A Life History Analysis of Disengaged Northern Irish

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“WE’RE ORDINARY PEOPLE CAUGHT UP IN AN A LIFE A HISTORY ANALYSIS OFDISENGAGED NORTHERN IRISH PARAMILITARIES In partial fulfillment EXTRAORDINARY SITUATION” Supervisor; Professor Nationalism Studies Central European University Hungary Budapest, of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts Amy Rodgers Submitted to 2012 By

András Kovács Program

CEU eTD Collection educated, are less likely to stay engaged very long. long. very engaged stay to likely less are educated, andderadicalization disengagement simultaneously.en happ Lastly, those that are most the someone’s prisonwas in a time not cause disengagement, for then the chances are higher that prison itis likely that individuals will disengage,at least temporarily, to experience normality.If decision detachmentdependencya higher on and lea prisonconditions violent combinationwith solitary in confinement themselves played a significant role in furthering paramilitaries' engagement. Additionally, freedomorganize to prison, relative in While their involvement. theprison in courseof when theyfirst joined,stayed the the in organization longest. the All interviewees spent time the interview Similarly,organizations. personal significant relations a have impac Youthfulness is also an important factor in explaining willingness to join paramilitary protest active for s a platform create that context social disengagedend, six paramilitaries were interviewed. know to whatimportant influenced the previous generation To of the paramilitaries most. this amount of paramilitaryactivity by violentIrish Republican splintergr the an in been upsurge has there as though Seeing Republican Army. Irish liketheorganizations This thesis focuses on the processes that lead people to join, stay in and leave paramilitary leaveparamilitary and stay in leadjoin, to people processes that onthe focuses thesis If regardsWith of involvement the to length The datayouthfulness showsthat the combinationof andwith personal a victimization - making process thanmaking process thepersonal possible costsof leaving. a Also,

individuals no longer believe in the ideology, this is a is morethis factor important believe nolonger the in ideology, their individuals in ees joined with theirwith friends. joined ees glorifying behaviour. violent A

BSTRACT

the data shows that those that were coached coached were that those that shows data the

will most likelylead to radicaliz t on entry decisions: most of

oups since 2009, it is sinceoups is 2009,it d to mored to emotional fter a long spell in ation

in in . CEU eTD Collection

believingat in me the timesI that didn’t. Clare’sdone my humour unfailingand without support, mother’s whole ourfinish work. up to stay weto had that nights many grace on the saving a been have and banter love, patience unforgettable. Derry to trip research my made andI had theJoseph funwith and a and Their daughter. treated me support, like access to the former paramilitariesI that interviewed. Moreover, they me took into their home aunt, Suz him. András Kovács opportunity dofield to IFirst of all, thank wouldliketo CEU and the National university c Maggie Rodgers, Clare den Ouden and Daun Hwang have supported me throughout my throughout me my supported have den andHwang Ouden Daun Maggie Rodgers, Clare I could not have written this thesis without the help of my uncle, Seamus McKinney, and and McKinney, Seamus of uncle, my the help without thesis this written have Icould not In Budapest In anne Rodgers. Theyget given me opportunity have me the by of a lifetime helping

for his calm guidance while I was working on this project. I guidanceworkingIfor calm project. his while onthis was learned afrom lot areer but had to have incredible patience during this MA. I could have not MA. this patience during hadincredible but have to areer , Leela Koenig and Vujo Iliand Vujo Leela Koenig research by givi by research A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS ng me a travel grant.Iwould also ng melike a travel

stood by me throughout the whole year. Their whole the throughout byme stood ism

Studies program for giving me the

selflessness, and selflessness, Daun’s

to thankto professor Conall, have have Conall, iii

CEU eTD Collection Chapter 6 6 Chapter Acknowledgements Abstract Chapter 1 1 Chapter

Chapter 4 4 Chapter 2 Chapter Chapter 5 5 Chapter Chapter 3 3 Chapter 6.2 Radicalization 6.2 and engagement 6.1 Setting events 1.3 Definition 1.3 players Key 1.2 Northern1.1 The Ireland conflict 3.4 impact3.4 The imprisonmentof identity on and radicalization group identification of psychology The 3.3 IRA the joining in factors pull and Push 3.2 Introduction 3.1 Conceptual2.1 framework analyzing for membership paramilitary of organizations 4.3 Continuance components Continuance 4.3 4.2 4.1 Normative components 2.2 2.2 Process variables influencing rate the progressionof on action the pathway 6.2.1 Radicalization6.2.1 3.4.2 Prison a Prison 3.4.2 psychological The 3.4.1 impact of imprisonment Group 3.3.2 extremity shift Social3.3.1 identity theory Pr 3.2.3 Social3.2.2 status Triggering3.2.1 events Affective components

...... – – - - - -

Deradicalization anddisengagement Deradicalization Methodology Analyzing pathways of radicalization, paramilitary activity anddisengagement activity paramilitary of radicalization, pathways Analyzing Radicalization and paramilitary activity and paramilitary Radicalization Analysis of the Life Histories Life Analysisof the Introduction edisposing factorsedisposing s of terms of s

...... nd the action pathway to paramilitary activity

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...... T ABLE OF CONTENTS

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45 45 43 43 39 27 25 23 21 18 31 28 22 19 19 18 11 28 33 35 34 36 14 13 iii iv 8 6 6 9 ii

CEU eTD Collection – 2 Appendix Appendix 1 – 1 Appendix Bibliography 7 Chapter – 4 Appendix – 3 Appendix 6.3 6.3 andDeradicalization disengagement 1 Patrick 1 3 Terry3 Aidan 2 4 Niall 4 6 Shane 6 5 Conan 5 on engagement on findings the of Summary 6.2.3 Engagement 6.2.2

......

Conclusion ......

...... Life Histories Interview Topic Guide Interview Table 2 Table Derry Murals

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102 118 116 107 59 50 74 72 74 80 67 69 62 86 95 v

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and were the root cause of the emergence of acivi of emergence the of cause root the were and partition continued after the and Protestants between Catholics inequalities reduced The status. in were Catholics typicallyand whilst thatthey so could wealth, acquire land favoured Protestants 1921, Kingdom. stay UnitedWhen to the in Irelandwant Northern they and are Unionists; British themselves be to the con othersider hand, on Protestants seeIrelandto reunited Most Britain. the of island and of independent fully Great Catholicsaspirations.Irish Most they considerbe and themselves arewouldlike to Nationalist; the conflict is better explained byclassifying the warring However, religious denomination. on based made often 1998,is until 1969 the ‘Troubles’, from during parties fighting the between difference Fridayend The the with 1998Good Agreement. 1.1 explained. definitions1.3 important of be terms will given willand thesis the be terminologythis in used (1.1)involved in and the paramilitarygroups they were of (1.2) part be will gi Chapter of part were of the factors stay join, thatinfluenced themto and leave in they the paramilitary organizations Republican paramilitaryorganizations will be analyzed in order to makemultilayered a analysis

The Northern Ireland conflict Ireland The Northern religion was used as a marker discriminate to between of the populati sections officially IrelandasThe often‘the Northernofficially conflict, referredTroubles’, to In this thesis the life histories of six . InIntroduction2. the this necessary on background information the conflict they were . More on how this multilayered be be in this will explained . Morewill approached onhow analysis C HAPTER HAPTER

the whole island of whole island the 1

formerly ex imprisoned –

6 I NTRODUCTION

l rightsl movement in the The 1960s. British

parties in terms of their constitutional before British rule,Irelandwas before under

- members of Northern Irish Irish Northern of members ven. In ven. paragraph came to an an to came on. Laws CEU eTD Collection

violent acts were claimed byviolentIrish Republican splinter campaign. armed insufficient end to the Ireland a united thatdoes leadis not agreement to any that assert They disarmament. and Agreement Friday Good the reject organizations these of All attacks. armed in engaging actively 1998. Besides the and RIRA the CIRA, called an Oglaigh organization na hEirann (ONH) is Irish violent splintergroups Republican responsi been have Currently three officer. aIRA’ killed police and (CIRA) ‘Continuity deadshot twosoldiers The so for responsibilitymurders. three groupsclaimed 2009, splinter disarming 2006ha in 1972. will be referred to as PIRA in this thesis. also IRA is ‘new’ the Nonetheless, IRA. as the known thebecame PIRA split the after soon IRA (OIRA)and Official as the insplit the IRA. Apart large of the leadership joinedthe PIRA, those that stayed became known things, try to attaingoals. its The historyIRA the of is rife with internal feuds leading Northern Ireland ( keeping in s the cycle force of alive violence active most Troubles. g significant sharing power was The assured. P outbreak of the of the to outbreak led marches eventually rights civil the Catholics’ to response overnment’s IRA). IRA). to to the emergence of breakaway groups. In some thatfor became 2009it clear Th As part of the Agreement the of part As 1 e Good Friday e Good

but but s in

not not

1994 itagreeda cessation to of military activityand to using politics to

Agreement marked the end the marked Agreement led led all other

still , Northern IrelandNorthern the remained in United Kingdom but 3 violent violent referred as to the PIRA, For or ‘the Provos’. clarity they There has been a significant rise in activity 2010; in a in been significant rise There has 2

The OfficialIRA ceased its paramilitaryactivity in P

In fact, in fact, In Irish Republican groups 7 IRA’s had been mission to end British rule in the Troubles are over not

of : the Provisional

the the 1970 the PIRA itself emerged out of a a emerged of out theitself PIRA 1970 ble for the deadliest activity since paramilitary activity of the oneof

groups - called ‘Real IRA’ (RIRA) (RIRA) IRA’ ‘Real called . In this, one of the most most oneIn ofthis, the .

to followto suit. Irish Republican Army , the the and that , amongst other , In March P IRA’s IRA’s 185 CEU eTD Collection

with the peace process and the political leadership of Sinn Fein the theleadershipofwith peace political Sinn – and process opposed the to Good FridayAgreement. Ireland establishaParty’s to united,sovereignandis aimis it founded 1975.This main in political wing is thought supported using force achieve to their sharedgoal unitedIreland. of creating a socialist, Its INLA theINLA the to OIRA,with OIRA’s asthe ideologybut, agreed opposed socialist OIRA. The the of members 1975 bydisaffected in formed was INLA The OIRA. the of echelons wing.political after Notlong another thebrokegroup PIRA paramilitary emerged off, of out the Troubles Troubles 1969, in le of. be given of the paramilitary organizations and political parties that the interviewees were/are part groups Republican splinter 1.2 suggests This olds. thatolder, morerecruits. are training new experienced members The activeorganizations. largest age group31- is thathavebombs used. been members these in splintergroups.One of the sophistication of of the the latter indicators the is impor d to the 1921 partition of Ireland. of partition thed to 1921

Key players tant findings of recent research is that there is significant involvement of former PIRA significanttant findingsinvolvement recent is thatthere research is of As stated, a significant number of inte The RIRA was formed in 1997 and consists of former PIRA members that did not agree not did 1997and of members consists formerThe PIRA was that RIRA in formed I The , theemerged PIRA outa of split in RA has a rich history. Itrich the gueri haswas for history. a responsible RA

t hey were not very influential. were very not hey

t throughout the Troubles. In this paragraph a very short overview will overview will In a short paragraph very this throughout Troubles. the o be the I o be the 4

Another alarming the age indicationis distribution in the 6

Between the partition of Ireland and the outbreak of the Ireland the the of outbreak and Between of partition the rish Republican Socialist Party 8 The INLA

the rnal led to feuds the emergenceof Irish violent 8

7 IRA. Sinn Fein is considered to be the PIRA’s the Fein PIRA’s IRA. consideredbe Sinn to is

40- As stated, very soon afte soon very As stated, agreed to a ceasefire in 1998. agreed a to ceasefire in year closely olds, by followed 20- that was heavily in involved that was lla campaign that ultimately

(IRSP) r the outbreak of the the of outbreak r the

which was also also was which 9

25- year year

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Troubles, members of violent and of a givenand and onpowerapolitical in historical given context society moment balances the on depends therefore extremist as labeled is what ordinary society, a in attitudes given ‘Extremism’ can most simply defined be as those attitudes that arefar removed from the ideologies extremist of and developing beliefs. process refer to bethe radicalization to will used goals stated the use attain of to involve the violence threator of may and not may or aconstitute democracy danger to maychanges maywhich not or society in “ is it sense, abroader in defined is radicalization acertain attain to violence of use the of acceptance or pursuit active the definitions canclassified be into two categories. Concerning paramilitary activity they emphasize policy makers an effort respond to pressure continuous to tackle to and it its (security) possible implications, ‘terrorism’ their mirroredlack is of in consensus onhowdefine to However, ‘radicalization’. in 1.3 organizations. part elections. in The between link has the and RIRA the 32CSM been denied byboth It i single a process. is peace of the elements North all and opposed claim thegiving to believe not upthethat did in Fein former Sinn breakaway members group of Movement which (32CSM) was also founded 1997. in the peaceIt believed process. is have to political with links the 32 County Sovereignty

Definitions of terms of Definitions similar organizations and A wide array of terms can be used to categorize those that were formerly part of the IRA part of thosecategorize thatwerethe formerly be can used Aof to wide terms array The lack of consensus among research among consensus of lack The 11

have come up with different upwith come have On definitions. the subject of radicalization those The RIRA is also believed to have close ties with the CIRA. the with ties close have to believed also is RIRA The

NorthernIrish Republican t he choicehe terminology of a delicate is In matter. literature on the ers and governments defining to andwhen comes ers it 9

the active pursuit or acceptance of far of acceptance or pursuit active the organizations organizations 10

This movementThis was formed bya ssue party and it does not take take not and does it ssue party .” 13 are alternately referred to to referred alternately are

In this thesis the term 12

goal. When - reaching reaching . 14

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and not all Unionists areLoyalists. or actual supportforce of touse the paramilitary by groups.Not all Nationalists are Republicans NorthernIreland the both context terms Republican andLoyalist signify a that In ‘Loyalist’. be should and distinguished the introduced. from terms ‘Republican’ These because important necessarily who donot disengage deradicalize. individuals especially is that indicate paramilitary’s disengaging from the organization, i.e. leaving it. Deradicalization will be used to implies a change in attitude. that the term ‘d actionwhich pathway someoneonthe has progressed radicalization to paramilitary activity. military organizations. of militaryorganization in support of politicalaims” this thesis. Paramilitaryorganizations will be defined as “ other, the terms paramilitary, paramilitaryactivity and paramilitary organization will be used in with connotations any have to seem ‘paramilitar either side on the struggle involved in armed and paramilitaries. One of t as, amongst others, terrorists, violent extremists At the beginning of th Regarding the interviewee’s disengagement or deradicalization, it is important to note

a (former) (former) isengagement

The be term will employed ‘action the pathway’ road denominate to from paramilitary he most influentialresearch institute ’ In disengagement thesis, when beabout this talking will used

implies a change in behaviourin a while changeimplies is

18 I

ntroduction the terms ‘Nationalist’ntroduction and the terms ‘Unionist’ were ha one side being more violent more or illegitimate thanthe 17 s abandons

ement’ will be used to refer to the degree in in degree the to refer to used be will ‘Involvement’ 10 , violent Republicans, dissident R ed

the organization’s ideology. distinction This 16 .

and paramilitaries as the members of such such of members the as paramilitaries and groupings wh ofo adopt people forms ies ’. As this term therefore does not does therefore not term As this ’. s in Northern Ireland Northern in

the termthe ‘

person gives tacit tacit gives person deradicalization epublican ultras 15 calls those

a ’

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about the difference between and right wrong and about the world thinking irrationality. dichotomous irrationality This supposedlysignified a from reflectionas moderatio of inherently deviation ann and indicative individual’s was thanconstruedas to others. some were a Extremism ormore condition state disposed that violence decisions. When exit and salient factors entry people’s influence in of Italy’sBrigades)Faction)Brigateand (Red Rosse hasof leadthe most indicators important to (ETA former groups of extremist violent members like and Spain France’s Ta Askat Euskadi of on the motivations Researchorganizations. and leaveparamilitary stay in join, decide to paramilitary of members are people questions important frameworkmost thatneed includes elucidatewhy thebeto to answered possibility of creatingframework a that simultaneously explains ce for trajectories which and in individual different pathways mechanisms an have effect translated into compelling bases and justifications for violent action advocating looking at especial this, from disengagement, which a in place to framework the C HAPTER HAPTER -

Over the yearsOver the many research have scholars conducted onthe why question people Before examining pathway examining Before Approaching involvement in paramilitaryApproaching in involvement activity Basque Homeland and Freedom) Basque Homeland became the object of social scientific research in the 1960s it was predominantly viewed was of the researchit socialin 1960s object scientific became the 2

A NALYZING PATHWAYS OF PATHWAYS NALYZING ly in the last decade. last the ly in

the road paramilitary to the activity s organizations. AND AND

from radicalization to paramilitary to radicalization from activity D , Germany’s Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF - (RAF Fraktion Armee Rote Germany’s , ISENGAGEMENT 20

Various leading researchers on the subject are subject the on researchers leading Various .

11 19 RADICALIZATION

More contemporary rese contemporary More se

as a process in which radical beliefs are are beliefs radical which in aprocess as transitions

as the result of a process opens upthe ofas a the process result

. will PARAMILITARY ACTIVIT PARAMILITARY rtain proneness individuals’ This approachThis

be outlined arch has steered away away steered has arch politically motivated

and, potentially, potentially, and, l

. eav 21 Red Army Army Red . This . This here

asuna asuna room as as Y

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actio the explain to illness neurotic psychotic or or personality type distinct no is conclusion thatthere paramilitarie onthe psychology of Studies normal individuals. latter following be to need answered: questions of and activities mundane, unexpected combinations everyday things commonalitiesframework which within explanatory value paramilitarie found the in life of histories paramilitarie becominginevitably into someone beeline a pa thatthere mind reactions in no is keeping whilst magicevents nosequence will of formula; paramilitary of Acts activity mechanisms. chains which in there correlation, is necessarily not but causality, bet be as should viewed the these outset sequences At events. sequences of analysisallows forof the themselves in subjects of analysis are ordinary people thatmake choices based they onthe situation find determine help can that is there little find ato evidence as ‘type’ to suggest that specific individual traits can identified be paramilitary activity political circumstances in which this proneness and susceptibilityto radicalization and and susceptibility radicalizing to andengaging in paramilitary activity n pathways of these individuals. n pathwaysthese of , researchersostensibly thatparamilitarie theagree in field the with position In order to getof graspIn to a order Moreover, l s always need to be viewed in their social and political context in order in have to context and political social their in viewed be to always need s . 24

. 25 ooking at involvement in paramilitary in atooking involvement activity

are activated. Thi activated. are Viewing involvement in paramilitaryactivity as a process the also leaves

which people are becomeparamilitariepeople to likely most

why people are members of paramilitary of members are people why 22 s approach is more likely to yield moreis likelyresults than approachtrying s useful to

Thus should be viewed in the context of other actions and actions of and othercontext bethe in viewed should are identified open to being a conglomeration of a of are conglomeration open being to identified s . As stated, As 12

ramilitary it is useful to departfrom premise the that the

. Nonetheless . commonalities s have predominantly lead to the the to lead predominantly have s

. 26 as the result of a process a process of result the as

, and addresses the socio the addresses and , ween various events and , commonalities may be in in individual traits of

organizations, the organizations, s. s. s are essentially essentially are s Regarding the the - CEU eTD Collection

lead engageparamilitary anto in individual activity. psychological forces be operate established. must and does another not, explain donot why engages individual given one participate context aactivity in paramilitary in behaviour. Because in commonalities the factors thatexplain the behavior that of individuals conte thatthis andgiven the context opportunities a of forces the include they when useful analytically deemed only be can activity paramilitary organizations of paramilitary membership foranalyzing framework Conceptual 2.1 activity precondition paramilitary for activity what keeps theminvolved. paramilitaryinvolved in activity become whypeople necessarily Thusthe answerthereflect theto question others. onanyof T paramilitary9/How and (want why dopeople to)from disengage involvement? various stages the atin organization Howtheof8/ around their domembers them influence those of Howviolence?7/ specificacts and commit why domembers why does that differ among different members? How6/ acc andindividual why an does assimilatetheof sharedindividual the organization? Howand5/ an andnorms values why does How4/ and movethe of whyupin echelons dopeople the organization? once roles What dothey3/ get theya attributed dothey/tasks fulfill member? become have Howgetparamilitary2/ in dopeople involved activity Why1/ get want paramilitary dopeople to involvedin activity he answers to these questions are not necessarily related and answering one does not does not answeringone related and necessarily are not questions he these answers to T 28 he an contributingto individual’s factors radicalization and action pathway into

the factors that lead someone to radicalize may be different from those that that those from different be may radicalize to someone lead that factors and thatthe

the psychological and emotional context on which bigger, non- onwhich bigger, emotional context and the psychological 27

It is also key to notethat radicalization is neither a necessary

may have no bearing on the answers that explain their rolexplain answers that onthe bearing no have may

ommodate to unexpectedto levels engagementommodate and how and nor something 13

29 xt offered in terms of engaging in violent violent in offeredengaging of xt terms in

that necessarily leads to paramilitary to leads necessarily that ?

organizations?

es and and es

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peers and life experiences life and peers circumstances, economic life, family circumstances, political and social to related be can events predictive for value understanding and pivotal the behaviour choic any have to general too simultaneously are they that fact by the characterized are events Setting 2.2 Process variables influencing the rate of progression on the action pathway analyzed ali 3, Chapter in paragraph next the in explained be will and organizational context’ they political, ‘social, and ‘personal factors’ events’, and the ofboth process radicalization engagementpa in of behaviour extremist deviant offer for or the opportunity byexternal factors beingthat to influenced more In3. this – powerful organization direction in life, or higher self agency, aof sense just is if it even join, to decision this rewards from reap someexpect to theThus, in broadest sense of the word, the individual engaging in paramilitaryactivity will specificactivities. engage to in between and decisions decision join later distinction to the join a to paramilitary decision their organization.In precedes this, it is important to make a decisions just like ordinary people There nodefinitive is answer the whether to question certain are predi individuals make rational be that as viewed people at leastAs paramilitaries provisionally, should, The first variable of influence, an socialization. setting individual’s denominates events, “emotional arousal” can impede rational decision rational impede can arousal” , “emotional . 32

However, three critical process variables have been identified that might explain the important influence the of latter will be explained further in Chapter . st ofst expected predisposinggiven 3.2.3. be factors will in 34

The latter categories are based on a typology by Ronald Clarke and and Clarke Ronald by a typology on based are categories latter The - . of belonging to a righteous and/ a to belonging of asense of because esteem 33

After the most influential ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors have been been factors have ‘pull’ and ‘push’ influential most After the , it can be assumed be can it 14

that a cost benefit analysis of sorts - making ramilitary activity. Theyare‘setting . 31 es of anSettinges individual. of

sposed sposed

or or 30

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case studies sug studies case hav and events setting on influence of been have already needs to be paid to the ideological qualities of that context. Some elements of this variable might an indi the context to political Therefore, regardswith – out carried were they operates – he which in framework political reapfor the it behave in ought individuals to how works and how the social world whatto but that drives thatideologyprescribes regard individuals with w the in place his the external narrative influences that internal socialization and the individual’s determination of andthat political ideological come expressions to the fore.Ideology understand to important is at explaining criminal behavior and those thatseek(violent) explain to extremism. geared frameworks for thebetween definingdistinguishing is variable social environment. This a Personal factors the above differ from mentioned setting events because of their impingement factors be will subject change to far depending onthe action onhow is the pathway. individual pressure, themwi the to response peer and forces security with experience negative aperceived are experiences influential possible – is individual action this pathway where onthe needsthecertain with quality be to juxtaposed of experiences. This involvement at that time – otherto behaviour types deviant of Marcus Felson oncriminal involve . salience nd The variable last the social, is or political organizational context thatdefines someone’s The second variable, personal factors, includes an individual’s emotional state during state during an emotional individual’s factors, includes personal The variable, second 36

gest that the action pathway can be greatly influenced by the framework that that framework the by influenced greatly be can pathway action the that gest orld. In that sense it is not necessarily the purpose or end purposeIn necessarily or not thatsensethe is it orld. may help elucidatethe rationale person’s behindchoices that ll differll based onpersonal factorsinfluence and the of personal . ment but variousment but authors have argued thatthey applyequally 35

15 . in order to have explanatory value. Examples of Examples value. explanatory have orderto in 38

Moreover, the benefits an indi an Moreover, the benefits vidual findshimself e impinged on personal factors.e onpersonal impinged the ideology under the banner of which which banner of the ideologyunder the -

goal of the ideology goal of the ideology in, special attention vidual’s actions vidual’s actions 37

It is here 40

Lastly, Lastly, . 39

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organization someone’s Onceanhas of level acquireda individual membership of paramilitary involvement. those changes for the personal of the context individual, is the critical factor in measuring relationship ofchanges violence, and of the environment effects social/political/organizational in interplayswith setting events and the social/political/organizational context.The reciprocal events and factors play personal a big the but critical personal role element how conte is terms of their influenceat different stages on the action pathway. At the initial stage, setting in analyzed be to need variables three above the extremism, (violent) in level of involvement . reference of frames temporal and organization political and civil societysomeone lives in, organizational the framework of the paramilitary psychologyneed individual be to as combined viewed with of the type through the lens social, of pushing someoneonthe action forward pathway, the ideological of qualities thecontext political consolidate theirof feelingbeingpart of oftenwill feelcoached supported members. by aof and can being strongsense senior This more violence, an is fact important havinggaining ability to verbally defend themselvesrespond to physicallyto theand both when agroup into acceptance determinants for and behavior thoughtusually patterns. This meaning actions, and theinvolvement, individual’s thetherewith to organization’s become the , organization as defined byt context and political theexposure those newto social have members paramilitary organizations set up In get to a short: factors coimportant mprehensive overviewmechanisms of the and To conceptualize the factors that are the most dominant in explaining an individual’s explaining in andominant individual’s theTo conceptualize factors thatare the most the weight each has explaining that in an of involvement individual’s the variables . influence decisive of be can . 41

Also, theAlso, factmembers in thatnew acquire skills phases, slowly thus or prolonged in In engagement. new theof process this, members

for newfor members

a powerful, well a powerful, T raining and an ideological framework that gives framework that anraining ideological and 43 16

the ‘organizational context the - oiled machine. oiled coincides a with growing of sense 42

.’

