DOCSLIB.ORG

Managing Ethnicity Under Authoritarian Rule: Transborder Nationalisms in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Managing Ethnicity Under Authoritarian Rule: Transborder Nationalisms in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan Managing Ethnicity under Authoritarian Rule: Transborder Nationalisms in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan Natsuko OKA Research Fellow, Area Studies Center Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO Chiba, Japan [email protected] November 2007 Table of Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements ii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Aims of the Study 1 1.2 Why Conflict Did Not Occur: Explanations in the Extant Literature 3 1.2.1 Imperfect Kazakhisation? 3 1.2.2 Identity 6 1.2.3 Frame Analysis 8 1.3 Theoretical Framework of the Study 10 1.3.1 Consociation 11 1.3.2 Control 14 1.3.3 Applying the Control Model to Kazakhstan 17 1.4 Transborder Ethnic Community: A Source of Conflict? 20 1.5 Methodology, Delimitations, and Definitions of the Study 26 1.6 The Structure of the Study 31 Chapter 2 Formation of A Multiethnic Population in Soviet-Kazakhstan 34 2.1 Historical Background 34 2.1.1 Russians: An Ill-Defined Identity 38 2.1.2 Uzbeks: A Strong Sense of Rootedness 42 2.1.3 Uighurs: Multiple Migrations and Contested Indigenousness 46 2.1.4 Koreans: A Deported People 52 2.2 Ethnic Movements under Perestroika 58 2.2.1 Emerging Kazakh Nationalism 58 2.2.2 Language and Sovereignty Debates 62 2.2.3 Non-titular Ethnic Movements 65 2.3 Conclusion 69 Chapter 3 ‘Nationalising’ Policies in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan 72 3.1 Kazakhstan as a Kazakh Native Land 74 3.2 Demography 78 3.2.1 Changing Ethnic Composition 78 3.2.2 Demographic Manipulation 81 3.3 Language Issue 91 3.3.1 Language Policy 91 3.3.2 Non-Russian Minority Languages 97 3.4 Ethnic Control over the State’s Personnel Policy 103 3.5 Conclusion 106 Chapter 4 Control of Ethnic Movements 108 4.1 Strengthening Authoritarianism in Kazakhstan 109 4.1.1 Political Change Processes since Independence 111 4.1.2 Constitutional and Legal Control 115 4.2 Case Studies 118 4.2.1 Russians 119 4.2.2 Uzbeks 126 4.2.3 Uighurs 129 4.3 Conclusion 134 Chapter 5 Co-opting Ethnic Elites 137 5.1 An Authoritarian Cross-ethnic Coalition: The Assembly of the Peoples of Kazakhstan 137 5.1.1 Functions of the Assembly of the Peoples of Kazakhstan 138 5.1.2 Russians: Unification from Above 142 5.1.3 Non-Russian Minorities: Seeking ‘Cooperation’ with the Authorities 147 5.2 Controlling Elections 154 5.2.1 Ethnicity and Parliamentary Elections 154 5.2.2 Minority Mobilisation for Elections 161 5.3 Conclusion 165 Chapter 6 Relationship between Host and Kin States 167 6.1 Russians: To Remain or ‘Return’? 169 6.1.1 Developments in Russia’s Compatriot Policy 169 6.1.2 The Citizenship Law and the Dual Citizenship Issue 176 6.1.3 Border Issues 183 6.2 Uzbeks: ‘Ignored’ by the Kin State? 186 6.2.1 The Absence of Compatriot Policy 187 6.2.2 Border Issues 191 6.3 Uighurs: Labelled as ‘Terrorists’ 196 6.3.1. Post-Soviet Border Delimitation between Kazakhstan and China 196 6.3.2 Renewed Links between Xinjiang and Kazakhstani Uighurs: Transnational Movement for Independence? 199 6.4 Koreans: A Minority with Two Kin States 204 6.4.1 South-North Rivalry over the Koreans in the Soviet Union 205 6.4.2 South Korea: Adored Homeland? 