the image of the cosmos. The lar geography. Another example can be players strike the ball in turn, the two camps found in the ball games of Maoris, where contributing to maintaining movement, the ball-stake represents the sun, or in the important in the Aztec belief (C. Duverger). Aztec game of Tlachtli, where the move- ment of the ball between the two camps

28 | TAFISA Magazine symbolizes the sun and victory of the day over the night (B. Jeu).

In the same way, kite games of the Pacific are related to the conquest of the sky, but in the Far East, they have a symbolic and mythical significance representing a kind of higher spirit with the potential to carry away impurities from the village (J. Cazeneuve). These examples confirm that these games are rites perceived as such by the spectators and participants and they are held like reli- gious ceremonies.

There are more examples: Zuni games of New Mexico have the ceremonial aims of encouraging the divinities to make the rain fall to promote the growth of corn. In games like Hokiaminne, involving a throw of darts into a small ball, the winner makes prayers to the gods who will bring the rain (J. Cazeneuve). Hopi Indian races Indians games, Claude Levi-Strauss noted are associated with rites of rain with the how festivals of the dead are accompanied rhythm of the race mimicking nature: in the by sporting competitions. The ceremonies beginning they are run fast to symbolize focus on a dead relative in order to allow rapid crop growth, and run slower and at a the sure and fast departure of the heart. longer distance to symbolize to the time it This nourishes feelings of connection to the takes for grain time to mature fully before dead. The games involve being divided into the days of autumn (M. Segalen, C. Frère- two camps of the dead and living. The Michelat). In the same way, Zuni and Hopi game leads to a pre-determined outcome: races with balls constitute a complex cere- the winner is the camp of death, to give mony. Hopi teenagers push a wood ball in them the illusion that they are alive and in front of themselves, striking it with the big which adversaries are symbolically killed toe in two competing teams, to influence (C. Levi-Strauss). the chance of rain (P. Jacquin; M. Segalen, Frère-Michelat). Among Navajo girls, races are associated with rites of the puberty built around their Malinowski describes Melanisian tribes cultural idea, “the Woman who changes”, a where the teams clash on ceremonial plat- symbol of the endurance. The girls run forms in games symbolizing the fertility of three at a time for five days in an East direc- the ground with men and women separated tion, between the rising and setting of the because of the unequal distribution of force sun. They are masked and capped each (H.Damm). These practices are a form of morning to mark the Woman who Changes. worship to make nature generous by the Each race must be longer than the preceding request of the divinities but can be also rela- one and is related to the age of the girl. If ted to funeral rites. the race is too short, it carries bad luck for Based on the work of Fox and Algonquin the future (P. Jacquin).

TAFISA Magazine | 29 Traditional rites in Modernity references and values, producing new demands and supplies to satisfy “custo- Under the effect of modernity, many rituals mers” who want to be economically or sym- lose their religious overtones and the con- bolically recognized for their participation. nection to the original like to community life. This does not imply a total disappea- Rural traditions: the example of Basque rance of the traditional games formerly sport associated with rites. Some rites re-appear. Zunis and Hopi runners commemorated in Basque games and sports are founded in 1980 the great insurrection of 1680 against centuries of work in fields and farm. Spanish people. They carried a cord from Strength competitions allow men to earn village to village tied in several places, used great personal pride and honour of their vil- by their ancestors. Each node represented lage or their name. In summer, certain one day, so that the tribes could start the Basque villages organize strength competi- revolt simultaneously (Jacquin P., 1981). tions, also as demonstrations for tourists, involving sawing of logs or the lifting of It is possible to find in modern times a cubic stones (weighing up to 250 kg!) or “purity” in ritual that has persisted over round forms like the bales of straw. But the time to maintain its original significance. most spectacular activity is cord shooting This is the case of “the thousand days which involves two opposing villages, a walk” practiced in a Buddhist community game which was an Olympic competition at in Japan. The ritual consists of a series of the beginning of the modern era (1896, walks, organised over seven years, by 1900, 1904). Buddhist monks in the area of Kyoto. The distances covered distances and the suffe- Some examples of the Basque games are ring endured resemble modern as follows: (M. Yorke). If these Buddhist monks seem similar to modern marathoners, it is becau- · Cord Shooting (soka tira): A mark is tra- se they refer to an personal ethic (J.M. ced on the ground, on which the medium of Faure) and a scrupulous respect for an ele- the cord (30m) is a tied scarf. With the sig- ven centuries old tradition and popular sup- nal, the two teams of ten men try to make port. The monk who carries out the thou- cross with the scarf the reference mark tra- sand days walk receives the statue of the ced on the ground. living Buddha, and gains the recognition of · Straw rising (lasto altsari): A cord is fixed the whole nation. at a pulley suspended to 8 m in height. In 2 minutes, each competitor hoist as many In our contemporary civilization, it is inter- bales of straw of 45 kg as possible. esting to see how certain rites could take · Logger in the Air (aizkolari aidian): Axe in part of the sport. The example of the run- hand, the participant climbs a poplar trunk ning races is edifying. The history shows 10,50 meters high, make a notch and insert how the 1970’s devoted new rituals into the a board provided with a metal end. Without federal sport order, how the legitimate sport touching the trunk, the next new board must institution exerted an influence to reframe be put in, and so forth. This curious stairca- turbulences by creating order by the re-esta- se leads to the ridge of the trunk, which blishment of a distinction between the should finally be cut. races, making it possible to find balance. · Stone Raising (harrijasotzaleak): This Between these two moments, the partici- involves raise a very heavy stone on a pants and the organizers introduced new man’s shoulder. It can be spherical weig-

30 | TAFISA Magazine hing 100 to 125kg or rectangular weighing Milk cans of 41kg are carried according to 125kg at least. The world champion cur- a rectangle path of 80 meters. The finality rently raises 300kg. The test proceeds into of the game is of going the longest distance, two or three halftimes. The winner is the unconstrained from time, without posing one carrying out the greatest number of cans on the ground. lifts, or is credited with the greatest total · Cart Game (orga joko): This game’s goal mass raised and posed. is to raise a 4,50m long cart, weighing 200 · Loggers (aizkolariak): The challenges bet- kg, and to make it swivel on the tiller (the ween loggers are very old games, with play only part of the cart to be in contact with the consisting of giving blows of axe to a tree- ground). The play stops when the player trunk between his feet The winner is the gives up or if one of the wheels of the cart one who cuts trunks the fastest. It is a test touches the ground. The best players can of endurance and resistance lasting carry out four turns. 30 minutes and one hour · Bags Carriers (zakulariak): This game ori- · Long Saw (arpana): This saw was introdu- ginates from work formerly carried out to ced in the Basque Country in 19th century discharge the carts and to mount the bags to and measures approximately 1.9 - 2.1m. the granary. Each team, appoints the fastest This exercise requires a great physical resi- player who have to carry a corn bag of 81kg stance, speed, and a good coordination bet- on the shoulders for 120m. This individual ween the two partners. In general, one has a game can also be run as a relay, with 3 play- trunk of beech installed on a rest in which it ers taking turns to cover 120m is necessary to quickly cut 10 discs. · Straw Bale Throw (lasto botatze): This · Rising of the Anvil (unkudia edo ingude): game is involves using a fork to throw a This exercise consists, as its name indica- 13kg straw bale over a bar in 3 tries. The tes, of raising an anvil of 18kg the greatest winner is the one how throws the highest number of possible times Traditional Games: The importance of preservation.

In conclusion, the importance of the games and traditional sports that have been mentio- ned above have a number of common cha- racteristics: They constitute important cultu- ral and traditional elements to preserve and to respect, the need for equipment is mini- mal and adaptable, and rules are simple.

Traditional games and sports find their ori- gin in the regional culture of the people who practice them. Traditional physical activi- ties rest, for the greatest part, either on rites, more or less religious, or on rural cultural practice Ultimately, traditional games and sports return us to cultural diveristy, creating foot- · The Milk Cans (ontzi eramatea): The trans- bridges between the cultures for a better port of the farm milk cans to the point of col- mutual comprehension. It is necessary to lection is probably the origin of this play. continue to preserve and to encourage the

TAFISA Magazine | 31 traditional games and sports, cultural herita- Le Pogam Y, «Rites du sport et générativité ge of humanity, guarantees enrichment for du social», Corps et Culture [En ligne], the human societies, memory of civiliza- Etudes critiques, Janvier 2005 tions Levi-Strauss C. (1962) La Pensée sauvage, Bibliography Ed. Plon

Cazeneuve J. (1967) Esprit ludique et insti- Segalen M. (1994) avec la collaboration de tutions, in Caillois R. (sous la direction de), Frère-Michelat C. Les Enfants d’Achille et Jeux et sports, Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, de Nike, une ethnologie de la course à pied Paris, Gallimard, 733-825. ordinaire, Paris, Ed. Métailié.

Damm H. (1970) The so-called sport activi- Thomson E. (1934) La Civilisation aztèque, ties of primitive people. A contribution Paris, Payot. towards the genesis of sport, in Lüschen G. The cross-cultural analysis of sport and Yorke M. (1991) Les moines marathoniens games, Champaign, Illinois, Stipes publis- du Mont Hiei, Adaptation française Video hing Company. Adapt, Planète Câble, Planète, 9 mars 1998.

Duverger C. (1979) Jeux aztèques, Le Monde, 4 novembre.

Faure J.-M. (1987) L’éthique puritaine du marathonien, in Esprit, Le nouvel âge du sport, 4, 36-41. Jacquin P. (1981) Des indiens rapides comme l’éclair, Le Monde, 3 mai, 1981.

Jeu B. (1977) Le Sport, la mort, l’espace, essai de classification des sports, Paris, Vigot. Le Pogam Y. (1999) Sport, modernité et souveraineté, in Les Cahiers de l’Imaginaire, 18, à paraître. Colloque « Rupture de la modernité », Montpellier, décembre 1994.

Joël Raynaud is Professor for Physical Activity and Sport. He receives his doctorate from the University of Bordeaux - France. He is actually executive director in the Sport department of the South-West Health and Sport Ministry in Bordeaux. He has authhored and co-authored over 100 publications in Sport for All around the world. He is one of the founder of TAFISA, Secretary general from 1991 to 2005, Vice-President since 2005; President of the European Sport For All Network (ESFAN) and Secretary general of “Aquitaine Sport Pour Tous”.

32 | TAFISA Magazine Traditional Games - The Australian Experience Hon. Brian Dixon

Australia’s geography, weather and diverse doo players, indigenous musicians and cultures have ensured an important place Aboriginal sporting heroes perform. The for sport. The particular traditional Abori- record tickets were sold a homage to 158 ginal and Torres Strait Islander societies indigenous players who had been members have a rich diversity of games and pastimes. of the major teams in the nation. Participation in Australian Rules Football Very little is left of traditional indigenous has been a major source of public recogni- games – even in isolated areas where some tion for indigenous peoples. Teams of degree of traditional lifestyle may still exist. Aboriginal youngsters also played a curtain These games and sports are only recently raiser for this great event. being documented and efforts are starting to encourage people to play and understand Participation in social and sporting activi- them. Traditional games provide the oppor- ties is growing among indigenous peoples tunity to learn about, appreciate and experi- across all age groups in marked contrast ence aspects of Aboriginal culture. They with the mainstream Australian population. also provide essential training in social For example, indigenous people aged 55 interaction and act as a bridge between the and over are only slightly less likely to have indigenous and other later arrivals to the been involved in an activity in the previous continent. 3 months (81%) than those aged 45-54 years (86%). Indigenous young Most often, traditional games are played in adults aged 15-24 years report that they association with the dominant European have taken part, on average, in four differ- games including Aussie Rules, football soft- ent types of activities in the last three ball, , cricket, and ath- months. There is also very little difference letics. Indigenous events may include spear- in the participation rates of women and men and boomerang-throwing. The cultural cen- (89% and 91% respectively). trepiece is often a dance ceremony based upon a corroboree, followed by bush band, There is increasing acceptance of the desir- rock 'n' roll, country, western, and gospel ability of all Australians gaining access to concerts. The carnival atmosphere doesn't traditional games and sports at the same take the edge off the seriousness of the sport- time as the Australian and State govern- ing competition and is increasingly accepted ments are providing indigenous sports as recognition of the 50,000 years of Aborigi- access to national sports. nal ownership of the nation’s heritage. For example, in most parts of Australia On the 24th May 2008, the site of the 1956 young boys (and sometimes girls) play Olympic Games - the Melbourne Cricket mock combat games for enjoyment and as a Ground (MCG), and former home of the practice for adult life. Toy spears or shafts Melbourne Football Club hosted a dream- are made from grasses, reeds and rushes. time recognition of indigenous and tradi- Held at their lighter end they are thrown tional contributions. More than 50,000 either with the hand or with a toy woomera Australians attended the Dreamtime event (throwing stick). to see traditional dancers hosted by an Aboriginal leader Michael Long, didgeri-

