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Kazakhstan 1999 1999 kazakhstanHUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT National Human Development Report Kazakhstan 1999. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN 1999 Comissioned by the United Nations Development Programme Àlmaty 2000 1 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT kazakhstan 1999 ABBREVIATIONS ALE Average Life Expectancy AMI Adjusted Money Income CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CMI Compulsory Medical Insurance CPI Consumer Price Index GAV Gross Added Value GDP Gross Domestic Product HDI Human Development Index HPDI Human Potential Development Index HS Human Security HSI Human Security Index IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IMF International Monetary Fund MM Mass Media NEAP National Environment Action Plan NHDR National Human Development Report ODA Official Development Assistance PPP Purchasing Power Parity PTS Professional Technical Schools SM Subsistence Minimum UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund VS Vocational Schools WHO World Health Organisation 2 1999 kazakhstanHUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT Message from Kasymzhomart Tokayev, Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan The Republic of Kazakhstan is going through one of the most complex and interesting stages of its development. In the short time since independence the country has achieved a significant progress in building an open and democratic market economy. The ultimate goal of these profound economic and political transformations led by the Government is the well being of the people of Kazakhstan and improving their living standards. To achieve this goal we have to overcome objective difficulties of the tran- sitory stage which affect all social groups of the population. In this context the Government is doing its best to minimise the inevitable difficulties that people may experience in this time of transition, when market relations are being established and new ways of life are being introduced. Ensuring that living standards meet the minimal level during this time is very important. A profound and comprehensive analysis of social consequences of the reforms is nec- essary to maintain their unfailing course. In addressing this challenge the publication of the annual National Human Development Report by the United Nations Develop- ment Programme is of invaluable importance. The value of this Report for a wide range of readers is a detailed evaluation of human development tendencies and formulation of concrete recommendations. By initiating a wide discussion of the issues of well being the Report promotes a more active partici- patory involvement of society in the management of reform processes. I trust that this Report will be properly accepted by the readers. Ê.Òîkayev 3 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT kazakhstan 1999 Foreword by Herbert Behrstock United Nations Resident Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative in Kazakhstan At the dawn of this new millennium, Kazakhstans severance and national leadership have helped to fifth National Human Development Report (NHDR) orchestrate recovery again in 1999; as they have celebrates a mini-jubilee. This Report reflects back dealt wisely with external problems; and as there to the first annual publication in 1995 and points are encouraging signs and conditions for economic ahead to the major challenges of 2000. One thesis growth, human development resurfaces. of this Report is that Kazakhstans economic, social and political future, in 2000 and the coming dec- Among the most important and urgent challenges ades, is directly linked to how soon, how well, and of 2000 and this first decade of the Millennium there- how equitably development will affect the people of fore are: this Republic... how, when and for whom Kazakhstan • to reverse the many indicators of human develop- achieves human development. ment so they rise to at least the standards that were achieved in pre-independent Kazakhstan, During the last 10-15 years of the 20th century, • to eradicate the sad, new absolute poverty that human development has grown rapidly as a popu- exists in every oblast, and to provide services and larly accepted concept among leaders, experts, and support so that basic minimum human needs can students of economic development. It has become be met, recognised that people are not only a resource or • to adopt policies and to mobilise resources for the means of development; rather people-centred de- programmes which will help the millions of relative- velopment is now regarded as the goal. ly poor people and vulnerable groups, • to create conditions that generate jobs for those Most simplistically, the idea that development must who are losing hope and wasting Kazakhstans rich first-and-foremost benefit people has been champi- human resource base, oned as an important paradigm. We recall that this • to combat the causes and manifestations of hu- point can be illustrated in many ways. For example, man insecurity including exponentially growing cases nations can achieve major increases in GNP, foreign of AIDS and drug addiction; high rates of TB, alco- trade or levels of investment without improving living holism and suicide; criminality and corruption that standards of people. They can control deficits and smother freedom, initiative and job creation; inflation, and simultaneously put a lot of farmers and • to address the special needs of such diverse teachers out of work or cause social services to col- groups in Kazakhstan as unemployed youth, desti- lapse. They can spend enormous amounts of mon- tute pensioners, and people living with insufficient ey on armaments and military security while experi- access to clean water in arid or nearly desert con- encing a collapse of human security due to viola- ditions, tion of human, civil and political rights, through high • to deal with the frightening disparity of income rates of drug trafficking and addiction, corruption and that results in Kazakhstan being counted among the crime, explosive TB or AIDS. Therefore, human de- nations of the world with the biggest gaps between velopment must be a goal, achieved along with growth rich and poor. and other goals. There is no doubt that the international wave of rec- In Kazakhstan, during the first half decade after in- ognition and interest in human development has dependence in 1991, when economic and financial come to Kazakhstan since 1995. The prior four indicators dropped, human development also col- National Human Development Reports have perhaps lapsed. Then when economic and financial recov- contributed to this evolution. The Reports have been ery and stability made great improvements in the valued as resource and reference documents. Cop- last part of the 1990s, some indicators of human ies have been widely distributed. The annual development have stabilised and a few have im- launching events in Almaty and in the past two proved slightly. But overall, human development years also in Astana, have involved senior officials for the vast majority of Kazakhstanis has continued from the Presidency, Government, and Parliament, to decline and many national indicators have not as well as NGOs and many interested persons in improved. Therefore, as Government policies, per- civil society and the media. 4 1999 kazakhstanHUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT Kazakhstans NHDRs have not only discussed the proving human development. It also discusses pos- concept of Human Development. They identified sible ways to achieve these developments. This and described who are the poor and vulnerable retrospective Report also reviews past policy rec- groups. More recent Reports have also focused on ommendations in the NHDRs and the extent of fol- the changing and shrinking role of the State (Gov- low-up by Government and other actors. ernment and the other authorities of governance). The Reports have emphasised how action or inac- One of the most important issues which continues in tion, policy or a lack of policy effect major problems the five years of NHDRs is to identify more precisely such as rising unemployment or the decline in life who are the poor, and where they live. This is crucial expectancy and access to good health services. to social, economic and fiscal policy. It is essential They have prescribed some actions which need to to understand in this period of budget austerity. And be taken to improve human security and human now that very significantly more responsibility is placed development. on the shoulders of local government, Akims, and local budgets, it is necessary to assess the location, It is significant that Kazakhstan 2030, which ap- and the varying causes and consequences of pover- peared in October 1997, after the first years of the ty, human insecurity, and income gaps between the NHDRs, contained the important chapter 4 with its relatively rich and the poor. vision about human needs and services, including long term goals for health, education, employment The better geographic assessment about human and the quality of environment. Annual Presidential development and poverty became an issue in the statements to the nation since 1997 have also giv- presentation of the NHDR in 1998. At that time, with en priority attention to human needs and human GNP showing growth, the gaps became very evident development, including objectives and actions aimed not only to economic specialists but to anyone trav- to enhance democratic processes, participation and elling around Kazakhstan away from the few poles of the freedoms which are an essential precondition prosperity in Almaty, booming Astana, and the pe- of genuine human development. troleum or mineral-rich raions. It became apparent that the macro aggregations, showing national or even At the time when this jubilee NHDR is being final- oblast economic, financial and social indicators hide ised and published, Government has simultaneous- the stark realities. To illustrate this latter point about ly announced a Programme of Actions for 2000- distortions at the oblast level, Mangistau is on aver- 2002. That Programme states that poverty eradi- age relatively well off, but human security suffers in cation and employment generation are recognised most parts of the oblast and in most raions. The as the most acute issue of the state.
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