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becomes more institutionalized in the individual’s decision is likely to shift from person

al to social/political/organizational context, especiallyas the latter 17

- making process. making process. CEU eTD Collection

paramilitary activity 3.4. be paragraph in will explained individuals’ L 3.3. paragraph in beidentification will examined notable factors push example, an are events triggering group imprisonment and identification, the most common‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors. factors, Push paramilitary in involvement activity interviewees’ the theygetcannot whycertain explain invol people tactic that is open to any or astrategy is extremism that fact the explaining for framework no is there factors these of their grievances over However, time. when paramilitary activity community. paramilitary their becominginvolved.Theseactively grievances for often laythe theideologies basis of injustice or other paramilitary activity transformation the and from radicalizationactivity to paramilitary activity Introduction 3.1 In order to get an overview of the factors that can build aInget build sequencean explaining overview of events the orderto factors thatcan of Paramilitarie In thatinduce factors and chaptermechanisms radicalization, the this paramilitary are appealing side effects of the i the of effects side appealing are push andfactorspush pull

Furthermore organizations andgrievances usually represent to of the aorganizations legitimate purport wider C self H APTER APTER - and engaging in in engaging identity radicalizationperception, to and and proneness so

s are commonly adept at identifying the root causes of their engagement in in engagement their of causes root the identifying at adept commonly are s - . Factors such as illegitimate government, inequality of social power, called triggering events triggering called

, 3 group for any reason. Thus, triggering events can be triggering preconditions eventsanygroup can for reason.Thus, paramilitary

ADICALIZATIONAND PA will be listedparagraph in 3.2

be can organizations

individuals in ndividuals , will be publicized as the grievances that grievances the as publicized be will 18 ved whilst othersved donot. whilst

’

, this chapter examines the role of identity, of the role examines chapter , this join to the organito arms of the astly, effects the of imprisonment ing a ing RAMILITARY ACTIVITY very adept in changing the nature of the of nature changing adept in very

paramilitary organization. is viewed as viewed beingis rooted any in after after which the role of group which the role of 44

will be examined.

zation

and

lead to to lead

Some Some , pull but on CEU eTD Collection

the city became the center of severe state repression. state severe of center the became city the protests werewith met repression Britishstate by the as civil the rightsmarches continued,and point focal the became city the Derry, in majority a formed Because economically. they and were against politically heavily both discriminated was bombedNorthernI townin the most Republican movement. Bogside and directly lies In behind it. areas both the majority the supports of the population the than larger is are. Creggan paragraph 3.2.2, in be will mentioned the that Republican Murals, two of scene Bogside is Both are- ‘working numerous are the These so by occasions. interviewees on the explained. be will Strike 1981Hunger 1981and the until placefrom 1976 took Blanket that Protest overview be will given events of these this in Inparagraph. the addition significance the of Bloody Sunday. events Derry place the that took Troubles: in during the Battle of Bogsi the Internmentde, and people’s active engagement in paramilitaryactivity it is important an to have overview the of key 3.2.1 Triggering events 3.2 Push and pull factors in joining the the IRA joining pull in Push factors and Between the partition of IrelandBetween of the of partition the and the outbreak Two neighbourhoods in De Two neighbourhoods in Sin

ce triggering can events serve and as push important preconditions, factors, for smaller than Creggan and closer to the city walls around the city centre, it was the was it centre, city the around walls city the to closer and Creggan than smaller

of the triggering events mentioned in this paragraph this the areaand is events of it where the mentionedmost triggering in of 45

significance the of explanation brief a After class’ neighbourhoodsclass’ to and they are situatedeach right next other. The 46

One of the interviewees from is Strabane; this little town south of Derry rry played a significant role in the Troubles and are mentioned are mentioned and Troubles role thea in played significant rry reland duringreland the Troubles. 19

of the civil rights campaign. 48

of certain areas in the city, a brief a brief city, the in areas certain of - called called

Troubles, Derry in Catholics

‘ Bogside ’ 47

and Creggan. The peaceful peaceful The CEU eTD Collection

known as ‘Bloody Sunday’. opened fire. were people Thirteen and dead event fourteen shot This were wounded. has become arresting mem begun Army people, had British intense. Afterthe and the British army become had commonand witnesses report one was thatthis particularly not route and toward an armybarricade and broke riots By out. betweenyouth 1972riots Catholic was meant start to in Creggan and end the in Bogside. A handful of marchers diverted from IRA. security situationNo in the were were Catholic, being interned. policyhad to been The manage proposed byUnionists the December 1975by almost time twothousand which people, of which nineteen almost hundred hundred and forty twopeople policy,three of the reintroduction dayof the first Ireland. the Northern (re)introduced On in Bogside. LoyalistsBogside and and andhaveas Creggan e th the police Battle becomeknown of the could nolonger control the situation. gov manyfamilies, parade, mainly the Catholics, being after forcedfrom their homes. days Two Ireland.spread Northern spiraled across This serious and sectarian into culminatedconflict into both armoured cars and water cannons. The P centre. city the ernment 51 The next dayrioting by next The Catholics residents. their by areas the from removed forcibly were

In August of 1969 riots erupted during the annual parade eruptedannual In ofduringAugust the 1969riots On the 30 In AugustInternment, 1971 of incarceration without trial of suspected paramilitaries

of Northern Ireland asked for the deployment of British Army TroopsIreland asaskedBritish the theArmy police of deployment for of Northern olice forces tried to subdue the riots and entered the Bogside and Creggan with with andBogside Creggan and entered the riots the subdue olice to forces tried th of January 1972 a civil rights march against internment took place in Derry. It Derry. internment placein took against march rights civil a 1972 of January 52 rth

, and taken to camps. This policy was used until until policywas used This camps. to taken and arrested were but instead it lead to more violence and wider support and violence more to lead it instead but 50 y

were followed into the neighbourhoods byLoyalists the neighbourhoods but into were followed The two days ofbetweenthe fighting residents of the 20

bers of the Parachute Regiment Regiment Parachute the of bers

of Apprentice Boys of Apprentice 49

through for the for , was was

the the the the CEU eTD Collection

the Bogside. the Corner’ ‘Free Derry the around ofblocks housing corners onthe painted These were murals b can which of (examples Murals Republican of emergence the through onwards from 1981 and education,as such routes, usual through the role happened This models. against oppression. Manyof the leaders of the early the in community days were celebrated as opposi paramilitary organiz status 3.2.2 Social others donot whycertainbywhilst react becoming people involved key t aboveevents likethementioned have a strong sense of communal identification with the directly victimized. As stated, triggering we ofgoand ten,die. to the first, onstrike thein 1981Hunger One Strike. of the icons of the struggle was He Bobby was Sands. the first to day andsevere suffered beatings the guard from Thes. protests lasted foryears, five culminating feces onthe walls of their cells. The prisoners were kept their inside cells twentyfour hours a their suspended, smeared had a been bathroom use to ‘right’ the including rights after allof their which the ‘dirtyprisoners, protests’ in escalated The into protest nothing their but blankets. government, they wear to refused the prison clothes. The latter meant thatthey were ‘dressed’ in prison in re significancegreat also known of for those who ng In this paragraph the most important pull factor,In pull important paragraphmost of acquiring joining this the social status, Keyevents affect like this directly The Blanket was Protest the protest launchedINLA byIRA and Long in prisoners Kesh

British rule 1976. Beca 55

ations , people people by status Thatcher political stripped been of the their they had use

will bewill outlined. Seeing as though the that joinedcould urning points ed

some of those thatbecasome of those 21 identify

, can be p be can were indirectly were with but they factorsush but a long heritage of uprising violent . IRA IRA 53

victimiz

m ). 3). found Appendix in e had e actively engaged but but engaged actively e

ed a long of tradition . The latter often often latter The .

cannot

explain explain 54

in in CEU eTD Collection

participation in paramilitary activity (linked 6) 7/ to paramilitary organization has alread actionhe once pathway on the progressing to that someone be will open current his in is how6/ grounded personal also goes anfor activity, this individual the likelihood member) welcome new will the thatthe organization engagement andthe belikelihood for will open to thatan likelihood individual for a the (as measure of adult socialization extent the and5/ nature 4/the naturecommunity and thelife in individual’s the of context importance thethatcontext of indivi the that group the of hands the at victimization experiencing or forces by security searched 3/ the2/ individua level emotional an participating non- in theexperience,1/ individual’s and engagementexample (for of nature degree previous i analyses Chapter in 2and paragraphs 3.2.1and 3.2.2, more paramilitary pronein participating to activity factors Predisposing 3.2.3 someone’s. social of outside standing the organization Acquiring during the Troubles. and ofattain appreciated arespect, being position looked upto radicalism paramilitary or activity De communityCatholic in when the Troubles the of outbreak beginningofespecially the at the true Ireland for n people’s can lives identified: be

rry was being targeted by state security forces. Especially i Especially forces. security state by targeted being was rry the nature and extent of an early individual’s experiences (for being example stopped and continuing on a violent path onceM onacontinuing having violent joined. dual perceives as the ‘other’) the as perceives dual R in Chapter in 2, stated As were were

ole can models serve a both for justification as joining a paramilitary organization usually not not usually l’s level of priorgroup and knowledge interest the in conflict

the range of competingactivities that exclude possible membership or violent protests, riots) and the consequences this had for that individual on for on had thatindividual thethis consequences protests, riots)violent and ostracized by ostracized

there is no evidence that certain types of people are inherently inherently are people of types certain that evidence no is there

certain certain could solidify 57

their friends, family membersandcommunities. This was IRA could the within positions 22

one’s place in the community. Thus the one’s placein 56 the following possible

embers of paramilitary of embers

than others. Nonetheless n involvement in involvementin days, early the could been have

predisposing events

groups Northern in also , based on the , based onthe

a pull factor factor a pull have y a joined , trying to trying to

d raise

and

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to explain the reasons that individuals classify themselves in groupist themselves terms. in classify individuals the that reasons explain to are orwhen determine formed, to can aof individuals unit and c categories class or – socialas religion suchcommonality sharea people who action” numbers of and bounded a collectivities with sense of solidarity, corporate identity,and capacity concer for effectively oriented, mutually recognizing, groupsas mutually “mutuallyinteracting, between category real constant, , people between purposes common bounded with (…) tendency “groupism criticizes the use of the concept of ‘groups’ part of as “an analytical toolkit Coope 3 group feeling in order to understandgroup paramilifeeling thetowards pathway orderto tary in activity cause,political group in lies identification. Thus is it understand to important the nature of this it is important to specifywhat is meant with the terms ‘identity’and ‘group’. that they implyeffective an articulation ‘self and categorization’ combination of cognitive and emotional understanding. They state that the terms ‘self Itsubjective of they interpretation themselvessocial in. a situation and the are encompasses ‘self terms of they suggestclusters alternatives as the is of One misleading. is analysis of category . 3 The psychology of The identification group 3 psychology - ’ This cluster designates how people act due to their their cluster actto social people designatesdue location.’ and This how understanding Similar to his objection to using the word ‘identity’, Rogers Brubaker objectionusing to his ‘identity’, to Rogers the word Similar applicable. when r The of psychological people’s foundation sacrificingself their individual RogersBrubakerFrederick andargue the use Cooperof the that word ‘identity’ . 61

That said, t he states that it is more useful to viewan to more of “groupness”event is a as useful thatit instead states he .”

Groupism reifiesgroupsif they “internall as are . 60 he purpose section of this is to not explain how groups as abstract units -

identification’ are similar to ‘self The distinction between groups and categories marks the difference marks thecategories difference betweenThe groups and distinction .” . 59 58

In order to really explain moments of high solidarity of solidarity moments high explain really to In order These terms will be used as defined by Brubaker and and Brubaker by defined as used be will terms These 23

- understanding’ aside from the understanding’ fact annot be definedgroup, as a but y externallyhomogenous,

. Firstly, however, Firstly, however, .” Using term the

- He calls this this calls He interest for a a for interest

as a a as ted ted - CEU eTD Collection

important predictor of political opinions before the threshold of substantial, imminent and well imminent before predictorimportant opinions threshold of substantial, of the political opinion. political individual “substantial, imminent, and well publicized” self that self individual reflect necessarily i theyabout from care narrow self that pr Inbehaviour. maintain to orderforindividual a self an positive justifying behaviour slowly previous individuals into surelymore but extreme snowball a li group justification, the actionthe for a small forbeen do to willing action that also justifies doing has someone once that is framework this in premise actions. The and later larger predictorfor Incommitment. fra psychology this of unit has to operate in, more the extreme individuals’ willingness to self m and is, the group the the smaller that performance has shown is individual a thatthis part of. of Combat onthe size unit the group may depend important. groups, thevalue social reality of the groupdeterminant as of the right a interaction occurs a in framework cut which off in is the individual from interacting other with analysis. ‘group’ the clarity of thereforewill jeopardize not section analysisthis in categoryof a as art of. a not part is ncludinggroups one that ttle bit more,wouldn’t itif it , evious actionsbe can justified. Another way of looking at the strength of group identification is through the lens of the the lens of group identificationthrough the is at the strength of Another of looking way As stated, identification with a group results in individual’s expanding the scope of what scopewhat expanding of the group individual’s results in awith As stated, identification Group identification

Once an individual has joined an organization the willingness to self to the willingness has joinedan organization Oncean individual 66 is most likely to occur in face

However - interest to an to interestthe both gloryinterest in miseryand of others - - the small action also wasn’t justified. Thus, in order to keep keep orderThus, in also wasn’t to action the justified. small interest. Itinterest. until not the is relevant costsand benefits are 64

, mework, the smallest act real or perceived perceived or real 65

Research has shown that political opinions do not donot opinions thatpolitical Research has shown 24

- interest - group interests have proven to be an an be to proven have group interests to - face interaction. Especially if this ore extreme the situation that the becomes an important factor important an becomes in - image image

for or against a group is a groupa againstis a or for - sacrifice will be nd wrong be nd escalation will occur so - sacrifice for for sacrifice comes more more comes . 63

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groupconflict be will analyzed. group one being a Additionally, ca part theof that consequences 3.3.1 Social identity effect the as well as theory this of parameters The theory. identity social Tajfels’ is others. In andtelling status some identificati values. of an that, individual’s championship. positive self a more groups can to successfullead with association mere Even successful. are they that groups. other to group as opposed one interest of uring the favo to are prone others individuals and how certain identifygroupswith as why doesindividuals opposedactivism however, not, to explain self individual activism can best explained be asresults the of identification withgroup a deprivation. personal, tive, not collec di is activism more saliently by group motivated perceived disadvantage than by personal perceived byresearch into motivations for politicalactivism, the outcomewhich of was that political cost publicized groupha can identification sadvantage. The political power of deprivation lies predominantly in the perception of thein perception of predominantly lies deprivation of power sadvantage. The political 69 In this paragraph the effect of group identification in people’s self people’s in group identification of effect the paragraph In this One reason why people identify with certain groups, if they have a choice in the matter, if is theya choicein certain groups, with have One identify reasonwhy people

One of the theories that explains when individuals identify strongly with a certain group group a with identify certain when strongly individuals thatexplains One theories of the - esteem esteem - s ands benefits has interest. R egardless of actual identification certain groupwith membership, groups is theory – for example when this association is with a football team that wins a Thegroup fact functions as that a identification precursor for political ve oninter

been reached. been - group conflict will be will exgroup conflict 68

These conclusions indicate that political action and 67 25

This groupThis -

centric view on politics is politics supportedcentric view on plained the in paragraph. next nnot leave for potential inter leavefornnot potential s are more powerful than than powerful more are ons

- than as the effects of of effects the as than esteem is explained. explained. is esteem that strong in

- - CEU eTD Collection

the legitimization for working towards maintaining the statu being is challenged it is group(s) position whose change. the For towards the lever quois status individually,them to, between move boundaries- between the in extreme forms of inter the of status the group which to the individual belongs the in shift a major through group. possible only change is the entire Social are they leave cannot their own group, when the chances for mobility individual contributegroups a will selfmembership to positive of that the fact that we strivetowards a positive self belong imperative is for (the development of) our of definition 'self'. havingarisen fr who try a collectively problem to solve efforts byof people numbers large thatself groups, sociosocial- example for lasting. common problem andgroupsalarge feelt people thatthey that of have that th about change in certain social institutions or to create a new order. Social movements’ key trait is groups thatunder

low, the only way for them to achieve higher social status is by increasing the social status of status social the byincreasing is status social higher achieve themto for way only low, the eygeared promoting or are changesociety. resisting in They towards are brought about by For groups that have started to work towards change, the perceived illegitimacy of the the of illegitimacy perceived change, the towards work to started groupsFor thathave to) (perceive we which to groups social the of have we image the that argues Tajfel 70 The term social movement denominates varietya wide collective of attempts to bring

When lookingWhen at social change lens of the relation through the s ship om cleavagesom group. another with mine it. - the perception of group groupperception that the social members the is of behaviour 74 group and out

When

economic or religious categories, social movements become religious categories, social oreconomic individuals find themselves in the position that they feel that groups.

they they feel have commonand in thatthey perceive as - groups impossible are “sharply andis for thatit drawn” - categorize, andcategorize, areby categorized others, as a group, 75

26 71

- image

, 73

. it can be stated that we will seek seek will we that stated be can it - image and we that will try to leave Thus, t s quo. Inherent quo.theses to diverging 72 he necessary for condition

Juxtaposing Juxtaposing hey are relatively long relatively are hey in

– - large between - group’s ‘ social mobility with latterthe with

status scale

–

’ in in - - CEU eTD Collection

When this is the case is this When group started. discussion majority the before favoured bythe was that standpoint group the toward members individual and of judgments 3.2 Group extremity shift opportunity collective escape to and their externaldiscrimination. categorization Inbeing targeted. Protestants place in Protestants and Catholics boundaries the put sharply between drawn that authorities the represent belongingand police, everybody to social mobility isDerry low, is quoandstatus the out positions is a conflict between the in discussion havingdiscussion dominated been by strong this majorityor persuade those merely more will the even it, supporting be to difficult expressed. for New minority arguments opinions favour of in the majority opinion, majority will be empowered by fact the th makes itlikely that more position this supports beThe will brought thatthe forward.fact majority opinion favour in this of arguments main , the discussion start to the a opinion majority members. is individual there When sorganization itis safeto assume that therea large is common basis the in attitudes of the whic h the individual perceivesh the individual common. in have it to When comes the most paramilitary to In the- casein study, this The group extremity shift and as being their target,widerwe ofProtestants as the being Troubles, howevercontext the in their were

the case of Northern Irish Catholics, short of leaving the country, there was no no country, was there theIrish shortof leaving Northern Catholics, of the case

at the heartenforcingat None the of oppression. - group(s) that have a thathavegroup(s) ve

arguments be will brought forward supportof in thatviewpoint.The

Catholics. The out The Catholics.

underscores how group discussions canunderscores discussions extremizegroup the attitudes how which social change can be achieved because because achieved be can change social group through which - group that recognized potential similarities and rejects the the ‘Crown forces’,Loyalistthe ‘Crown andThey organizations. sted intereststed in maintaining it. at they, dominate the discussion 27

- groups opinion that are attacked areBritish the Army attacked are that will influence former minority , in the

of interviewees the mention . At theAt same. time - group is the group with group with group the is 76

making itmore , the re re CEU eTD Collection

prisoners choose donot undergo to it thebut a transformation is natural response the to called tow status social higher members fact that acquiring but theybut irreversible are often it will leave strenuous effect unsurprisingly, deprivation, and a circumstances,duration, or the psychological 3.4.1 The impact imprisonment of analyzed. be will extremists imprisoned of case special the which after on someone’s involvement.The psychological impact of imprisonment wi impact asignificant have also can it extremists, to comes it when and, impact apsychological has 3 in this.tor fac acontributing be standing can of outside the organization . 4 ards opinion this The impact of imprisonment on identity and radicalization and onidentity The of imprisonment impact s

process typically occurs in stages in occurs typically .” process “prisonization This In adapt orderto life to in prison,prisoners undergo a process transformation often thatis Being imprisoned life is a Imprisonment has a double function on the action pathway of individuals. It inescapably of pathway individuals. action the function on a double Imprisonment has n former prisoners. T prisoners. former on will achieve a achieve . Those thatwere already onthe extreme end ofwill theopinion majority

it will be, a permanent mark a permanent c ertain conditions and the timingconditions ertain imprisonment of have can significant

certain certain -

typ and and in competition for status in the group, other members will members begroup, other the in for competition in status and if theywant some the of social status attributed to those extremists ical the strenuous more psychologically positions within a paramilitary organization

social interaction with fellowsocial with interaction prisonerswardens and . 78 .

experience the extreme more he of imprisonment vary of imprisonment individualfromidual to indiv effects The the age of the prisoner of age the - changing event for event changing 28

Prison almost everybody almost

the it is, the

and inevitably is

, the adaptations are normal,

higher the chances are that are chances the higher can raise someone’s social social someone’s raise can the more psychologically psychologically more the

means ll be explained first , regardless

subject . However, However,

pushed pushed . 77 ion added of

The The

its to to

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abandonment of effect permanent a have will it chronic becomes can lead alienation to of the prisoners from themselvesIf and others. emotional this flatness dangerous exploitation. invites as it On the long can term this lead “emotional to flatness” that prison requires self of ameans as strategies avoidance aggressive develop will younger avoidAgain,exterior to victimization. the the prisoner desires and needs daily basic their meet freedom them. This may lead them young prisoners maycontrols lead abandonor ownfail prisoners, to develop internalto to their dependent the institution on become prisoners control, little they have which over regime a to subjected prisoners are that,because is inherently effectspossible institutionalization of prisonization means that prisonizati impact of significant the prisoner imprisonedthe more when is younger the Thus,the before being imprisoned. making to choices wasthe prisonerused life not compar yeara offoundfor prisonersas significantly anxietyin levels werethat imprisoned higher captivity duration of person imprisoned, is theyconditions ar Few to. prisoners are subjected constraint when ed to those that had beenedeight those thathad to imprisonedfor weeks. The threatening environment thatpriThe environment threatening

of movement,

prisoners to suppressvulnerable to avoid emotional reactionsto looking – prisoners

social interaction of any kind. If prisonersocial of does the interaction any kind. it comesit doing to t

has a significant effect on the psychopathology of prisoners. For instance, For instance, of prisoners. psychopathology onthe effect a significant has the further reachi further the chances are high that prisoners will be drawn to an illicit prisonculture bechances will drawnto illicit thatprisoners are high an to

to lose theto ability dothings independently or to exercise to self for their daily routine. daily for This their system constraint, of especially in very hings that self are that hings . 83 ng the prisonization will be. will Research thattheng the prisonization shows

son can be may lead prisoners to develop a tough amay develop tough to be can prisoners son lead 29

e aware of it happening to them. to happening it of e aware ;

the the to flatness leads emotional chronic - destructive. 80

Prisonization is enhanced is Prisonization when i that he he that chance the higher the s - express emotion itis likely to protection. In protection. a vein similar 82

If any is there of kind on will be on will 79

. The longer a a longer The 81 One of the the One of which is -

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prisonization, especially those of maintaining a state emotional flatness and a outer especiallya tough stateprisonization, emotionalflatness those of maintaining term, his served having after to return to contacts personal of network close reintegration a into community of ordinary people well mental and psychical the some of exposure the more extreme psychicaldeterioration and health. of” mental emotional breakdowns self destruction, and collective violence; chronic lethargy, and hopelessness; helplessness depression; aggression, otherrage; and/or stimuli; identity of “an sense consequences: impaired following psychological on traumas of variety alarge such incomparable normal to prisonconditions. There are forms few of it experiences beto degraded and stigmatized. and self self compromised of sense control dailyroutines, over aggressively others’ to portrayalof weakness su is culture prison the if especially anger, be - mutilation and /or suicidal ideatio Solitary confinement creates set a psychologically of distressing pressures that are having Additionally, a modestly upin beingsmall, cell locked decorated whilst The effect of the above process of adaptation and the psy and processabove adaptation The of the effect of

cognitive dysfunction (confusion, ruminations) memory loss, m a y rekindle and exacerbate memories exacerbate and y rekindle

and/or loss of control; hallucinations, psychosis paranoia; ofoverall control; loss hallucinations, and/or and/or - being of prisoners on the long term and can seriously hamper theirhamper seriously can and theterm long on prisoners being of may lead prisoners to feel infantilized. Th - directed violence, such as stabbing, attacks onstaff, property such as attacks stabbing, directed violence, 85 -

worth which may lead prisoners to believe that they deserve deserve thatthey believe to prisoners may lead which worth s Especially imprisonment if follows ear a prisoner.

to threatcan solitaryto influence and strongly confinement n, impulses andn, impulses behaviour . 87 84 ch that it is a sign of vulnerability not to respond respond to not a of is sign vulnerability it ch that

Long . 88

Especially if Especially of earlier damaging experiences. damaging earlier of - term solitaryconfinement have can

a n ;

chological consequences of of consequences chological

ex anxiety and panic attacks; attacks; panic and anxiety imprisonment that impose - prisoner ; ;

is canresult a in hypersensitivity to lier traumatic life irritability, anger,

does have not a

the effects of of effects the 86

the no no

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exchan variety skill of sets,allows forfurthering the both of all their of practical skills and in on ex (fellow) with engaging by rebel to need the and grievances voicing by quenched be can thirst This defiance. for aquest generate typically in this. Another important element of this openness to extremist rhetoric protection for and the situation, need new adapt to their to when are trying prisoners rhetoric. extremist to The desire and secure find meaning to intense identity,is personal which . Social people’sfactors in on and isolati openness crisis significant are personalboth circle social the as crisis personal Inmates state. psychological “places 3.4.1 in As explained of vulnerability.” , if the aof prisonersfreedom fellow lot enjoy prisoners the interactive with to ‘gangs’ of extremist inmates that provide protection, books, visitors and other channels from other channels and visitors books, protection, inmates thatprovide ‘gangs’ extremist of skills to help further its goal as w beto used educate to give other prisonersand the in ideologyofthemtangible the organization hotbed for fu to pathway paramilitary3.4.2 Prisonthe action and activity world.outside a appearance, their factor hands,combined the this thatamongst with fact a themthey have usually wide ges on the meritsof the extremist ideology. One of the reasons are thatprisons (further) conducive thatthey is to radicalization are Outside of radicalization through paramilitaryfellow inmates and formation the of When imprisonment of paramilitaries on a large scale is common, p rthering people’s progression on the action pathway. It rtheringuncommon foraction progression people’s pathway.prisons onthe not is re likely to lead to internal chaos, anxiety and stress that goes that stress and anxiety chaos, internal to lead to likely re 89

have beenhave taken of out their own environment, awayfrom their family and

might experience isolation and a range of feelings of despair and and despair of feelings of arange and isolation experience might ell as mobilize outsideell as support mobilize a lot of a time have typically Inmates prisoners. tremist 31

they h they ave significant impact onpeople’s significant ave

. 90

The l The atter is especially salient salient especially is atter , is the fact that prisons

undetected by the undetected bythe rison are catalysts catalysts are s

can be a be can - depth depth CEU eTD Collection

of theirof involvement in paramilitary activity. perceive of themselves criminalsas and are likelyto view their time in prison as a continuation would; criminal ‘normal’ a than a differentperceive lens through everything significa a also play canoutside

nt role.nt 92

93 Themotivation of paramilitaries entails they that

they they will not CEU eTD Collection

be juxtaposed with each with other.be juxtaposed becan identified to the need disengagement. components to that rarely Thus lead independently attractive whole more onthe thatis an alternative with the individual thatprovide are those forces are socialof continued forcesthe organization thatmake membership unappealing pulling and people multi are out complex paramilitary into people organizations andfactors pulling pushing permanent. earlier decision to join re feel or organization the abandoned have they implythat does necessarily not priorities andcan it be voluntary paragraph or in forced. As1.3,a stated person’s disengaging role. Again, this mean thatthe individual has changed being roles from havingto an member active a supporting their priorities –forexample from military to political action. Visible disengagement may merely imprisonment, and arrest as such forces external canit result of be temporary.Moreover, the physicalbe that visible only may disengagement usuallyand noteinvolvementis In to thatpeople’s important constant not organization. is it this externally identifiable itindicates as a significant changea paramilitary’s in invo between is disengagement disengagement.anddistinction psychological physical Physical deradicalization As explained in paragraph 1.3, there is a significant different between disengagement and disengagement different between a significant is 1.3,there paragraph in As explained Psychological disengagement, on the other hand, is more complicated. Similar more is complicated. hand, Psychological onthe other disengagement, than staying in the andfactors. Priorresearchthatpush organization pull than in suggests staying 94

and one does not necessarily lead to the other. It is equally important to make a a make to equallyIt is important the to other. does necessarily not lead and one

role change may the be result of either an individual or a collective shift in HAPTER HAPTER . more is importantWhat note, to however, that is 4

D ERADICALIZATION AND AND ERADICALIZATION - layered. layered. 33

When it comes todisengagement comes it When being ousted, DISENGAGEMENT or the organization’s changing the organization’s changing or , the factors pushing and and factors pushing the

it is not necessarily necessarily not is it morse about their about their morse

lvement in the , . ush factorspush P ull factors

to theto CEU eTD Collection

may mean th of inevitablychange. viewThis theorganization’s will ideology,his organization onmembership the. organization societyview in and their c position should on how people ideas set of a include can framework This actions. goals, and expectations Normative4.1 components internal a C disillusionment with the success of sustaining in ideological the a purpose viable organization Normative 1 Table someonepermanently.of disengage the will factors are of that influence onthe likelihood research ffective components dowith are to the desire to ontinuance Numerous The ideology the provides organization members of a with framework their beliefs, for matters. 96 . 95

These factors are grouped together in three components and are components three grouped in together are factors These components at he no longer feels that he ought to stayand that longer thatheat involved feels to he ought no components 97

98 factors influencing disengagement decisions have decisions disengagement influencing factors

If the individual’s normative framework is no longer based on the onthe If based nolonger is framework thenormative individual’s

are are those factors that compel that factors those are to do with the need for leav need the with do to an identify a distinct enemydistinct grievancesa for ofan responsible the identify 34

leave the paramilitary organization because of of because organization paramilitary the leave ing ing

individual because of personal reasons personal of because

be s to leave to s en alternative

identified

listed in table All 1.

goals in life because of of because in previous previous in

while .