TAFISA Magazine | 33 Below is a list of other traditional games: woomera— which they use to deflect the spear to the next player. When the 1 Kee'an: This throwing skill game is small boys play they use spears with a played in North Queensland. A large blunted end. sized animal bone (with twine attached to it) is thrown over a net (used to catch 3 Weme: The Walbiri people of Central emus) and into a pit or hole. Consider- Australia play a stone bowling game. ing the distance to the hole, great skill is One player throws a stone, which is required to correctly aim the bone and used as a target by the second player. ensure that it does not touch the net. Players alternate turns with each aiming at the other’s stone. 2 Tarnambai: On Bathurst Island the children collect the seed heads of the 4 Yuri: This is a spear game played in spring rolling grass (Spinifex hirsutis) Ulladulla in New South Wales. Small growing on the sandhills near the coast. spears are thrown at pieces of wood, They take the seed heads to the beach which are placed into running water. On and toss them into the air where they are Dunk Island in Queensland boys use blown along by the wind. After a start, wood chips and pieces of bark floating on the children chase the seed heads and try the water or throw objects at small fish. to pick them up while running at full speed. Introduction of Traditional Games in Schools In many Aboriginal settlements in remote parts of Australia the children commonly Some of the more widely supported tradition- play games with ‘rollers’. These could be al games are now being reintroduced into toy trucks made from wheel rims or large Australian school programs. These games tins filled with damp mud. The rollers are include pushed or pulled with handles made of wire. Sometimes groups of children with 1 Kai: In this game from the Torres Strait rollers have races. a number of players stand in a circle and sing the kai wed (ball song) as they hit a Other Aboriginal games include: ball up in the air with the palm of their hands. The game is played using the 1 Munhanganing: The game of Munhang- thick, oval, deep red fruit of the kai tree aning is being played by children of the which is quite light when dry. Arnhem Land in northern Australia. Children play this and other running 2 Parnado: This ball game is played by games in the flickering lights from the South Australian Aborigines in the firebrands of the grown-ups sitting vicinity of Adelaide (using the Kaurna about a camp site. language). The parndo (ball) is made with a piece of opossum skin, flattish in 2 Kalq: This is a spear game played by shape and about the size of a tennis ball. some Aboriginal groups on Cape York This is a kicking and hand passing game. Peninsula in North Queensland. The men use a throwing stick (woomera) to pro- 3 Gorri: Bowl-ball or disc games are played ject a big killing spear (kalq) toward the by Aboriginal boys and men in all parts next player. The spear travels around the of Australia. For example, in the disc- circle of men armed only with their rolling game common throughout

34 | TAFISA Magazine Western Australia a piece of rounded 7 Woggabaliri: Children from the Bogan bark (disc) is rolled by one of the play- and Lachlan rivers area of New South ers for the other boys to aim at. The boy Wales play a kind of football with a ball who sets the disc rolling is about made of possum fur. The fur is spun by 15 meters away from the throwers and the women and made into a ball about calls out “gool-gool” (going-going) as 5cm in diameter. It requires great agili- they start the disc rolling. The boy or ty and suppleness of limbs to play this young man who succeeds in piercing the game with any degree of skill. disc takes the place of the roller. Accuracy of eye and speed in casting the spear is 8 Wana: The young noongar (or nyungar) easily learned from this disc game. girls in the southwest of Western Australia have many games they since 4 Koolche: This ball throwing and hitting after a certain age they are not permitted game is played by Aboriginal people in to play with the boys of the camp. In one the Lake Eyre district of South Australia. of their games a short piece of stick is The balls (called koolchees.) are as placed on the ground to represent a round as possible and usually about nhoba (baby). Each girl has to defend 8–10cm in diameter. Gypsum, her child from the wanas (digging sandstone, mud, or almost any material sticks) of the other girls — all of whom that is easy to work is used to make the pretended to try and kill the nhoba balls. To play the game, players are in (baby). Wanas are thrown from all sides two teams and lined up on each side of a at the young ‘mother’ who tried to fend dry claypan. Each team then rolls the off the ‚attack’ with her own stick. The balls along the ground to the other side mother holds her wana between her with the aim being to break up an oppo- thumb and forefinger, putting it over her nent’s ball by hitting it while is is mov- head, behind her back, against her side, ing. Balls cannoned out of play are left in whatever direction the missiles come, until the stock of balls is nearly used up. thus learning to defend her young ones. These are often retrieved by the small In real adult fights women sometimes boys and put into play again. The game stand beside their husbands and warded is played for hours usually until the off the kidjas (spears) of their enemies. balls left are too few to cause any excite- ment. 9 Keentan: This is a keep-away game of catch ball from the north-west central 5 Kolap: This throwing game was districts of Queensland played by both observed being played on Mer Island in genders. Because the action of the play- the Torres Strait in the late last century. ers jumping up to catch the ball resem- The game is named after the beans of ble the movements of a kangaroo the the Kolap tree which were used as Kalkadoon people sometimes describe throwing objects. this game as the ‘kangaroo-play’. The ball itself is made of a piece of opossum, 6 Buroinjin: This is a ball game of the wallaby or kangaroo hide tied up with Kabi Kabi people of southern Queens- twine. land is played with a ball made of kan- garoo skin which was called a buroinjin. 10 Wulijini: This hand hitting or Spectators mark their applause by call- game is played with a zamia (Cycas ing out “Ei, ei”. media) seed by the people of Bathurst Island in northern Australia. In the Meda

TAFISA Magazine | 35 district of north-western Australia play- world: white games, venues, rules, direc- ers use flat pieces of wood. tors, officials, and selectors. Always players or performers, they are rarely accepted as 11 Kokan: Various versions of hockey type partners in the sports enterprise. There are games are played in many areas of the still many all-black teams of young sports Torres Strait and Papua and New Guinea. people and isolated talented players in a A hockey game called kokan is played range of dominant national sports but there in Mabuiag using a kokan (ball) between is no equivalent market or recognition of 6 and 8 cm in diameter. The traditional games and sports. game is played on a long stretch of the sandy beach. The kokan is struck with a The achievements in mainstream sport are rough bat or club, baiwain or dabi, extraordinary. The titles, championships, which is usually cut from a piece of the medals are a matter of record - at the bamboo, between 60 and 85 cm state, national, and international level. in length, on which a grip is cut. On There is no need to inflate stories or Mabuiag Island the game is played by embroider the successes, but there is a need both genders. to insist that the recognition of traditional games and sports is very much demand for The Indigenous Perspective the future and a regrettable historical pat- tern of neglect. The support of the Australian Government and teachers who are prepared to build bridges via traditional games and sport is a vital step in redressing the years of national neglect and active assimilation policies that have only recently been rejected by the incoming Federal Government. One of the first acts of the new Prime Minister Kevin Rudd was to issue an apology to the Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders for generations of decisions that failed to recongnise traditional land owners as a source of cultural heritage.

As Colin Tatz has pointed out, a major issue in Aboriginal sport is why so many commu- nities have given birth to separate, all-black teams. Aborigines still play sport in a white

Brian Dixon is a former premier Austrailian Rules football player and politician and is currently a health activist and pro- moter of AFL internationally. He works to promote healthy lifestyles through his roles as the longtime treasurer of Trim and Fitness International Sport for All Association (TAFISA) and secretary general for Asiania Sport for All Association (ASFAA). Mr. Dixon now offers public speaking seminars and acts as a political adviser for business and the corporate sector.

36 | TAFISA Magazine Billiard, Traditional Game transformed today into a Cultural Heritage Oscar Luiz Azuero

Billiard is an original traditional game The origin of Billiard developed more than 3000 years ago as a floor game similar to croquet, adopted in An antique discovery forced people to think medieval Europe, and, as a consequence of of games and sport’s role in antique cultures. the Inquisition, became a secret table game. In the excavation of a child sepulcher in Today, billiard has all the harmony of a tra- Egypt dated from 3300 B.C. a complete set ditional game spanning ethnic regions and of was discovered, similar to the cultures and requiring high mental and English game of 9 skittles, played with a physical skill. Billiard is an example of evo- disc or a ball. The system was as interesting lution through time of an ancestral tradition- in its beauty as in its meaning. Each piece- al game that become a universal discipline. 9 skittles, 4 balls and 3 bars form an arch, polished in or in a fine stone were the The exact origin of billiard is unclear. product of the work of an expert sculptor. Researchers have tried without success to decode the enigma, but without doubt, In a passage of The Odyssey, approximate- today billiard is a game widely spread with ly 3000 years ago, Homer gives us hints antique origins. The game in its various about other antecedent. He mentions forms has been practiced by kings, emper- 5 happy players practicing the game of ors, pontiffs, nobles and common people, “Birilli” that can be considered the ancestor presidents, aristocrats, musicians, mental of billiard. It was similar: in a vessel carved patients, ladies, gentleman and all kind of by artists from Athens young people hold in characters and members of every profes- their hands long and curved sticks and sion, race and creed and age. showing a ball.

TAFISA Magazine | 37 Logically Billiard had its origin in the games In the American book “Modern Billiards” of . The ruins discovered and the hiero- published in 1884, H.W. Collender tells that glyphics found offer some possible answers: Catkire Ore (Conn Cetchathach) King of The games of “palo y bola” a lawn game, Ireland, was renowned for leaving as a lega- were represented in graves that were built cy a game of 55 balls made of bronze and 3000 years ago, showing billard-types of wood, with arch and mallets made of the instruments in the drawings used in the game. same materials in the IIth century. Some historians affirm that Billiard was a Were these images representing a practice diversion for Greeks and Romans. An of a “sport”? Many authors argue that it is example of this is Horacio (65 – 8 a.c) a not clear that it was a sport, and have argued Latin poet born in Venosa, who in his that the activities named could be religious moment dedicated an ode to the game. or social. What is clear is how ancient Nerón (38-68 B.C) was amused with a Greeks and Egyptians used as tool—sticks, game so similar to billiard. balls and other curious devices—in the practice of some integrated activities. Edwin Kentfield, in his book “Kenfield at Those tools are similar to those used by the billard” (1839), assures that the game nobles in field games from the XVI century. must, at least, be as old as the Accio’s war in Greece, famous for the failure of Marco There are some people that affirm that in Antonio’s emperor in front of Octavio, the IV century, Anarcasis, an ancient 31 years B.C. Indeed, Cleopatra (69-30 philosopher from Escitia, in the Asian B.C) was a great fan to what was a primi- Region, famous for his maxim and narra- tive game which practiced on the floor. tive, provides a description of the game as a The sticks were used similar to those used result of the story of the details of one of his today to play . journals to ancient Greece, where, accord- ing to his tale, people used to practice The game as is known today is derived from “carambola” over the floor. its predecessor practiced on the floor like

38 | TAFISA Magazine the Arpasto from Greeks, the “Calcio” or pionships. Finally, in the 105th meeting of Calcium from Italy, the “Chueca” from the International Olympic Committee Spain, the “Mallo” from Spain and France, (IOC) in Atlanta, it was raised it to the new the “” from English and Scandina- category of an ‘Olympic Game.’ vians, and is similar to categories of other games, as croquet, bowling or tricks. The Today the IOC recognizes the sport of English cultivated a similar game to the cro- Billiard and its standard rules for tourna- quet which originated the old French game ments. These rules are applied to winners of “Cilie-Maille” or the “Biliamaglio” in Italy. gold and silver medals. However, the trans- The game was played with club or wooden formation of billiard into an Olympic game “cayados”, wooden balls with 10cm diame- seems unlikely in the near future since there ter and arches over the floor, inside a sur- is not am organization that leads the disci- face delimited by hemp walls. pline in the field with the enough strength. The twenty-first century is accompanied by All this takes us to the conclusion that there a huge spread of technical knowledge and are undeniable links from early history in new methods for learning the game (with the evolution of the game. Billiard’s mod- audiovisuals, multimedia and simulators), ern roots are in Europe The book greater support, and media coverage. All “Compleat Gangster” of Charles Cotton, these factors will promote the acceptance, published in 1674. says that billard is a respect and the worldwide recognition of ‘more gentile, clean and clever game,’ prac- the game that it deserves. ticed first in Italy. However, in other page of the same text he also mentions Spain as the The passion for billiard has spread; the game place of Billiard’s birth. Other authors has achieved its maturity. It reaches every claim billiard is derived from table games intellectual level and fascinates many peo- played with balls in China, Persia, Italy or ple. It is a demanding table game that during Spain; however, the more accepted conjec- the last 600 years has evolved like no other, ture is that it was originated in France as a contributing to today’s sport activities. version of a table game practiced inside imitating a lawn game similar to croquet.

France adopted and transformed the game, making it a part of French culture, making it playable indoors over tables. Thus, it became renowned through western Europe.

Modernity

Today, Billiard in its modern conception is played not only recreationally but in local, zonal, international, and worldwide cham-

Oscar Azuero is a lawyer, journalist and ex-director of Colddeports and serves as vice president of the TAFISA. He is the former secretary of the University of Bogota and is current President of the Corporation for the Development of Sport for All in Columbia.

