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Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Act No ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was the product of a cooperative effort, led by the Environmental Unit of the Ministry of Health & Environment, St. Vincent & the Grenadines (SVG), and facilitated by Simmons & Associates in the capacity of International Consultant. We would like to take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of the team of National Consultants on the project: Mr. Morrison Baisden, Mr. Colin Campbell, Dr. Winston McCalla, Mr. Fitzgerald Providence, and Ms. Rowena Kirby, as well as the efforts and cooperation of the Environmental Unit, in particular the Project Coordinator Dr. Reynold Murray. We would also like to thank the persons who participated in the National Consultation Process on the conservation of biodiversity in SVG for their invaluable contribution to the development of the Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. A complete list of these contributors and participants can be found in Appendix 1., 1.(a) and 1.(b). The document also owes much to those individuals who commented on the technical content and structure of the draft documents, and to them, we wish to express our sincere gratitude. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF APPENDICES LIST OF ACRONYMS DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THE DOCUMENT ES 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................. ............................ -i- ES 1.1 Background & Rational for the SVG National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan (NBSAP) ..................... ........................ -i- ES 1.2 The Importance of Biodiversity . ................................-ii- ES 1.3 Goals and Objectives of the SVG NBSAP Project ................................-ii- ES 1.4 Challenges Identified in Biodiversity Conservation in SVG ........................ -iv- ES 1.5 Major Threats to Biodiversity in SVG . ..................................-v- 1. BASELINE INFORMATION ON ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES .............. Page -1- 1.1 Location and Land Area .......................... ..................... Page -1- 1.2 Topography ...................................... ................... Page -1- 1.3 Climate......................................... .................... Page -4- 1.4 Population & Demographic Characteristics . ......................... Page -4- 2. STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN SVG . ................... Page -5- 2.1 TERRESTRIAL FLORA DIVERSITY .................... ............... Page -6- 2.1.1 Natural Vegetation ............................ ................ Page -6- 2.1.2 Forest Ecosystems ............................. ................ Page -7- 2.1.3 Climax Communities ............................ ............... Page -7- 2.1.4 Secondary Communities ......................... .............. Page -10- 2.1.5 Forestry Resources ............................ ............... Page -10- 2.1.5.1 Forests of St. Vincent ...................... ............ Page -11- 2.1.5.2 Forests of The Grenadines ................... ........... Page -11- 2.1.5.3 Mangrove Forest ............................. ......... Page -12- 2.1.5.4 Forest Plantations .......................... ........... Page -13- 2.1.5.5 Impact of Forestry on Biodiversity . .............. Page -13- 2.2 TERRESTRIAL FAUNA DIVERSITY ..................... ............. Page -14- 2.2.1 Terrestrial & Other Invertebrates . ....................... Page -14- 2.2.2 Butterflies ................................... ............... Page -15- 2.2.3 Fresh Water Fish .............................. ............... Page -15- 2.2.4 Amphibians and Reptiles ....................... ................ Page -15- 2.2.5 Birds ......................................... ............. Page -16- 2.2.6 Mammals....................................... ............ Page -17- 2.2.7 Endemic Species ............................... .............. Page -18- 2.2.8 Protected Areas ............................... ............... Page -18- 2.2.9 Constraints for Existing Protected Areas . ..................... Page -21- 2.2.10 Biological diversity and its management . ..................... Page -22- 2.3 MARINE AND FRESHWATER DIVERSITY................. ............ Page -22- 2.3.1 Current Status of Marine and Freshwater Species .................... Page -24- 2.3.2 Marine Protected Areas ........................ ................ Page -24- 2.3.3 Marine Conservation Areas ..................... ................ Page -30- 2.3.4 Aquaculture ................................... .............. Page -32- 2.3.5 Economic Importance and Potential Use of Marine & Fresh Water Biodiversity......................... ............ Page -33- 2.3.5.1 Value of Recent Exports ..................... ........... Page -35- 2.3.5.2 Benefits and Threats to Marine & Fresh Water Biodiversity . Page -36- 2.3.6 Support Systems for the Management of Biodiversity ................ Page -37- 2.3.6.1 Legal Framework ............................. ........ Page -37- 2.3.6.2 Regional Initiatives for Biodiversity Management ............ Page -37- 2.3.6.3 National Policy ............................. .......... Page -37- 2.3.6.4 Institutional Capacity ...................... ............ Page -38- 3. OTHER ACTIVITIES IMPACTING ON BIODIVERSITY IN SVG........................ Page -39- 3.1 AGRICULTURE & BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION . .......... Page -39- 3.1.1 Vegetative Cover .............................. ............... Page -39- 3.1.2 The Soil Types of St. Vincent ................ .................. Page -40- 3.1.3 The Impact of Crops on Bio-diversity . ................... Page -42- 3.1.4 The Impact of Livestock on Bio-diversity . .................... Page -43- 3.1.5 Disease Control Measures ...................... ................ Page -43- 3.1.6 Agricultural Research: Its Impact on Bio- diversity ................. Page -44- 3.1.7 Direct Use of Agricultural Bio-diversity . ..................... Page -44- 3.2 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING & BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT .......................... ......... Page -44- 3.2.1 Background .................................... ............. Page -44- 3.2.2 The Impacts of Physical Development . ................. Page -45- 3.2.3 Legislation as a Planning Instrument . .................... Page -49- 3.2.4 The Value of Establishing a Biodiversity Database .................. Page -49- 3.2.5 GIS System Design Guidelines ................. ................. Page -49- 4. INSTITUTIONS & LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION . Page -51- 4.1 GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY RESOURCES . Page -51- 4.1.1 The Ministry of Health and the Environment . ................... Page -51- 4.1.2 Central Planning Unit ......................... ................ Page -52- 4.1.3 Ministry of Agriculture & Labour . .................. Page -53- 4.1.4 The Forestry Department....................... ................ Page -53- 4.1.5 The Fisheries Division........................ ................. Page -55- 4.1.6 The St. Vincent National Trust ............... ................... Page -55- 4.1.7 Central Water and Sewerage Authority . .................. Page -55- 4.2 A REVIEW OF EXISTING LEGISLATION ................ .............. Page -58- 4.2.1 Land Resource Use and Planning ................ ................ Page -58- 4.2.1.1 Protected Areas ............................. .......... Page -59- 4.2.1.2 Land Tenure and Property Rights . ............ Page -59- 4.2.1.3 Natural Vegetation .......................... .......... Page -61- 4.2.1.4 Habitat Protection .......................... ........... Page -61- 4.2.2 Forestry Preservation......................... ................. Page -61- 4.2.3 Agriculture................................... ............... Page -61- 4.2.4 Marine & Fishery Resources .................... ................. Page 62- 4.2.4.1 Coastal and Marine Ecosystems . ........... Page -62- 4.2.4.2 Marine Parks Act ............................ ......... Page -63- 4.2.4.3 Fishery Resource Management . .......... Page -64- 4.2.4.4 Fresh Water Resources ....................... .......... Page -64- 4.2.5 General Species Protection and Management . .................. Page -64- 4.2.6 Avian Species ................................. .............. Page -65- 4.2.7 Cultural Resources............................ ................ Page -65- 4.2.8 Antiquities ................................... ............... Page -65- 4.2.9 Intellectual Property Rights .................. ................... Page -65- 4.2.10 Factors Affecting the Implementation of Environmental Legislation in SVG . ............ Page -67- 4.3 INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION . Page -68- 4.3.1 Related Biodiversity Conventions Adopted by SVG.................. Page -68- 4.3.2 Biodiversity Conventions to Which SVG Is Not A Party .............. Page -72- 5. THE SVG BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY & ACTION PLAN . .................. Page -74- 5.1 Major Areas to be addressed by the Biodiversity Strategy .................... Page -75- A Habitat Loss and Fragmentation .................... ............. Page -75- B Over-exploitation of Plant and Animal Species . ................. Page -76- C Introduction of Species and Emigrant Species . ................ Page -76- D Pollution of Soil, Water and the Atmosphere . ................ Page -77- E Intensive Mono-culture Agricultural System . ................ Page -77- F Global Climatic Change ............................ ........... Page -78- 5.2 Addressing Biodiversity Conservation Priority Issues........................ Page -78- 5.2.1 Development and Articulation of Policy and Plans for Biodiversity Conservation
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