CEU eTD Collection

may be able to sustain to able insecurityand he but rejection maybe is relatively little identification and the strength of hi regardsWith toeffect the this has affective on commitment, pa putting in. is energyan individual reinforcement the of of positive lack due a to or rejection feelingsdisloyalty, uncertainty andof failing group and interaction esteem. and for being considered a worthy member assigneda which group in status beingm a “prototypical” organization. faultfinding the with reduction can of affective both commitment be the source and the consequence of an individual’s of alack and - intra failing Therefore attachment. affective people’s for belonging and of psychological when even 4.2 Affective components later systems value become more attractive ranoid and in When When Affective factors are param are factors Affective 103

are a failing afailing are commitment affective their lose to people cause that factors of Examples

, there is there a member no longer feel a nolonger member commitment , example for secure within the context of the the group. context within secure comp . 100 s

identification etence in a certain role can be considered to be the strongest precursors precursors strongest the be to considered be can role acertain in etence . a sense of ideological These disillusionment. of sense factorsa include the 99

However, usually people disengage first and change their belief and and belief their change and first disengage people usually However, to has person that a detach. to someone membership cause to can elements social

leadership. Examples of the former are internal power games, internal power former are of the leadership. Examples , an may individual deeper avert to disconnect of feelings 104

ount for explaining forount with thewith group

In paramilitaryorganizations e These things can lead to people becoming disheartened, becoming people to lead can things These s

, secure . This tacit. This requirement 35

he might become fearful of being ostracized. being becomefearful ostracized. of he might the group and his role. his group and the determine how strongly 105

group interaction, a lack of organization organization group aof interaction, lack a person’s positive outlookpositive ona non- ember is ember that person’s influences influences

loyalty toorganization the both necessary forboth survival ach member is typically is member ach 101

level of involvement involvement level of he

Feeling the the

will react. If there If there react. will members’ self members’ prototypical prototypical

a sense 102

of of A - , CEU eTD Collection

of the action and are driven by of theare driven action and long its grouporof the ideology the of unaware largely influential factors the in continuance age. is component factorsforaffective normativeplay disengagement a and role supporting to role unlessthere outside is pressure or stigm identity the consequences organization. components Continuance 4.3 group. extreme amore for group’s capabilities. However, t inspiredirection canto members;start to doubtinggroup orthis members theirlead the failure and focus clear of lack a of because is leaders by their disillusioned get can members that way emotional rejection, of both which tendhave to a deeper impact than physical prone disengaging to Similarly, when paramilitaries become disillusioned with their leadership they may become o levels the lower the that suggested has Research members. self anegative probablymost develop identity. However perceived perceived Continuance commitment is a member’s estimation of the drawbacks of leaving the play an important role play an important likelihood likelihood that the the person disengage. will on influence asignificant has latter The T that leaving will have on viab he factors influencing decision this , ility when there is relatively high identification with the group, the with there identification high when relatively is . The

seriousness of being involved of of 107

alternatives alternatives most important factors leading to this are psychological abuse and

excitement excitement . 108 - members of effect adverse the have also can latter he term vision

This componentThis does not

and the perceived consequences for the person’s social social person’s the for consequences perceived the and someone’s qualityIn ofo life. the this, level - image as heimage continues admire as to prototypical group rather by than ideology . They atization. 36

are typically typically are f identification have process making in paramilitary activities and of the details 109

The Y outhful groupouthful members are usually

usually here described factors preoccupied with getting a with piece preoccupied

. , easierare the this will be. alities re can make two These

start playing a significant to do with the dowith practicalto . 110 an individual will

One of the most One most of the

abuse. Another Another abuse. f investment commonly ’

ing look 106 ,

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of belonging that reduces the necessityof belonging for the thatreduces reconsider cause paramilitariesand children, a wife as such social relationships, thatcompetingpossible marginalization in combination in marginalization fear with of reprisals and of the loss reputation and the The paramilitary of prospect the organization. outside seethem to of life the viability acquiring the to necessaryskills survive in the worldoutside which may make Additionally,organization. the has in organization spending time taken off time of members’ m presented with the benefits of reinforcing this commitment by increasing involvement. These socio and sacrifices failure. personalemotional investment and membership dependence onthe butalso organization itcan paramilitary identitybe toirrelevant in those social situations. This can lead to a heightened feelings disappointment of and stigmatization, especiallyif individual the considers his paramilitary organization but also in social interaction with ‘ self individual person’s membership. A his group of because isolation social experiences member the if case the especially is latter and If dwindleage. boundto with is the realityorganization’s of them less committed as theygrow older.Firstly, because they might become disillusioned with echanisms serve to further radicalize members and increase members’ dependence on the the on dependence members’ increase and members radicalize further to serve echanisms strategies 114 Because beingparamilitary in a organization costs its members a significant amount of

Grou their grouptheir membership. . 113

they might cause to disengage when they get older. they when disengage cause to , they the organization might of

p commitment is enforced by ensuring that members have to make significant - psychological investments. Moreover, investments. psychological are paramilitaries constantly

goals andabilities

young member , Life c Life deciding to leave the group can be perceived as a personal apersonal as perceived be can group the leave to deciding - hanges hanges understanding

security comingsecurity 37 s

like havinga give family can , and secondly because their hunger for action action their for hunger because, and secondly the goals goals the in anhave interest early shown not

cause individuals to reevaluate their their reevaluate to individuals cause can be ignored in the context of the of the thein context ignored be can ordi of nary

the paramilitarythe group. ’

people. This may This produce people. members

it difficult for 111

Italso is

a sense a sense 112

The The

to to CEU eTD Collection

world. disengage. can it Besides also this lead an to identityof one’s crisis and the placein a loss organization’s protection, 115

may be to significant prove barri 38

ers in paramilitary’s decision to CEU eTD Collection

interviewees were asked to give an account of account an give to asked were interviewees The oral studies history and life concentrateindividual's that whole identifie Chapter better 2to understand the significanceframework of this the mainfactors and it relevanceits the maingoal largely apply instrumental, to is the conceptual framework i outlined theoretical framework be will tested against the specifics case. of this single this thesis is be will made. life influenced interviewees their throughout the of Aimprisoned andmultilayeredthe and different leaving. analysis frameworks factors that datajoining,gone provided staying, through the bytheor process interviewees: they have being the against tested be can before identified been have that factors the of all over, effectively are thoughIrish Republican Seeing as the paramilitary Troubles membersorganizations. of Northern da against previous research, this thesis aims to test the framework offactors the that came to the fore most poignantly in scarce. is disengagement and deradicalization on research empirical which of result radicalization a as and becomingviolence activelyinvolvedin political ly motivated frameworks. different analysis of multilayered a complex radicalization on based conclusions bigon too approach approach As explained, l As explained, Methodological literatu The method used is qualitative; itis a case studyofIrish Northern paramilitaries. The s . 119 :

116

Whyare members people of paramilitary organizations? used here here used

Moreover, the research has mainly community focusedonfactors thatlead to eading authors in the field agree there that is insufficient had both of these goals in mind. mind. in goals these had of both ta collected interviewsfromsix with formerly imprisoned ex re makes a distinction between life history interviews covering an C HAPTER HAPTER 5

- entire life, from childhood to present, childhoodto life, entire from their of parts

M 39 ETHODOLOGY

In part, it is life history because

on specific events or periods events on specific

T he main r main he

117 118 esearch question of of question esearch

With thisWith in mind,

evidence to draw draw to evidence The latter makes makes latter The . the 120 n -

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research including aftercourt orderonthe a Crownrequest. Prosecutor’s tran the recently, convicted of ofa wanted membership paramilitary talk to to organization because me. is This thathaddisengaged been thatnoneselection not is of of the paramilitaries interviewees decades he had quitesomewho insight f into andderadicalization disengagement involvement with groups an differentd age peoplecontact different in levelsasked prior to of him I as possible, sample a getas representative In orderto to. has access thathe ofa people list arrived Derry. in Uponarrivalonthe my14 I when interviewees of sample the of details the discuss to agreed we reasons, security For Derry. mixed with research.approachof morethis fits closely andthe scope purpose on touched were time interviewees’ life definition, and terms how certain historical moment how certain asked were s s place , ;

as as In order to get relevant data for this research I contacted my uncle who is a journalist in in ajournalist is who myuncle I contacted research this for data relevant get to In order In S . ince the approaches to life history history life to approaches the ince 122

a the description of the life histories (Appendix 2) life (Appendix histories of the the description several ondifferent sessions was given days,possible not which the scope of the the first the it is oral history the because

this research this purpose of the since Also, narrative about a specific significant aspect of a person’s life a person’s of aspect significant aspecific about narrative

and issues in paramilitary organizations as well as different, expected, levels of of levels expected, different, as well as organizations paramilitary in . scripts interviews of with formerhigh :

their special role in the Troubles - person narrative . 121

L ife history interviewsusually . . Seeing as though my uncle has reported on the Troubles for onthe Troubles reported has uncle as my though Seeing 124

interviews interviews th

its these criteria. An important limiting factor of April of analysis analysis s 40

came to influence their lives their influence to came

, what the is instrumental, of aspects all not , vary I my explained and we topic went through the the of aspect aspecific on focused are - ranking IRA members were made public public made were IRA members ranking 125

go onfor very long time, sometimes

- ,

Based transcripts onthese various riptions of the data of theriptions desc so y

me authors remember about specific events, events, specific about remember

123 define it in broader broader in it define . Also, Also,

the the by the above above by the life history

have been been have their lives

in my my in CEU eTD Collection

oth divided both analytical categories: ‘Triggering ‘Group Status’, Events’, Identification’ ‘Social and ‘Prison’. ask meswitch offwhile. to The thea recorderin everylatter once turned to be out want be to recordedafter but about halfhe me thatit an told hour was alright, thathe but may Conan of questions. Terry,interviewees,agreed the me list talkto after andto had sent been Conan they names. fake I them guaranteed thatreasongiven havefor anonymity, May. of ofthe 1st Mayat a on the 30 place number took four April (A radicalization ILoyalists channels, but have disengaged talkto to network myuncle’s on depended much very interviewees to access prisoners whonot did face such a risk. forme interview to managed I only Therefore investigated. being are paramilitaries former interview place took 23rd of NGO April at onthe an progressed. research the as refined questions ppendix 1) ppendix in a coffee bar in bar acoffee in preferred be to not I recorded so notes while took w I recorded I recorded I data data the Icategorized framework, theoretical the In operation orderto alize I asked all the interviewees where they would prefer to be interviewed. The first first interviewed. The be to prefer would where they interviewees I allthe asked

The interviewees, except Shane, were were Shane, except interviewees, The minutes. betweenand 136 The took 53 interviews based based

were , engagement,

‘ were interviews The myreference. own for mostly topic guide. The concepts I researched were were Iresearched concepts The guide. the onthein topic questions based loosely my topic guide topic my Triggering Events

five otel in Strabane.hotel in

interviews and fully transcribed them myself. Some of the of Some the themmyself. and transcribed interviewsfully the of Derry, Derry, deradicalization

on and th

’

of a April in the conclusions and interview three in acommunity in three interview Lastly, place took over six the interview phone onthe 25 In the course of my research it became clear that my that clear became it myresearch of In course the ‘ Social Status

41 and disengagement

ibrary in to date, to

of previous research on factors leading to research onfactors of previous

Derry. InterviewDerry. was onthe 24 two ’ back from mycontacts from heard back , not

er five on five er and numb interview Derry, into into e talked. Terry notalso did initially ‘ before . I used

semi c . I through other . tried, entre, Derry entre, ’

and - structured and my the topicguide ‘ necessary. unnecessary. during’ . I into fourinto nterview nterview

group . th

of of th

r I

CEU eTD Collection

methodology. pr can results the but generalizable, externally deradicalization is relatively new decisions.explaining people’sand exit entry as being previously identified factors important which placethe conceptual to framework in in of someone’s a life in history ‘ factors’, ‘personal experience’ and Lastly,‘leadership.’ ‘ memb idea of the picture they want to paint of themselves andidea paintof their to themselves of(ex)organizations. they the want picture Imean that people who talkedarerelatively have to open the who to press have and a cle very a bias in the sample g a from randomly interviewees I that fact couldsample not the Also, mistakes. or lapses memory be can there that means Another limitation fact is the I thatasked interviewees the go time, back to in this inevitably I onradical turning points limitation focusedtheof have questions in this the interviewees’ lives. ership sections. The One of the limitations of this study is that itis difficult to get a comprehensive overview The relevance of this study, despite the fact that itis a small sample

political/social context’ and ‘solitary confinement.’ : theI fact that got touchthe in with interviewees through a may journalist

Group Identification category wa

one or roup of disengaged former paramilitaries may mean that there is . The. smallness the of sample

two hour interview.In try orderto the minimize effects and Prison ovide a starting point for further research using this this further research using for point a starting ovide 42 ’ wa

Life historyanalysisof radicalization and s divided into ‘organizational dividedinto context’, s s divided into ‘organization’, ‘prison ‘organization’, dividedinto s ‘prison

does mean that the results are not are not the results that does mean

, is

that ittests the ar ar CEU eTD Collection

manual labour. adoctor was ar Shane Aidan and Strabane upin grew areas. Terry different from come and Aidan Terry and Shane, borderingBogside, aandin neighbourhood, grew Creggan similar Creggan. both the up Niall youngest, heand wa Conan the fourteen, seventeen, respectively were Troubles The age fortyto from rangeis ofsixty the interviewees thatwere one. Those the born before 6 and a summary of the life histories per interviewee is given 2. in Appendix most important details of the life histories of each interviewee is given in Table 2 (A der 6 paragraph in examined paragraph in separately examined be will They value. explanatory independent any general have too to Setting events are the separate most from this framework in that theyare important to note but context at various in the stages life histories each the of of interviewees will examined. be rs’‘personal and facto ‘settingevents’,Chapter ‘political/social/organizational’ the 2.Thus, .1 Setting events adicalization and/or disengagementadicalization The analysis in this chapter will follow the logic offramework the was that outlined in

e from more affluentpartfrom more .1 after which the factors leading to radicalization and/or engagement radicalizationto and/or the factors leading6.1 after which whereas all of the other interviewees’ parents did did parents interviewees’ other the of all whereas a teacher, father Shane’s and

HAPTER HAPTER .2. The factors of influence onthe interviewees’ action pathways to s born just before Bloody Sunday. Patrick and Conan grew up in grewandBloody Conanupin Sunday.Patrick before born just s 6

s –

of Derry. The latter is reflected in the fact that Aidan’s father father Aidan’s that fact the in reflected is latter The Derry. of

A NALYSIS OFTHE NALYSIS

will beparagraph in will outlined 6.3 43 thirteen, ten and six in 1969. in ten Patrickthe and oldest is thirteen, six

L IFE IFE H ISTORIES

. An overview of the

ppendix 4)ppendix

will be and and CEU eTD Collection

rich part of town and remembers that his views on the civil rights situation of Catholics and the and the of Catholics situation rights on the civil views thathis remembers town and rich of part beforeIRA. Protestants with relatively regularcontact came from the a Aidan joining personal friends. Shane the only is interviewee that contact with Protestants goingaround heaof –andBlanket Protest funerals. recallslot because theof time the to goin on one issue– demonstrations r civil the born was he after year a but that soon culminated in his participatingriots. in star marches the time by the seventeen was this time. Patrick children. Bogside. Aidan, Nialland Conan participated marches in when and they demonstrations were theirin living room. Aidan’s father set upa doctor’s the in Bogside post during the of Battle the ; house the in people always were there that and Strabane the civil rights movement. Terryrecalls that his Aidan, Terrya week. and Niall come from ‘political’ families and their parents were involved in ‘in nameCatholics only a left without diploma. done wellschool, Niall in reaching his full potential he left with a scholarship to go to college. Terry also recalls having g people in visit to prison at the end of the early1970s, – 1980s this had intensive had intensive he where was which college, in students Protestant befriended had Patrick were an Con and Terry Catholics, as raised were them of all Conan and Terry for Except Patrick did well in school, despite the fact that his Conan also comes from a Republican family family aRepublican from comes also Conan for last not did very signed up. as long he Shane also participated in marches and riots but was already a member of the OIRA by OIRA the of a member already was but riots and marches in participated also Shane and riots such as prison conditions. Conan is conditions. such also different as prison thathe the in sense remembers ’

but these would have been more ad hoc and their purposefocused more these more, but and wouldhave ad their hoc been

forfirst the time in his life. Protestant themand had likedsome of He and Shane’s family was very religious very religious was family and Shane’s ights movement held their last march. Hedid participate in grewup in a mixed Catholic/Protestant street; he had Terryalso participated in riots for a while but recalls 44

father was a central figure in the movement in in movement the in figure central a was father

lot of meetings would have been held wouldhave held been meetings of lot d in them,thisd in participate he and ted

teachers thought thathe was not – he went to mass multiple times which wouldhave been

CEU eTD Collection

community, theywere afraid areas thatCatholic wouldotherwise be overrun by the Army of Ireland. British of out get the objective to was Irelandunification of be should an objective. important Forwere Aidan thesimple, politics the felt thatthe that hegoal then, until been his which community, had the IRA couldprotect not thought the to reunificat eleven or ten was he meant This get a she unable Catholic. was because to a house spen low until he realized that movement was before shortly advocating rioted during ofBattle the Bogside,what only theright civil had becomeaware of goingwho on.Patrick, say to whatgood understandingThat not all had was is aof thatthey interviewees the of addressand name full his which included he had – complainingabout this local newspaper the to a letter reason. Afterhaving written for no beingBogside theand in raided Creggan. wa He Shane livedaround an army and checkpoint had aware people’s been of houses the that were fact riots. participated in their (grand)parents, they by the marches taken to IRA.wereIf not the they All of the interviewees had some sort of involvement in acting against the British before joining 6.2.1 Radicalization 6 TheyIRAof him. and the same joinedthe as together. persuasion rioted together with socialized children had were that other the on Terry mates. class his by shared not were IRA .2 Radicalization and engagement t

ten years the de After an in orphanage. ten oflife his

were present onBloody Sunday,one rioted during the Battle of the Bogside.

, and he was sexually abused sexually was he and ion of Ireland of ion It before Bloody it Sunday. was until was not clear thatthe

the rampant discrimination of Catholics was the reason for having his he participated he in it. His interest in civil rights

45 Shane also had the objective of protecting the protecting the of objective the Shane also had s stoppeds by the night army one and beatenup

Three army. by the harassed regularly was he in thein orphanage ath of his father, his motherhis had beenfather, ath of his

that he meet did not his sister until . Patrick had given not any Patrick . was very very was in in s CEU eTD Collection

do something about Britishdo something presence about him, for made was choice the effectively the be “giftbox” them.Terry for campaign propaganda , a strong very running was Because the PIRA later life. his until thattheoffensivein campaign PIRA runningwas an awarethe was not fact of Cathol between aclash be to it wanted never He Loyalists. shortly report Widgery after thatthe dead an event onBloodydoes Sunday, he still shot was father Niall’s died. father his after house a get to unable was mother his that fact the to the in orphanage abused sexually been and having number given been a experience having of most directly the victimized by Britishthe presence relate in Derry. Patrickcould directly two the to applies especially latter The significance. great of were they that suggests framework pathway to wasgrowing therethe nevernorstreets raided was while aofhe on up. violence lot was regularly. havingharassed report been of them basis and two the between conflict violent to exposed were and families Republican in up grew interviewees’ the force. IRAyouthIn against Fein. fighting an theof occupying Sinn was view joining his thewing coincided his with secondary in school, this was Irish heroeswhileIrish he and about history untilgonesigned heConan wasstarte politicized had not thathe prison. upand to says (P) P IRA. Niallwas first educated onthe ideologyof the bythe organization P IRABritish during andyouth. the their Three of themhad their houses raided ona regular

Since these personal factors were of influence on their lives so early in the action the in early so lives ontheir of influence were factors personal Since these Patrick for Except radicalization, and because they were so young and becauseso radicalization, theyplace, were when theythe took conceptual

and Shane came interested and in socialism the politics itafter of had he joined in the in North. , who did not explicitl who not did 126

exonerated the perpetrators. Niall says about this that says theabout perpetrators.this exonerated Niall from when he was ten years old onwards he wanted to yearsonwards to wanted he old was ten he when from 46

not wantnot talkabout to if heandavoid canit,

y describe their families as such, all of such, as families their y describe ics and Protestants and recalls that he he that recalls and Protestants and ics

Shane was harassed but his house house his but was harassed Shane

Bloody Sunday had been a a been had Bloody Sunday IRA after he had had IRA he after

d reading d reading CEU eTD Collection

Shane recallsIrish an of explosion in nationalism 1966when the 50 Derry population Catholic out in an create to combined allCatholic with neighbourhoods, them easy for it made British Armywhichthe same was force raided that their houses. Early experiences life like this, IRA.Inwere onthe streetsState wasthey harassed bythe beingthis, personally fought bythe and Conan,them, Aidan, Terry,Niall, of Four IRA advocated. thatthe ideas the to exposure significant amountof a interviewees had thatthe derive however, cannot, one above the participated. From neighwhichbourhoods whole youngyetextremely and whenof outside had not setsecondary upa they thus school. joinedlife com perceive not did Protestant the family tookIRA boy. him to visit young prisoners a as in jail the Niall’ uncle. his like be to wanted he that age early very a at decided Shane and apacifist was father His read. he stories by the influenced heavily was Rising protect the working community, class for Patrickthis was both Catholic justProtestants before joinedthe IRA. he They explicitly state that life his andhad in Protestants with had contact the most - the It the was as andsharply thedrawn. ‘other’ boundariesthem group the between and see to IRAbecausand of Conanthemas thought heroes

. Strabane and 127 Th The social/political of context thein which time was one were there regular marches in Four

was celebrated. He had an uncle that had fought in the Irishwas hadInde He an celebrated. the unclefought in was thathad of ree of ree

Shane youth. other their to in wereexposed Catholics interviewees Shane of mainly the

the interviewees mention how the IRA was perceived when they were young. IRA theywaswere when perceived how mention the interviewees the

(in - group ) versus the state versus . They were all all were They . beingmunity as of need protection in did grow up in a violent environment in which in t a in environment violent growdid up 47

(

all of the state representatives: out representatives: state the of all e of the books he read the he books e an of d the on the vehemently family was s

Patrick their th

anniversary of the Easter Easter the of anniversary had some contact with s initial motivation was to

and Protestant - pendence and pendence group and an because his his because - he British group s, Shanes, side side )

of of in in

CEU eTD Collection

had a impact big onhim. school, he exclusively readabout books thatand the storymentions of Bobby as Sands having Irish when historysecondary politics in he became was and thatheConan mentions in interested Connolly reified was Independence of war Iriglory the the of which read in books havingcombined his with experience struggle, the with firsthand father’sof his lack to Independence, juxtaposed War of the fightinguncle’s in their The lives. only fatherBloody dead shot Sunday. was on “ decision Niall, the For andguns bombs. for rocksstones and IRAhe Bloodyunequivocally joinedthe after whe that thatwas Sunday; says hebut was marching onthe first dayBattle of the of the BogsideBloody and on Sunday.Terry combinat books reading was he while risktheirfriends lives could lethis not the Heclass, organization. sitting in listening was a to gun machineand decided battle thathe until after Operation Motorman year best friendhis theonceaboutaamateurism Provos them.Within join andto ledthey him heard organization this that recalls He fifteen. was he when OIRA had because joinedthehim Shane ofgood it. IRA to sounding started the slogansof the Patrick was participating in the riots that culminated in the BattleBogside the of and saysthat , two of his friend his of two All the interviewees The imageIRA of the before the interviewees joinedplayed a significant role some of in ion of things led him to join IRA, join to ofhim theion things a led does mention not specific he event triggering 129

as a factor of influence but he started reading about him after he had joined the IRA. had joinedthe after he about him reading started he but influence factor of as a

one forone whom specificrole modelwas very Shane. is His important s

were shot dead and he remained dormant for a while after that. It was not not It was that. after awhile for dormant remained he and dead shot were , except Conan except 128 , m , Terry mentions James James had an impact important onhim. Terry mentions ore than a year later, a than ore

, mention mention 48

be can that events very serious and that their thattheir was serious very and not

that he definitively rejoindecided to had been made for him made been had deemed . Aidan says that a that says Aidan

triggering events n he swapped ”

when his his when sh sh .