TAFISA Magazine | 39 ETSGA, a Network for Traditional Games and Sports An Alternative Way, besides the Sports Guy Jaouen

In 2001 about 100 delegates representing Traditional Sports was celebrated under the federations of traditional games and aca- auspices of TAFISA. demic researchers decided to create ETSGA, a tool in the service of traditional Meeting of the European Networks games. The birth was the outcome of a process that saw the appearance of a new In 1985, an original experiment, the crea- civil society movement in the 1970’s, born tion of the FILC (International Federation within the sporting environment itself, of Celtic Wrestling) influenced the way the claiming a non-central place for sporting future European traditional games networks performance. Central to its ethos was a would develop. The FILC accepted the desire for a more educational sporting cul- challenge to make federations in charge of ture, which puts forward the notion of different wrestling styles work together for human encounters with more conviviality objectives decided in common. It had the and harmony with local cultures. In this, goal to develop the practice of different tra- traditional games found commonality with ditional wrestling styles while giving them the sport for all movement, in part through an international audience. This goal was physical education teaching. In retrospect, without standardisation of the practice of one could say that traditional games pro- the styles. It rejected the use of only one gressed in parallel with the improvement of language and instead encouraged all lang- democracy in various countries. uages, giving equality of expression and a more democratic spirit. The experiment At the international level, several meetings showed that it was not necessary to copy the took place, showing development of a new sport organization system as the elementary world awareness and self-identity. structure to renovate and to redevelop so- It was principally UNESCO which expres- called minority sports. The FILC now has sed this change of approach at the world 12 regional or national affiliated federations level. In 1983 it presented its major pro- and each year organises international gram for education at 3 levels: Sport, Sport events. In addition, in central Africa mini- for All, and Traditional Games and Dance. sters of CEDEAO adopted identical resolu- In October 1986 UNESCO recommended tions to preserve their play culture in 1986. "the protection and development of games, dances and traditional sports in the setting Several European scientific meetings in the of physical education and sport, as means to 1980’s, organised in part by IIAC, and by preserve the cultural heritage.“ The traditio- CEMEA, led to the organisation in 1990 of nal games collection project began in the an important gathering in Brittany, sponso- mid-199s, and at a 1999 meeting in Punta red by the Council of Europe. It was a Del Este, Uruguay. European festival of 65 traditional games Delegates and ministries of several dozens and sports with a thousand participants of countries signed a proclamation asking including an international camp of traditio- that every state organise the "promotion and nal wrestling and a week-long European the preservation of traditional games." A seminar. The seminar’s objective was to year later, the 2000 World Festival of make a global analysis of traditional games

40 | TAFISA Magazine and sports situation in Europe, and assess tude in regional tradition games for educa- what these practices could offer in terms of tional use. This had several results. For ex- education, participation, tourism, and spor- ample, Spain created chairs for professors ting activity in the context of the local cul- in traditional games in the sport universi- ture. This meeting enlisted about forty par- ties. In the French region of Brittany, the ticipating organisations to write a motion, creation of an educational materials in the translated into eight languages, to the schools, enabling dozens of thousands of European Parliament. It was succeeded in youngsters to be influenced by sporting 1994 by a recommendation inviting the professionals, as well as by the regular European Commission to establish a speci- organisation of big school gatherings are fic program for the promotion of regional based on traditional games. At this stage we and traditional sports. This unique gathe- saw, in fact, the normalisation of projects ring inspired the founding of many similar using traditional games, demonstrating that traditional games festivals in Belgium, they could be adapted and incorporated in France, Italy, and in numerous autonomous the school educational process. These in Spanish regions. This constructed a net- turn lead to the creation of formation orga- work to reinforce and support the the base, nisations and saw numerous associations to nourish the debate of ideas and to put for- creating professional activity for the tea- ward experiments. ching of the games, which was complemen- tary to the federations and researchers net- Education, Culture and Traditional Games works.

One of the most conclusive results of this By the end of the 1990s, the traditional meeting was the demonstration, by the rese- games network was a complex mixture of arch of experts in physical education, that culture and new education, at the forefront traditional games often offered more possi- of the challenge to create a structure at the bilities in terms of motor education than the European level. ETSGA was created in modern sports. Indeed, traditional games 2001, at the occasion of a traditional games offer fields with more varied possibilities, gathering of 36 delegations from 14 in particular with the socio-motor games of European regions. The founding members co-operation. This breached the picture of had the wisdom to take into account all exi- inferiority usually assigned to them. sting active networks: the academic, tea- But traditional games have other assets to ching professionals, museums, federations offer: cultural diversity at the level of tea- and confederations, while creating three ching at school, with the enhancement of colleges to give a legitimacy to the three inter generationality in a world where the networks. It is this accumulation of compe- age groups are more and more separated. tencies, of expertise, of diverse points of Traditional games offer a better socialisa- view, of experience and energy that compri- tion because they make no reference to stars ses the strength and the originality of of sport. In traditional games the result is ETSGA. indeed more measured: the victory is less important, therefore the defeat is less A Natural Intercultural Dialogue important. During the steps taken for the recognition of These conclusions, added to the different traditional games, it was suggested to us intergovernmental recommendations, influ- that the games were carriers of the past, of enced the decision makers. Ministerial cir- regionalism, or even of localism. To be culars appeared, catalyzing a change of atti- recognised, the administrations asked that

TAFISA Magazine | 41 the traditional games disown their regional that keep a symbolic value. National anthems roots and adopt the fashion of modern sport are forgotten to show that we are first of all a function, standardised with vertical deci- part of humanity, while creating values at the sion making. However, this could not func- same time universal and local. tion because traditional games are not sole- The motto of ETSGA could be: "traditional ly a sporting activity, but are closely bound game is entertainment, socialisation and with culture, traditional music, gastronomy education " It is a school to "live together" and the language of each region. Their way and not the domination of the other creating to function is therefore different according bridges between cultures respect of diversi- to context, but with a strong symbolic ty. Traditional games are education tools implication at the base. which transmit to the youth the values of our societies, tools of preservation of our Traditional games, at the local or regional heritage and of local traditions, learning level, with or without competition, involves tools for inter-cultural thought. They are a sort of philosophy, a way of co-existance, tools with a future. a way to put the "Us" forward instead of the "Me". They allow the individual to be an A Future to Build actor in one’s own environment, and not mearly a spectator at the margin of another Traditional games have a social structure culture. This difference doesn't mean a that permits placing the human being, and withdrawal. On the contrary, it renews not the sporting performance and its stakes, enthusiasm and thirst of exchange in parti- in the center of the societal system of sport. cipants at every gathering. Players are all If we wish that these societal structures be ages. We instituted a regulation that every valorised, for their recognition four main culture and language are equal, which cre- orientations must be developed: ates a societal structure where tolerance is - Scientific research, that is sociological, the rule. This forges in every instant the historic, technique, physiological. search for the discovery of the pleasure of - The formation of socio-cultural teachers, other cultures of games, of the encounter, the specialised sporting teachers, general edu- dialogue and compromise. cation teachers and of course technicians to manufacture the materials required. Traditional games, involve a concept of inter - Teaching in the schools and in all domains regional or national exchanges, but not of of education, the development of socio- globalisation or standardisation. When we cultural activities in the adult envi- meet players of other regions, we play their ronment, or tourism. games, they play ours, we discover their cul- - The construction of facilities, for the prac- ture and they discover ours. The goal is not to tice of traditional games, as for all other impose a culture through a game or a sport, sporting facilities. but to exchange, to construct social links, which doesn't avoid having sporting results

Guy Jaouen , born in 1954 in Brittany, France, is an expert in tradi- tional wrestling. He has published several books on traditional sports. He is the founding secretary of the FILC in 1985, the founding presi- dent of the Breton Confederation of traditional games in 1994, and the founding president of ETSGA in 2001.

42 | TAFISA Magazine Traditional Sport and Sport for All: A Bond of Unity and Recreation. The African (Nigeria) Perspective Comfort Nwankwo

The bond between Traditional Games and tion, separating the Indian and Atlantic Sport For All dates back to the primitive age oceans and spreading its land masses into in most parts of Africa. It is premised on a both the northern and southern hemisphere. tripod of fostering unity, promoting educa- tion and positive moral values, and provid- Africa’s surface area of more than 30 mil- ing an avenue for recreation and sociability lion square kilometers represent a diversity among people living in unit settlements in of culture, traditions, languages, geography, the society. political and socio-economic systems, yet, they are inter-woven. Although Africa Traditional Games and Sport For All, there- forms part of the “third world” of modern fore, symbolizes a typical way people of history, it stands on one foot in restful antiq- African descent have socialized and recre- uity, the other is waxing stronger in the ated from ages past. dynamics of the twenty-first century.

Welcome to Africa The concept of active living (recreation) and community action in Africa dates back Rising from the restless oceans of earth are to ancient days. Historically, there existed the six continents of the World. Africa, the during the ancient age in Africa some pecu- land flowing with untapped human and nat- liar underlying principles of team participa- ural resources occupies a prominent posi- tion in activities and events either in profes- sional vocations or intra/inter communal harmonious relationships, hence the popu- lar phrase “Africa--United in Diversity”

Nigeria

In Nigeria, the fusion of traditional games with everyday recreation passion was pro- pelled by common factors such as family ties, shared communal affection by subject within neighboring communities. Tradi- tional games were important to entrench positive moral values on subjects within a community or settlement before the advent of modern education. There were also a tool for fostering friendship, unity, healthy liv- ing, and to preserving existing traditional norms and values among people of same historical backgrounds. Typically, Sport For All ideals were adopted as a vehicle for advancing he knowledge of indigenous

TAFISA Magazine | 43 recreation activities in all strata of people filling difficult life challenges either at within and beyond rural communities, espe- work or home, and lack of access to ade- cially in Nigeria. quate recreational facilities.

Traditional Games as a Bond of Unity The regular mass participation by people in organized communal recreation activities Unity in any society is paramount, and one thus provides room for improved health of the main ways of sustained unity within condition in adherents. and amongst the different people in Nigeria has been the unrestricted access of tradi- Traditional Games as an Educational tional games for people of all ages to active- Tool ly take part in communal festivals and to celebrate social cultural. Various traditional Traditional Games, Sports and Dance activ- games, sport and dance activities featured ities are have a checkered history in during such festivals are usually tied to the Nigeria. Before the advent of modern edu- different age and gender of participants. cation, family and community members This process in essence, helps foster unity adopted the use of indigenous cultural and friendship through the building of inter- norms to impart good moral values to peo- personal social relationships and networks. ple, both old and young. In a typical com- munal scene in most parts of Nigeria, chil- Traditional Games for healthy Living dren often gathered at sunset in village squares, where the elderly told them inter- Health, it is often said, is wealth, and esting tales by the setting of the moon by indigenous recreation sports activities helps night. It was often said to be God’s design provide the needed remedy for health relat- to have people of all ages to gather in and ed aliments often occasioned by stress and informal and carnival atmosphere to boredom from the cumulative effect of ful- unwind and interact. Experiences like this

44 | TAFISA Magazine formed the bedrock of character molding in Summary youth for future life challenges as men and women. Others games included moonlight Traditional games, sports and dance activi- plays by women, local wrestling bouts by ties are vehicles for mobilizing mass partic- boys and men and various recreation plays ipation by people of all ages which guaran- for women, all of which were colorful and tees access to healthy living. Traditional attractive to all participants. games in Nigeria are truly Sport For All, and are practiced in most parts of Africa. Traditional Games – a Potent Recrea- tional Vehicle Traditional games, sports and dance in Sport For all are capable of enriching the Sport For All Movement’s exposes, show- humankind as well as advancing global cases and promotes traditional sporting goals, for promoting peace, friendship, activities as a form of recreation among unity equity, active living -– for everyone. people of various backgrounds in Nigeria. Traditional sport for all does not require Culture in Nigeria is very sacred, and an facilities and equipment. Also Sport For All average person feels a complete sense of is inclusive, i.e. it include all age groups, belonging to a cultural activity peculiar to sexes, and all persons with physical chal- his ethnic group when projected to lime- lenges. Thus, traditional sports activities are light during festivities and events a potent vehicle required for fostering unity, health education and recreation in All and For All.

Email: HYPERLINK "mailto:comex- [email protected]" [email protected]

Comfort Nwankwo is Executive Director CICOM Int. Ltd, Nigeria. She has national degrees in business administration and public rela- tions.She is Member of the African Communication Council, also Member Nigeria Olympic Committee Women Commission 2001-2005, Vice President TAFISA since 2005, General Secretary Sport for All Nigeria since 2001 and Member in the Organizing Committee Hope Worldwide Nigeria.

TAFISA Magazine | 45 The Encyclopedia of Intangible Cultural Heritage as a Method to Safeguard Traditional Sports and Games as An Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humankind. Jorge Gustavo Caicedo

Since its foundation in November 1945, UNESCO´s goal is to contribute to peace by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justi- ce, the rule of law, and the human rights.

1959 began an international donation cam- paign to save the monuments of Nubia in Egypt; these relics of ancient human civi- lization were under threat from rising Convention text. Therefore and internation- waters of the Nile due to the construction of al movement emerged in the 90s, as a coun- the Aswan High Dam. Between 1964 and terpart to the World Heritage that focuses 1968, the entire site was cut in large blocks mainly on tangible aspects of culture. This and relocated 65 meters higher and gave birth to the notion of Intangible 200 meters back from the river. It was an Cultural Heritage. In 2001, UNESCO made outstanding archaeological engineering feat a survey among international experts from of our time that led to other safeguarding States and NGOs, in Turin, Italy, to try to campaigns such as saving Venice and its agree on a definition. This set the bases to lagoon in Italy, in addition to leading to a the adoption by the General Conference of UNESCO-initiated draft Convention to UNESCO´s Convention for the safeguard- protect the common cultural heritage of ing of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in humanity. 2003.

On 16 November 1972, a single text was “According to the Convention for the agreed on by all parties, and the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Convention Concerning the Protection of Heritage, the intangible cultural heritage the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (ICH) – or living heritage – is the main- was adopted by the General Conference of spring of our cultural diversity and its UNESCO. Nevertheless there where maintenance a guarantee for continuing knowledge and practices related to nature creativity. and universe, languages and oral expres- The Convention states that the ICH is man- sions, ritual and community celebrations, ifested, among others, in the following practices as traditional sports and games or domains traditional performing arts such as dance • Oral traditions and expressions including and music, handcrafts, symbolic spaces and language as a vehicle of the intangible unique abilities and techniques that for cen- cultural heritage; turies have been evolving. These heritages • Performing arts (such as traditional have been transmitted from one generation music, dance and theatre); to another and defines the singularity of • Social practices, rituals and festive each culture ad weren’t protected by the events, this point considers the

46 | TAFISA Magazine Traditional Sports and Games (TSG) paigns, festivals, workshops and confer- • Knowledge and practices concerning ences, nature and the universe; • Identification and inventorying, • Traditional craftsmanship. The definition • The creation of specialized curricula in also indicates that the ICH to be safe- schools and universities, guarded by this Convention: • The adoption of legal protective measures. • Is transmitted from generation to genera- As a general rule, these safeguarding tion; measures were established in consultation • Is constantly recreated by communities with the communities concerned.” and groups, in response to their environ- http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.ph ment, their interaction with nature, and p?pg=00106 their history; • Provides communities and groups with a TAFISA has made considerable effort in sense of identity and continuity; order to safeguard Traditional Sports and • Promotes respect for cultural diversity Games (TSG), in the TAFISA - Busan and human creativity; TREX Games Festival. A document shall • Is compatible with international human be released a the Festival pointing a number rights instruments; of actions concerning this matter. In addi- • complies with the requirements of mutual tion, we have developed an integral strategy respect among communities, and of sus- that we wish to share with all TAFISA tainable development. members as result of the presentation with the TAFISA Board of Directors in their lat- The depository of this heritage is the human est meeting in Bordeaux, France. mind, the human body being the main instru- The Intangible Cultural Heritage Encyclo- ment for its enactment, or – literally – pedia, a free web 2.0 portal that will help to embodiment. The knowledge and skills are create an inventory of Traditional Sports often shared within a community, and mani- and Games throughout the world, not only festations of Intangible Cultural Heritage the modalities but the players, researchers often are performed collectively. This is the and organizations related to them. (see case with Traditional Sports and Games, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_Cul as many elements of the ICH are endan- tural_Heritage) gered, due to effects of globalization, stan- dardize policies, and lack of means, appreci- The portal considers the general informa- ation and understanding which – taken tion of each modality, the implements nec- together – may lead to the erosion of func- essary for its practice and also considering tions and values of such elements and to lack field measures, ground type, time of the of interest among the younger generations.” year when it is played and other important http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.ph matters related to its practice. p?pg=00002 To make the human inventory we’ll create a “In order to reverse this, UNESCO´s point- web community within EPCI for all of ed a series of action plans that includes one those whose knowledge and abilities are or more of the following measures: consider fundamental part of Traditional • Research and documentation, Sports and Games. • Enhancing the transmission of knowl It is an efficient tool to contact them and has edge and know-how to younger generations, three goals: • Awareness-raising at the local and 1. For clearing inquiries. national level through information cam- 2. To promote their services or products.

TAFISA Magazine | 47 • Promote EPCI with all its members to consult and upload new information of TSG, in their native language and avail- able translation in English • Develop a worldwide inventory of Tra- ditional Sports and Games (TSG) • EPCI will represent the TSG before UNESCO´s Intergovernmental Commit- tee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible 3. Creating new webs of specialist as a way Cultural Heritage, with TAFISA support. to share and improve their knowledge. • Identify players, artisans, specialists, re- Since education and promotion are core searchers and promoters related to the issues to the safeguarding of TSG, we TSG an create a personal page for each of developed a line of work in this matter con- them in EPCI sisting in creating a worldwide web of • Identify the TSG in danger of disappear- young people trained as “Heritage Kee- ing and take action for its safeguarding pers,“ that will provide the necessary skills • Improve the TSG movement around the and knowledge to identify, register and pro- world mote within the community the TSG, with • Training new “Heritage Keepers“ from the help of the Encyclopedia. organizations affiliated to TAFISA, to promote TSG in elementary schools with The improvement and advancement of TSG formal and non formal strategies relays in promotion through education, cre- • Promote regional leagues of TSG and ating publications, didactic material, work- similar measures to assure its visibility shops and other activities for facilitating a and therefore its awareness non-formal education strategy. Once we • Since we are a non-profit organization we have enough experience and we can synthe- supported by the donations from our users, sized in a curricular content, we can promote we encourage TAFISA and its members to its incorporation into formal education. collaborate in the fundraising to sustain Our experience in Mexico’s education has EPCI operation and increase its bound aries. been proven success, in 2003 we incorpo- The Encyclopedia of Intangible Cultural rated 3 traditional games into the official Heritage will be launched in the TAFISA - curricula of junior school through out the Busan TREX Games Festival in September whole country. And in 2008 we incorporat- of 2008. See you there!!! ed 17 traditional games for K12 elementary schools trough out the whole country If you wish to research for more information concerning the Intangible Cultural Heritage, The proposal of collaboration with TAFISA refer to UNESCO´s web page considers the following strategies: http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.ph p?pg=home

Jorge Gustavo Caicedo is head of the Encyclopedia of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an NGO accredited advisor to UNESCO, researcher and promoter of Traditional Sports and Games through- out Mexico´s indigenous communities. He is a consultant to the Ministry of Education in traditional sports and games. In addition he is a writer and editor of traditional knowledge didactical books for children

48 | TAFISA Magazine Cooperation and Opposition in Sports and in Traditio- nal Games Pierre Parlebas

The claim is often made that sports and tra- ey, etc.), the game exists only through coop- ditional games develop greater understand- eration based on well worked out collective ing between individuals and between tactics: passes, protection, support, and nations, and even foster world peace. This pressure. In a football match or a game of objective can only surprise, since combat is rugby, for example, it is entirely the acts of the very nature of sport. Is it realistic to see mutual support and passes between partners solidarity as the purpose of such confronta- that structure the game. This solidarity is at tional activities? the origin of a strong group spirit, and even more, of a very strong feeling of group Sport and Cooperation identity and of belonging.

To avoid any risk of confusion, we will Particular attention is paid to equality of define the terms to be used. We will apply opportunity for the competitors, their equiv- “sport” to all those motor-situations govern- alent rights, their similar space and equip- ed by a system of rules, competitive in na- ment, possibly the establishment of cate- ture and which have been institutionalised. gories based on age or weight… This initial Sport is based on the existence of four nec- even-handedness, constantly sought after, essary and sufficient criteria: a motor-situa- makes for fairness and the good atmosphere tion; a system of rules; competition; an insti- of the encounter. tutional nature. We can thus identify new sport as other games or “traditional games”. Are these examples convincing?

Sport comprises strongly institutionalised The opposition triumphant! physical games: that is to say, those which have been selected by social authorities, the In many sports, only a loose idea of “team” emblematical case being the Olympic exists: a team of gymnasts or athletes, for Games. They are defined as a competition example, only takes on substance through governed by rules, culminating in the desig- the juxtaposition or the sum of its results, nation of victors and vanquished. What then and not through any corporal interaction are the properties that foster the purpose of with strong relational implications. In the general solidarity so often attributed to majority of psychomotor sports in which them? the participant acts individually, with no physical contact, the notion of cooperation An omnipresent cooperation? is largely devoid of meaning.

Participants in individual sports (gymnastics, In the case of team-sports, socio-motor athletics, swimming, etc.) are seen as mem- sports, that is to say, the ones that provoke bers of a team (of a club, or of a nation); the considerable motor reactions (rugby, foot- points they score or the medals they win ball, basket-ball, and so forth), cooperative individually are often added together to interactions are of great importance, but, give the overall result of their team. when all is said and done, these depend In team-games (football, basket-ball, hock- entirely on oppositional interactions.

TAFISA Magazine | 49 In football, a pass is said to be “decisive”, Cooperation and Traditional Games precisely because it allows an attacking and victorious kick into the enemy goal. Here Let us take a quick look at the major groups cooperation is a side effect of opposition. of physical activity that make up traditional The result of a match, football or basketball, games (that is to say, non-sports). is the final score, which does not take into account any acts of solidarity: only victori- Games involving active solidarity. ous attacking movements count. In fact, what counts, is what can be counted: and Many activities not governed by a system of what counts is not cooperation, but the rules in common, do present situations of opposing team. motor-adventure where cooperation often plays a key role: hiking, climbing, speleol- Equality of opportunity is, in reality, the ogy, , treetop sports, , and property that will give its full value to the canyoning. These self-organised activities, superiority of the winner. Nothing is with no formal system of rules, which we assured beforehand; equality at the start call “near-sports”, impose facing up to con- gives full weight to the final victory. siderable difficulties but have no competi- Equality of opportunity is thus in the serv- tive nature. They put active mutual assis- ice of unequal results. tance and safety and the partners’ survival at the heart of the commitment of every par- The insistence with which the role of coop- ticipant. These sports are purely coopera- eration in sport is stressed seems unwarrant- tive; their normal expression is a hymn to ed. Sometimes intense and prolonged (team- comradeship and active solidarity (these sports, relays…), sometimes entirely absent activities, informal at the start, have been (athletics, gymnastics…). Cooperation is taken over by the sports-establishment always subject to the primacy of the oppo- which has transformed them by imposing sition, as can be seen from league-tables its own restrictions: rules, standardisation, and goal-averages, which record only suc- competition, hierarchy). cessful attacks (goals, tries, scores). In other words, the final aim of a sporting event is Certain traditional games highly popular the division into two groups: the winners among children and teen-agers have no and the losers, those who mount the podium competitive element whatsoever: these are with their medals around their necks, and rounds and rhyme-games based on ritu- the others who stay down below. The out- alised interactions between participants, come of a sporting event is a split. We must often very sophisticated. Without any ele- admit that this way of seeing brotherhood ment of conflict, these activities are found- among players is debateable. ed on collective complicity and solidarity, expressed through a scenario whose outline Is taking part in physical activities fated to is predetermined by the internal plot bring confrontational behaviour and the expressed in the song. Blending words and will to dominate to the forefront? We might acts; these games enhance the pleasure of wish that feelings of solidarity could shared participation and foster the appear- emerge and develop objectively and unde- ance of group cohesiveness. niably. From this point of view, do tradi- tional games present situations where mutu- al help and cooperation are fostered?

50 | TAFISA Magazine Competition to exclude and competition Other ways of acting avoid stigmatising the to include. losers: in the games of Epervier, Balle au chasseur or Esquive-ballon au loup for Among traditional games, some show the example, the player who has been ticked is same pattern of total opposition as that seen not excluded: he changes sides and in sport: for example, cops and robbers, le becomes a partner with his predators; in this Drapeau,(1), , quoits or skittle. But way, although apparently beaten, he joins even here, in certain cases, acts of coopera- the winners. At the end of the game, every- tion contribute to the final score: la Passe à one wins: the hunter who has captured all dix, le Ballon-capitaine, les Barres, la Balle the hunted, those who were hunted and then au prisonnier. However, and in far more became hunters, and the last of the hunted, spectacular fashion, it is through the very able to spring all the traps! This type of modes of opposition that traditional games sharing-competition, which gives a taste of display unexpected configurations. victory to all the participants, is able to favour the development of mutual aid and All sports competitions end with the osten- solidarity. tatious identification of the winner and in consequence, of the loser. This exaltation of Paradoxical games victory is a poor approach to respect and friendship towards others. The losers are A case where the limit is attained is sup- cast into outer darkness. Only the winners plied by paradoxical games, which leave to remain in the competition and reach the each player the unusual liberty of choosing podium: sports competitions are exclusive. for himself, and in the midst of the action, who he wants as partners and who he iden- In a very different way, in many traditional tifies as enemies. Thus, in la Balle assise, games, competition displays features far the player in possession of the ball may pass more favourable to the creation of welcom- the ball to one and the same player either by ing and flexible social relations. Defeat is bouncing it (a friendly pass) or by throwing only temporary, and can be immediately it directly at him (an unfriendly pass). The redeemed by success. The drama is taken choice is open to each one to decide the out of failure, as it does not count towards nature of his motor-communication; he is the final score and is swiftly replaced by free to transform it and is himself vulnera- success, causing its immediate disappear- ble to the choices made by others, as in la ance. This is the case in the game of Quatre Galine, for example. In this ambivalent coins in which a player, after losing his cor- framework, a real paradox emerges when a ner, can win another following the next player stops an opponent who, in reality, is move. In the same way, in la Balle assise, a the one protecting him (as seen in the Jeu player who is hit has to lie motionless on des Trois Camps). the ground; but can quickly gain possession of the ball and become a free player once Infused by a disconcerting relational ambi- more, before being hit again, and yet again, valence, these paradoxical games illustrate freed. A game is a succession of surprises once again a competition based on sharing, during which the player experiences intense where the player decides for himself where confrontations, but where the competition the most attractive alliances lie, all the swings from failure to success and back while running the risk of unforeseen inter- again. This is a sharing competition. In the actions through the preferences of others. end, no one loses. Each player takes his fair share. This is a win-win game.

TAFISA Magazine | 51 A founding social Contract

We cannot avoid the observation: globally, traditional games present practices that are far more favourable towards cooperation and agreement than do sports. Nevertheless, traditional games and sports alike have a crucial property: all are based on the play- ers’ acceptance of the rules that will govern their behaviour. This unanimous agreement with a system of rules corresponds to a real «social contract» to which all participants give voluntary allegiance, implicitly or explicitly. This acceptance of general law is at the very roots of society, and has a key- role to play in the process of socialisation. All sports (traditional games and sports), however rough, are based on this initial pact, confirming their prior alliance.

This point of agreement is of great impor- tance; however, it is still true that, while sports stress the often violent assertion of domination, by generating anew coopera- tive behaviour throughout the action, tradi- tional games- more than sports- bring situa- tions that favour the development of soli- darity and of widespread agreement.

This point of agreement is of great impor- tance; however, it is still true that, while sports stresses the often violent assertion of domination, it also generates a new cooper- ative behaviour throughout the action, tradi- tional games.