CEU eTD Collection

organizational context, organizational context, group the experience and on(continued) identification of prison involved in paramilitary activityhe will left out be in the analysis the on influence the of regularl police bythe getsabused he reportsand that who join admits to having the political opinions that classifyhim as an extremist radicalization. predisposes to people do somethingthat, thesignificance with personal of youth the opportunity and violence to amount of during thata high the to conclusion exception conflict. applicable the to interviewees exceptthe individual’s level of prior knowledge the in and interest predisposing allof paragraphseems themare in of thatout the 3.2.3 factors mentioned predisposing the out seven 3.2.3,four factors, paragraph are partiallyrelated to age. T other’ and thatthe individual gets the opportunity action. this participate in to On the list of ‘other’youth, the during family that and community endorseaction framework against this aretowards radicalization thatthere a is high of violence exposureto level at the hands of the British. framework This factors important wouldsuggestthatthe most the in pathway foropportunities the was in thattheywith TheProtestants. found rife themselves context had muchwith contact demonstrations and/orIRA before riots grew and having theyallof joinedthe upwithout them at the handsyou of the state their in th. violence to exposed personally were they that and family aRepublican from come they that fact the are interviewees the among salient most are that factors the 2, table at looking When IRA. ed

a He paramilitaryalso the is organization. only interviewee whose The above is the background against which the interviewee against whichThe the background is above A

ll the intervieweesall m to express their unhappiness about the oppression they experienced from experienced aboutfrom the their express oppression to unhappiness theym joined the IRA at a young noIRA Conan is Injoined theage. above at a theanalysis Except forExcept Shane, a 49

y. Because he denies ever having been been having ever denies he y. Because s, except Conan, joined the except Conan, joinedthe s, ll of themll of participated in 130

house still gets raided but but says that he never he that says

hus, it it hus, Cona

the the n

CEU eTD Collection

there was ‘ was there while experience this after had he broken bones how beatengot assaultingwith he upbut charged He the policemen. recalls arrested was he time last The him. for experience scary very a was That Republicans. and while he was imprisoned there was a policyof forced integration between here. discussed be will radicalization onConan’s of pathway imprisonment effect Therefo of theengagement re and involvement. 6.2.2 Engagement committed suggest thatthe very made not lessradical., at least, him prisonhad Conan’sStill, rhetoric’s about ‘the occupyingand force’ thethat injustices British have bigtoo about inferences the influence experience ofradicalization. ofprison his onthe his level draw to possible not is all it thein network prison.All of outside support although a have did he self of loss a to lead have can This anxiety. and flatness and how scary he participated a in dirty The facts protest. for thathe subjected was, example, forced to integration, whichprison in contravene the conditions rights he basictime was human and he inside the last engagement. radicalization and both rfacto for youth predisposing amight significant be that the of folly excitement. The fact all that those that became active, mention the ‘excitement’ of itunderscores of sense driven bya being all the interviewees theand mention in theoretical framework youngwho joined,joinedat a very basisfor age. as aof the Age invincibility sense ed mention is Conan was arrested ofhe a times, has number slapped been around during interrogations

The IRA was renowned for having very youngIRAfor thatthose The members havingrenowned very and was supports the data

thought thisthought experience was, makethat possible it he suffers from emotional

not a mark a not 50

’

on the policemen. He has also been kept in a a in kept been also has He policemen. the - control and self control - destructive tendencies tendencies destructive

Loyalists and , he was was he CEU eTD Collection

under thesenior wing members. gives off This of more the of impression the PIRA as Te ropes. member the learn to training After PIRA. the of andhistory politics of training. Niall’s training was elaborate, the most the took longest, and included training onthe confidence. of avote getting self their on impact an had have could Niall and Aidan because they joi and Terry Shane applyPatrick, not to did them.This wouldhave the PIRA on whether or not about PIRA their joining membership, the was organization not dependentjust onthembut also a exclusivity sense and of Niallmention Aidan he wasmother prison. supportedwhile in him convince leave to him the However, organization. when thatfailed and he was apprehended, triedhard earlier find very out did and to theyarrested.membershipgot Shane’s until parents they from received the church nosupport – the interviewees supportfrom received the community – membership during their that theyIt had come joined.not also did up ain negative sense. As can seen table be in 2,allof comenot the upin interviews – beingachieved ofthandid status throughthat, beingtheOther ‘prominent’ in PIRA. the this will be menti- in oned more Sunday during victim campaign his reopen to Bloody the Sundayinquiry Republican sometimes made itdifficult for people to see him as the family member ofBloody a approached helpsocial to with problems. Patrick remembers having been aof a bit cult figure because and of it Aidan wouldbe Aidan and Patrick briefly touch upon the social status linked to being a paramilitary. being linkedto status upontheAidan brieflysocial andtouch Patrick The interviewees that describe the initial phase of their ned when

the IRAthe wasgrowing. still The fact that itwas difficult to join for

rry too mentions significant amounts of training and being kept significant of kept amounts mentions training too andrry being possibly partiallytell not because did the interviewees depth in paragraph 6.3. It 6.3. however,depth paragraph in unclear, is whether he Niall recalls that the fact that he is a prominent 51

he was kept under the wing of a more senior senior a more wing the of kepthe under was lies were not aware of their their but of mostaware were fami not lies - image because being accepted meant meant accepted being because image

membership all mention a degree – the significance of of significance the even though

anyone being being his his CEU eTD Collection

organization of the PIRA in prison, he felt safe in Long he safe prison,he was because in felt Kesh in oforganization the PIRA cities. Niall,who was imprisoned after Hunger a also the mentions Strikes high 1981 level of Terry Especially were. inmates fellow their with ties the strong how recall all they and camaraderie IRA/INLA. of ontheorganization part and education discipline, aof There was lot stronglook have aself impact must onhis positive had youngand age thattheywere carrying numerousthatmade successfullyout operations the PIRA a atorganization such a large leadershipof of the part he fact was ws. The that ne world became United and Kingdom the wantedin man the most him London made bombing in campaign London, letter His doanin asto campaign, operation a important bombing result. the letter strongagain. Healmost single set upoperations and convinced peopleyear, volunteer. to a Within Derry thein PIRA was very non- almost system place. in When Shane decided back report to aft gained respecttheir in time the in IRA and, seems, as it the organization had a functional purging and, the longer been theyThus theylistened to. had active,more and were the trusted inc suspected Niallwouldreport and Both alone. Aidan and execute operations his try which to could led endanger Shane them felt competent.not thatthis and Both Niall Shane an impact onthe interviewees’thought and patterns. behaviour states that they were not telling the truth about it, suggests that the organizational framework had w they highlyhas organizedproven whichfactor beleading to a engagement. The prolonged that to fact mentions on numerous occasions how excited he was to meet people from other towns and and towns from other people meet to he was occasionsexcited onnumerous how mentions ere alltrained educated and onthe goals of the organization, even though Shane now Those that were i were that Those Four of existent in Derry. He requested to go back full time, got permission and got successfully goback permission time, full Derry.to in requested existent He

the interviewees mention that they sometimes felt that some of their peers were mprisoned before a themention 1976Blanket Protests, high level of - handedly accomplished this at the age of seventeen and was asked asked was and seventeen of age the at this accomplished handedly 52

- image. er the summer of 1972the IRA was

part of a structure. astructure. of part ompetence ompetence CEU eTD Collection

After badly havingso been beaten for hospital thathea wasweek, in he decided thathe was Aidan. than antagonistic more a bit was however, Terry, Aidan. to experience asimilar had He Long in also was Terry camaraderie. of alot felt he that says spirit up by telling stories, jokes and teaching/learningIrish. Heactively participated in this and he says He excruciating. were circumstances The basis. adaily on abused and beaten seriously was Blanketyearswas onthe he he the Blanket. While and on commit spent five crime he not did m severely was hand other the Aidan on comparatively time. which little is months seven for inside was being imprisoned.He ofcondition the with was impressed not he says that that interviewee onlywidely. Patrickthe is own role his to assassination in schemes aof with andpride. sense bombings a non- events violent about very in speaksemotionally He detached. been in solitary confinement for significant amounts of been amounts for solitaryconfinement in significant independent choices Aidan showsnosigns and at allof being self From interviews the there is nothing indicates that that the theyhave lost ability to make for longafterend a time the of the Hunger Strikes theiragency was slowly give impinged ontheir agency due the to factsignificantly. However, thatthey were imprisoned both re without were of times relative imprisoned in only freedom degree the group. from of protection Seeing as Nialland though Patrick are the only ones that framework make to individual choic had almost achieved political status again. This indicates thatwas there relatively little lossa of 1985they in heprivileges time left and bythe ablecertain negotiate to They example, were, for adopted a ‘live for today’ mentality, and recalls thateverybody keepadopted to andfor mentality, arecalls each tried today’ ‘live other’s With regardsWith circumstances prison, in the to servations. andhavethe Terry period both 1981will For Aidan between 1976 and altreated during interrogation, convicted to life in prison for a life prisonfor in to altreated convicted during interrogation, es control and and individual have that there was a high 53

, the latter conclusion only applies them to the ex the

time, shows more signs of being showsmoretime, being signs of periences of the interviewees vary vary interviewees the of periences

Kesh during the Blanket Protests. Blanket Protests. Kesh during the remorseful way and alludes alludes and way remorseful - destructive. Terry, having Terry,destructive. having n back to them. to n back CEU eTD Collection

Belfast. Here he heard from PIRA men from Belfast that the local Brigade carried out sectarian sectarian out carried Brigade local the that Belfast from men PIRA from heard he Here Belfast. in onremand months first spent some he apprehended been After heother had interviewees. decision.no role this in prisonplayed and arrested was after he shortly PIRA leavethe to decided rejoining. Shane had Terry rejoin to andalso it not did deter Aidan enough thatheconsider not did the possibility of lead not prisondid Thus, him. was for made choice that,the thatwith assassinated. says He got fact friend upbythe that his was INLA sped Terry’sandrejoining the Terry expected to. acclimatize to time Both take to wanted thein nineties. again out got after they released different was being reaction to Terry their AidanFor and in.’both ‘straight back also went and Patrick det more even him made out got he time first the after back straight reported and was it therefore impossibl like with he was surrounded more less or reintroduced. The latter say leadshappy him itwas to quite that a time sometimes, English.for He and education remembers had fight thatslowly to that there was aof boredom,Irish lot he but learned got high and his school certificate in have wouldnot the nowhe but he says difficult foradjust to him days. fifty solitaryin because confinement Terry of it. also participated thehe Strike, in Hunger was on for nevergoing to let beat them him u Shane was im was Shane It w inside. was he when draconian quite was system prison the that recalls Niall Upon leaving prison, Niall still felt vengeful and he reported straight back. Aidan also Aidan back. he feltreportedand straight vengefulNiall still Upon leaving prison,

. After having been released been having After prisoned in London experienceprisoned the adifferent and in veryprison from had ermined. Terry says his life went in one direction after he had escaped escaped had he after direction one in went life his says Terry ermined. - minded people of the same age, felt like he was part of a structure a structure of part was he like felt age, same the of people minded e for the prison system to isolate anybody.e to for the prisonsystem p again. He his promise,kept got ainto big fight and ended up

Aidan had not decided whether or not he would rejoin rejoin would or he not whether decided not Aidan had 54

, whenwas nineteen, he

but surely political status was wanted to wanted

as the experience had had experience the as

miss it. He recalls as as CEU eTD Collection

occasions he but recalls mainly as prisontime one his whichbecome in theto hetime had peace. in conditions feel depressed Shane frustrated recallsthathe and angry, did onmany his lettersecond cond stretch, uct the and,books writing during campaign about prison the yoga, life,his practiceoneopportunity which in reflect he to the readand on the took Bible other be broughtIreland back Northern to years after about eight prison.He in describes as time this career of Shanefour spent ayears and total half solitary in he confinement, starte In violent. England prisonin was in prison wardens. time particularly his not his Therefore tens always was the attention that eventually led to their release.He remembers that the situation in the prison Shane helpedcrimes the Guildford commit. thattheynot four did atten attract and try to clergy the of members werehim those thatneeded helpgetting with his touchpoliticians, in with and journalists to agree thatdid talk to people LongKesh. only The were in intervieweesnetwork that likethe prisoners after movedof he out solitary was Thus,hehave confinement. not did a support the opportunity victims. his to Because apologize to he of was this rejected byIrish of the most murd will be dealt with more in solitarynegative – had Dublin thein with PIRA Aexperience confinement. he leadership Bla beforeprison outfit, the the wear to refused Shane status. political given not was he that fact the against protesting was he consecutive and keptsolitary life in sentences for confinement thebecause first fourteen months Londonwhere to moved was after he Soon theisolated in prison. became and ostracized was he aresult As this. after inquiring leader local the to letter a wrote murders. thatkilling Because he felt went civilians against everything the PIRA for, stood he ers made detachfrom him the PIRA. recognize not did He the court but thattried him took e thatthere but were some incredibly fair including people some of there, the - depth later - later depth nket Protest in Long Kesh began, and was naked while he was in in was wasLong Keshwhile naked he and began, nket in Protest

and the factand theabout thathe the sectarian had found out 55 tion to the fact that they had been convicted of of convicted been had the thatthey to fact tion

and the Birmingham the six and

he was sentenced to thirty thirty to sentenced was he d protesting to d protesting to 131

this get get CEU eTD Collection

examined it is is at it look theexamined to psychologyimportant As describedgroup of in identification. released. was he after disengaged support after he got of out prison.This may insignificant be as he the is only that interviewee e prisoners nine helped after they had wardens prison vengeful with help themdeal INLA The not did organization. his disappointed in most who was one only also the Terry otheris hand, On the come prisoners. them to visit Terry thatthey organizewould supportthe familiestransportan of prisonersdhelp for recalls that grew out of their paramilitary membership when they were in prison. forhim their letup athoseamongst thatneeded supportnetwork part of a structure PIRA protective want or be fact themand expectto was thathe thathe not made never right doubted did thathe conviction decisions of byhis his the prepared repercussions for of himself, him handlingthe appears allit the in endprison.All in oftime as his thoughsolitary in time Shane’s confinement Sha this. divert and together try to was a of sectarian lot Long Kesh in hostility thattheLoyalists but former and Republicans stuck wingLongmixed in andeven it Kesh led to the opening prison. of a mixed He recalls thatthere T him. join to organizations, Loyalists controlled or bythe Republican being of sick were who others for aprecedent set he where wing offender criminal/sex the He placedin PIRA. was bythe the controlled Irelandgo to wings he refusedNorthern whereto about leaving mind his he time the was PIRA.Long broughtback Afterthe second Kesh to in become not did andcame the he violent first time, hechange not did of out solitary confinement he himself. Atsome point Now that the organizational framework that the interviewees were part were interviewees the that framework organizational the that Now prison.Only interviewees helpfulwere most to in they once The was organization less

even ‘tuned in’ to London life, albeit through the prison. After he the prison.Afterhe London life, albeit‘tuned through even in’ to

ne therewith experienced a level of group protection towards protection towards group of level ne experienced a therewith

after he went back to a ‘normal’ wing a‘normal’ to back went he after scape. Aidan is the only one who mentions having gotten having mentions who one only the is Aidan scape. 56

ter writing campaign and those ter and campaign writing those his wing became the first first the became wing his

. He manage did set to

of has been of has been CEU eTD Collection

implies that he was trying to achieve a higher social status by becoming involved, the latter that parami a powerful theirto beingIn personally. the legacy victimized this, ofuncle of excitement his joining and the their being Catholic meant that they participated in the uprising against discrimination which led part of the lower classCatholic community was that being targeted British by legislation but were thatcommunity.and not Aidan communitythemselvesCatholic OnlyShane of as and part of fighting them. Inmembers. any case they interaction had wouldhave non- little with to (paragrap group Brubakerian in a of were movement, part the interviewees rioted supportof in this PIRA hadtherights in civil parents movement and seeing alleither asmarched they though or Seei targeted. others been who had time was predominantlywith other Catholics and, after they were targeted byBritish, the with havenot any non- with interaction largely segregated lives. This means that the most of the interview discriminated based categorization. onthis BecauseCatholics of this, and lived Protestants and such externally as were identified They the 1960s. end of Derry at the Catholics ‘groups’are There we moveme about. talking bea can been consideredhave social to awith face groupin is st wayfor individuals easie to start identifying the that suggests Research identification. group paragraph willingness 3.3,individual’s sacrifice to themselvesa cause forpolitical on depends - face time would have alternated between PIRA members and Catholic/Republican non Catholic/Republican and members PIRA between alternated have would time face The interviewees were all heavily influenced by the injustice that was done to the the to done was that injustice the by influenced heavily all were interviewees The Before applying this theory to the interviewees itis important to denominate what h 3.3.1) terms before they became a member of the PIRA. After they face After joined,their a of theymember the becamePIRA. terms before h 3.3.1)

litary playedorganization a big rolejoin. to Shane’s in The decision former - to - face interaction. interaction. face ng as though three out of the five interviewees that joined the thatjoinedthe interviewees five of the asout three though ng Catholics. The latter inherently meansthat their face 57

ees, as explained in 6.1, in ees,explained did as Catholic members outside nt amongst amongst nt - to - face - - CEU eTD Collection

the the of future “the decide could that abattle in lives” their “risking were earlier year one with PIRA the involvedin been had he people while the sidelines the stay on not could he dormant because deprivation. A good is ofis example th Shane’s rejoining the PIRA after a period of being identification, the less likely itis that an individual will put personal deprivation above collective personal factors factorsinfluencing to group. in As explained the 3.3,the stronger the not do it. doit. not despite the fact that his life was being threatened,he told the leadershipDu in principles his and, refused. warning’ went This against and ‘no go bombings to carry to back out mechanism did based insufficient is evidence onthe justify data, to there conclusions on.This any drawing but, also applies him to mechanism thatthis possible andis it theinvolved with organization a long time, still speaks of the actions ofINLA the great with pride andenthusiasm. He is still for active stayed that interviewee other the Terry, anyway. task his executing but actions certain continuedexplaining his only membership. having He theone is thatrecalls had about doubts the two thatactive stayed the longest, Niall, psychology the commitme of intervieweesgone the details of what they have into did they he joinedthetherefore PIRA joinedthe PIRA. group which ofto Patrick friends adds thathis friends ha which action. collective through was themselves for change social achieve to them for way oth the For victimized. been had he after agency of asense enforce to tired he entire country.”

led to an expansion of the scope of things that influenced of th of theexpansion scope things led an to Group identification become can stronger the more involvedsomeone None is. of the The interviewees’actions signify a strong identification with the paramilitarygroup,

not applynot Shane.to AfterLondon letter his bombing campaign he in was asked

Patrick, Shane, Niall andTerry all mention joiningIRA/PIRA the with a 58

for the cause but it seems that for one of seems the it thatfor cause but for one of d a significant impact on his decisions: em em – i.e. a shift from purely purely i.e. a from shift nt played a role in a playednt blin thatheblin would er the three only

CEU eTD Collection

have one fueled of continued commitment, them stayed active foryears six after having been that had go to vetting through a before process they if theparamilitaries, campaigns community especially those For behalf. organized onprisoners’ social/politicalthis factor plays an role supporting creating in the further of engaged involvement of receivingmostlygeneral from context The the community. the data in support suggests The social status came that with being paramilitary a is mentioned by of some the interviewees, on engagement6.2.3 Summary the findings of actually engage. to roleeir have th in andecision played inhibiting could paragraph previous was found the not in factor that latter thatthe suggests predisposing andfact the theylittle that realization had they of what weregetting themselves involved in. The invincibility when they they joined, thatalso admit was this probably mostlyyouth downtheir to of asense and action for desire and excitement of a level feeling mention interviewees conclusions can fromtheir involvement. the effect be on drawn of this IRAAidan left the prison his experience after and Terryrejoined the nostrong organization, Seeing a social changethegroup in prison. force collectively to have who tried a been comm their that felt who Shane and Patrick to applies especially This change. social force to trying was thetook inter active. The strength their of identificatio social mobility, the stronggroup identification Derry with Catholics explains why they became uparms. if theLoyalists PIRA take not unity did bythe mightArmy or be overrun In the action pathway to engagement, age again comes up as a significant factor. All factor. a significant as comes up engagement,again age action to pathway In the Two of the intervieweeswere onthe Blanket, the Blanketmen can considered also be to of impossibility aperceived of IRA because the joined interviewees the as far as For - group conflict to a to group higher conflict level they once were enough old join to the group that n could explain why they did not stop at marching but at marching whystop explain but theynot did n could 59

could join, acould exclusivity join, sense to of seems

s though though s

that that CEU eTD Collection

nally flat, detached or anxious in anxious or detached flat, confinement does seemnally not haveemotio this to but him made considerable solitary in time spent too He PIRA. from the process detachment his in him of fair peoplewere that of institutional part the structure that used to he fight, London, the thathe fact prisonin in time his of who spent most interviewees, For of the one remorse. general in conditions Prison seem play to an role important prolonged in engagement. interviewees H donot. solitaryconfinement and seems to sufferfrom emotional detachmenta degree to that other the considerable in time spent of them one However, them. effect lasting on a had have seemnot to reins was surelybut slowlybecause status political and that, after time long a for prison in both were they Because camaraderie. of sense heightened the Blanket also recall Protest, some relatively prisonduring happy in times thedue Protest a to Irelandwere Northern prisonin for in excruciating longer, sufferingthrough the experie that Those determined. more them made had experience their that saying released were they w that interviewees peopleexpanding network. own from network,the ofscopethis outside The their thus of two the They memoriesall experienced ofhigh being inside. and levels ofmet and solidarity training longest. Those thatwere prisonwhen in there w the active stayed sense this experience in areports negative who one engagement. The only a significant role. active part theof outside this of longest, prison,suggesting the organizational con that text plays Two were ofcoached the and interviewees the in beginningofthey their involvement stayed than see to what norma released the fromother actively not prisonand did leavefordecide to reason any theother PIRA Outside organizational supportfor prisoners is anot significant factor prolonged in

ere not in prison between 1976 and 1981 went straight back to the PIRA after PIRA back the to straight went and 1981 1976 prisonbetween in ere not e is the only one that speaks about his actions without any sense of anyof without sense actions his about thatspeaks theone only is e lity is like – this applies Aidanto and will be further 6.3. in explained 60 as relative freedom fondly speak about some of

tated during that time , seems to have helped helped have to seems this experience does does experience this nce of of nce

met CEU eTD Collection

in the background as a motivation for thecollectivein background a action. motivation as former stayed engage. The to theirfueled decision The latter of it. because personally victimized those thatwere not highandcommitment motivation. having levels of previously shown helpedorganization themcover wrongdoings upindividual the banner under of the perpetrators’ further Four action. of thebroader intervieweesin mention, did terms, thatthe ideology of infer to impossible anythingit engagement. about the self makes This significant factor in this of can deemed the is organization The be psychology moreof a commitment important. engagement comm work the to towards motivation andsolidarityjoin onceand other ofa with involved,thegroup members shared paramilitary they the disengaged soonest. prolonged engagement. Both Shane and Patrick had experiences positive Prote with with the in detachment. emotional more experience of outside solitary, Terry leads through both, prolonged suffered to engagement and veryprison a stressful combinationwith in that solitaryconfinement suggests any This way. Not allthe interviewees were of the part directlydiscriminated part of thebut population , becomingWhen involved Outsid - . The latter plays also a role in group and little to nointeractiongroup to and the with out little e framework experience, of the and organizational prison face , felt a great sense of solidarity with the working class Catholics and Catholics were the awith working sense class great felt of solidarity

but not all not but of the interviewees the details of spoke their about

personal relations play an in important role in the decision to to the decision in role important in playan relations personal on purpose

the covering upof wrong 61

, become important factors in prolonged prolonged factors in become important - group a significant plays role in s because the ideology ideology the because s doing - fueling cycle of action and and action of cycle fueling - to - face interaction interaction face stants andstants

the the CEU eTD Collection

that his mere physical disengagementresult is the of emotional flatness andor self prison , traumaticextreme combination of experiencesin the most though had he ceasefire. disengageto decision This a join more to lent organization. led vio him Seeingas go 1975 because in decision believeon not to disengaged did their the in PIRA he from thathementions wouldget re the INLA taken the time to register the changes in the conflict. He emphasizes that of all the structures of w and immediately back first The prison. after INLA immediately the to go back The latterapplies also strategic. to his decision not to largely seem INLA the of disarmament the that that only meant that fact the to alludes he though as Seeing released. prisoners political their get to wanted he because ago detrimental to achievingthe main objective because itwas dividing societ the other four ofgenerationsandand right stays wrongdone beforehave so. him involvedbecause Agreement, which be he to undemocratic. considers Ireland in his lifetime because otherNationalist politicians have given away authorities try makeyour to life miserable. Conan does not believe he that will see a united the and how lifeyou a have personal thatdonot means politics in iterates being involved how never regards Conan active. to With there nothing is suggest to thathe has He deradicalized. Out of the six 6 .3 Deradicalization and disengagement Deradicalization .3 . He took part took the in negotiations. He forprocess the peace onbehalf INLA of theand agreed it to Out of the other five other Out of the are still in place andalludes

interviewees, interviewees, have psychologically Terry disengaged. as as the INLA stopped claiming certain claiming INLA stopped the caughtyear within the

Terry is the closes the is Terry four - involved if the circumstances warranting it wouldarise.involved ifit the circumstances Terry warranting

can be consideredhave to disengaged and one, Conan, was

to the thatto fact they might still have weapo

62 t

to . He ascribes that to the fact that fact the to that ascribes He .

having However, he

did did 1983,he in released, time was he realized merely merely

actions

feels it that is simpl that the armed struggle was was struggle armed the that disengaged physically , his reasonshis for negotiating yyears twentyalmost too much in the muchthe too in it is possible

- ns. He also also He ns. destructive he had not not he had y an whilst whilst

issue issue go go

CEU eTD Collection

disagreementwith c important an had he years afew become to friends his After with lead reinvolved. him deradicalized. and building and outreach betweenand Catholics Protestant Irelandunited and the supports fully Good Friday Agreement. He community involvedin is that the two events quite sure during the interview thathe had met not wife his properly he before that wouldcome his with decision. the primarily, P when joinedthe he radicalized was very not changed dramaticall onmembership and view his P Derry now thatthe and situation was realized was worse had than it been when he joinedthe what goals had his bee about a think to step back after took He return. his courseyear twoweeks be shockedthe twofunerals in of for attended have to couldbut a not he tried he a while membershipamountof aboutFor thatwere his civilians doubts becausegetting sawkilled. the he like his getting married but 1993 in released was he after married got funding and himselfemployment assured thatfunding through countered is b behaviour. latter The IRA. Thus,Patrick’s viewpointwas individual no longer based onthe organization’s P IRA. change was normative heart strongenough His of Shane first left the PIRA after two of his friends had been shot dead, however, dead, had shot been friends his after two of theShane PIRA first left Patrick,

to better situation the ofcosts he personal left Thus,despite his enormous community.

Shane, to justify

entral command over the way the PIRA used force and shortly after that he after shortlythathe and theused command PIRA force way over the entral Patrick does not give not Patrick the does of to question mucha thought related. not were has not had an influence on his engagement. his had not an influence has on Aidan and NiallhaveAidan and allpsychologically Patrick disengaged. first had the killings under the banner of the ideology, banner the of the killings under the He got married shortlyafter quit to but decision his he y the fact that he has managed to get European Union get European managedto ythat he has fact the IRA. His personal purpose was purpose IRA. personal His

he also rejoined the INLA in 1995, INLA in also rejoinedhe the 63

y.In this, itis important to note that Patrick s ands can be considereddisengaged both for him to accept thecosts personalfor accept to him

for the last fifteen years. fifteen last the for

but after he had been ill ill afterbeen but he had n and where the cityof and where the n ,

and always stayed always and left the PIRA and PIRA and the left thus itseems

solidarity ideology

Terry Terry was was

CEU eTD Collection

document. the use He of anymore violence does support not though. unitedIreland in his lifetime and thatthat thinks he the Go of prisonhad gone differently.deradicalized Aidan not is the in sense that hopes he still seeto a d He unachievable’. be to future desired ‘the considered he that and air the in was peace that realized on was releasedprison.Thus from itseems got livethat heto the opportunity and wife after met his studying he was he while Ulster to accepted University,prison and was likely the continuancementions component of age, thathe stating was old too to go back. But it deci the bederadicalizedto both about is disengaged. redemption and currently and degrees several has released, Shane anyway. Loyalists former with appearances public Ireland. of prisonhegot wasof Afterheretaliations out fearful decided but go to ahead with prison in was he while apologized to his victims while he was on trial,talked to representatives of British institutions of out the game him dire took does relate but this not it because arrested been having after relief of a sense mentions He reasons. affective and reasons having had long. thatthe gone conflict onfor felt ThusShane for too disengaged normative used Belfast. in Thehappened afterparticipated he latter had the in brokering a ceasefire, of found thatthe out DerryBrigade had of been theon loop kept out the strategies that were being Aidan oes, however, the out possibility rule not thathe wouldhave goneyear first if his back out that the personal cost of membership wouldbethat thecost high. personal too Aidan ha For was Aidan Aidan thelessthought says decision through. thathe never really made sion to leave the P the leave to sion . He .

does not mention this but it is possible,year is it got given but thathe this out, mention not the does and set up a mixed wing in prison after he had been sent back to Northern sent back to prisonafterbeen winghe had set upa mixed in and IRA, he just decided not to rejoin immediately after he got He out. he rejoin to IRA, immediatelyafter not decided he just

a normal life. He had wanted to see what that was like after he he after like was that what see to wanted had He life. a normal

like ‘competing had social some influence relationships’ in works 64

a homeless shelter. He considers every day day every He considers shelter. a homeless ctly to his leaving the PIRA. Shane od Friday Agreement is a flawed a flawed is Agreement Friday od went to university to waswent after he

d obtained a degree in in a degree is also

CEU eTD Collection

simultaneously disengagement chance then the normality. experience to temporarily costs of leaving. After long a spell in prison itis likely individuals that will disengageat least this will be a more important factor in the decision disengagedboth and deradicalized. united a see thesupports Good Friday Agreementand thewith factthathe can think will not thathe live does Niall fully report. 2010Saville the in exonerated Bloody were victims successfulandSunday the beenfor t campaignconsiders have the to inquiry the he had failed achieving in goals his through violence,glad he was leave to the PIRA. He Sunday for mainmotivator had his been staying the PIRA for in long so having and, that realized re Bloody Sunday.Getting an inquire into start to governmentbe willing might victims and that release the Birmingham the of and Guildford six four signaledBritish that the gett not was significantfactors decision in his to leave.Another important factor was that his membership theythe wouldbe chances their a first thattheirceasefire success, 1991, had efforts in factor beof to influence. athis Niall had gotten 1988but marriedin seriously started IRA leaving. his considering He says that career was by over the end of 1991. place. The debrisbomb that of killed a littleThis boy. was stark such a contrast Bloody thatwas Sundaycommemoration taking the to a next right bomb the PIRA detonated had From the above can derived it be thatonce individual Niall ing him any him closering achieving to goal his getting the ofBloody justice for Sunday started doubting his membership from 1990 onwards. At the beginning of that year, that theonwards. beginningof At 1990 membership from started his doubting Irela – nd in his lifetime. He is involved in community work and can be considered can and be work community in lifetime. He involved is his in nd Patrick, Shane andPatrick, Niall. Continuance factor His viewp His s are higher that deradicalization and disengagement happen happen disengagement and deradicalization that higher are s

there were plans for a no familyyet he so does consider not If prison in time someone’s was a not cause for oint on both the means that the PIRA was using as on on PIRA as using thewas theboth means that on oint 65

- m he biggest ‘pull’ factor. His efforts were effortswere ‘pull’ factor. His he biggest aking process than thepersonal possible aking than process s

no longer the in ideology, believe s

play a secondary role can but venge for Bloody Bloody for venge for Niall that he were were CEU eTD Collection

longest. the active stayed they and engaged were that interviewees five the of educated least the are Niall and Terry long. very engaged stay to likely Lastly after prison. decision disengage to feel about help their confident individuals temporarily more , those that are the most educated, with several university degrees among them, are less are less among them, universitydegrees several with educated,are the most that , those 66

CEU eTD Collection

emotional detachment a higher glorifying and dependency behaviour. on violent leads more to prisonconditions violent with combination in confinement suggests thatsolitary fueling paramilitaries in their skills and beliefs andhelpingexpand them their network. keeprisking to people theirfunction can lives involved. the longest, and the action later pathway, on solidarity with friends in the thatare organization achievemen of for role protestingbehalf example their in sense canan of on prisoners, important political play group community, ofwas friendsA doing. supportive onwhat and their who join when to based relations are also an important factor, interviewees most of the decisions important about made Personal involved in. getting what becauseorganizations they realize theyfully are do not effect making of feel people invincible andinfluences their willingness to join paramilitary willingness to join paramilitary organizations is again age.youth The data that has shows the radicalized but claims never to have become a paramilitary. An important factor in individuals’ a significant play role can in this. actions secondary. is idealizedorganization the ideologyof or the conflict knowledge the of biggest whilst influence social (3) living the in (1) are radicalization Relative freedom to organize in prison plays a significantrole prison playsfurthera engagement, in in Relative freedomorganize to organization involvementstayed the of in their at the coached beginning Those thatwere only them of One engaged. they before radicalized all were study this in interviewees The Th the that suggests research is

Thethat image the paramilitary organization has in the community through past t of the organization’s goals for methods. function ofcan t as theits organization’sa and justification personal personal

framework that provide framework that expos C HAPTER HAPTER ure

(2) in youth whilst in (2) state the of hands the at violence to most salient factors predisposing individuals to 7

- 67

C s and endorses a reaction. Factor two has the has Factor two reaction. a endorses and s

ONCLUSION

The data data The CEU eTD Collection

engaged. some individuals fighting British rule in NorthernIreland still th Nonetheless future. near takewill the placein likeBloodyevents Sunday triggering that unlikely engagement andis it activity subdue should the speedyouth at which radicalization disaffectedto from progress fact that there is little community support, outside of the Bogside and for Creggan, The paramilitaries. reengaging experienced more older with recruits young new the of effects Republican activity, paramilitary future dangerousfactors for the most theare the combined very long. stay engaged to are lesslikely among them, several universitydegrees with educated,the most Lastly, thatare temporarily after prison. those decision disengage more to about their confident happenContinuance simultaneously. factor th disengagement for cause n experience to temporarily least at disengage possible personalcostsof leaving. After aspell long in prison itis likely individualsthat will the ideology, this will be a more importantfactor in the decision Thus, when applying the case results of this study the to current upsur regardsWith the deradicalization to data showsthat

e ideologyIreland of a united combination in awith long history of e n the chances are higher that deradicalization and disengagement disengagement and deradicalization that higher are chances the n s

play a secondary feelplay help individuals role can but proves be to a strong enough factor pull keep to 68 ormality.

If someone’s prison was in time not a

once individual - making process than the the than making process s no s longer believe ge violent in this typethis of

in in CEU eTD Collection

Netherlands. IMES, University of of Deradicalisation.Netherlands: Amsterdam, Analysis Processes of An Disengagement: and 2008a. Decline and J. F., Tillie, Buijs,M., F., Demant, Slootman, - Sage pp.651 Publications. Lincoln. 2005. and Yvonna S. Chase, E., Susan Narrative inquiry: lenses, approaches, multiple In Norman Denzin, voices. K., Groups Brubaker, 2004.Ethnicity without Rogers. 47. Identity. SocietyBeyond In:Brubaker, and Frederick. and Theory Cooper, Rogers Press. Free York, In SocialPsychology: New Brown,Polarization. . 1986.Group R. Edition TheSecond Vol. 2.Edited by Brewer, 1998.Inter Brown, R.J. and M.B. contentcommitment, (pp. 35- In Threat. Identity Social and Content ofDoosje,Context & B.Branscombe, The N., Spears, (1999). Ellemers, N. R., Theories. Strategic JournalSecurity of Borum disengagement (Eds.). andcollective 2009.Leavingbehind: terrorism J. Individual Horgan,&Bjørgo, T., Hall Prentice Pearson N.J.: River, Berg, Bruce Lawrence. 2009. University Press. Bowyer.Bell, J. 1976. pp.121- Publications. 2002.Handbook Atkinson, Psychology to Continuance Occupational of the andOrganisation. Commitment Normative Journal and Meyer,Allen, N.1990.The J., P. J. Mea , Randy. 2011. Radicalization into Terrorist Activity I: A Review of Social Science I: Science of ASocial Activity Terrorist Review into Radicalization 2011. , Randy. Robert. The life storyIn interview.Gubrium, A. Jaber F., James and Holstein. , 63,1-

. New York: Routledge York: . New

of interview research: context & method context research: interview of 18. lbert, D.T. and Fiske, S.T. and Lindsey,McGraw New D.T.and andlbert, Fiske,G.York: S.T.

140 On Revolt: Strategies of National On Revolt:.Cambridge, National Liberation Strategiesof Harvard MA:

N. & Ellemers, Spears identity:Doosje R. B.(Eds.),Context, Social 680

58). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.58). UK: Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Qualitative research methodsthe social for sciences research Qualitative

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. In Handbook of SocialPsychology of Handbook I . Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Oaks, Sage Calif: . Thousand

. Thousand Oaks: . Thousand Oaks: . Upper Saddle Saddle . Upper 00): 1 , 29(2000): - Hill.

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Advances Group Processes in Klandermans, B. Collective Identity: 2005.Politicized Iden Collective tityand Political Protest. Protest SocialPsychologyKlandermans,B. 1997.The of McGraw psy Kinder, 1998. D.R. NorthernIreland.Republicanism in Terrorism Political and Violence Horgan, Perspectives or 2008.Deradicalization Horgan, disengagement? John. on Terrorism 2005.PsychologyHorgan, Terrorism. of John. Collective Identity. Cons the in Practice of Categories to Analysis of Categories From ‘Moderation’: NickHopkins, and Kahani HealthJanuary andInstitute Human The Services, 30- Urban WorkingAdjustment. papers for the “From Home” to Prison Conf Conflict”, http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/faq/faq2.htm#what Melaugh,Lynn, Brendan. Martin and “Some andPolitical Terrorism Pathways Violence Terrorism. toward Radicalization: of Political Mechanisms Moskalenko, 2008. Sophia. and McCauley, Clark Association. WashingtonAmericanSeligman, E.P. D.C.: Psychological and Martin Davidby Chirot, Nationalism Group and the Identification Ethnic ThePsychology Power of McCauley, Clark. 2001. of London: Sage Publications. 2003. and Ward. Kit KeeganLagard, Jill Robin, ImpactIncarceration:Haney,Implications for PsychologicalPost Craig. The of 91- 2,2: Mass Communication in Studies Critical Debates. 1985.Signification,Hall, S. Ideology: Representation, the Post Althusser and - http://www.annefrank.org/upload/downloads/Mon8 2010,from Radicals. March29, Retrieved Islamic Radicals and Demant, Buijs, F.,M., F., Slootman, and2008b.Deradicalisation Tillie, J. of Right chology I

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British Journal of SocialPsychology Journal of British Opinion andOpinion Actionthe in In Realm of Politics. Handbook social of , 22,155- - Hopkins, Vered. 2009.Reconceptualizing Vered. Hopkins, and ‘Extremism’

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, Vol. 5.EditedV.Vol. by Ronald

- 6:1277

1302. Organizations”, Organizations”, London:

, 18: , 18: CEU eTD Collection

comfortable with? you wasyou there going 8 Was what thatthe organization felt ever a that felt time beyond 7 Did your rol youryouyou6 Did expected? was what that feel linewith role in had youyou5 Did werehad thatthe feel expected? organization’s activities what linewith in those goals be? should you of4 Did the thatthe feel pursuit youyouyour go did 3 How change after did socialhad ondates? life joined, youryou when join 2 Didany did? friends of you1 Howthe in organization’s activities? did becomeinvolved th by affected you personally were How your did What dofor parents a living? youyouWhere what grow did about doremember it? upand most QUESTIONS: your oranywhere. berecorded not used will name All of the information thatI will gathe time. in point any at else anyone to available become not will They transcribed. been having after destroyed be will and use mypersonal for purely are recordings These interview. the record to you’reIdetails anyof what miss thetell In that of don’t sure make orderto life andI that will handle the informationyou give me discretely. youryouI thattouch upon private I be that Please will asking questions know that understand engaged in the armed conflict. My questions therefore focus on yourengagedarmed My life the conflict. in focus therefore questions on personal beingactively stop to conducting the factorsdecision thatinfluenced interviewspeople’s on Iam studying nationalism at Central EuropeanUniversity Budapest. in For myfinal thesisIam INTRODUCTION e change in the time that you were active? How did that influence you? influence that did How active? you were that time the in e change

A PPENDIX PPENDIX organization’s goals was in line with your organization’s goals linewith ideas in of was what 1

r from this interview be this will processedr anonymously from and

e Troubles in your in e childhood? Troubles –

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youryou26 Howon a do member? being back time look you the Good Friday25 HowAgreement? about dofeel youyouyour24 Do seeIreland will lifetime? a think united in life? there23 Was outreachfrom or any t of institutions kind youyour are22 What yearsleft? significant changes thein life most the in after organization? youryou ofyou kind changes in when21 What envision were consideringthe life did leaving which under circumstances the were What 20 youyou19 Did considering beforeactually leaving ever the did? organization youryour19 Howreact did environment to internment? 18 Wa you17 Can a like? metypical tell what day prisonwas in you wardens? betweenandyou prison the16 Howtrial and doremember the relations apprehended? youryour and15 How joining muchwas being time the between there organization youryour influence13 How did membership personal amember? being to element asocial there Was 12 youyour of kind did feedback 11 What receivework? on member? youyouryouyou objectivesagot political 10 Did while reaching were to closer that feel you9 Didregardingexperience doubt fellow competency of member a ever the

s the organization able to provide support of any kind while you theinterned?s able organization any providewhile to kind were supportof

you left? 73

relationships?

he church that helped youyourhe church thathelped rebuild

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“theyweren’twereguys”great bad, they though even “making not he was based judgments on was in a mixed, Catholicand Protestant, classfor first the time in his life. Herecalls thinking that secondaryed school he a receiv scholarship study to the engineering in local college. There he teachers felt thathe did reachnot potential full his and thathe made friends very easily. After thathis class.says in “ok” He and sports, in did excelled where he school agoing local started to there. lived he while abused sexually was Henuns. wasyears run by the in orphanage which upspending ten given ended He numbers. were and away taken names their had separated, were boys The orphanage. an in placed were went premature into both labour. of With their parents Patrick hospital, in and twobrothers his she news g hearin the atwas pregnant theand time England.8,5months uponher in motherHis a hospital to military flown was he which to accident due anIn father had Force. 1956his the Air worked a in shirt married his mother – when Catholicism he to from Presbyterianism father His converted 1952. Patrick in was born 1 Patrick com clarifying paraphrased life Any his history. in been have interview the of parts certain Nonetheless recorded. not was interview the because in is the interviewees’words as much as possible. The latter good does hold not for Conan fri make reader themmore to have retouched bebeen will given. The quotes a An contains AppendThis ix an abbreviated the data version of thatwas the collectedin interviews. ccount ofimportant the most events and influential factors the in lives interviewee of each When he was 14 his mother had gotten a house in Creggan heWhen gottena was mother house 14his had in

factory. he When was a toddler,family his a livedin house thatwas owned by who was a Catholic. His father was in the Royal Air Force and his mother mother his and Force Air Royal the in was father His aCatholic. who was A PPENDIX PPENDIX

–

74 L IFE IFE

ments are in italic and between brackets. brackets. between and italic in are ments H ISTORIES

and he moved in with her. with He movedand in he endlyeverything but CEU eTD Collection

sure about joining. He said he was and “that was more or less that, I was in.” He had not not had in.”I He was that, was or less more “that said and he was joining. sure He about the IRA. thefinish police’s and job thatthey He of be it. college should dropped ready for and out joined like that.” Whenfirst military the truck pulled Patrick up, realized that the army hadcome to hecharges had theand become quite okwith slogansand “startedto petrol everything bombs Patrick ended upparticipating the of in Battle the Bogside. baton After2,5days of teargas, f longso was mother thathis couldget not He a started house. joining the marches and after soon for home a in boy’s left was the reason thathe as life influence onhis direct a The had had latter majority in the citycouncil was gua changed.” He thatonly realized aand those thatowned house thata could vote,Protestant between the local corporation,housing votes and housing “withinseconds and everything almost After he had crowd followed a the to rally, somebody e Derry. in society Catholic of pillars as attacked being were that people the of some recognized He police.” than the the priest of scared “more been had and thatthey then upuntil the police con little very had had community his that recalls He abridge. across people beating and down see to what was going on.He ended upwatching themspraythe crowd into water cannons bri of the at the foot and he went along.they When arrived atthe thein city river centre,saw aof they policemen lot of Protestantfriends his asked come to him along a to march curiosity his thegot better of him anyt have not did rights issues civil the and that figured time at the consciouspolitically very was He not marches. rights civil Unionabout the Student upaput poster the had in anyone’s classes anyway.” afterstarted, his Soon someone religion ound himself throwing stones at the police. He was at the Apprentice Boy’s march in 1969 and 1969 in march Boy’s Apprentice at the was He police. at the stones ound himselfthrowing When heWhen reported the to head dge. His friend left when they saw the policemen but Patrick decided to go Patrick decidedto but policemen the theysaw when left friend His dge. ranteed by not allowing become to ranteed Catholics bynot home owners. of the IRAof the Derry, in he wasasked only whether he was 75

hing to do with him. However, when one when However, him. with do to hing xplained to him what was him the to link xplained tact with CEU eTD Collection

classed aswere thatwater recreationalrioting”cannons but that and pulledout was rules” “what “knew the of a months for few who had describes there been the soldiers how He was partgroup of of people the thatstarted rioting felt soon but that something was off. He against part internmentmarch took therights and in civil He he onBloody says: Sunday. was home not when they came for Patrick manned him. the barricades w internmentWhen was introducedone 1971he in of was thehad targets been he but warned and s was over. Hewas still going to marches but admits that he was more interested in throwing In andperiod“whatbombs setthe ambushes. considered with army” the honeymoon was 1970 sworn his allegian After it. had he about anyone tell nor he did anyone with organization discussed joining the getting dead. shot twenty been By had shot. eightpeopleseen had high three his 1974he school classmates of the Bogside into had pulled truck armoured an after minutes five Twenty replaced. getting thinks that because he was so young thatbecause so thinks feltwas invincible: he he also He years. 2,5 for them in lived having after areas barricaded the in safety of sense a false recalls feeling change and make role to as being envisioned his He community. his the defense of wasabout it purely Ireland”of him, for because reunification thought “givennot the to thatmuch had he at that point also says that theHe dead. burying sometimes and wasrtsuppo network there ensuring thatthe around, as: weapons aofdescribesa exercising, moving lot typical week unusuallya forDerry tall man estimating thatIRA the was no b tones and participation thathis the in marches merely a provided with platform him dothat. to member of the IRA, that day was marching I against internment.” took“I part in it; was aI member of the IRAbut that day as as wasfar I concerned wasn’t I a After internment was introduced, Patrick was on the run. He was a full time IRA - man time full a the was run. He on introduced,was After was Patrick internment

ce to the Irishthe ce flag use to among guns, he othertrained to was, things, make - , he thinks that people knew that he was in the IRA the bythen. He knewwas thatpeople , hein thathe thinks igger - than 20people 76

and, as hea in standsout crowd -

hile there were marches marches were there hile

soldiers started

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1 says prisonexperience:aboutfollowing his the 1973, afterIn PIRA charges hadHe whichwere status. prisoners political dropped.1973 the still that: after popular more became agenda” Ireland united “the Patrick to According own enough: communityhis not was startedtoll rising theafterfoundIt deathBloody thatprotecting until and Sunday,thathe not was but: does” anhad it so into awful –andnine ofchildren. they trouble lot 1978 like a cult hero and that the PIRA did not get in the way his of dating life. Patrick got married in supported what they There was being to IRA nosocial element the in he but does remember thatthe community Craic means fun. right.” decisions your of right the are decisions because alive decision today the so still I'm havemust been “ in an institution, I mean aninstitution,what I in was prison going offerplace this hadn't to mey offered that alread me. outside. wasn'tIt that bad to me because had beenI brought up a boysin home, beenI'd brought up “I’m not saying not “I’m it was good craic power that they were going throw to it.” in defense of our people because we had already proven that we couldn't defend our people against the “it and certainly not after they have murdered,just in of front ourus, people in the streets of city.”this “ worked” again,but, it where wasn't of one those you have can a you hadto weebit, t take it all, is this community, wasI talking about the defense of my community. was I happy enough to be doing that bigger picture than hadoriginally thatthe I imagined.’ was Iftalking I defense about my the of talkingwere about an armed campaign to free Ireland. of Part me was thinking, a ‘this pictureis talking about the defense the communityof but, certainly by the middle of 1972 and into 1973, we “

you think it's never going it's think you you'll happen, it'll to think th otheryou to thate guy, think allhappen also We don't want to be a part of this, we this, don't want of themWe apart to right be to interfere to countr want give the our in don't rationalizeyou out it think,I andyou find some way trying of to justify it. –

was used to areaction;justify we're now fighting acountry for ratherthan fighting just for the Patrick was Patrick He had ofmembership about some moments doubt his when were civilians getting killed after having his wife seen times six overtheyear: span a of “I’m impulsiv

arrested on numerous occasions.arrested was onnumerous He held onremand seven in for months

were doing. dating his askedwere When life about he says thathe was almost

1 , it was probably, it difficult onwas as just inside it the as onthe

(…) Originally we were e, itgets me he way it way he

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realizing that the violence was not going to end. He joined the Peace and Reconcili goingHeand end.joinedthe wasrealizing to Peace not thatthe violence PIRA. understProvos decided bullets” was going that“bombs and not help to and heHe quit. recalls thatquitea few when That’s he class Protestants. working for the situation bettering to also applied rights had population m of thethat most Protestant young the Patrick fact was issuefor important for Another there people. lessemployment was city. wasdraconian concludedthatthehad and legislation in 1960s He moreit been that than This got him to think about what almostyears ten IRA of activity in Der weeks thereleased to PIRA. he Within reported attended back ofreturn had his twofunerals. he influence Catholicism. to father his life converted onhis because had fac community. The Catholic from a proud be to is he though even faith denominationonhis religious a put wouldnot he about that religion but lot awful always an he nuns, knew upby that,havingbrought been he says faith As for own his there. was he IRA while the from receiveLong Road prisonand prisonandanyHe he Crumlin support Kesh not in did was held of all 7monthsthe that wasI in prison.” experience. I've had scarier experiences in cars and ditches and buildings in this town, tha beenhave easier to get killed than arrested (…) It certainly wasn't the most frightening part of the it threatening that much. And that's wh y don'tI make a such big deal about (…)it probably It would ain room and they lock the door, what, so it had already happened to me for 10 years, so didn'tI find go You in there and they give a you number, well guess what, happenedthat there. And they put you condemnto deaths that were caused by the Republican movement” and alot of it was one armedconflict, werethe inwho engaged isolated those andfurther policies further their of “some

Patrick left tryand to which change in the the framework was war fought,well full Inyeargot aspent the almost in Republic. 1976he sickhospital and a in After he was He feels that the institutional churches all failed their congregations “mis ood his decision leaveood his to they of because the beingthe frustration in understood - sided condemnation of violence (…) were they very quick on a lot occasions of

oved out of the city. His idea of fighting forfighting civil of out the idea city.His oved 78

t that his father was born Presbyterian no born had father was thathis t

ry had meant for the the for meant ry had erably”: ation Group. n I had in n I

CEU eTD Collection

His life is dedicated toTroubles: the likelihood that the conflict will flare up again: wouldn’t say the Group.with Peaceand day. Hethere Reconciliation this works upuntil migh Patrick felt comfortable thathe wouldnot “disappear the woodwork” into that and thinks he war: a fighting than vulnerable more him made peace thatfighting for thinks he now Derrythen, in back word” dirty was a Seeingas “peace though dowithyou what you do, you know.” what of proud and are I'vedone stillparts that there shy to want man awayBut from. I says: the as “ option.”only doingin that, meanI what “ acarof with agun to my head, stuff like that.” hadI've my burnt, car I've kicked had my kids up and street,down I've the been pulled into the back “certainly the next 10, 15 years my family has had to apay price for it. I've had my windows br it's neverwell, setI out in the to 1970s stop awar, although thinkwe've I made avaluable contribution t have considered going back to engineering but ended up continuing his community work community his continuing work endedengineering but going up to consideredback have t When asked whether he thinks he will ever see a united Ireland he replies: “no,I replies: he Ireland united a see ever will he thinks he whether asked When

been been interesting challenging, painful, bloody, hurtful. There are parts where am I extremely

so. I don’t give much thought to it to be honest” and when asked about the when about the andasked be to honest” it giveto thought Idon’t much so.

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don't tell people that you'reIRA.”don'tAfter people life the tell in joinedhis stayed that relatively he normal: andmind thathe not did anyone tell “therejoined: thathe secretyou had this is culture where h because classmates, his that says He IRA: theTherefore, at 16,Aidan joined going orwas and not that: a spectator be to Coming from a very political he family whether felt he decide that to there came him a point for was‘typical’ school: in weekwhen he as a nosuch thing was thatthere HeBloody says wellSunday. asBogside on as of the started parents and him his took siblingstherights to civil marches and he w doctor and mother his a housewife, theywere involvedin both therights civil movement. His a fatherHis was “ain family.” political very grew He Derry, upin Aidan 1956. in was born 2 Aidan soldiers, I'll take my chances wit scared of their mother than they were of the British army, 'o there's my mother and there's the You know the joke used to that manybe a manyoung in the IRA or young girl in the IRA was more peoplenormal (…) were You living a double life too, had you keepto i minutes later you'd be chatting up a girl or do both at the one time. You did normal things, we were “you sta no,we'ooo don't want him, not amillionin years.’” concern have would ‘no’ that they(…) say would been people were coming there be andthey'd along anyat time couldyou ch processes hadto that you go through was arduous quite long, andquite andthey kept stressing that difficult ,theymake didn't easy for They you. it wanted make sure to were that you sure. Thewhole “everyone knew the local Republicans so you would know who apprto about it.” something (…)likethis' don't being strongly I aspectator, feel if aboutI something I should that I then feel do situation,whole just wholethe combination things of andactually saying yourto say couldn't “I that incident therewasspecific one thatinvolved. made methe just get be would It youwhere would have been afraid get akickingto something or but you didn't live your life fear.” in liableget be would stopped to soldiers, the by searched There this. may have andall aninstance been down through the from town Bogside school, through the and you cameif down through the you town IRA oppose it, that gunbattle would stillbe raging as wegoing school were (…) to We come could British army had made an incursion into what was known as the ‘no - streets. (…)on the We literally,were some mornings, to going school through the gunbattles, if was “It a very interesting childhood. wasIt very exciting, growing up12/13/14 years old with rioting

yed inyed school, you girls chased (…) moment one you'd fighting be as anIRAman and5

ange yourange mind and walk away (…) was I excited and maybe my only h the soldiers.'”

e was not “from the area”, were not in the same frame of of frame same the in not were area”, the “from not e was

go areas’ and the area had the the had area the and areas’ go oach, but then it became quite t quiett from your parents (…) as present when the Battle Battle the when present as self 'a to hell with