Pierre Parlebas After finishing the L’Ecole Normale Supériere d’Education Physique (ENSEP) in Paris he worked as a teacher at the same institute (1965 – 1987). He obtained his doctorate in the arts (1984) and then became a professor for sociology at the Sorbonne, Paris (1987). His following academic career included various high standing functions in national science. He was awarded honorary doc- tor at the University of Lerida, Spain (2002). He is president of the L’Association Nationale des Centres d’Entrainement ux Methodes d’Education Active (CEMA) since 2003 and has published various books and articles in sports sciences.

52 | TAFISA Magazine 4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for All Games 2008 Ju-Ho Chang

The 4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for All As these games include traditional, extreme Games 2008 has been celebrated with full and ultra modern e-sports, by blending tra- support of IOC, UNESCO and ICSSPE in ditional and modern sports, these games Busan, Korea. blured the boundaries between generations establishing the world’s biggest Sport In the year 1992, in Bonn, TAFISA laun- Cultural Festival. ched the 1st World Festival of Traditional Sports and offered a unique opportunity for The states that the Inter- the global citizens to be aware of the tradi- national encourages “the coordi- tional games and sports from various cul- nation, organization and development of tures of the world. sport, fitness and well-being through sport Participation from delegations of all conti- activities which can be adopted by people nents presented their indigenous and unique of all ages and social and economic condi- sport skills, games and culture, made this tions, in spite of the diverse local and sport festival a huge success right from very regional cultures. Sport for All encompass- beginning. es all types of sport with the exception of elite sport. Also mentioned by the Olympic Keeping in view of the capability and Charter, Fundamental Principles that “The resources at Busan, our city won the bid to practice of sport is a human right. Every organize this festival under the new title the individual must have the possibility of prac- “4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for All ticing sport in accordance with his or her Games” between September 26 and needs.” October 2, 2008. Sports competitions collaborated with the This festival was attended by more than competent public and private organizations 7,500 players, officials and other sport dig- and authorities in the endeavour to place nitaries from 103 countries. According to sport at the service of humanity and encour- the TAFISA President Dr. Shang–Hi, Rhee age the development of Sport for All. “Busan during this event was the world cap- In the 5th World Sport for All Congress ital of Sport for All and provided a unique with the theme : “Sport for All – Health for and colourful platform for the art of move- All” Punta del Este (URU), 10th -13th ment.” These Games are also known as the March 1994 where IOC and WHO have TreX-Games (‘Tr’ for traditional games, ‘e’ jointly stated that “the International for e-sports and ‘X’ stands for extreme Olympic Committee and World Health sports). The games were an ideal platform Organization have a common goal, the pro- to bridge the gap between traditional, pres- motion of health through sports and physi- ent and future of Sport for All. It made cal exercise. Both organizations and everyone aware of the important role that TAFISA are convinced of the positive sports and games have played at all times in effects of sports and physical exercise on the lives of people on earth. And the techno- the physical, mental and social well being. logical progress in our traditions of sports. I can, therefore conclude that these games The importance of preserving, developing, gave a chance of taking a glance into a re- and promoting traditional games, as a cultural discovered future sport culture world wide. heritage has been widely publicized through a

TAFISA Magazine | 53 variety of means including an exhibition at International Year of Sport and Physical the Olympic Museum entitled “Finding the education (IYSPE 2005). Roots of Sport”.(source: IOC, Culture and Olympic Education Commission). TAFISA is committed to encourage sport and physical activity to fight obesity and Traditional games and sports provide a plat- inactivity worldwide, as adopted by the form to promote mutual understanding with General Assembly in Warsaw 2005. various human civilizations which focus on their rich cultural diversity. The TAFISA I trust that the traditional games and sports Busan Games aim to create the environ- are the real ingredients to keep ‘Sport for ment of humanism beyond all possible dis- All’ alive as a movement, aimed at realizing crimination through dynamic communica- the Olympic ideal which states that sport is tion. The wide platform of the world of a guarantee of enrichment for the communi- exercise, also includes shouldering the ty and country, transcending racial and class responsibility of staging traditional walking differences. as a resource of charity to promote “One World One Dream,” resolving the ideologi- cal differences globally.

The General Assembly of United Nations, at its 48th session on 25th October 1993, proclaimed 1994 the “International Year of Sport and the Olympic Ideal”, thereafter, for creating better human life style the United Nations General Assembly in its res- olution 58/5, entitled “Sport as a means to promote Education, Health, Development and Peace”, recognized the positive values of sport and physical education and acknowledge the challenges presented before the world of sport today. This Resolution proclaimed the year 2005 as the

Ju-Ho Chang From 1979 to 2002 Chang was a professor at the Kyunghee University, where he is now honorary professor. During and after his academic career he has been appointed various functions in national and international sports. This inclu- des the positions of deputy secretary of the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul and secretary general of the Korean Olympic Committee (1985 – 1989). He is now president of the Korean Olympic Academy, the Korean Sports and Cultural Foundation and the Korean Masters Sports Association. Also as a long standing member of the IOC Sport for All Commission he has been contributing to the Olympic Movement in many ways. Recently he ser- ved as the chairman of the Executive Committee of the 4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for All Games. He has also hold various positions in the TAFISA board. He is married with three children.

54 | TAFISA Magazine tional, UNESCO / TAFISA Busan Appeal on the Promotion and Preservation of Traditional Sports and Games 4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for All Games 2008

This appeal, in accordance with the Inter- with cultural, educational, health, envi- national Charters of UNESCO and TAFISA, ronmental and social institutions; confirms and reinforces the importance of 2. transmit traditions in sport to new gener- traditional sports and games as a vehicle for ations, disseminating material and cul- tolerance, integration, cultural awareness, tural artefacts and experiences; solidarity, diversity and world peace. 3. commit to the coordination of global partnership to restore, enhance and cele- Many traditional sports and games have brate traditional sports and games at local, disappeared or are under threat. In order to regional, national and international levels; assure cultural diversity and peace, as well 4. support the restoration of balance between as the participation of all, regardless of gen- modern sports and traditional sports and der, religion, ability or social background in games: sports and traditional games, we resolve to 5. seek government and international promote the balance of the existing diversi- organization endorsement and invest- ty of elite sport, Sport for All and physical ment in the extension of traditional activity with traditional sports and games. sports and games; 6. sponsor, whenever possible, events that This appeal acknowledges the need for showcase the exciting world of tradition- action at the international, national, region- al sports and games: al and local level required to develop plans, 7. promote traditional sports and games as strategies and investments to align tradi- an important mechanism for tolerance, tional sports and games to the future. fair play and peace 8. develop strategies aiming at preserving It is agreed that this plan should include: traditional sport and games for the pro- motion of health.

1. support networks that cooperate with local, regional, national and international It is understood that the 4th Busan TAFISA groups World Sport for All Games 2008 exem- 2. work with academic partners and institu- plifies the underlying strategy and concept tions to document and evaluate the role of this appeal. Moreover, the Games indi- of traditional sports and games cate the necessity for regular events that 3. work toward capacity building and dis- promote and develop traditional sport and semination of programs and events at the games. local, regional and national level.

The supporters of the appeal proclaim their commitment to:

1. preserve the cultural heritage of tradi- tional sports and games, in partnership

TAFISA Magazine | 55 For the United Nations Educational, Wataru Iwamoto Scientific and Cultural Organization Director of the Division of (UNESCO) Social Sciences, Research And Policy

For the Trim and Fitness International Dr. Shang-Hi Rhee Sport for All Association President (TAFISA)

For the City of Busan Nam-sik Hur Korea Chairman, Mayor

Wataru Iwamoto Nam-sik Hur Dr. Shang-Hi Rhee Director of the Division of Chairman, Mayor of Busan President TAFISA Social Sciences, Research And Policy

56 | TAFISA Magazine Impressions of the 4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for All Games

TAFISA Magazine | 57 58 | TAFISA Magazine TAFISA Magazine | 59 TAFISA Calendar of Events 2008/2012 Certfied Leadeship Course TAFISA World Congress Darussalam, Tanzania Taipei 16 - 20.02.2009 3.9. – 7.9.2009

Certified Leadership Course TAFISA General Assembly Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Taipei June 2009 4.9.2009

3 rd TAFISA Workshop TAFISA World Walking Day Helsinki, Finland Global 06 - 07.03.2009 3./4.10. 2009

Latin American Conference ASFAA Congress Bogota, Colombia April 2010

Certified Leadership Course ESFAN Conference Melbourn, Australia Wiesbaden, Germany 6 – 9.4.2009 April/May 2010

International Challenge Day TAFISA World Congress Global Adelaide, Australia 27. 05. 2009 2011

International German Turnfest 5th TAFISA World Sport for All Games Frankfurt/Main, Germany Siauliai, 30.5. – 5.6.2009 June 2012

TAFISA/UNESCO Conference Wuppertal, Germany June 2009 (to be confirmed)

TAFISA Board of Directors

60 | TAFISA Magazine List of TAFISA Members

ESTONIA EUROPE ESTONIAN SPORT FOR ALL FEDERATION Mr. Peeter LUSMÄGI ALBANIA Pivita tee 12, 10127 TALLIN00372.5119.152 NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE OF ALBANIA phone 00372.6031.501 Mr. Stavri BELLO, Secretary General [email protected] Rcuga:"Dervish Hima" No 31, TIRANA phone 00355.42.35249 00355.42.40602 – fax 00355.42.40565 FINLAND [email protected] [email protected] FINNISH SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATION http://www.nocalbania.org.al Mr. Jorma SAVOLA Arabianranta 6, 00560 HELSINKI FEDERATION ALBANAISE DU SPORT POUR TOUS phone 00358.40.5051.866 –fax 00358.20.7964.442 Ministère de la Culture, de la Jeunesse et des Sports [email protected] B. Dëshmorët e Kombit, TIRANA http://www.kunto.fi phone 00355.42.23682/23206 – fax 00355.42.3248.8 FRANCE MINISTRY OF TOURISM, CULTURE YOUTH AND SPORTS NATIONAL OLYMPIC AND SPORT COMMITTEE Mrs. Shpresa SULO, Directorate of Sport Mr. Joël RAYNAUD Rruga e Durresit No 27 or Rr. "Abdi Toptani", TIRANA c/o Aquitaine Sport Pour Tous - Complexe de la Piscine - Route de phone 00355.4.222.892; 00355.4.236.207; 00355.6822.298.52 Léognan, F - 33140 VILLENAVE D'ORNON [email protected] phone 0033.5.5669.3801 – fax 0033.556.872.190 [email protected]; joel.raynaud@jeunesse- AUSTRIA sports.gouv.fr http://www.aquitainesportpourtous.com ÖSTERREICHISCHE BUNDES-SPORTORGANISATION Dr Walter PILLWEIN ASSOCIATION AQUITAINE SPORT POUR TOUS Prinz-Eugen-Strasse 12 - 1040 WIEN Mrs Odette DUVERNEUIL phone 0043.1.5044.4551.2 - fax 0043.1.5044.4556.6 Complexe de la Piscine - Route de Léognan, [email protected]; [email protected] F - 33140 VILLENAVE D'ORNON http://www.bso.or.at phone 0033.5.5675.9030 - fax 0033.5.5687.2190 [email protected] ÖSTERREICHISCHER BETRIEBSSPORTVERBAND Mr. Gernot UHLIR GERMANY Falkestrasse 1 - 1010 WIEN DEUTSCHER TURNERBUND phone 0043.1.513.7714 - fax 0043.1.513.4036 Mrs Pia PAULY [email protected] Otto-Fleck-Schneise 8, 60528 FRANKFURT AM MAIN http://www.betriebssport.at phone 0049.69.67801-136 – fax 0049.69.6780.1179 [email protected] BELGIUM http://www.dtb-online.de A.D.E.P.S. Mrs Muriel COPPEJANS; Mr. Jean-Paul NANBRU DEUTSCHER OLYMPISCHER SPORTBUND Boulevard Léopold II, 44 - 1080 BRUXELLES Mrs Dr Karin FEHRES phone 0032.2.4132.902; 0032.2.4132.903 - fax 0032.2.413.2904 Otto-Fleck-Schneise 12, 60528 FRANKFURT AM MAIN 0032.475.3000.23; 0032.475.2511.78 phone 0049.69.6700.225 – fax 0049.69.6787.801 [email protected] [email protected] http://www.adeps.be http://www.dosb.de

BULGARIA GREECE BULGARIAN SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATION MINISTRY OF CULTURE Prof. Dr. Nikola HADJIEV Mr. Dionisios KARAKASSIS Vasil Levski Str 75 - 1040 SOFIA General Directorate of SportsKifisias Ave 7 - TK 11523 ATHENS phone 00359.2.9872.982 - fax 00359.2.9872982 - 00359.8.8845.0171 phone 0030.210.6496.085 –fax 0030.210.6472.004 [email protected] [email protected]

CROATIA HELLENIC OLYMPIC COMMITTEE CROATIAN ASSOCIATION "SPORT FOR ALL" Mrs Tenia MAVROPOULOU Mr. Prof Dr Vladimir FINDAK, Mr. Darko DUJMOVIC 52, Dimiyrios Vikelas Avenue, 15233 ATHENS Trg K. Cosica 11, HR - 10000 ZAGREB phone 0030.210.6878.901 – fax 0030.210.6878940 phone 00385.1.3020.555 ; 00385.98.392.106 – fax 00385.1.3020.100 [email protected];[email protected] [email protected]; [email protected] ; [email protected] http://www.hoc.gr http://www.hssr.hr HUNGARY CYPRUS HUNGARIAN LEISURE SPORTS ASSOCIATION CYPRUS SPORTS ORGANISATION Mr. Peter SALGA Mrs Efi MOUZOUROU-PENINTAEX Istvánmezei út 1 - 3 - House of Hungarian Sport - 1146 BUDAPEST P.O.BOX : 24804, 1304 NICOSIA phone 0036.1.4606.815 & 16 0036.1.4606.817 phone 00357.2.289.7000 - fax 00357.2.235.8222 [email protected]; [email protected] [email protected] http://www.directinfo.hu/masport http://www.koa.org.cy ICELAND DENMARK NATIONAL OLYMPIC AND SPORTS ASSOCIATION DANISH SPORT CONFEDERATION Mr. Jona Hildur BJARNADOTTIR Mr. Torben Freij JENSEN Head of a department Sport for All Idroettens HusBrondby Stadiom 20, 2605 BRONDBY 20 phone National Sport Center - Engjavegur 6 - 104 REYKJAVIK 0045.43.2620.35 - fax 0045.43.2629.80 phone 00354.5144.000 – fax 00354.5144.001 [email protected] [email protected]; [email protected] http://www.isisport.is http://www.dif.dk