CEU eTD Collection

quite simple.” On a personal level he recalls that: that: recalls he level apersonal On simple.” quite His personal objectivewas to “get Brits theIreland” out of andrecalls their that “politics were activities: his about urgency of a sense feeling recalls He peoplecommunity from wouldask if thethey themfor problems “social help had year did.” Sometimes olds 16 what possible normal you as as much you did (…) on take going to membership IRA life.” double the live to have didn't we together, were we when ourselves be could “we because and likeminded were they because IRA men fellow with socializing remembers Aidan roleHis after changed very had joined: soon he that: incompetentreport If he untrustworthy thatoneor could he ofpeerswas felt his He was nevergoing felt what thatthe with: organization he beyond felt comfortable do: to wanted he what by dictated much very were activities His said 'listen, he's 'listen, said more“and the you'd trusted be and grewthe more sortthey'd of word take your you for and it went if progressing.” thoughthave 'ooo, I'll again', thatlook one at and you o yeah, didreally believe werethat you really believe were drive you it did so anxiousyou to forward. risks You took that other people might believe 16you you're invincible1 at anyway; can't 'they catch me andthey can't me'.Not butkill true (…) you'd if think this could goon for 20, 30 years, you took less risks but at 16 we bel “you'd be actually,like, I'd better get something done now because they'll be away 6 in months time pressure, it was partjust of game the I suppose.” becauseincrease wereyou somebody who knew more guys (…) the just in didn't than it “the rate of attrition was very heavy (…) you were a veteran at 16 (…) your responsibilities would town. But there were plenty arguments; of wait havewould been over how goaboutyou it and the nitty gritty of the best way to drop the bomb in the that movementfelt the was right onthe trackand that was this way the doit.to Thedisagreement “there was fierce rows about all sorts of things but never the overall direction we were going You in. over.” things is that, you basically thought if y notwe’re going into that (…)We that the only believed reason someonethat would askdo to you because they knew wereyou school. at There might beenhave the odd day you missed school but the option to say ‘no’ to some suggestions (…)They morning, rarely would say tomorrow we need you “it was more or less up to whatyou wereyou prepared to do and what you weren't, you always had

did not interfere with his dating life: “ the option was there if anygirl was ever

fucking useless.'” fucking

ou don't do it, we're going missto the boat, goingit's to be all

s averys healthy organization thatin sense.” 81

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increase the

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days and: charged murderingwith a policeman. interrogated Aidangently” was “not too for or three four again, was he arrested got was he out after he Nine months an option.” quittingbut wasn't and “itwas a much without doubt more dangerous,the gloves allsidesa were off on scolded about having him havingIRA. smoking, about started not joinedthe familyHis when wasprison,when in hemother supportive his first was came visit him to she tried not did bya recognize judge single and the court. He described his time in jail as follows: years was prison. He twoin gun.He aspent with caught was he because 17, 1974, whenwas he heIt was until not arrested was thatpeopleIRA. thathe knew was the in “the morethe did, you “the ja system,belt you got arrested, you got battered, signedyou a statement, wentyou to court, wentyou to ‘What said just was it? John shot F. Kennedy?’ him the ‘I conveyor noproblem.’ We too, it called statement,“signed you the point where the reach pochin.” whiskey of pochin becauseand abottle of for could abottle get more they drunk of onabottle and you'd be drunk for awee alcohol, pochin, it was lethal like, it really was, a cup that size there pointed[he my at coffee cup] outside,from played football, keep run,fit, whatever took your notion (…) We used maketo pochin , During the day we had some classes, we'd organize ownour education or t thing (…) We would have had our own discipline, rather than having people aroundlying all day. search the pris ‘yoooooo,’ silly things, but was it amusing (…) The British army came in every couple of weeks to in the it corner for 2minutes andthen you'd get out andeverybody be would standing goinground and then when you got out haveyou'd get outto andrun. Sothen you'd get in the bag andthey'd leave told you rubbishthey this thatput they'd in you rubbish bagand this be out bagwould the taken gate t that (…) them One of was, they come would along and they would tell you that there was an escape on, initiation things? Well, there's similar things in jail, the jokes that they'd pull on you in your first time ourselvesthat with political status. There was always o a bit (…) people from Derry would have come and met you andsaid this is your cell. You see we did all Magilligan. (…) because coming knewwere They you word spread that and so arrested had been sentencedknew whengot you were you down going either political in Long to status Kesho had“You the Republicans all together, all likeminded individuals it was so secure in that way. You operator.” feedback, sortwas of your recognized, be would that peoplesaying were it volunteer, that you very were willing to whatever,take or this then you'd asked be domore. So to that

il.” When he got out he reported straight back to the IRA, “it made you determined” more IRA, “itmade the to reported straightback hegot heWhen out he prisonhe officers didn't know and that wereyou picked because you were just in door. the And

on and they could quite be aggressive at times mostbut of the time we did just our own

more you were asked to do, once you had proved that you were a very willing k (…)k Some of the guards used to come in and offer abottle of brandy 82

you're just ‘I'll get them to stopyou're ‘I'll just get to them you now’andso f craic,and f withlike the anewsilly job, here would be education He first got arrested in that you were agood were that you t that stage r CEU eTD Collection

uneven three surfaces, da hoursthe slept in four on walking to get used to had he surreal”, “totally as parole first his describes He Christmas.” at parole a summer and youa the yearsgot in parole you 13 served than more had a thatif scheme years, fivepossible, before wouldbe granted review. another 1990“they in However, time forwas backyears put the maximum reviewed. prison in After was He sentence ten his B his after and books hereading DuringBlanket Protest time getting spent his prison in the time his Long experienceAbout his thehe Blanket’ Kesh in ‘on recalls the following: IRATheey thatth in family wasfew in: supportive “shotpart quitea His took prisonofficers.” Blanket Protest: prison sentenced life to in was goeasy”, he “wedidn't for months, four After trial been having on modern/classics, took a course on the 19 the on modern/classics, acourse took read“I everything except Westerns and Science Fiction, novels (auto)biographies, history books, protesting, left all nightus nowith blanket, nomattress nonothing in the middle January.”of my strategy, you'd just pretend that hair, you'dlong wearing be uniform, aprison must you stunk have high to heaven. well But, that was overwalk had been. You're also thinking like, long hair, hadn't you washed years,in had you abeard, potential violence. had I'm pretend'ooo, You to grand' walk was the just back but, s as assaulted alot. We door having the Going open. hated visits was to quite stressful because of the about it, you had a lot of, a lo aboutbe as far as it would go (…) We look didn't at it 'ooolike poor us', we'd slag about it and joked mythink future perspective have would been what's for dinner at 1o'clock or 12 o'clock, that would you your lose future perspective. So if was I sitting my in at cell 10 o'clock on a We Imorning dnesday changed to was: 'I'm going get to through nothis matter what it takes.’ It was very much survival (…) sentencelife by stagethis andI knew that could mean forever (…) I whatthink your mentality speak Irish so wouldI teach and we told books out the (…)door But it was very grim, was I doing a “you kept yourself intellectually stimulated as much as could you andpeople learned Irish. could I a hours 7day, days aweek, dobuild you upa lot of close relationships termsin of camaraderie.” always felt that support outside kept you going and you hadeach other as well. You're locked up 24 Hunger Strikes the support grew. really mean you I never you felt really, totallyabandoned, you H “the several occasions.” well they called them mattresses, two bits sponge, of a Bible… read I Bible the from cover cover to on was“It horrendous, you had no clothes, you had ablanket around you, you had nothing in the cell, availability in the prison.” the in availability English/Irish authors really afavourite, read not alike,have did novelsfor andbased I pleasure on achelor’s degree: achelor’s – out ofout which he servedyears.Long 15,5 sent to was He went Kesh directly and onthe - Block committee or something like that, that was set upby relatives. When hadthe you

t oft camaraderie (…) It was dangerous, it was violent, you would get

everything was (…) alright We hadtimesthere where was th

83 ys that he was there and could tell that: tell could and there was he ysthat C novels, Ulysses, Dostoyevsky, Norman Mailer,

tressful as the

introduced

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content in prison was by living theandcontent in moment prisonwas says: in by consequences because he does believe not regret. in The onlywaycould feel sometimes he Loyalists. He thathe joined wouldhave thinks IRA still the have if he known would the thanthem, Fein to with favourable background makes Sinn more thathis to him think In cu his rrent today. is which he still jobmore has he problems with Nationalist politicians that wife.met his After he obtained MA, in his Peace and Studies, Conflict he worked as a journalist, He Universitya to releasewent slow while straightfrom he program. prison andwas he there of part as eightmonths to for six Belfast working in of process go a through fromhim having to prisonsaved in still was while University he acceptedof Ulster only.” was the to thathe fact The Aidan Afterreporting1992 heconsiderwas not did back: released he in parole theHavinggot in prison,it: effect had on out its people along.” came it as it took just and then did that, I rest so the andall job in jail and I got into McGee to do amasters. That made me not under an immediate pressure to find a different set of problems’ so I alright when get I out' and was I like when‘no you out get changeyou one set of problems for a do,to I just said 'ok, I'm out now.' Some people think when they're in jail 'everything is going to be present yourin he stage. wouldn'tIt have been so much a daily occurrence at that stage (…) it was still very much “things hadmoved ondramatically (…),the war was wason but still it at a different level at this but that didn't happen. that didn't but (…) prison mechanism My stepped didn't I in, worry outside. It could have been that after a year wouldI have been like 'ooo fuck this let me get back to', of it, I just felt that I'd rather n hadn't changed my views, I samestill felt the thing, still I the strugglefelt was justified and all the rest stillI'm aRepublican but I didn'tjust want to get involved with Sinn Fein and all that (…)Politically I 1990s, there was the opportunity get to involved politically (…) but justI decided not be to bothered. knock ever rememberI getting (…) When out, didn't got which I exist 1970s in the but did thein when got you out. much, not It's very it's never‘you're out’. That's rubbish, come knocking’, ‘they only thing is money the you that they gave whator about that.’ So I just decided that I would not bother (…) That's another one of the myths: peoplenormal dowithout look having overto your shoulder andsaying yourself to ‘wha Itired. was like ‘I would a like bit of normality for Settlinga while’. down and doing things that struggle.daily wereYou constantl oldwasit“I thattoo was for simple a very decision. And you're 15 yearstired, prison, itin was a a things seeground.would that You the “brought more realism to the discussions we were having because would you actually see things on

went to prison a Catholic but due to his prison experience he is now a Catholic “in name “in name a Catholic experience he now is prison due but his Catholic to a went prison to ad but not much as was as it when I was growing up.”

never took that attitude (…) haddone I my Bachelor Arts of when wasI ot take part in it. I hadn't had normality since wasI 16, either in jail or y fightingy with the authorities over the conditions andyou getjust were not as simple as they looked 15years ago.”

5 quid something, or a100poundor that'sonly but the 84

about was going I what

t aboutt this CEU eTD Collection

Irelandunited Aidan hopeful, not a lifetime. hopes, is thathesee his but in will Ireland still being partGreat of Britain Aidanreplied: feelsNorthern asked about When British howwaiting state. he from the compensation for currently is was He quashed. and again it sentence got appealed prison his After he out he I'm likeI'm ‘no that w “I've taken my jail strategy out with me, I still live for the present. When people dosay you regret it, campaign” hope will,I by peaceful means, but I think things have changed too much to justify asort of armed (…) any don't see I violent alternative. So wouldI still seelove to that feel the peace process a is flawed process although it's only the game town. in It had happento to “I'm t going put

on't get you anywhere so I'm here, I'm now and here what's done done.’” is his right don't I want to because sound asame I'm dissident time,like but the I at 85

the British out of Ireland, and I Ireland,Britishof out the

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2 Ireland. His personal motivation was to instill a ‘leftist type’government of in the whole island of militarily involved b sisterswere His no caught. two were never considerable prisonand in time of themspent not thatdid at thatpoint, prison. happen he went until to hatred of lot a feeling remembers He incursions. actual moved onto rioting out youth. thatthey but soon recalls thattheyStrabane allstarted Terry wascommon thing necessarily this not a amongIRA. but ofalldid, wing friends circle His of the of night holdinggune joinedth findAfterBloody ayouth to head. a soldier his Sundayhe to also remembers thattheir house was raided ain period. lot this He sometime woke the upin dead started battles gun the when also was This twelve. or eleven was he when on going really was what of aware more became He only.” name in aCatholic was “I religious, particularly not was family Is meetings. were there that remembers he and campaign, worker and mother care his took of the children. father His was also veryactive therights in civil factory lorry fatherand asworked driver a His bread lane’. though onthe were living ‘they a remembers childhood his He Strabane. to family moved his years old five four NorthernIreland.he in Ireland was or motherRepublichis from of When Strabane, and father ofthe was elevenchildren. 1959asfrom Terry in the His oldest born England in was Terry 3 when the Easter Rising took in 1916; place de facto he was in charge what of happened.

James Connolly At a very early age he became interested in socialism and the legacy of James Connolly. James of legacy the and socialism in interested became he age early avery At

was an Irish Republican and socialist leader. He was the leader ofthe Dublin Brigade

to become regular and when he going wouldroutinelybombs becomeregularto and when hear He off. ut they would help out by, for example, moving example, around.would helpby,for weapons out theyut

always people coming in and out of out the people housealways and for comingin 86

but saysthat was not he politicized at all All of his brothers were ofbrothers All his involved,three s a happy one, even even one, happy a s

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thought they were too cautious they “couldn't understand why these men couldn't have the same the couldn't have same they men “couldn't why understand these cautious thought too they were that recalls her Terry badly burnt. which left blownup” “was he prisonshe spent in IRA the in time the and in also got Shewas arrested. girlfriend he before a had He escaped. had he after the run was on IR his mostly on always been focusHis had day next the escape him helped and they prison in was IRAwhile he Belfast made the with contacts won and he was move argued solicitors His thathe not should be kept in an adult’s prisonbecause he as a They minor. they the to was he When him Road jail. turnedtook taken mainwing: Crumlin sixteen to miserably Heas appendix. had thehis operatingwith been saw wrong surgeon thatthere nothing failed this but out taken appendix haveto his needed thathe pretending escape by forgeanto tried having recalls He hands. his in thewith rifle caughtwas he when sniping mission a been on had He fifteen. was he when time first the for convicted and captured also was He wing. senior he onremand; receive time did during his fr once serious beatings ribswere his Landrover. There soldiersThere were inside. four . hijackings, robberies.” and stronger at that age, from when I was 15/16 was I involved bombingsin and shootings, “ was I so well looked after.” on the wing at the time, and was I viewed aweeas mascot type person like, like babythe of wing,the basically it was prisoners run wing the So itself. actually I thought was brilliant.it was the I ngestyou “ As soon as he got the chance he reported back to the IRA the life:got chancereportedto back andonhis as hefrom the then As soon just went one in direction (…) my think I desire to be involved armed in conflict became stronger was which governed by the Provisional IRA. Them you days had what they called political status, so Terry remembers that the young respectnot because older they volunteers ones Terry the remembers did thatthe once times, Hearrested for wasseveral the throwingback a into bomb blast of In 1973he and left thejoined OIRA PIRA, he when was fifteen their onto he moved the relationship ended the relationship becausecircumstances. of the d to “like to a Belfast.run highin He byd had school, brothers” Christian

A membership but he did go to discos, even when he he when discos,even go to did he but A membership 87

had been insufficient evidence each but time

actured. actured.

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injustice. trial and seeing that at that Belfast theFilm Festival brought back memories lot of a about the he got In 1976 a offense. with bombing charged got also prisonhe was in he years While imprisonment. mother's garden. guard his ceasefire, the during arrested also remembers thattime.” He at dead endedhave up “ arrests’ ‘no the out, turned it as because, arrested was He was. he who knew services security the during the ceasefire. Since he was an active volunteer, takingpart bombings in and shootings, all became Strabaneus in went“a back theand with leadershipthere whennumber involved.” of he HeafteINLA had joinedthe reasonfor leave to enoughhim the PIRA: anythingthat hewant‘yes’ not do. ‘no.’” did to asked was or do to He never wanted dobut to lateryour “you had submit to operation the to command youand had get to they dowhat free to had been joinedthey firs Terry peers.When his of of the incompetence effortand as w input guardcompletely was that“in but some down” ways maybe was it a goodthing things.” of type them in involved be toyoungster excitementa as basically the becauseshooting, we were contempt quite with it, we quite were happy with you know it, wasit “even though we didn't understand all the in sentenced to twelve years thata moviewas about Terryexplains his made imprisonment. sentenced twelve to - He had been told that there was an agreement with the Brits that there would be noarrests would thatthere the Brits agreement with an was there He that had told been been had ceasefire The ceasefire. PIRA first the during 1975, in again arrested was He their head.” He says that his his that says policy He apply not did whohead.” “already people to had charges ontheir

Terry e did you know.” However, he never felt that he was in anyin danger because thatheyou he was never felt However, e know.” did

was interrogated a days for few and upgetting ended sentence r having gone a to r funeralBelfast. havingin setting He discussed upa unit

had been had s ands outs of it we wanted to continue with bombing, 88

sitting

down Shane, interviewee six Shane, interviewee

as well: as

he was arrested doing his his was doing arrested he

, because because because d

to three three to I could he was was he

the the

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3 that: but experience fantastic a He been recallsthatas having tunnel. digging in the aforefront turn of taking Terry helping involvedin was nine chisels, life prison. andinfluencedhis in it moved the to H confinement for two and months after that theylost their all status as political prisoners andwere was solitary He placedin protest. in out walk andto him twenty others ‘cages’] which led power cage struggle his in [they units lived in 70,80 with prisoners and call the ThatcherThe into 1976 convictionhim took era. 1977,there recallsthat,in He had a been Initially:LongKesh.INLA werearrived moved to theprisoners around. time after he this Soon again Road jail completely things but different Crumlin were A derogatory term used to denominate the prisonwardens. training well.” as being were you taught how m to alsoyou had education,like classes on socialism, Marxism andwe had ‘multiclass’ well as where Soit waslike. very much run amulti along days with theydays what that so andthen was 1day you're on they then take off for done 3days you it for andforsoup tea hadanother you 4rounds bread of and black tea.remember I being sentenced 28 to then for black tea, your of wasdinner around which say watery o'clock, twelve of weebowl we got no.this 1 diet’. The no. 1diet was that for 3days for breakfast you'd get 4 rounds of bread and a cup solitary 3days like got confinement, remember 3daysI ano. with thinking fuck 1diet. is the ‘what getYou'd anything from 3days 21days like to solitary confinement and remember I the first time I getwould in on you and you'd fight back and then they would charge had continuous beatings, continuous solitary confinement. remember I first time.the TheScrews “the point in time were actually my block,in so there was a of revengebit time for them.” remember I went down to ofone the H resolving the problems that we were faced with. Because it did offense took “I the INLA at outside onthe being for able not to pressurize these other people for controlled“we just everything within Screws andthe Terry had turned 17during the ceasefire he so was tried as a

Screws were very much aware of it like so from the summer of '77 until the summer of '78 we - Blocks. The power struggle had led The Blocks. struggle power had

ake explosives for example, booby -

prisoners througha escape tunneland thathe had been onthe - Blocks and so many Screws who had been in our cage at one - type basis then. We ranks haddifferent prison the in itself, 89

to peoplegetting killed; theyhadaccess to 3

controlled everything in outerthe parameter lead to serious problems for myself. I myself. for problems serious to lead

trap bombs weapons andgiven

you under prison discipline. n adult.He was kept in

ed those units CEU eTD Collection Volunteer Force

4 the BlanketTerry released had not Protest ended: until was When the Blanket Protest started Terry participated. He describes itas follows:

A veryA Ulst prominent and we weren't using bullets we but were using our body you know.” part part sortstruggle, of of fight of is this the all the (…)all we weren't though even using bombs, innermost emotions then, feelings, guessI we just took it in the chin 'this is what we're up against' it's never see them, you'd shout at them at night time (…) guess I you don't really call on sort of hourthere one and aday that was it then. (… The area this than here niche where at [points we’re sitting, 6m2] and about wouldyou allowed be goto and water bringthey’d you to out yard,this wee this small whichtiny yard would be probably smaller was bed basicallyyour a (…)board therewas nolight getting in. (…) far was end aju the At forwardlooking some is (…)to food. Solitary confinement was known the as boards area because good because, to be a bit frank, when you're doing solitary confinement the only thing you're really put you back on. It was very much a starvation diet (…) This was abolished in 1979/1980 which was got himbutgot eventually they got prisonhim in [killed] the There itself. was apublic about inquiry that do himwhen got he out. rememberI when he got out washe volvedin in killing Catholics, they never novels. It was purenovels. It escapism, London Robert stuff that, like also on books and education. Books on socialism, Marxism, but also I'd readingbe 1981 “after wereyou getting privileges all your back my so focus was very much ondrawing and andsmoker my mother would have been very, very much how in smuggleto stuff into the prison.” attain ablewere to w was basically I down boardsthrew the area to (…) really just You each came,took it it as you day me withbattered brushes andthen anotherand stuff ‘he's said Screw hadenough, and himgo’ let and all jumped awall Screws was hadmepinned me, totallynaked sort andI ey to of at andth promise myself to some so threwScrew apunch at me threw andI at one him and rest then the of the another kicking; wasI going to turn on them regardless what the consequences would be. keptI that point in time, was on I for 50 days. alwaysI promised myselfafter wasthat that I going never take to was hospitalized, was I in hospitala week, for and what I'd went I done, on the strikehunger at that really dangerin from got akicking. aseriousI'd kic gototo avisit or wereif you going mass. Soto remember I when we actually the cell,left we were “w Billy Wright inte operations going as from inside the well, you'd things on outside, awareof be the gathering be you'd alsoYou'd very be much involved outside with the organization, actually involved trying get in to you're looking for all these signs with different verbal communication, ones that would yourreally you head fry know. You're reading andthen Bournethe Identity. And also sort of head wrecking stuff, books on psychology, for example non hen you left yourcell,uniform they what youcalled big left hadto cell onthe you goto hen the put hadto lligence on Loyalists (…) One example that we passed on to the outside was that we reckoned that ’ 4 .

was in the wing. We the was in kill recommended to possible as him soon as and anddid try they er Loyalist, when he was killed he was the leader of the breakaway ‘ ee small luxuries for example smoking would a be luxury. a be would I heavy

books for example like there's a few fil 90 people and you could read the wrong thing into it.thing into wrong could the read and you people re'd be 10maybe 15on boardsthe total you'd in but

king 1978, was 3 in it thekickings day. one in I

ms about it now, Loyalist g of

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released in 1983. Terry says that he was still thinking in 1970s mode but that thing but thinking mode 1970s was in still thathereleased 1983.Terry says in straightafter get was been was have he to mistake biggest to involvedagain he it his considers leaving the organization wasout stay to some in IRSP way, involved the or the through INLA. He not did consider went her with while he wasyear onparole out the in got before heHis out. whenintention he got deathbecauseconvincedimprisonment, and was that: not he cycle thathecontinuous realizedbecausethinks about 1972.Hethis of thatin saw the he OIRA had was the right mainobjectivethatthe been it dividing realized because society. He achieving to detrimental was struggle thearmed that realized he wiser”, more bit “awee older, them to make itto the prison to visit them. INLA,The however, supportthemby did money giving the to famil The play not a church did bigrole theirprison: in lives supportive year: wasbut backHe end beforeof 1983 wasin in the the released

they call secr callthey and I would be named quite often in the public inquiry, named myby own name, named by this what us.” going for little technology, the manpower, weaponry, as finance had well. Sothey everything going andwe hadvery “t Up until the mid church.” the to Catholic relation view of in point adifferent have would whereas we you know mass themselves goto to over were tripping they so were, much pure Catholics fucking very were Provos “the break down the Screws and out political get status back in full.” Basically it was mayhem from mid the H of. would 10out I did 18months have spent onremand, Road, Crumlin then sentenced anddown to came back“I into prison again uhm - Blocks again which would have totally changed from time the wouldI have been in therebefor he Brits were under any real sort of pressure, (…) what they had in their big favour was the He met his wife before he gothe of out pris He before wife methis et designations,et they were able workto out the secret designations after a while.” - 1980s 1980s INLA’sTerry thatthe struggle thought was Butgot achievable. as he

but he was not active for two years he two but The was activegot reason not after he that for out. for

at endthe of 1983, got I 20years for abombing offense which I - 70s upuntil 1981, then therewas this of campaignsort to

on; he met her through a friend in prisonand in amet her friend he throughon;

y every week and helping helping and y week every s had moved moved had s

e. e. CEU eTD Collection

takeTerry:Since thenot time getting assassinationdid for offriend all his their revenge effectiven oneanother. way or in themselves engaged actively were people with is that social his life does drinking, he when but per a social very be to himself consider not He does civilian life but that he still associated mostly with paramilitaries: heon. So stayedIteighteen for out months. about three him took years or four settle back to into the the long term that it would moresave lives than wouldit cost” passed and he got killed. We always knew with the UVF there could be retali prison andwe itself were very much aware that so of basically theput boys onan and got operation it was killed in the prison there's any sort attacks of sayin Nationalist areas then we respond (…) Billy Wright was killed, he (…) was, like was Ourcalled position it it defense and retaliation:we won't goon offensive the but if IRA ceasefire in 1994 and wasit more playin that the INLA would follow s families with transport (..) Andwas I also involved with the INLA at leadership level and we had the together andwhat it also but setting up satellite departments you know like Derry,in Dublin, Belfast so we would get it all departmentthe reallywas practically non “ young sister was killed i theyduring fired housethat feud and his drugmajor dealer,so were family the blaming himbut knowdidn't he I So done INLA attackedit. the know well,as wouldhe appear the in INLA in the 80s he but left, he went his own way, he became a we'llget outwait revenge.’ (…)of speculation was alot There pointing aguy to called toLisburn, was his he taking school (..) kids matter ‘no sent agoodsignal: That to we how have long in retaliation, we got every single one I (…) INLA had sort of acclimatized themselves outsideto againlife but we all joined bloc en again defend to the There was a team of us down here, we were ex wouldI make a decision, then decision the was really made me for whenever he was assassinated. and visited me before gotI bewould avery close friend mine of through prison and whenever gothe out of prison camehe up was“There what was known INLA the and as feud, we what hadwas aguy called Gallagher who would I like have been going Belfast, to Derry, Armagh looking up people.” and even today them friendships still exist, very, very strong friendships. Sowhen I got out in 1993 “one of the great things about being in prison is that you meet people fr was pretty much involved with prisoners, basically at the very start. When askedWhen why rejoin to despite wanted the fact he believed thathe nolonger the in ess of paramilitarism Terry answered: Terry paramilitarism of ess t wast 5 people who were involved in his killing and the INLA killed the whole lot of them

involved was welfare type stuff, providing like families with money, providing .” , which was spectacular. He was still conducting his business from within the

out (…)out Even though I viewed myself becometo acclimatized lifeto before

of them, the last was one only killed acouple of years ago in n the house, which is probably wrong but they did it and his - existent and what I did was build on several departments 92 -

prisoners some of them were, also just ou

son, partially because he does not like like not he does because partially son,

I took departmentIand over the om all around the country

ation for it, but we felt in we felt but it, for ation uit at some point in time [name] who[name] I t of prison, prison, of t

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asked about his son’s reactions to his having his to askedarrested been son’s aboutreactions Terry says: his regrethaving becomeinvolve despite all the sacrifices that were made,Ireland Northern is still in GreatBritain. Terry does not Terry does not believe he that will see a united Ireland in his lifetime and itbothers him that, IRSP: INLAThe supportthe to now purpose is of the has employed kept it him job; this since 1997: ex for House’ fund relation in the to peace He process. moneygranted used was the he EU an INLA for he again applied the with becomeinvolved After had check. he pass the security prison got of out Afterhe doso. wouldtry to practice organizations thatother common was tainted, it INLA purposeHis ofthe in staying wasget long so make to the for name sure wouldnot that wanted.that they an to what end struggle;it’s armed the wereto opposed people not The meant latter could. they what they so took referenda the in get passed would it knewbut that finished,get let's so best weINLA can the of out it.”The Friday opposed the Good Agreement, says:“ and the in negotiations released. involved Terry was get could prisoners was thattheir theway only that INLA ceasefire 1998because The in went on

en. Thehappen. INLA were involved but they just didn't claim it side, 1998wetype wouldin got have into aperiod claim 'no noblame'of but things certain did arrested for the mu “the last time I was arrested I think it was two years ago like they read out the warrant 'you're being galvan goingherecoming tothe is financialcrisisFree and State whole the financial crisis measures, in the “ “ “ happen.’”does some point the futurein so some people would be saying why ‘well not build underground casein that glance you over IrishIf suggests history that it there's going some typebe ofto armed conflict at but the INLAbut still exists, the structures still exist as well and, there's not guns, t so what we'rewhat hoping for now to go down the political road. We're hoping that these austerity evenBut 1998in when we called the ceasefire things didn't really end there, even ona semi he applied for a couple of jobs but there was a lot of discrimination, for one he did not not did forhe one of discrimination, lot was a there ofbut jobs couple applied a for he ize the working classes.” - INLA prisoners and their families. Terry says that he feels very lucky that he got got he that lucky very feels he that says Terry families. their and INLA prisoners

rder of andsuch such and such and such', so that's obviously going haveto some d and would getre d and would

- involved if the circumstances arose. When circumstances arose.When the involved if

.” we kne we

w that the armed struggle was was struggle armed the that w

to build a build ‘Welcometo hey say, haha (…)

- military military CEU eTD Collection

it.” about knowyou (…) obviously that's so going to some of have impact sort evenugh never tho talked I'd of impactsort (…) They're awarethat I'm involved in something with those guns andstuff like that

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5 BloodyNiall was at homeremembers on what Sundayand happened said: but onwards childhoodbecame: his his with remembersrightsandgoing he demonstrations movement to plumber’s mate and mother his worked a in factory. shirt the with civil father His was involved a as worked father His young.” were they when married father and mother my children, Brandywell, nexttoBogside. the His family was “ Niall was born 1963, in and remembers early his childhood as being idyllic. He from is Niall4 have been attacked. 2010 Saville report in which it was established soldthat iers lied about their actions and falsely claimed to

The first inquiry into the events of Bloody Sunday. The findings of this report were countered in the school andbeing harassed theby British army at the school gates.” stopped in the street and searched far more ofte supposeI my destiny was sort of written for me, (…) our house would be raided quite often but I was (…)you're 16' children as suppose I wehoping were Long Warfor the we so could get involved. (…) join to be the andmyIRA?' mother sort of laughed back and said 'o well it willbe over by t happened and people had come back ofout their houses you know, saying, 'what do age haveyou to mysaying mother to who wafront at standing s the along door with my shooting aunt, the had bottom at ourshooting andwas was asunny of averyrememberthe street andI day, it it day, hot injustice (…) remember I actually 1972 in or 1973 can't I remember which one, I remember there was Bloodyinto Sunday, alwaysI remember beingit onthe newsandple peo commenting that that was an mean it's mepart of and the memory is there but chooseI not to probe it too often.” don't, I So I painful.visit too because it's chooseto andwithI not experience, remainsmeown my it don't“I want to abouttalk difficult. it, it's But have I t the other side was or looked like (…) I always remember the time of the Widgery report ood sidewhat childh We IRAandhadnocause of our solidly of were tothink onthe the well. as even thing and bullet know,typeyou like of IRAwould shellsin supposeI played andthat the apart have mean we went out in the morning after the gun battles to pick up the remnants of waswhat left behind dynamic changed a quite lot andI sortthink of the dynamic whole the city in changed well as (…) I people our of in the city know,you our lives were utterly. changed I'd lost afather, the family gun battles on.My andso was shot father dead onBloody (…) Sunday suppose I foralot me, andfor army base, just on the banks Foyle, of the which received alot of attention, both in terms of andriots “more and more preoccupied with the occupation. Our home would have been quite near the British

95 n. I remember coming out of school, out of secondary

a typicala Catholicworkingclass family, 6 o say the experience of that day relationin to

grandparents. Fromgrandparents. 1971

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Sands startedstrike:Sands hunger his prisonwasBobby into the day“short went that and dayon remand,sweet.” he The trial was his membership and of possession a weapon, causing an ex IRABut changed charged this he with Februaryifbasicallyand 1981when “was in arrested time jobs in between. After he joined his life didn’t change dramatically in part of acouple had and year before the left had He school. in longer no was Niall time that By a with discussed it small number of people beforehand and theyall decided go to ahead it. with had he also did; friends his of joined,some he joined.When he had anybody tell not that did Part of ‘fitting into the organization’you was that didn’t talkyour aboutIRA membership: Niall When asked what the ‘commitment’ meant Niall replied: weeksand and theabout talkto same onasix thatt for person weekly basis go to was. had He case there a his in response, wouldbe there not and whether or see had wait to IRA He joinedthe were over.” was developingthat that at (…) H time. the by the time But to we went small a largeand fish in sea largeat sea the that time sort whole of was the Hunger Strike situation “so my whole ehm early prison experience was, wasit very, very important to me but wasI in just terms of gaining the experiences and helping out in a, sometimes a levellow way.” goingbe on training, training weekends and so on and then you spent a lot of t active be 7daysto aweek, potentially were you but not actually (…) the time Mostof during 1980 I'd commandnext in basically your wasplanned more sort of was, it activity the of discretion at unit leader, your your unit leader was not“it's as if being in the IRA you'd be active 7 days a week, or 7 nights a week, that's not waythe it was.” organization it as and, know,you a disciplined military structure and you know basicallyyou jo essentially your volunteering were days over. You know were you joining adisciplined organization “Basically what was it chose continue.” to I and becometo anIRAvolunteer end andat the of wereit you asked whether chose you continue to or not join. Soyoudecide to were basically given the whole education through to the commitment you're making and the threats that beforelie you if you do “covered awhole ofnonerange which areas, will of but I know you rangedgo into, it from history to

in 1980, after “letting it be known” that he wanted to join. He recalls that you He recallsthat join. to wanted bethathe after “lettingit known” 1980, in , was you volunteered that were join, you to stilldescribed avolunteer as but

and, given the type of conflict that it was, it didn't call for everybodywas, for call didn't conflict ittype ofand,given that theit 96

sort whole of, gamut the sort of what means of it plosion.” Afterplosion.” having spent 11months - Blocks most the of protests the sense that: sense the hey: ined and fitted into the ime talkingime people to

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He prisonas in time describes his people who weren't from D isolate you or pick you off and that worked thefor benefit everyone. of made I some great friends with sort ofsystem can't prison Kesh, the Long In released.were prisoners when the knowyou 2000 structure ofyou're astructure part andthat was from maintained e the prison always you have several 100people around you whothe are same age, you're likeminded, my me time manhoodof experience and, know you it wasn't all, it wasn't all happiness or great but at the same experiences a as prisoner, don't I think I would swap anything,for there's now literally an early sort and the Republican movement split in the 1980s and have never really seen eye to eye since (…) My between Republicanthe movement and the church as to the morality of Hunger Strike. The church mass but that have would plummeted big time, but that was more out of philosophical disagreement progressively thefrom early 1980s onwards… IRA people would beenhave regular antsattend at brought Catholics upas and have would remained Catholics upuntil right the Hunger Strike but beenormore less conferred upon the prisoners (…) think I a lot of IRA people would have been sheerby determination you know and by the time I left in 1985 they you know, political status had have cancelled it at the least notice (…) Eventually the IRA structure broke the prison structure just secondary like be English. level would That all have fough been but officialdeliver we hadto education.it, for fight anO See did I unoff for fight Europeanthe Court Human of Rights you know. You hadto fight for education, didn't you have to then things started to relax a wee bit. But they had to foughtbe all the time and things were taken to more or less a static prison population. The prison system w staff at ahigher level (…) more Longin Kesh than in Crumlin Road because in Long Kesh there was The unofficial sort of IRA structure in the prison would negotiated have certain withthings the prison guardedbeen in ofterms what would you speak to them and about sort of always distance. kept your Unionist persuasion (…) so wouldyou have always held them in deep suspicion and wouldyou have interest in me and I've stuck with it ever since (…) The prison wardens would have been mostly of Kesh Irish’ which wouldn't ‘Gweedore be Irish’, it'd pools be apart, but it opened upa cultural was after went I to prison (…) SoI came out of prison speaking Irish, fluent whatin they call ‘Long week, when you were sentenced you got one. There was a lot of boredom (…) My first newspapers, listening to the radio, books and that's it really. On remand you got acouple of visits a andlunch th then goto e canteen for your (…)tea mean therewas I alot of reading, alot of basis, every other day you would go to the canteen for your breakfast, go to the canteen for your 2 the, the structures and the 2sort of unofficial structures the prisonin doto things onaday about between Loyalists andRepublicans, basically so what happened was there was an agreement between bloodkeep the flowing you know. so your typical day be, would at that time the prison was mixed the that really strange, why would they walkingbe around in a circle you know. And dawnedthen it onme inday prison, looking out into the yard and everybody was walking around a in circle and I found it Buttime. mostlywere you wing the within another 1 or another 2 (…) always I remember my first A oftime. peoplelot would been have in prison for rioting theyso would be coming a in for short “during Hunger the Strikes a lot of people were arrested because there was a lot activity of at the re was nowherere else walk, can you only waythe can you gois andround that's round, just to mories of that period are all quite happy believe it or not (…) You're onnot your own, in icial icial education because that's what you got in the prison and sometimes wouldI help erry; I still would remain very friendly with them until presentthe day.” follows:

as quiteas draconian up until say 1993 and - t for and prison for the t service would level in prison, English; this would arly right 70s the upuntil year

Irish lesson

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Hi compatriots: his of some of andcompetence trustworthiness doubtede sometimes th Nonetheless, Niall he felt th doesn’t remember exactly itimpactedhow him, that thinks that was important to him. Moreover, IR the of members Fein, of haveSinn members “would Republican, been circle social His werepeople likeminded.” who He recallsthatby he time got ofsocial the of his out prisonmost life “would have been with About this time in his life he says: personal wasvengeance.” around motivation the “a of and lot that roughercut Republican” degr “acertain with and vengeful” feeling “still prison own destiny withoutBritish interference, was “quite important” for him. presence hadIrish destroyed nationhoodand that Ireland couldget onlyit back and proclaim its Fein and heinvolved was the still in IRA. HeIRA, says thatthe ideology the of thatBritish politically Sinn with involved again. was He involved 1985 he became in released After was he s role in the IRA roles more the in wasor had lessas expectedwouldbe he he: it but because they had gone over the other to side because they had acted basically as double agents.” “there were a lot if informers within IRAthe who were executed, who were caught and executed, those who carried outthem was beyond question.” “all excused excesses the foolishness the of of a lot IRA's the of actions because motivation the of between them all but political awareness and activity and armed struggle. Sometimes therewere major contradictions benefits ofon the emphasisplace equal to consciouslywere trying people think I consciousnessand transformed in that there was more political debat 1985 gotpolitical in whenbenefitted that, part andso I out the andbeen of from landscape hadbeen wouldhavewithin insidepersonally prisonswell.asand on the I outsidepoliticizationthe onthe “1980 and1985, had you Hunger the Strike between in had andyou of awhole process sort He would receive ‘feedback’ on his work through casual comments and, although he althoughhe and, commentscasual through work onhis ‘feedback’ receive He would at he was progressing towardsfulfilling goal his but that they: they didn't keep you upat night you know.” A” and that out of security “you would socialize with your A” with would socialize and“you of thatout securityown kind.”

e, e, there was more of a political sort of ee of politicization” but that he “was a

Niall recalls leaving

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1988: got He He membership marriedin his from remembers doubting 1990onwards. having started Butthat had what a happened afterbigger impact: IRA, there wasthink before 1992,he in which does left the he just the in period wereHowever, dispersed. that incidences these happendidn’t and often like askedWhen whether happened this oftenduring or Niallreplied more periods certain thatit time askedbeen doto them rather than me but there you are.” uncomfortableI'm with the of memories and wouldthat I have preferred if someone else would have things people wasn't conducted enough with thoroughness know you (…) thereare some saying I'm that peopleinnocent well hat as think and I sometimes the assessment risk with of to regard innocent armed conflict because in armed conflic morality in our minds with regard anythingto that we do but particularly in terms of engaging in of nor the necessityit andagain it. But, of notI'll go any detail, into think need I keep to we all was askeddo thatthings I to was apprehensive I about happy wast because not I with “was apprehensive about some of the things that wasI asked to do,which I done (…) Some of the military campaign was damaging the Republican cause (…) hadabigger also make: I choice to what there was no chance of amilitarynot only victory but know, you wasit probably to fair say that the started sort of questioning more my own mora was having that I say niggles about what was, who I was andwhat I was doingI suppose andI I thought, we got married it sort of, meanI I remained on in the IRA but I suppose, it's probably fair to mean“and wehave I didn't until children 1996 so dowithit had nothing to children no or grudge other people let's theleftwith sayIRA andI leave within didn't particular know. any you I with think and I those also things influenced my thinking at time. Bythat stage the had I differences major struggle the was air, in there was moreabout talk bri 1991, 1990 saw the first sort of trial ceasefire atso that stage possibilitythe of a cessation of armed sayin the1991,think by I of end my the don't career I in IRA was over. officially think I until left 1992, so my involvement tapered off beginning during the of 1991. Tohonest be with youbeginning the by, of, was my first point where I seriously questioned my own involvement and it's probably fair to say that debris by here from the bomb thought andI that was particular ill commemoration. That was a massive contradiction for me. A was boy young killed the just at corner not far hereoff, from January actually, in 1990 Sunday the as same day Bloody onthe suppose“I act the that really made me think about my involvement in the IRA was a bomb that went manyoung was killed with a bomb and there was another contradictory but also very damaging the Republicanto cause. One of them was Derry, in where a “some actions that were carried out (…) which I thought were just folly and completely, not just

g you knowg you ‘I've I'm hadenough, leaving.’think I that stagewell,mean as therewas at I talk

that I'm notthat I'm comfortable with, that's to that theywrong not were say particular, in that just it's you know,you I feltjust there are other things that likewould to do.” t peoplet get killed, sometimes wrongthe people, sometimes 99 lity andlity morality the or armed struggle (…) By1990

nging aroundnging the conditions lasting peace for

one in 1987.” in one were: were: - advised and Thatfoolish. really

he morality of morality he thing but Ibut thing CEU eTD Collection Birmingham pubbombings. Their convictions were quashed by Court of the Appeal in 1991.

7 6 fact that he hadbeen victimized and that the state lied about ithad made him very bitter. vengeance. did damaged thatit as The thanand him, anybodyelseanger about him more was hisrealized that he and Guildfordthat four six Birmingham around the issues rights thein human confirmed thathe had be answered that he believed that he was trying put a to historical wrong to right. Niall also askedWhen whatwas it that had motivatedhim for long so if he not did feel any he fulfillment, British Army. Herecalls that: fir happened what for blame the placed and victims the all exonerated for theinquiry campaign what an into happened for onBloody Sunday. 2010report The In 1991Nialland aof other couple people, social his circle hadground changed bythen, set the pub bombings. Their convictions were quashed by of the Court Appeal 1989.in

The GuildfordThe four were four men were that sentenced to imprisonmentlife in 1974 for the Guildford The Birmingham Six one in 1991, in one the Guildford humanabout rights abuses (…) of state that happened events was the acouple by There in 1989and uld sho I do about Bloody Sunday and during 1990 and 1991 there was a of discussionlot in citythe up.” that and took that basically left and because as ahuman caserights hadn'tit moved beyond January, April, or 1972. And so I that my felt ownI life was becoming increasingly unfulfilled because of legacythe Bloody of Sunday me very far, onapersonal level, but the motivation around Bloody Sunday w many ofweren't too about, them aprotracted vengeance. act of suppose 1991 I wasn't by getting that was to, th I related not at particularly successful wasn't mean I I aChe Guevara andthere figure could done be around Bloody Sunday (..) My motivation of being in the IRA I've always directly before,than me but personallyfor connectedI the release of those prisoners with something else that Britishwasnot,a signalthat thew whether by that or they certainlyand then since the Birmingham released, 6were that change was onthe don't way. know I too afterlong Bloody Sunday and there was apalpable sense when the Guildford 4were released, abuses,rights you know, to people live had taken place mid, in the early to mid which1970s wasn' think and I that actually created asort of sense of intrigue me, in because these historical human fulfillment, didn'tI get personallyit anyway.” and fulfillment and neverI any got of that when I was in the IRA, therewas nogreat sense of was “it a marvelous time to active be and doingjust something, wasit agreat sense of achievement

were sixwere men were that sentenced to life imprisonment 1975 in for the en wasn’the driven thatit until byanger and said had become involved 6

4 were rel

eased 1989 in and Birmingham the

100 ere prepared to do business differently

mly onthe side of the 7 as the exact same. I think 6 were released 1991in

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had known now, what Niallanswered: he knows lifetime and he “canthat.” with asked When whether, live IRA he joinedthe wouldhave if he FridayAgreement. H fully Good the supports Bloodyhas Sundayinquiry been completed thatDerry he thinks a is goodplace be to and he the currentlyin MuseumofDerrywork.andNiall is Free community in involved “political nor viewpoints orsocial opinions” his circle. for A hi problem have thatBloodythe biggest choose thinks was to he “pullfactor.” Sunday going go to onmuch longer which, was he thinks, probablya contributi canme, I stand over that, it doesn't mekeep upat night.” the thingsof tha t was I involved in but that doesn't remove the morality of originalthe decision, for make. (…) don't I myregret choice to become do, to a volunteer. do have I some regrets about some andlarge by it think wasI best choice probably the that apersonmy position in could that time at dictate didn't my“I history, was dictated that me by to others, andthen the choices flowed from there. sometimes people just saw the person. one And atth was difficult at times.” prominent Republican and other hand onthe was amemberfamily I campaigning something for and “people would have saw me aprominent as Republican in the sotown, on the hand one was I a Niall says by that the he time left was“glad he to” and that didn’t he think that itwas After he left he “sometimes felt a wee bit sort of at sea” but he didn’t change his his change didn’t he but sea” at of sort bit awee felt “sometimes he left he After e doesn’t think he will see a united Irelanda unitedhis in hesee think will doesn’t e 101

m wasm the fact that:

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to the British Army. Politics was always there family, in his they would visit the jail regularly: other books. any read didn't He Strikers. Hunger andBobby the Sands about about volunteers, struggle and mostlyabout the also when is books, This history Fein. hereading started youth wingof Sinn would play stonesat them. small Britishrest Army andwouldthrow the the andwould stop derail tanks. He also remembers thatthey some of riots, them wouldplayact hoped at them,th they of out sticking nails with wooden planks like ‘sillywould make devices’, way.’ every Conan was the in neighbourhood throwing stonesor throwing bottles The kids day. rai being ‘always homes. Despite the fact parents thathis weren't the involvedin struggle, actively their home was children.shot he was ten when happened this andIn thattheyort. nosupp received the British mind Army his Belfast highlightingthat year received, deadshot was girlin old recently an that class eighteen of t dead shot saying. a andwas boy remembers thatit announced class that He his was in that but high jacking vans, and thatwould make it very hard concentrate to onwhat the teacher was school he wouldof youth.At constant Thereviolence was his in sister. and brothers a homemaker. has two Conan a was and mother his some taxiing did factoryand a father in worked family, ahis in Republican andConan wasgrew born 1971 Creggan in upin Conan 5 hey hear didn’t anythingelse Conan ofcompares it. the to amount this of counseling thatthe ConanIRA wohaveuld of the thought asheroes, defendgooders, standing as people up became RepublicanandIn in interested he politics school j Conan secondary He also recalls thatthe British Army houses raided and thatthey of out their people put ded’, ‘same as now they have a list and just target the people on it every which every which onit people target and just the list ahave now they as‘same ded’, ten see masked men whenlookedthe out classroom he window, sometimes 102 , just outside of outside the citycemetery., just grewHe up oined the oined the

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askedWhen IRAreplied: aboutof the the purpose Conan awould attack bomb. anman's funeral by‘back RUC placing’ was also a stage when the British Army were and police andIRA mourners when attacking the woul collaborators and people wouldconsiderSome be to those ‘Olderdiscussion. now wonder, ones’ of fromview, point thattactic ashould be moral used. thatwouldhurtan themasbomb of well,example agenerated wouldbe tactic aof that lot a thequestion certain necessitywhere bomb, The of were acts. human forced people detonate to be not foruseshould to force.about factand warpeople He despite the thatthedoes objective group. awere the thosejoin resistance thattook stepwrong. to admired always He has say that ‘their side was squeakyclean’ but that there weren't a lot of things that the IRA did that Loyalistsfired mock upto the mourners. at showed themand sometimes that remembers mourners that would sometimes get beatenattacked, or that plastic bullets wouldbe Republic remembers those of prominent vividlyremember participating in marches. Healso went to a lot of funerals; he especially IRA does he but the talkabout to joining family sitting downhis with recall ever not He does rememberwhat looked it really. like wasIt aday out. rememberI going into prison andbeing searched and see going to the bigin don't IRAmen, I occupation.the mandate beingfor here, they were an occupying force, the IRA were resisting the British because of my purpose viewIn the IRA, of the job,their was that Ireland was occupied, British hadno the members bombs were placed outside of funeral processions or at the houses of parents of serving RUC sympathy for a British of police families of serving police officers. This would sit uneasy with a lot of people, there would zerobe seeingstart that as an attack on families.their That that meant they would place bombs targeting We would have had the situation where mothers, wives, were arrested and s thatthes goalConan think IRA of theeven important, nothing is there though good is side ardentcould either supporter’of ‘the now,even not most at he backit When looks .

ficer or aBritish soldier but it was not straightforwardso when ans like, for example, Hunger Striker Patsy O’Hara. He He O’Hara. Patsy Striker Hunger example, for like, ans 103

dn't consider it immoral. There immoral. it consider dn't where Republicans would

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and mental torture’ onhim: tryyear‘would inflict guards to and Maghaberry the in physical was last wassadistic. He very comparing the two he stated that the guards in the former were ok but that the regime in the latter He spent some time in Portlaoise [ released. was whyhe is which unlawful, been had arrest His time. the all lie they that and guard an year every fine Ireland the pays just that but Human Rights of Court by European the unlawful has ruled been youmembership. HeIreland says that don'tfor evidence internment need practice in and thatthis spent he arrested got he time second The ha they already been released bail. on He also recalls spending some time in Crumlin Road. At the time Thehave it.’ getting case endedcourt, nothing bythen thrown dowith ofhe up to out had you of knowingthat shock of ‘the because partially experience, wrecking anerve was it room: that the RUC tried frame to for him something and thathe was slapped around the interrogation IRA fact always theflagremove tricolour. the ask thatthe to church coffin would the to ontheir being a actionand with Afghanistan thein funeralsburied Britishjuxtaposes in soldiers killed of an he of example thethis, with occupiers. becauseAs theybeing sided a of resentment lot on people's parentson people's ofpolicy the British. The IRA would put bombs inside prisons to kill Loyalists, there would attacksbe guards would be Loyalists, they would facilitate attacks. The policy of forced integration was a silly fighting every day, it was a situation of total conflict. I was still a child then really, was scared. I The The orders both from sides start had to that you were fighting saw if you aLoyalist. was There hatch. Time was split: Loyalists would take one night and Republicans the next night. brother's them killer.andthenkid They next to come and through put be would acell gloat in the alternately Loyalist/Republican/Loyalist/Republican. I seen have people being locked up next to their attackedwould be with assault rifles. We would usually be a cellin with 2 people and the cells were d a policy of forcedd a integration policyof[ Conan comes family from a Catholic raised not was as but such.there Heers rememb Conan was arrested a number of times. The first time was when he was 19. He recalls recalls He 19. was he when was time first The times. of anumber arrested was Conan d keeps it open. Conan says that you can be convicted on the word of one one of word you onthe convicted can be that says open. it Conan d keeps

and even inmates onfamilieswho of the beingminibuses were drivento in prison

rry. When rry. When Maghabe and in Ireland’s onlysecurity high ] prison they together Republicans put andLoyalists

nine months in prison in the Republic for IRA the prisonin in months Republic fornine 104

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CEU eTD Collection 1998. Twenty-

8 hemembership says: of 32CSM Fein He principles. Sinn changed says Abouthis 1997]. because its hefundamentally left it that [ Movement fromereignty 1988theSov 32Country and seventeen/eighteen was Fein he Sinn youth when thirteen/fourteen, was Fein he Sinn when Conan neverconsidered life: leavingall his Republican in parties been political he has politics, conversation withBaptist a minister –adding probably thatthis me. surprises 'jaw Churchill: would come jawaWinston better is nice and thanHe quotewar'. war have did He for him.’ time have ‘didn't he that but the to prisoners come round would priestwas that a The only he when got he support was prison in was from family. his remembers He thatthere police: the by attacked been had he years ago two arrested was he When

The Omagh bombing car was a bomb attack carried byout the (RIRA) onSaturda how doyou explain that? kidsAnd have then gothe to Imagine again. that's what forold like a3yr who familyyour and atjust the threshold after have you seen each other a for second being taken back. Examples be would that Republican politics.Republican followedYou’re your raided, being 24/7, do home gets make they everything to are you involvedIf in you politics don't really a have personal l democracy working properly. 6 counties could be voted into Great Britain or Ireland without external interferences. That w The solution is simple: give the people of Ireland a democratic vote, if this would allowed, be then the solution that leads to armed struggle, civilian wouldn't make me think that the political solution is the only solution. It's the absence of apolitical on thosearmed part taking in but struggle it doesn't influence my opinion onthe armed struggle, it Republicanism or militantfor Republicanism. thinkevery I that civilian death should have aneffe wasIt soul destroying, the tragic loss of life, such a slaughter or innocence. It did nothing for nothing has been fixed, it epitomizes what wrong is with the state. 3,5 months. It was a very compacted 3,5months, wentI through a lot. This experience reinforced that governmentthe wants keeplid on participated it.to I the those dirtyin protests. I wasafter released dirtywere protests there. Thethings were happeningthat 30years ago are still happening now. But refused goonprobationto docommunity to or service, was I so prisonsent to for 7m arms were broken threein places and there was no mark or injury on any of the police officers. I and pay because of that they receivedI serious injuries, gotbut charged with assaulting them. wasI given a whichfine refusedI to When askedWhen about it nine people nine died a as result of the attack approximately and 220people were injured.

they wouldn't feed or, you when it was visiting time, you taking out seeto he says that he was horrified by hewasbombing saysthe horrified thathe 1998Omagh

gave megave 7 months prison. in ended I up with the a plaster, bones my in

deaths horribleare but don't push the buck either way. 105 this party was not officially erected until ife, particularly if you're involved in

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despite all of the above he answers: he above the of all despite cause the much for so sacrifices why undemocratic.he asked it When operation’ thinks he but about the think Good Friday because Het a not saysAgreemen lot thathe does ‘it’s still in success: Conan harassment. your life miserable, you know, your take driver's license off you, there's a constant campaign of should continue resist. to rapedhave country our duty and andto upto the Every try have them. stand I generation and has years in it, generation after generation have stood up against British,the I can't benot involved, they engaged amI still because asimple issueis this right of andwrong. people TheIrish have put much they have compromised. But there no is alternative to the Long War, we have adapt. to that the last 2 true decades furtherus led away have becauseformer of Republican and leaders how think I'll see it my in lifetime, don't I think my 3 year old son will see it his in either. could It even b corner andit ended the Long upin War. think don't that we're I even closeto Ireland, aunited don't I thought that the IRA's campaign would work, Republica werens saying that freedom was around the In the early days there would have been graffiti with for example 'freedom '76', 'freedom '78', they does not think that he will ever seea unitedIreland that or the political route will be a

106

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9 they were told: They accepted. immediately come Once him. with contact to they thewere in Creggan found who out had “ghetto” they friend his told When Belfast. TheProvos. switch was by initiated best friend his who had heard about their activities in would be completely lead and him his best useless, friend want to to thought whichguns, Shane gas buy to shops robbing local thattheyfact were andthe OIRA in youth ofkind amateurism “wasn’t” The OIRAit wing” 1970but in of particularly the serious. all,gettingkudos.” it the of heart my at the I uncle, struggle, be to wanted heIndependup likemy “didn’t onlyand want end that to father, who heardence about the andsold aof books.” lot of nationalismIreland; “ the in Republicexplosion of celebrations of the 50 the remembers Shane marches. and riots of heart the was that street the from away streets two was street His area. Catholic/Protestant mixed a in centre city the in lived He loving. peace but Republic. ays holid annual withand theytheir Christian took priestsBrothersmembers were in the family his of Several aweek. times three or two mass to went he and boy a choir was he family, class religious upper middle a in grew very up andwas he Derry, born he1955 in Shane from is Shane 6 most notably on the post officeDublin’s in main street –lead by James Connolly. Rising with the aim of ending Brit

When Great Britain was heavily involved the in First World War, Irish Republicans staged the Easter bombs, but we started with we bombs, started which but the baby homemade stuff, was made sodium, from devices us and they show types machine all would handguns, of make to how guns, car bombs, pr “ ‘This obably be I prison.’ in

His father was a teacher working for the Christian brothers Christian the for working a teacher was father His is where the action you is, may be not alive 3years, 2or you in if are

anniversar

t’s going to be to t’s going action, action(…) were the first fifteen year olds to join the IRA.first fifteenyear thewere join the to olds After they had joined Shane says that one of uncles had fought in the Irish the in War ofShane of fought uncles says thatone had

him thathe was going themthe next join to day decided Shane to ish ish rule Ireland.in Several large and small attacks were carried out, y of the EasterRising 107 music, culture, folk music suddenly record suddenlymusic record culture,music, folk 9

in 1966asin a His parents were patriotic patriotic were parents . His

join “the action men” - men” action join “the time in which there was an an was there which in time W e wer