TAFISA Magazine | 61 ITALY POLAND FEDERAZIONE ITALIANA AEROBICA & FITNESS (FIAF) POLISH NATIONAL SPORT FOR ALL FEDERATION Mr. Paolo A. ADAMI Mr. Mieczyslaw BOROWY; Mr Jerzy POTENTAS P.O.Box 6284 - I - 00195 ROMA ul. Wspolna 61, 00-687 WARSAW phone 0039.06.3735.2328 – fax 0039.06.3720.717 phone 0048.22.8258.588 [email protected] [email protected] http://www.fiaf.it http://www.federaja.com.pl

UNIONE ITALIANA SPORT PER TUTTI MINISTRY OF SPORT AND TOURISM Mr Carlo Balestri; Mr Filippo FOSSATI Mrs Dr Ewa SUSKA, DEPARTMENT OF INT. COOPERATION Largo Nino Franchellucci, 73 - 00155 ROMA Senatorska str. 14, 00-0921 WARSAW phone 0039.05.1236.634; 0039.06.4398.4307 – fax 0039.06.4398.4320 phone 0048.22.2443.102 – fax 0048.22.2443.217 - 0048 606 248853 [email protected]; [email protected] http://www.uisp.it [email protected]; [email protected] http://www.msport.gov.pl REPUBLIC KOSOVO "WE ARE WITH YOU" Mr. Luan GOLA, Programme Manager INSTITUTO DO DESPORTO DE PORTUGAL Street "Ishail Qemazli" N.W. Mr. Luis Bettencourt SARDINHA, Mr. Rui Xavier MOURINHA phone 00381.3903.22.465 –fax 00381.3903.22.466 Avenida Infante Santo, No 76, 1399 - 032 LISBOA [email protected] phone 00351.213.9532.71 ; 00351.21.003.4700 -fax 00351.213.9795.57 [email protected] ; [email protected] LATVIA http://www.idesporto.pt LATVIAN TRADE SPORT ASSOCIATION (LTSA) Mrs Galina GORBATENKOVA, Secretary General ASSOCIACAO DE JOGOS POPULARES DO DISTRITO DE Valnu St 32 - 513, RIGA, LV 1050 BRACANÇA phone 00371.7226.215 – fax 00371.7212.407 - 00371.2941.2801 Mr. Antonio Manuel FERNANDES [email protected] Rua José Saramago Lote 132 Vale Churido, 5300 - 396 BRAGANÇA http://www.sportsvisiem.lv phone 00351.2733.3187.8; 00351.2733.1296.6 – fax 00351.2733.2748.0 [email protected] LATVIAN SPORTS ADMINISTRATION Mrs Iveta DUNDURE; Mr. Martins KAMPE ASSOCIACAO DE JOGOS TRADICIONAIS GUARDA International Relations Department Mr. José PIRES VEIGA Marijas Str 13/1, LV- 1050 RIGA Largo do Torreao N° 4, P 6300 GUARDA phone 00371.7114.779; 00371.7114.774 – fax 00371.7284.412 [email protected]; [email protected] ROMANIA http://www.sp.gov.lv ROMANIAN FEDERATION SPORT FOR ALL Mrs Aurelia SUCIU 16, Vasile Conta Str. - Sector 2, 7000 BUCAREST LIECHTENSTEINISCHER OLYMPISCHER – SPORT- phone 0040.317.1328 – fax 0040.317.1328 VERBAND [email protected]; [email protected] Mr. Alex HERMANN Im Rietacker 4, FL - 9494 SCHAAN RUSSIA phone 00423.2323.757– fax 00423.2331.673 MULTISPORT ASSOCIATION FO RUSSIA [email protected] Mr. Alexey KYLASOV, Secretary General http://www.losv.li Prospect Mira, 119 str. 521,, MOSCOW 129223 phone 007.495.987.4082 Mobile 007.916.659.4084 LITHUANIA 007.495.987.4084 LITHUANIAN SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATION [email protected] Mr. Algimantas JUCEVICIUS, General Secretary http://www.amsr.ru Zemaites 6 - 03117 Vilnius phone 370.852135255 – fax 370.852135255 - 370 861234142 SERBIA [email protected] ; [email protected] ASSOCIATION SPORT FOR ALL SERBIA http://www.sportasvisiems.lt, ANM Mr. Jezdimir MARSENIC Terazije 35/III, 11000 BELGRADE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA phone 00381.11.3232.986 –fax 00381.11.3234.809 CITIZEN’S ASSOCIATION FOR RECREATION MOVEMENT – [email protected];[email protected]:// GARD www.sportforallserbia.org.yu Mr. Goce ILIEVSKI Naroden Front 23 / 1-2, 1000 SKOPJE SLOVAK REPUBLIC phone 00389 (02) 3213.199 - fax 00389 (02) 313.0000 - SLOVAK SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATION 00389.70.8769.87 Mr. Jan HOLKO [email protected] Junácka 6, 832 80 BRATISLAVA phone 00421.2.4924.9229 –fax 00421.2.4924.9568 [email protected] THE NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES (NISB) MINISTRY OF EDUCATION Mr Remco BOER Mrs Lydia BABIAKOVA P.O. Box 64, 6720 AB Bennekom Section of State Care on Sport, Stromová 1, 813 30 BRATISLAVA phone 0031.318.4909.00 – fax 0031.318.4909.95 phone 00421.2.5923.8205 – fax 00421.2.5296.3037 [email protected] [email protected] http://www.minedu.sk http://www.nisb.nl SLOVENIA SPORTNA UNIJA SLOVENIJE NORGES IDRETTSFORBUND Tabor 14, 1000 LJUBLIJANA Hauger Skolevei 1, 1351 RUD phone 00386.1.2311.728 – fax 00386.1.4304.815 phone 004.7671.5460.0 – fax 004.7671.5490.1 [email protected] [email protected] http://www.sportna-unija.si http://www.nif.idrett.no

62 | TAFISA Magazine SLOVENIAN NORDIC WALKING ASSOCIATION EGYPT Mr. Andrej SVENT, President MINISTRY OF YOUTH – SPORT FOR ALL DEPARTMENT KAVCICEVA 4, 1000 LJUBLANA, SLOVENIA 26 July St. MEET OKBA, GIZA, CAIRO phone 00386.1544.6640 – fax 00386.1542.7470 phone 0020.2.3465.025 – fax 0020.2.3469.025, [email protected] www.nordicwalking.si GABON SPAIN ASSOCIATION NATIONALE DU SPORT POUR TOUS GABON CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE DEPORTES Mlle Yolande BIKE Calle Martin Fierro, SP - 28040 MADRID BP 1601, LIBREVILLE phone 34.1.243.5614/499.7200 phone 00241.7393.37 ; 0033.145.68.34.95 ; 0033.145.68.34.93 fax 0033.145.68.34.94 ACCETTD - Asociacion cultural y cientifica de Estudios de Turismo [email protected], Mr. Dirk NASSER Tiempo libre y Deporte, C/ Bioy Casares, 37 - 10005 Cáceres SPAIN GHANA phone 0034.927.233.539 – fax 0034.927.257.461 INTERSPORTS AND CULTURE ASSOCIATION [email protected] Mr. Mike Nana AGYEI-DANCHIE http://www.accettd.com Post Box DS 1982, DANSOMAN-ESTATE ACCRA phone 00233.244.666.391 [email protected], SWEDISH SPORTS CONFEDERATION Mr. Lars ALLERT CAPE VERDE IDROTTENS HUS,, 11473 STOCKHOLM SECRETARIA DE ESTADO phone 0046.8.6996.077 – fax 0046.8.6996.200 Mr. Américo NASCIMENTO [email protected] DA JUVENTUDE E DESPORTOS, C.P. 684, PRAIA http://www.rf.se phone 00238.261.5778 – fax 00238.261.6744 [email protected] UKRAINE http://www.juventude.cv, MINISTRY OF UKRAINE FOR FAMILY, YOUTH AND SPORTS Mrs Viktoriya VESSELOVA IVORY COAST Department of international Cooperation and European Integration UNION IVOIRIENNE SPORT POUR TOUS Esplanadna Str. 42, Kiev 01023 Mr. Henri DOUE TAI phone 0038.044.2890.287 – fax 0038.044.2262.156 22 BP 818 abidjan 18 [email protected] phone 00225.22.4302.15 ; 00225.05.6997.87; 00225.07.7839.04 [email protected], AFRICA MOZAMBIQUE ANGOLA MINISTRY OF CULTURE YOUTH AND SPORT, SPORTS FOR MINISTERIO DA JUVENTUDE E DOS DESPORTOS ALL DEPARMENT Ms Fernanda MENEZES Mr. Jonas J. XERINDA Av. Comandante Gika, C.P. 5467, LUANDA P.O. Box 2080ATERRO DO MAXAQUENE, MAPUTO phone 00244.222.3230.90; 00244.222.32.35.61 phone 00258.4311.75 – fax 00258.4234.73, fax 00244.222.3211.18 [email protected]; [email protected] NIGERIA http://www.minjud.gv.ao/ SPORTS FOR ALL NIGERIA Mrs Comfort NWANKWO BENIN National Stadium, P.O Box 7583, Surulere, LAGOS ONG SPORT POUR TOUS BENIN phone 00234.1.7904.074; 00234.1.5850.529 00234.1.5850.530 Mr. Mohamed S.Y.L PARAISO [email protected], Centre Olympique PARAISOau Stade Renè Pleven - 03 BP 2160 phone 00299.2133.0156 00299.2133.1282 00299.2133.0804 SOUTH AFRICA fax 00299.2133.1282 00299.2133.8586 RECREATION SOUTH AFRICA [email protected] Dr. Anneliese GOSLIN P.O. BOX 35397, Menlopark, PRETORIA 0102 BURUNDI phone 0027.12.4206.043 – fax 0027.12.4206.099 MINISTERE DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT [email protected] Mr. Jean GASUKU http://www.up.ac.za, PRIMAIRE ET SECONDAIRE BUREAU D'EDUCATION RURALE, BP 2660, BUJUMBURA DEPARTMENT SPORT AND RECREATION phone 00226.22.2631 – fax 00226.22.2631 Mr. T BIYELA Chief Director No. 66 Queen Street, PRETORIA CAMEROON phone 0027.12.304.5193 0027.12.304.5000 – fax 0027.12.323.2125 MINISTERE DE LA JEUNESSE ET DES SPORTS [email protected] Mr. Jean MAMA MBOA ESPERAT http://www.srsa.gov.za, Service des APSPT, BP 001, YOUNDE / MESSA phone 00237.22.0247 – fax 00237.23.2610 PROVINCIAL RECREATION COUNCIL NORTH WEST PRO- VINCE CONGO Mr. P OBERHOLSTER, Manager CONSEIL NATIONAL DU SPORT POUR TOUS P.O. Box 11148, River Walk 2538, Potchefstroom, SOUTH AFRICA Mr. Andre Mabita ANDIMBOZA phone 0027.18.299.4306 - fax 0027.18.299.1808 210, Av de L'enseignement, KIN-KASA-KUBU [email protected] phone 00243.99.8113.833; 00243.99.8135.185 – fax 00142.59.5514.56 http://www.prorecnw.co.za, [email protected] RECREATION SOUTH AFRICA DJIBOUTI c/o Prof Paul Singh ASSOCIATION DJIBOUTIENNE DE SPORT POUR TOUS P.O. BOX 2832, Halfway House, MIDRAND 1685 Mr. Mohamed Issa AWALEH phone 0027.84.4441.914 P.O. Box 1760, DJIBOUTI [email protected], SM phone 00253.81.2228 [email protected]

TAFISA Magazine | 63 TANZANIA BRAZIL SINZA SOCIAL AND SPORTS CENTRE SESC - SERVICO SOCIAL DO COMÈRCIO Mr. Kadatta K.M. KADATTA Mrs Maria Luiza de SOUZA DIAS P.O. Box 71720, DAR ES SALAAM Av Alvaro Ramos 991, 03331-000 Sao Paulo phone 0055.11.6607.8000; 0055.11.6607.8118 – fax 0055.11.6607.8129 NATIONAL SPORTS COUNCIL OF TANZANIA [email protected]; [email protected] Mr. Leonard THADEO, Secretary General http://www.sescsp.org.br, Kilwa / Mandela Rd., P.O.Box 20116, DAR ES SALAAM phone 00255.22.2850.341 – fax 00255.22.2139.719 Prof. Dr Lamartine P. DA COSTA [email protected]; [email protected] Rua Corcovado 57/302, CEP : 22460 - 050 RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ http://www.tanzaniasports.com, phone 0055.21.294.8352 - fax 0055.21.294.7725 [email protected], SM TOGO ASSOCIATION TOGOLAISE POUR LA PROMOTION DU CANADA SPORT TOUS PARTICIPaction Mr. Komla Nyandzo FIAGAN Mr. Kelly Murumets, President B P 94, Kpalimè, TOGO 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 1804 , M4W 1A8 phone 00228.999.6345 00228.916.2271 – fax 00228.4411.064 phone 001.416.913.1511 – fax 001.416.913.1541 [email protected], [email protected],