He had joined “some “some joined had He e sitting in houses in e sitting , you’ll very very you’ll ail nail

the the CEU eTD Collection

10 front at standing the was separatingHe one them. street and only atcivilians throats each other’s realized he them” attack let’s them, attack “let’s yelling side starting the one soldiers. When neighbours of onhis behind the standing people Catholic He hasvivid the most memoryan incident during of the one in Bogside. of the marches The the police had shocked thathe by wrote incident a this letter the to Derry which in he what Journal explained andaround one neighbourhood his nig he realized thattheywere there not protect to the Therepopulation. were armed also checkpoints by population, Catholic searching by their houses, and the peoplearmy stopping at checkpoints s when the in beginning.However,that therethey noanimosity was He recallshaving Army fourteenBritish redeployed been whenNorthernIreland to was the and a as it saw he whether asked When Ulster Defense Regiment, part of Britishthe Army. would threaten mewould officers, who used be“surely enoughto stopped by whenI I soldiers, camehome school from .” upto us signing heroes t in glory days, youanythingabout see didn’t sort of silly, spy stuff teenagersin hadbeen series who TV like watching andother types Man of U.N.C.L.E from see didn’t was, theit consequences they except andyou were war, onTV know, taking any of were“we acouple noexperience 15year of kids, with old know didn’t what real violence, of .” active weeksdevices we makemonths were or to within so glad fully andwe were the bombs, a couple kids but of we probably burneda down third of the city centre with these incendiary make to how us taught these capsules acid of andthey chlorine, andwax sugar happened. name Hegiven his and had and address as a result he was harassed regularlyby

rioters had been beaten back by soldiers UDR back beaten been had rioters and soldiers:

he goodold days, we hadnocapacity understand to what these men adult were

, theydidn’t like the letter

(…) (…)

we had heard romanticized songs about 1916,you about songs we hadheard romanticized the know about gamereplies: the took warnings seriously or he ht heandnoreason.ht wasbeatenupfor was stopped He so 108

.” the

that could turn this into

gory 10

and he days. Wedays. about raisedonsongs were

could see some of his Protestant Protestant his of some see could tarted turning against the against turning the tarted a civil war;

. W two setsof e were just just were e CEU eTD Collection

as it ever” as giftbox the biggest be “proved to says Provos’ goals. He r Shane just afterjust trial internment had without been introducedBloody anda few Sunday happened t cameto of people thousands action, tens of in theand die first to was well a from came he Because immediately. almost shot was he outside ahouse and hein had fallen asleep, friend his left him sleepto and left the house. he When got before They minutes him werewith happened. hiding it get had and been Shane action in killed IRA man to the first got was shot that friend The leavethe to country. he behad to and a traitor IRA the released considered him after wassoon so that but had with arrested he been had joined that friend the fact, In case. the not was this that recalls he year later a dead shot was that friend whether asked people.” When of the as the protectors his askedWhen into reaction fits joiningzealousness howin this thehe PIRA replies: but: was already the with Provos When dothis”. don’t dothis, “don’t shouting started and crowd of the Catholic train you, armtrain you area.’”your andwe’re Catholic defend to going this But destabilize. was communicatednot us to 15 year olds Provos mobsentering from Protestant areas, Catholic was this the early mindset. O people classedafew IRA defenderslarge was as held Belfast andwith off in the of people defendwas your family, defend the st we teenagers as be organizeto to hadto trained defend areas. Thevery Catholic emphasis that was wanting or join to joining for basis (…)main Sothe by inhabited elderly pensioners. drunken police officers hadgone and in smashed theof doors windows and houses clearly overrun or by Loyalists the police andthere had been anincident in the Bogside where Catholic be fear that big areas would newspapers andin there thethis “On radio was doyourto homework your at life that time because you were still, you needed gohome, to goto school, you needed march acivil. attending rights or be ariot attending just , else everybody like just were you times other and week a nights 2 to 1 maybe “ a lot of the time it wasn’t that you were a Provo every night of the week, I mean it was was it mean the I of week, night Provo every a you that were thewasn’t of time it a lot ecalls that as teenagers theydid not realize that their goals were different from the

had a different mindset,had adifferent they were to going

that they ran a very strong propaganda campaign. In that propaganda campaign. very a theystrong ran that You could be just a normal person with normal reactions normal couldperson anormal bewith . You just

reets, defend anarea. It all was defense oriented.

helped them “portray themsel 109

employ employ the friend he joined with was the same same the was joinedwith he friend the I an offensive aimed operation, to t didn’t really didn’t t , they said, just ‘we’re to going he funeral. He was killed killed was funeral. He he - known Catholic family known family Catholic ves throughout Ireland ves throughout

affect the rest of this happened he happened he this , Bloody Sunday Bloody Sunday .” so we would weso would f course the the course f

T he he CEU eTD Collection

11 for ed ne no was there take, to wanted he action of type what him to up always was it that recalls soldiers and and thesestuff.”was bombs, boobytrapsand explosives for methodology which s a was he was, approach “right at heart the it.” of For short a time, while theywere tryingfigure to out what best the Derry in Shane PIRA handedly the revived had people aof By lot arms. 1973 openwith Martin McGuinness went see to and Shane aggressive than before. even oppressive more Operation, Army was the He had stayedbrother his with London in during the summer and when go to IRAname because back the decided he thatbattle. men He fighting thought: to able who wouldbe class the in one only was the he realized that he theoutside classroom volunteer. he When was class sitting in oneg day, a to gunbattle machinegoing listenin onjust IRAthe area. Shane the the recallsthatin autumnof in 1972nobody Derryto in wanted It out cleared effectively troops. extra of thousands tanks and Armydeployed British purpose the no- towards OperationThis the geared takingback was Motorman. Operation carriedBritish out Army 1972the the summer of volunteers. in However, a dramatic trial had without in led to ofincrease internment and the introduction deaths these he and needed think he to some time could effectively take to because organization leavethe that overwhelming so were Bloody deaths Sunday.” The completely until “driftto awayvirtually one ofclosegot his friends dead shot forty one. led within eighthours This Shane after the first Another community time. IRAfromat the the lateraof supportfor lot months was there so their candidatetheir for 2011the presidential elections in Ireland.

Martin McGuinnessa former is PIRA wholeader is couldn’t do it so I just made I so couldn’t just the doit decision.” just I street, on the killed be could mine of friends close very where streets, the on decided “ I can’t be sitting here, holding abook,I holding can’there, be sitting 11

to ask permission to “go full time in the city” and was welcomed back back welcomed was and city” the in time “go full to permission ask to niper

. A fter aboutfter eight replies that there were a few of them but that he was was he that but them of a few were there that replies

110 got where the future of the whole country could be the the of whole future where to ten weeks he went back to “my to tenskillto weeks went normal back he ten now prominent a politician for Sinn Fein, he was

involved.

go areas in Northern Irelandgo andthat for areas Northern in - single he whether asked When he came back, after the the after back, came he

He He CEU eTD Collection campaign. and Londonmetro.24 hours, the He be

12 says: he life dating his About victories. the of any celebrate ever they for“wasn’t city.” hot too I this they happywas too because that thought Brigadeafter whengota Derrythere He Republicand heto the forwhile back stayedthis the in Quart news. theseyours.” letters of ended He updoing man a one “wreakyougo to with there askedbeen over a and will him bombing theyhavoc, captured after that after letter and bomb shortly new gadgets and the first letter bombs.” phenom Shane recallsthey “had gotas and more organized as look thoughit weaof the supportin community.” lot had thegrew PIRA While also rapidly it coordination because of point the action was just show strengthto and any of kind action“made

The letter bombs were delivered to, amongst others, 10 Downing Street, where it sat in wastea bin for t my head and said I had to take myto at orders it head I pulledagunandput andsaid had threatened guy by who this . London bombs in warning dono to told I was and called Dublin to back were kissing and cuddling, young teenagers because it was aninnocent sense.”were was age andcuddling,young that kissing it in teenagers because for was sex even didn’t know what prison, goto or diewe wereto prepared but dating weknow didn’t about was, innocent all you imagine how it couldn’t even hardly could get arrested killed or any second was it so very such was simple, it aninnocent age, hadthese“we ridiculous periods short dating of and it really was becauseweird parties both something, ‘ coded. warning “ double X wanted mewanted giving stop s; to warning ers, they: 12 Shane recalls that there was not much time to be social while he was in the IRA, did nor was social the while in he was be muchto not time Shane recallsthatthere

After he got and back, a few operations later, he got a into “row”

’

that that proven them to had true because I was knew they it g up and said ‘this is double is ‘this Ig upandsaid ran if so X there abomb is I hadset this upwith the press myselfassociation andgave them the code

he was asked to go to London. Ten people from Belfast had from London. Ten go people to to asked he was came wanted most man the United Kingdomthis the in after

e any time you plantedabomb you’d givea warning, was 111

injured when showing somebody howmake to a operation for a few months, it operation it months, formade a world few enal control over things, alltheseenal with control over

this was real was this in Oxford street Oxford in

I refused and I was was refused andI I with General Head Head General with

God’s sake, we God’s we sake, . o I was was So I ’

.” or or

CEU eTD Collection

He recalls: He that question. asktheeven nerve having population isolated from to was theThe prison had the he result was civilians and wrote their leader a letter: “ targeted they that fact by the outraged was he killings, sectarian out carried Belfast in PIRA was. prison Belfast the extreme and sectarian by how hangto “ him: been was killed the son of the principal officer charge in t of the prisonand Inpoliceman. prison,gua ceasefire. the break to anyway. The policecame thatfor him told himthey that were arresting because him theywanted Mart and myself safe, were we told were we happened ceasefire the as soon “As long.” too on gone had it felt we “because pro were Brigade prefe he why is this Army’, a ‘Dad’s fervently, years.support him prisonin in shehim London visited the fourteen full for was arre he time By happy. the them keep as to possible Shane’s family after supporthim not the did PIRA, hethemas lieto much joined and he would huge my in they doubt mindthat weren’t te really, really this Protestants caused. me distancing huuuuge shocked Brigade was Belfast person asking who Iabout this was that and it of the I ceasefiresuchduring hadbeen aproponent after camewere the ceasefirething whole really that being 1975. glad to in we upand haddoneGHQRepublican that turned it. this out really movementit covered if e th leaving of terms in it about talking was really he shocked that I was angry, so Martin bombings McGuinness Martin house November1974 when you with in hadthe Birminghampub doubted. people many many, time that first the was “November 1974 In

1974, Shane doubted the competencea ofIRA lot or members recalling that at itwas times like H ceasefire a of talk was from backthere got Dublin, he after just . it was a very violent time in the prison T his prominent Republican, Martin, was really very angry, I had never seen I reallyhadnever seen verywas angry, prominent Republican,his Martin,

And indeed, w rds camecell Shane’sandhim into told rred doing thingsrred doing himself. ithin twoithin days the PIRA and had a killed ambushed saying th saying in McGuinness.” But, McGuinness.” likeTerry, was in arrested he 112 lling other per lling at this wentat against this everything we for.” stood ” , they beat the shit out of me, I wa In in time his Belfast he found out that the sted his father had died. His mother did motherHis did died. father had his sted

ipheral parts what was going on. what going parts ipheral was I the bad treatment I from got the badtreatment that the policeman that had t hadthet effect creating of

I was in Derry in a s a in Derry in was I the sectarian murder of

hat they were going going they were hat B ut e and the Derry Derry and the e , to be arrested arrested be to

s amazed amazed s afe afe

CEU eTD Collection

ton ofton thatthe times”, but askedWhen incredibly if he ever felt frustrated orreplied angry, depressed Shane thathe “a did, periodthe North have Aboutthis he did status. says: this in prisoners London, while the in status given political not was protestingbecauseShane was he for the letter bombing campaign. f and rearrested After fourreleased, he was months immediately thinker, I became athinker.” a I I was thought, he priest, I eventuallyconfessed did English IRA,do? what so me the of out during but yearthat we became andthen friends we became very goodfriends prayer. speak I wouldn’t any to there priest, was a chaplainthere, he hated me keep to trying zone, adifferent entered andjust spot myself, onthe jog I steel would 11to 10or about wit 8:30 around something, or night, I ahours, got visit every and 4months t F day 3times 2or a out yo slap theuknow to cell getof out andI could tinyscrew I this found, that had avery, together wee myIwith around fold hadto this screw towel that verywaste small story. gav that civil war, the in ayoung father book about andthis Tolls’ it colour coded and end end to l read really you because warm prison I onthe you'refood. living worst practiced yoga, could read, keepeverything burn to metabolismto has your freezing cold,hungry you’realways because God, early November‘77, September from confinement solitary in naked being about talking “You’re I my plotted .” the movement resignation and anymore be amember of Ito really didn’t want andprayer thought that reflection,period of reading, that during solitary in was put andit I was battle, refusedonthe uniform, put criminal to naked I before was solitary in criminalization, uniform,wear the prison naked I was in solitary 14,5months.for In fact because it did just it I thought was right andthen I when I(…) was sentenced I refused to Ibut made an apology to the innocent working classpeople by injured m I didn’t trial, at andtherecognize thing gospelon.I andso avery did faith the court unusual “ the people werethat shot UVF getting UDA or members we were really being treated like dumb schmucks, rednecks being told were who constantly to read a lot, studying prisoners rights and human rights and I was reading about the the reading andIabout was andhuman rights rights began prisoners studying read to alot, ood was takenood was my to cell I door, have didn’t any exercise , in this , in

T hey took the bed, they took the mattress and the bed out of the cell at 6:30 AM and I I AM and 6:30 at cell the of out the bed and mattress took the they bed, hey the took

pissing pot in the bathroom area and they’d be watching me while I this while did they’dme watching the area in bathroom be pot and pissing , week a books 2 ike

fit, walking upanddown, reading, reading thinking, books faith about and

great thing about solitary confinement was that he had his own space. greatheabout had wasown solitaryconfinement space. thing his that it was avery was it time. you’re long When solitary in you’renaked

He spent about a year spent about a He and: onremand , I hadthe bibleand adictionary, I read the dictionary from and andthe blankets. h the mattress I hey’d the bed bring back into read novels like Hemingway’s ‘For Whom the Bell Whom Bell the ‘For like Hemingway’s novels read 113

the H the

Block thing even began, I had my own own I hadmy even began, thing Block .”

lown to London face to lown to charges , I was basically in the basicallyI in cell was 24 e me the idea to writ idea to the me e

I didn’t get into the e and anything e and

, cell at 8 o’clock at 8 o’clock at cell this protestthis about

the 10 , . I hated him, I t was th th

1976 to 1976 to

it e my e my I did did I until is is I .

CEU eTD Collection

out ofout he: solitary confinement Igot very and I likedthat quite London and I , in time was London” British to radio bylistening andBritish reading newspapers: “ arrested, “out of him the took game.”He it even because says “tuning thathe was life in into angrynot himself for with the choices he had made he but had felt a sense of relief whe prison officer example. a for people, senior fair some comingacross very He also recalls guards. charged offenses.” They “silly with wouldbe were onbythe constantly picked thatthey controlled mean wing did a in not fact was thathe Th violence. for opportunity much not was thatthere but very tense Long always was Kesh in first separated. prisonwhereand not Loyalists Republicans thatthe situation were remembers He ‘mixin were they Because Republicans “get whoto Loyalist wanted away theand Republican from paramilitaries.” Loyalists Both and there. him of men hundreds joined time years this thatint twobut took that it mo was he which after aweek, for confinement the wings were that being controlled byIRA. the Because this was of he kept in solitary go to to refused he where Long Kesh, kept in was Ireland he Northern to got ShaneWhen back years aand: he solitaryaof few In in wroteletters, lot day thathe confinement spent the 2,5 was back was solitary in for 2,5 years also them guys I and as alot them wrote lettersfor and of MPS,visit and got to Bishops Cardinals 4 theof Guildford andsome 6guys the Birmingham I met then But them. 2of except 1or for to “had tolearn how cope being rejected, with by literally all the other prisoners, Irish movewas Whensecurity that if of suddenly aprison out to Iwalk Idothat, I could wished. just I didn’t Category of A top out taken Imonths was 9 8or about After movedback. I was that it of “eventually there ahuge was am that .” . So had my campaign own andeventually it won getto back Northern to Ireland I later but,

on the one hand I was rejected I was on the one hand and d back to Northern Ireland.” d back Northern to g’ they were alltaken Maghaberry to prisonbecame prison.This the

ount of publicity about my publicityabout there of suchount conditions, alot was , up until 1985 up until in again I but was solitary

114 ved to the criminal/sex ved the to criminal/sex offender wing.He says on the other hand I really got closethe them otherto handI really got on

used to that life.” When he was moved moved was he When life.” that to used the largest amountof

I eventually won won eventually I n he was was he n He was was He

. e I CEU eTD Collection

independent.” and become grow to becomemyself, to gave time ‘because me it prison gratefulfor in time his does mean not thathe does regret not killing people make theIRA decision join to the again have “I doneagain, would it there’s nodoubt.” That day forNonetheless, but. actredemption him if anforhego is wouldhaveand time in back to every hebut for decided and him currently was forthat it not works a He homeless shelter. says years few a priest for a andclergy become to studied the considered joining theology.Hestudied Good Frida marked thebeginningof unofficial the peace theto signing thateventually process led of the This national news. became willing negotiate IRA to was the announced that indeed which was it in article the and McGuinness to talked He peace. wantingabout Martin McGuinness broker to the magazine thatheworkthem to wanted told for hire to him, wouldget thema story earn University, in In get while abeing he living tried to a as job a convince journalist. orderto INLAthe – themboth hadkill to plotted – leader Loyalist prominent aformer with function a public at appeared doa to accepted degree English. went Trinityin to on and Dublin College in H released. charges murder for held being not were that sentencers get life to case a pilot as Cross Red International the by up taken been had case his after released was Shane them.” engage one the thesentencepeople of few about life with always to I board, was review together “Whenwethereandtension wereworking great but stress all was mixing we were After he got out he was sometimes fearful of acts of retaliation, especially when he he when especially retaliation, of acts of fearful sometimes was he out got he After

y Agreement. Shane made a lot of money in IT, did a degree in philosophy and and philosophy degreeIT, in a did money in ya of lot Shane made Agreement.

but this faded away after awhile. after away faded this but 115

“for transient political reasons.” He is is He reasons.” political transient “for

hefound that laterout

Because he needed to to needed he Because e had been been had e CEU eTD Collection

Muralscenesof Battle depiction various during the sign. Derry Free The

A PPENDIX PPENDIX 3

– 116

D ERRY ERRY the Bogside. the M URALS

CEU eTD Collection

Mural related to the Blanket Protest and the Hunger Strikes. Hunger the and Protest Blanket the to related Mural ofMural Bloody commemoration in Sunday.

117

CEU eTD Collection RADICALIZATIO Deradicalized Continuance Affective Normative DERAD/DISENG Solitary In prison In 1976 prison In before prison Time in prison Age prison to PRISON in Years Level of violence Church support support Family/community prison orgSupport orgSupport *direct Trigg. Events Level of training *direct Trigg. Event IRAJoined ENGAGEMENT Status IRA achild as Rioted achild as Marched R youth Violence during movement Parents in civil rights Republican Born aid s

, harrassment ,

par. par.

after ‘ after

– family – -

–

group pre -

prison >

during pre

1981

‘

+ - - + - - - + 7 months 19 yrs 8 + - + - - Bloody Sunday* Internment* + Bogside* Battle of Discriminatio 1969 - + - - abuse) + (sexual - ? 1952 Patrick

n *

A PPENDIX PPENDIX yrs 5 +++ - - - - Motorman Operation Sunday Bloody Internment + Bogside Battle of 1970 + - - + - - ? Shane + - + + 4,5 yrs + (n.a., UK) in (n.a., UK) in 14,5 yrs 20

1955

118 4

–

T + 1972 - + + + + + 1957 Aidan - + - - - + + + 17,5 y 17 15 yrs + - + + - - +

/+ /+ ABLE

Sunday Bloody 1974 + + - + + + + 1958 Terry - - - - yr 1 < + + + 18 15 34 yrs +++ - + - - - ++

yrs

Sunday* Bloody 1980 + + + + + + 1963 Niall + - - + - + - - 4 18 11 yrs ++ - + - - - ++ report Widgery /+

yrs

X X + + + + + - + 1971 Conan X X X X - + - - 19 X X X X X X X X > 1 yr 1 >

CEU eTD Collection

Terrorism and Political Violencetoward andPolitical Terrorism Terrorism. Clark McCauley, Radicalization: and of Moskalenko,. Sophia Political Mechanisms Pathways unreliable. unlikely to accept someonea as member the when person traits has that will make them polit http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/organ/iorgan.htm Irish Provisional Army,” Republican NorthernIreland,”Republicanism in Conflict, accessed 25May2012, http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/faq/faq2.htm#what Psychological Research,” Psychology,Law Crimeand Research,” Psychological 23 22 602. Violence andPolitical Process theof in Development the Terrorist,” Terrorism 21 20 Identity,” From Categories A of 19 18 Theories,” 17 http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/glossary.htm 16 15 14 Inst 13 CIRA.was 12 11 10 9 http://www.irsp.ie/Background/whoweare.html undemocratic of true peacefreedomIreland.” sabotage and IRSP in websi 8 7 201- University 1976), Press, 6 5 4 3 2 1 s interviewee The Ibid: 654. Ibid: 660. Some Frequently Asked Questions- Asked Frequently Lynn, Some Brendan and Martin Melaugh Hence title the of this thesis, which is taken fromthe interview with Aidan. Kahani Nick and Hopkins Vered TheInternational Conflict ResearchInstitute PeterBartoli, T. Coleman and AndreaExtremism,” “Addressing 1986,as formed in was which Fein, Sinn Republican consideredbe to wingis CIRA’s political onOrganizations. Abstracts al, et Melaugh The website of their Derrywing is: http://www.derry32csm.com/ John Horgan and John F. Morrison, “Here to Stay? The Rising Threat of ViolentDissident Rising Threat Stay? The “HereF. to Morrison, Horgan andJohn John “The Party comprehensively rejects the Good Friday Agreement as an imperialist an as Agreement Friday Good the rejects comprehensively Party “The Liberation Bowyer National Strategiesof Revolt: Bell,J. On Martin Melaugh, Brendan Lynn, and Fionnuala McKenna, “Abstracts onOrganizations”, McKenna, Lynn,and Fionnuala Brendan Martin Melaugh, Ibid: 7- Tinka Velduis and Jorgen Staun, “Islamist Radicalization: A Root Cause Model,” Netherlands Cause A Root “Islamist Radicalization: Staun, and Jorgen Tinka Velduis Robert W. White, “From Peaceful Protest to Guerilla War: Micromobilization , “A Conceptual Framework for Addressing“A HorganFrameworkfor Taylor Psychological Conceptual Maxwell and, John The only exceptions to this rule this are whichThe to exceptions there only radicalization to the individual casesin is Andrew “Cheshire Silke, Melaugh,Lynn, Martin and “A Brendan. Glossary the to Conflict”, Related of Terms Randy Borum itute of International International of itute Relations ical violence; cases in which an individual acts alone. In general, groups of extremists are are extremists of groups Ingeneral, alone. acts individual an which in cases violence; ical 36. British Journal of SocialPsychology Journal of British Journal of StrategicJournal Security of

, “Radicalization into Terrorist ActivityI: A Review of Social Science , however, names. use the different nalysis to Categories Practice of inConstruction the of Collective 205. -

Cat Logic:Cat The Recurring Theme of Terrorist Abnormality in Clingendael - Hopkins, “Reconceptualizing and ‘Moderation’: ‘Extremism’ Hopkins, Terrorism Political and Violence 642- 23(2011): American Journal of Sociology of 94- Journal American 4,4 (2011): 7- 4,4(2011): (accessed 25May 2012).

, 48 119 . http://www.incore (accessed 25May 2012). (accessed 2012). 24May (2009): 4. - 1 (2009): 99- , 20(2008): 408. 36. , 4- 51(1998): 69. 113. .ulst.ac.uk/ ICCCR and ICAR (accessed 25 M 25 (accessed

(Cambridge, MA: Harvard Harvard MA: (Cambridge, 6 (1989): 1282-

The Northern Ireland Ireland The Northern

, 18 (2006): 585- , 18 ay 2012) (2012): 2. 643. 1283.

- backed backed of the

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http://cain. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch69.htm Ireland,even. much more was Irish Provisional Army,” Republican 51 50 http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/glossary.htm city. thecentury, 12 on 49 48 47 http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/glossary.htm 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 Mass in Studies 2,2(1985):Critical Communication 91- 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 and Francis, 2005): 70. radicalization to paramilitaryactivity Horgan. John Psychology (London: Taylor ofTerrorism perpetratordeemed explainingapplicable to an theybeividual’spathway can ind possibly from though these theories are geared explaining deviant towards poses behaviour a riskto that the specific decision engage activityto in their getcriminal and betweenchoice to involvedin offenders’ 30 Brassey’s, 1991). 29 28 27 26 25 FelsonMarcus Press, (New1992). Jersey: Transaction Activity and Rational Choice: AdvancesCriminological in Theory 24 “FromGuerrilla to Protest White, War,”1283. Peaceful Terrorism, Horgan. of 72- Psychology Development Taylor Terrorist,” Process 588. and the of “Psychological in Horgan, the Terrorism, Horgan, of 85. Psychology Development Taylor Terrorist,” Process 594- and the of “Psychological in Horgan, the Taylor Process and the “Psychological in Horgan, Taylor, “BehaviourAnalysis,” 172. Development Taylor Terrorist,” Process 592. and the of “Psychological in Horgan, the 70. Taylor, of “BehaviourAnalysis,” Psychology Terrorism, Horgan. 175; Development Taylor Terrorist,” Process 589. and the of “Psychological in Horgan, the Development Taylor Terrorist,” Process 588- and the of “Psychological in Horgan, the Borum, “Radicalization into terrorist activity,” 7 Horgan, John (London:TaylorFrancis, Terrorism Psychologyof 2005),71. and Development Taylor Terrorist,” Process 585. and the of “Psychin Horgan, the ological I Ibid: 591. Ibid: 592. Ibid: 586- The The S. Hall, “Signification,S. Ideology: Representation, Althusser and the Post Martin Melaugh,. Conflict Archive on the Internet. – Conflict Archive AofMartin Chronology the Melaugh,. onthe Conflict Internet. – Conflict Archive AofMartin Chronology the Melaugh,. onthe Conflict The division betweenNationalists andLoyalists in Belfast, thebig other city in Northern One of most the notable criminological rational choice theories makes a core distinction Maxwell Taylor, vVolence. Approach Political to fanatics: aBehavioural The Maxwell Taylor, “Rational Choice, Behaviour Analysis and Political Violence, Violence, Political and Analysis Behaviour Choice, “Rational Taylor, Maxwell Melaugh,Lynn, Martin and “A Brendan. Glossary of Terms Related to the Conflict”, bid: 592- bid: Robert

Martin Melaugh, Martin and Brendan Lynn, “A Glossary of Terms Related to the Conflict”, the to Conflict”, Related “Aof Terms GlossaryLynn, Brendan and Melaugh, Martin Martin Apprentice Boys of Derry of Boys Apprentice criminal arguing offences thatthey require different types- of decision

ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch69.htm W

588. 593.

White,

of August each year by holding a festival that ends in marches through the the marches through ends in yearfestival that aholding each by August of

“From Peaceful Protest Guerrilla to War: Micromobilization of the

are Unionists that commemorate the siege of Derr of siege the commemorate that Unionists are American Journal of Sociology of Journal American

73. (accessed 25May 2012). (accessed 25May 2012).

(accessed 23May 2012). (accessed 23May 2012). 120 - 36. Development Terrorist,” 593. of the 114.

, 94- , ed. V. Ronald Clarke and

6 ( 1989) - Structural making. Seeing as as Seeing making. :1283. y the in 17 -

Debates,” Debates,” (London:

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