TUNISIA CHILE FEDERATION TUNISIENNE SPORT POUR TOUS COMITE OLIMPICO DE CHILE Mrs Noura OUERFELLI Mr. Juan Carlos Cardenos GUEUDINOT Directeur Technique NationalMaison des Fédérations Sportives Av.Vicuna Mackenna No 44, SANTIAGO Tarak FTSpT 33 rue Ibn Zied 1082, Mutuelleville Tunis, TUNISIA phone 0056.2.2226.428 – fax 0056.2.2226.453 phone 00216.71 870 142 – fax 00216.71.870 142 - 00216.98.5211.93 [email protected]://www.coch.cl, [email protected], ANM COLOMBIA UGANDA CORPORACION PARA EL DESARROLLO INTEGRAL CON ASSOCIATION FOR HEALTH AND FITNESS THROUGH TODOS SPORTS, GAMES AND DANCE FOR ALL Dr. Oscar AZUERO-RUIZ, President Mr. Era N.B. MUGISA CARRERA 11C BIS No. 124-47, Multicentro, BOGOTA C/O Sportsera Center Limited, PO BOX 25485, KAMPALA phone 0057.1. 2139.374 – fax 00571.310.865.9944 phone 00256-772-420399; 00256-752-500638, [email protected],

ZAMBIA COSTA RICA NATIONAL SPORTS COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DEL DEPORTE Y LA RECREA- Mr. Maxwell D. SICHULA TION (ICODER) Plot 5488 - Msanzara Road, Kalunda - PO Box 32597, LUSAKA Apdo 5009-1000, Gimnasio Nacional , La Sabana, phone 00260.1.4454.0 – fax 00260.1.2210.57 San José de Costa Rica [email protected], phone 2335526; 2238507 http://www.icoder.go.cr, ZIMBABWE SPORT AND RECREATION COMMISSION ECUADOR Mr. G. CHISVO PROYECTO CULTURA FISICA PRIVATE BAG BE 108, BELVEDERE, HARARE Dr. Werner SILBERSTEIN phone 00263.4.2396.6 - fax 00263.4.2396.0 CND, Gaspar de Villarroel, 1456 y Japon, QUITO, http://www.zimsport.org.zw, EL SALVADOR AMERICAS INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE LOS DEPORTES Mr. Enrique MOLINS RUBIO, DE EL SALVADOR ANGUILLA P.O. BOX N°1859, PALACIO DE LOS DEPORTES, SAN SALVADOR GOVERNMENT OF ANGUILLA, DIVISION OF SPORTS phone 00503.71.3486 – fax 00503.71.5681, Mr. Alkins A. ROGERS P.O. Box 60, THE VALLEY GUATEMALA phone 00264.497.5214 - fax 00264.497.0092 MINISTERIO DE CULTURA Y DEPORTES [email protected], Mr. Edgar DELADA Palacio National de la Cultura, 6a. Calle y 6a. Avenida, zona 1 Ciudad de GUATEMALA ASOCIACION MUTUAL DEL DEPORTE DE LA REPUBLICA phone 00502.2.2510.818 – fax 00502.2.3134.58, ARGENTINA (AMUDERA) Prof. Rodolfo Natalio VALGONI MEXICO Av. Comodoro Rivadavia 1350, 1429 Capital Federal L ENCICLOPEDIA DEL PATRIMONIO CULTURAL IMMATE- phone 0054.11.4704.7557 - fax 0054.11.4703.2270 RIAL 0054.11.15.4424.4641 Mr. Jorge Gustavo CAICEDO TREVILLA [email protected] EPCI A.C., Caballocalco 28, Del Carmen Coyoacán, C.P. 04000 http://www.amudera.com.ar phone 0052.555.025.6192 0052.555.339.1178 – fax 0052.555.339.5896 [email protected] BERMUDA http://www.enlazandote.org, SM MINISTRY OF YOUTH, SPORT, AND RECREATION Mrs Brenda DALE SAO TOMÉ E PRINCIPE P.O. Box DD 300, ST DAVID'S, HAMILTON DD BX MINISTRO DOS ASSUNTOS SOCIAIS phone 0014.4.1295.0855 – fax 0014.4.1295.6292 Mr. Joao do SACRAMENTO BONFIM [email protected] MINISTRO DOS ASSUNTOS SOCIAIS, CP 23 http://www.youthandsport.bm phone 00239.2.2290,

BOLIVIA SECRETARIAT OF SPORTS AND HEALTH Profesor Lucio CLAROS QUIROGA Sria. Gral. El Deporte y la Juventud, La Paz ,

64 | TAFISA Magazine ST VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES CHINA AMATEUR ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION CHINESE OLYMPIC COMMITTEE Mr. Keith JOSEPH Mr. Tu MINGDE P.O. BOX 1644, Olympic House, No 1 Kingston Park, ST VINCENT 9, Tiyuguan Road, BEIJING, 100763 phone 00784.4571.954 – fax 00784.4561.017 phone 0086.10.6711.2233 – fax 0086.10.6711.5858 [email protected]; [email protected], [email protected] http://www.beijing-olympic.org.cn, TRINIDAD W.I. GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD & TOBA- ALL CHINA SPORTS FEDERATION GO Mr. Feng JIANZHONG Ms. Pamela NICHOLSON, Minister of Sport & Youth Affairs 5, Tiyuguan Road, BEIJING, 100763 86, Duke Street, Port of Spain, phone 0086.10.6712.0624 – fax 0086.10.6711.5858 [email protected] URUGUAY http://www.sport.gov.cn, COMITE OLIMPICO URUGUAYO Dr. Julio César MAGLIONE HONG KONG Canelones 1044, PO BOX 161, MONTEVIDEO LEISURE & CULTURAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT phone 00598.2.9207.81 – fax 00598.2.9261.55 Mr. Leung CHI-MING, Mr. Eugene LI WING-KAM [email protected], 3/F., Community Sports Section, 1-3 Pau Tau Street, Leisure and Cultural Services Headquarters, Shatin, New Territories, HONG KONG USA phone 00852.2601.8044 ; 00852.2601.8545 ; 00852.2601.8832 AMERICAN VOLKSSPORT ASSOCIATION, INC fax 00852.2697.4220 Mr. Curt Myron/Jacklyn Wilson [email protected] ; [email protected]; [email protected] 1001 Pat Booker Rd, Ste 101,, Universal City, TX 78148, UNITED STATES http://www.lcsd.gov.hk, phone 00210-659-1212 – fax 00210-659-1212 [email protected] www.ava.org HONG KONG SPORTS INSTITUTE 2 On Chun Street, Ma On Shan, Sha Tin, N. T. , HONG KONG THE PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL ON PHYSICAL, FITNESS AND phone 00852.2681.6888 ; 00852.2681.6533 mobile: 00852.9205.5092 SPORTS fax 00852.2697.3765 Ms. Mellissa JOHNSON [email protected] [email protected] 200 Independence Avenue, SW - Hubert H. Humphrey Building - http://www.hksi.org.hk, Room 738-H WASHINGTON, D.C. 20201 phone 001.202.6909.000 – fax 001.202.6905.211, INDIA SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATION INDIA VENEZUELA Mr. A. K. SAHA INSTITUTO PANAMERICANO DE EDUCACION FISICA 119/1A. Harish, Mukherjee Road (70026), CALCUTTA Dr. Antonio Borjas ROMERO phone 0091.33.2455.8586 – fax 0091.33.2455.8586 Apartado 10079, Estado Zulia, 61, MARACAIBO [email protected], phone 0058.61.41.8777 –fax 0058.61.59.6397, ALL INDIA ASSOCCIATION OF SPORT FOR ALL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE DEPORTES, DEPORTE PARA Dr. Anita GHOSH TODOS E/13-B Vijaynagar, - 110009 Prof. Robert MARTINEZ [email protected], Avenida Teherán, Velódromo Teo Capriles, Sede del IND, CARACAS phone 0058.21.2472.2376 [email protected]; [email protected] MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE http://www.ind.gob.ve, Mr. Sumarto SUDONO Jin. Jendral Sudirman, Gedung E, Lantai 7, Senayan, 10270 phone 0062.21.5725.506 – fax 0062.21.5725.043, IRAN AZERBAIJAN SPORT FOR ALL FEDERATION NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE OF AZERBAIJAN Mrs Mitra ROUHI Mr. Jamaladdin RAHMANOV Enghelab Sports Complex, Niayesh Highway, 5 Olympic St City, phone 0098.21.2202.9200 – fax 0098.21.2201.3999 phone 00994.12.4651.323 – fax 00994.12.4654.225 [email protected], [email protected]; [email protected] http://www.noc.aze.org, IRAN NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE 44, 12th Street Gandhi Avenue, 15178 TEHRAN phone 0098.21.8779.136 - fax 0098.21.8777.082 UNIVERSITY OF BAHRAIN [email protected] Dr. Abdel Rahman SAYYAR http://www.ir-iran-olympic.com, P.O. Box 26663, Kingdom of Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain phone 00973-39455054 – fax 00973-17640334 SPORT AEROBICS & FITNESS FEDERATION IFSAF [email protected] Mrs. Fatemeh Abolghasemi Nr. 37, Hejab Str., Keshavarz Blv., Tehran [email protected] TRIM & FITNESS SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATION MS Nazma RASHID 14/4 East Modertek, Bashaboo, - 1214 IRAQI CENTER SPORT FOR ALL FEDERATION phone 00880.2.3134.76 – fax 00880.2.8839.55 AL Qawati KHALID [email protected], Schwetzingerstr 158, 68165 Mannheim, GERMANY phone 0049.621.4911.255 - fax 0049.6214.385.785 BRUNEI [email protected], FACULTY OF EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF BRUNEI DAR- USSALAM MINISTRY OF YOUTH AND SPORT Mr. Cheah SWEE MING Mr. Abdul KARIM BSB 3186, BRUNEI DARUSSAL Baghdad, Ministry of Youth and Sport, Zura Park phone 00673.2.4270.01 – fax 00673.2.2495.61 phone 00964.7906.400.07 [email protected] http://www.ubd.edu.bn [email protected],

TAFISA Magazine | 65 ISRAEL ISRAEL SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATION PROMOSPORT Mr. Herzel HAGAY Dr. Labib BOUTROS 74 Menahem-Begin Road, 67215 Medawar Str. 13 - Furn el-Chebak, P.O.Box 116/5220, BEIROUT phone 00972.3.5621.441 – fax 00972.3.5621.625 phone 00961.1.3800.20, [email protected], NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY JAPAN Reverend Father Walid MOUSSA TAFISA JAPAN Quaize Lebanon, P.O.BOX. 72 Zouk Mikael Mr. Joichi OKAZAKI; Mr. Kenichi MORITA phone 00961.9.2187.72 – fax 00961.9.2187.71 c/o International Devision, Japan Sports Association, Jinnan [email protected] SHIBUYA-KU, 150-8050 http://www.ndu.edu.lb, phone 0081.3.3481.2480 – fax 0081.3.3481.2284 [email protected]; [email protected] MACAU http://www.japan-sports.or.jp CIVIC AND MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS, BUREAU OF MACAU – SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION SASAKAWA SPORTS FOUNDATION Mr. Tam Vai Man Mr. Kazunobu P. FUJIMOTO Av Almeida Ribeiro, No 163 Kaiyo Senpaku Building, 1-15-16 Toranomon, Minato-ku, phone 00853.3993.238 – fax 00853.3418.90 105-0001 TOKYO [email protected] phone 0081.3.3580.5854 – fax 0081.3.3580.5968 http://www.iacm.gov.mo, [email protected] http://www.ssf.or.jp, MACAU SPORT DEVELOPMENT BOARD Mr. Vong IAO LEK P. O. Box 334 Av Dr Rodrigo Rodrigues, Forum de Macau, Edif. JORDAN SPORTS FOR ALL FEDERATION Complementar, Bloco 1, 4 andar Dr. Nihad ALBATIKHI, President phone 00853.5807.62 – fax 00853.3437.08 11196 AMMAN [email protected] phone 00962.7956-38652 and 00962.77742-4662 http://www.sport.gov.mo, fax 00962.6.5691300 and; 00962.656.27060 [email protected] [email protected] MALAYSIA http://www.josport4all.com, MARFIMA Mr. Sarjit B. SINGH KOREA 15 Road 4 / 105, TAMAN MIDAH, 56000 KUALA LUPUR SPORT FOR ALL BUSAN ASSOCIATION phone 0060.3.9171.9924 - fax 0060.3.9172.1569 Dr. Shang-Hi RHEE [email protected]; [email protected]; sarjit5665@hot- 1127-37 Woo 2-Dong, Haeundae-Gu, BUSAN, , 612-817 mail.com, phone 0082.51.731.2021 – fax 0082.51.731.2215 [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] MALEDIVES http://www.saba.or.kr, MALEDIVES OLYMPIC COMMITTEE Mr. Zahir NASEER, Mr. Ahmed NASEEM , Mr. Ibrahim ISMAIL , KOREA SPORT SCIENCE INSTITUTE Mr. Mahid SHREEF Prof. Dr. Ju Ho CHANG Malé Raemian Bangbae Evernew 1005, Bangbaedong 775-1, Seochku phone 00960.3322.443 – fax 00960.3323.972 - 00960.7771.645 SEOUL [email protected] http://www.themaledives.com , phone 0082.2.5959.035 – fax 0082.11.3472.232 [email protected], NEPAL THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF SPORT FOR ALL R.B. SINGH Mr. Kang-Too LEE, President P.O. Box 11455, 9359 Maharajgunj, KATHMANDU 88 Bangyi-Dong, Songpa-Gu, SEOUL 138-749 phone 00977.1.4373.766 – fax 00977.1.4371.103 - 00977.98.5100.3745 phone 0082.2.421.8217 ; 0082.2.424.0893 ; 0082.2.784.3861 [email protected]; [email protected] fax 0082.2.424.5709 ; 0082.2.421.8219 http://www.nocnepal.org.np, http://www.sportal.or.kr, KOREA AMATEUR SPORTS ASSOCIATION PAKISTAN GYMNASTIC FEDERATION Mr. Park SANG HA Khawaja Farooq SAEED, President N°88 Bangyi-Dong, Song-Pa-Ku, SEOUL 267/N Model Town Extension, LAHORE phone 0082.420.33.33 -fax 0082.414.86.46, phone 0092.42.516.9972 [email protected], PHILIPPINES Yousif JAWAD KHALAF S. MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM PO Box 170, Alrawda, SALYMA 22002 Henry C. DAUT phone 00965.9868.822 – fax 00965.2570.994 Main Camous, Marawi Cit [email protected]; [email protected], PHILIPPINE SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATION ALARABI SPORTING CLUB Mrs. Prof. Dr. Josefina BAUZON Prof. Dr. Khalifa Taleb BEHBEHANI Suite 801 Fil Garcia Tower, Kalayaan Avenue, QUEZON CITY PO Box 33207Alrawda, State of Kuwait, 73453 phone 0063.2.435 6756, 0063.2.453 4142 - fax 00632.435 6756 phone 00965.2570.940 – fax 00965.2570.994 - 00965.9868.822 mobile 6.329.153.344.563 [email protected]; [email protected], [email protected],

WEST FEDERATION Dr. Husain Zayed ALMEKAIMI, Directing Manager SAUDI ARABIAN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SPORT FEDERATION P.O. Box 200, 32003 Hawalli, KUWAIT Dr. Tawfeeg ALBAKRY phone 00965-905588100965-5353494 – fax 00965-5355464 SAUDI ARABIA [email protected] P.O.Box 8666 Makkah, Saudi Arabia http://www.westasiangames.com phone 00966-5550 14 570 - fax 00966-255 63 831 [email protected]

66 | TAFISA Magazine SAUDI ARABIAN GENERAL PRESIDENCY FOR YOUTH AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL LEAGUE WELFARE Mr. Kevin SHEEHAN GPO Box 5275, MELBOURNE VIC 3001 SINGAPORE phone 0061.3.9643.1999 – fax 0061.3.9643.1800 SINGAPORE SPORTS COUNCIL, High Participetion Division [email protected] Mr. Michael CHAN http://www.afl.com.au, 15 Stadium Road - National Stadium, SINGAPORE 397718 phone 0065.6345.7111; +65-6500 5172 6 – fax 0065.6340.9537; +65- FIJI ISLANDS 6346 1842 1 FIJI SPORTS COUNCIL [email protected]; [email protected] Mr. Paul Yee http://www.ssc.gov.sg ; www.feedback.ssc.gov.sg, P.O. Box 2348Government Buildings, SUVA phone 00679.3312.177 – fax 00679.3304.087 [email protected] http://www.fijisportscouncil.com.fj, P.O. Box 3375Aven_e Barauke Damas phone 00963.11.212.50.27 – fax 00963.11.213.4568 GUAM [email protected], GOVERNOR'S COUNCIL ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORT Mr. Patrick M. WOLFF SYRIAN SPORTS FOR ALL FEDERATION PO BOX CE, HAGATNA 96932 Mr. Hassan JADOH phone 00671.649.7502 – fax 00671.475.1977 P.O.B. 3375, DAMASCUS, [email protected],

CHINESE TAIPEI NEW ZEALAND OLYMPIC COMMITTEE SPORT & RECREATION NEW ZEALAND Dr. Thomas TA-CHOU HUANG Level 4 - 78, Victoria St - P.O. Box 2251 - WELLINGTON No. 20, Chu Lun Street, TAIPEI CITY, TAIWAN phone 0064.4.4728.058 – fax 0064.4.4710.813 phone 00886.2.2752.1442 - fax 00886.2.2777.3803 [email protected] [email protected], http://www.sparc.org.nz,

THAILAND PAPUA NEW GUINEA SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATION THAILAND PAPUA NEW GUINEA SPORTS FEDERATION AND OLYMPIC Mr. Prasert CHAMKRACHANG COMMITTEE 1546 Pattanakarn Road, Suan Luang, 10250 Sir John N.Dawanincura Kt OBE phone 0066.2314.4670 – fax 0066.2722.6612 - 0066.1209.5666 P.O. Box 467 Level 3 - Tisa Haus, Waigani BOROKO, National [email protected] Capital District http://www.asia12go.com, phone 00675.325.1411 – fax 00675.325.1851 [email protected], SPORTS AUTHORITY OF THAILAND (SAT) Mr. Kanokphand CHULAKASEM, Governor International 286 Ramkhamhaeng Road, Hua Mark, Bangkapi, BANGKOK 10240 phone 0066.2318.0949; mobil 0066.8.1823.2525 - fax 0066.2314.2596 WORLD MARTIAL ARTS GAMES COMMITTEE (WMAGC) [email protected], Mr. Kenneth E. MARCHTALER 1359 Mc Kenzie Avenue, VICTORIA, BC CANADA V8P2M1 phone 001.250.885.8850 - fax 001.250.885.2101 SPORTS FOR ALL COMMITTEE [email protected] http://www.worldmartialartsgames.com Dr. Mohammed Salem ALSAWAD General Authority of Youth and Sports INTERNATIONAL NORDIC WALKING ASSOCIATION (INWA) phone 009714.2678.242 – fax 009714.266.9101 Mr. Aki KARIHTALA, President [email protected], Valimotie 5, 01510 Vantaa phone 00358.207.541.226 – fax 00358.2075.41.215 VIETNAM [email protected] MINISTRY OF CULTURE, SPORT AND TOURISM http://www.inwa.nordicwalking.com Mr. Nguyen THI BICH VAN International Cooperation, 36 Tran Phu, INTERNATIONAL MIND SPORTS ASSOCIATION (IMSA) phone 0084.4.8453.272 – fax 0084.4.8234.531 Valerie ZAKOPTELOV, Vice President and Commercial Director [email protected]; [email protected], 40 Rue Frangois 1. Paris,75008 Paris, France phone 0033-0153230315 – fax 0033-0140701451 mobil 007-4957887799 YEMEN SPORTS FOR ALL ASSOCIATION [email protected]/[email protected] Mr. Hassan Ali AL-KHAWLANI [email protected] P.O. Box 19702, SANA'A phone 00967.1.2156.37 - fax 00967.1.2631.82, INTRNATIONAL SPORTS LAWYERS ASSOCIATION (ISLA) Dr Jochen FRITZWEILER, President OCEANIA Attorneys-at-Law, Marktler Str. 19, D - 84489 Burghausen phone 0049.8677.3034 – fax 0049.8677.620.93 AUSTRALIA [email protected] LIFE BE IN IT INTERNATIONAL http://www.isla-int.com Mrs Dr Jane SHELTON P.O. Box 401 Collins St. West, Melbourne VIC 8007 INTERNATIONALER VOLKSSPORTVERBAND e.V.(IVV) phone 0061.357.7517.32 – fax 0061.396.9691.91 Mr. Josef GIGL, President [email protected]; [email protected]; Fabrikstraße 8, D 84503 Altötting [email protected] phone 0049 8671883067 – fax 0049 8671 963131 http://www.lifebeinit.org, [email protected]; [email protected]

AUSTRALIA SPORTS COMMISSION INDIA Mrs Diana KEELING INTERNATIONAL KALARIPAYAT FEDERATION (IKF) Leverrier Crescent, BRUCE ACT 2617 Mr. Suresh GOPI, President phone 0061.2.6214 1111 - fax 0061.2.6251.2680 111-112 Royal Corner, 1-2 Lalbach Road, Bangalore 560027 [email protected] phone 0091.98.8080.8888; 0091.80.2212.6969 – fax 0091.80.2222.3888 http://www.ausport.gov.au, [email protected], http://www.kalaripayat.org

TAFISA Magazine | 67 INTERNATIONAL ZURKHANEH SPORTS FEDERATION (IZSF) Mr. HAIDARI, Secretary General of IZSF National Olympic & Paralympic Academy, Unit 10 & 11, Nr. 6, 12 Metri 3. Street, Seoul Av., Teheran I.R. Iran phone 0098.21.88616012-14 – fax 0098.21.88616015 [email protected] http://www.zurkhaneh.com

INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF PANKRATION ATHLIMA (IFPA) Mr. Moosa BAKHSHAEI, IFPA Secretary General P.O. Box 13475-383, Tehran phone 0098.932.907.3863 – fax 0098.2166.363.720 [email protected] http://www.pankration.gr

WORLD MARCHING LEAGUE Mr. Ron HENDRIKS, President Sir Winston Churchillaan 589 2287 AJ Rijswijk Phone 0031-206459763 [email protected] http://www.imlwalking.org

FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE AMATEUR DE SAMBO (FIAS) Mr. Sergey ELISEEV, Vice-president 8. Luzhnetskaya nab., 268, Moscow, 119992 phone 007.495.637.0250 –fax 007.495.637.0250 [email protected]; [email protected] http://www.sambo.com

68 | TAFISA Magazine TAFISA BOARD OF DIRECTORS

PRESIDENT MEMBERS Dr. Shang-Hi Rhee Sport For All Busan Association Wim Florijn Woo 2 °© dong 1127-37, Ericalaan 6 NL-3911 XN Rhenen Haeundae-gu, Busan Korea Netherlands Phone: + 82.51.731.2021 Phone: 31.3.1761.6038 Fax: +82.51.731.2215 Mobile: 31-6.4614.0505 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

VICE PRESIDENT Herzel Hagay Dr. Oscar Azuero Ruiz Israel Sport for All Association Corporacion Con Todos 74 Menahem Begin Road 67215 Tel -Aviv Israel Carrera 11 C No. 127-82 Phone: 972.3.5621.441 Tel: +(571) 2587476 - 6335966 Fax: 972.3.5621.625 Mobile: +(573) 311 582 1019 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +0057.1 2826 197 Bogotá - Colombia E-mail: [email protected] Mitra Rouhi Dehkordi Sport For All Federation Vali-Asr street, Niayesh Highway VICE PRESIDENT Anghlab Sports complex Teheran I.R. Iran Comfort Nwankwo Phone: 9821.2029200 Sport For All Nigeria Fax: 9821.6696.7882 National Stadium E-mail: [email protected] P.O. Box 7583, SURULERE °© LAGOS Nigeria Phone: +234.1.7904.074 / 00234.1.5850529 Mobile: +234.80.2223.9908 Jorma Savola Fax : 234.1.5850.530 Finnish Sport For All Association E-mail: [email protected] Arabianranta 6 00560 Helsinki Finland Phone: +358.40.5051.866 Fax: +358.9419.0024.2 VICE PRESIDENT E-mail: [email protected] Joel Raynaud Aquitaine Sport Pour Tous Complexe de la Piscine - Route de Legnan Dr. Ewa Suska 33140 Villenave D'ornon France Ministry of Sport and Tourism Phone: +33.556.6938.02/1 Department of International Cooperation Fax: +33.556.8721.90 Senatorska str. 14, 00-921 Warsaw, Poland E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +48.22.2443.102 Fax: +48.22.2443.217 Mobile: +48 606 24 88 53 VICE PRESIDENT E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Thomas Ta-Chou-Huang Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee Nogo, Chu-Lun Street Taipei City Taiwan SPECIAL ADVISOR TO THE BOARD Phone: 886.2.2752.1442 Prof. Dr. Ju-Ho Chang Mobil: 886-921891659 Raemian Bangbae Evernew 1005, Fax: 886.2.2777.3803 Bangbae-dong 775-1, Seocho-gu, Seoul Korea E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +82.2.595.9035 Mobile: +82.11.347.2232 E-mail: [email protected] TREASURER Hon. Brian Dixon Lifebeinit COMMISSIONER c/-P.O.Box 512, Mansfield B. Sarjit Singh Victoria 3724 Marfima c/o N°Δ 15 Road 4/105 Taman Midah Australia 56000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 0061-357770601 Phone: + 60.3.9171.9924 Mobile: 0061 (0)400570600 Fax: +60.3.9172.1569 Fax: 0061-396969191 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

SECRETARY GENERAL Wolfgang Baumann TAFISA Office Mainzer Landstr. 153, Dienstleistungszentrum D 60261 Frankfurt/Main Germany Phone: 49.69.136.44747 Fax: 49.69.136.44748 E-mail: [email protected] 21st TAFISA WORLD CONGRESS

“EXPLORING NEW PARTICIPANTS IN SPORT FOR ALL”

September 3-7, 2009

Taipei, Taiwan

TAFISA invites all member organizations to attend the next World Congress hosted by our member organization, the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee.

For further information please contact:

Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee 20 Chu Lun Street, Taipei 104, Taiwan Tel. + 886 2 2752 1442 Fax: +886 2 2777 3803 Email: [email protected] http.// www. tpenoc.net