208 6.5 Conclusion 210 Chapter 7 Conclusion 214 7.1 Control as an Effective Strategy for Managing Ethnicity 214 7.2 Triadic Nexuses in Kazakhstan: The Limits of Primordial Ethnic Ties 218 7.3 Diversity among the Four Transnational Communities 221 7.4 Constitutional Reforms in 2007 224 7.5 Future Prospects: Is Ethnic Stability Sustainable in Kazakhstan? 227 Bibliography 231 Key to Abbreviations 246 Glossary of Frequently Used Terms 247 Note on Transliteration 247 List of Tables 1.1 Comparison between Consociation and Control Models 15 1.2 Ethnic Composition of Kazakhstan, 1979, 1989 and 1999 23 2.1 Regional Distribution of Russians, 1959-1989 39 2.2 Regional Distribution of Uzbeks, 1959-1989 43 2.3 Regional Distribution of Uighurs, 1959-1989 46 2.4 Regional Distribution of Koreans, 1959-1989 53 3.1 Migration between Kazakhstan and Russia, 1980-1999 79 3.2 Ethnic Kazakhs Arriving to Kazakhstan from Foreign States, 1991-2003 84 3.3 Changes in the Regional Distribution of Russians, 1989 and 1999 88 3.4 Changes in the Regional Distribution of Uzbeks, 1989 and 1999 88 3.5 Changes in the Regional Distribution of Uighurs, 1989 and 1999 89 3.6 Changes in the Regional Distribution of Koreans, 1989 and 1999 89 3.7 Ethnic Composition of Kazakhstan, by Oblast, 1989 and 1999 90 3.8 Russians’ Knowledge of the Russian and Kazakh Languages, 1989 and 1999 94 3.9 Uzbeks’ Knowledge of the Uzbek, Russian, and Kazakh Languages, 1989 and 1999 95 3.10 Uighurs’ Knowledge of the Uighur, Russian, and Kazakh Languages, 1989 and 1999 95 3.11 Koreans’ Knowledge of the Korean, Russian, and Kazakh Languages, 1989 and 1999 96 3.12 Kazakhs’ Knowledge of the Kazakh and Russian Languages, 1989 and 1999 96 3.13 Ethnic Composition of Kazakhstan’s Parliaments, 1990-2004 106 4.1 Parliamentary System of Kazakhstan, 1995-2007 113 6.1 Compatriots, Russian Citizens, and Ethnic Russians 172 Abstract How can political stability be secured in a non-democratic, multiethnic state in which power is monopolised by a particular ethnic group? If minorities residing in a host state have ethnic kin states abroad, do these international ethnic links pose a threat to the security and territorial integrity of the host state? This study asks these questions by examining the case of Post-Soviet Kazakhstan, a state which has often been viewed as ethnically fragile due to a substantial presence of ethnic ‘others’—primarily Russians—in the country. This study provides an empirically grounded account of how and why ethnicity failed to emerge as an arena of conflict in Kazakhstan. It identifies a government strategy designed to manage ethnic diversity—based both on repression and co-optation, which it examines in the context of the complex international environment after the collapse of the Soviet Union. By comparing the four major transnational ethnic communities in Kazakhstan (Russians, Uzbeks, Uighurs, and Koreans), this study provides an in-depth analysis of triadic nexuses—the dynamic interaction between the government of Kazakhstan, minorities residing in that state, and the ethnic homelands of those minorities. The main method of inquiry employed is intensive, individual interviewing with ethnic movement leaders. The findings of this study suggest that control—a strategy that uses coercive methods as well as minority elite co-optation to render ethnic contestation difficult or impossible—is an effective means by which to manage ethnic divisions under authoritarian rule, as it simultaneously serves to de-politicise ethnicity and also maintain the regime. It also demonstrates that President Nazarbaev established cross-ethnic coalition of loyal elites, and skilfully exploited the logic of ethnic representation to bolster the legitimacy of his rule. On an international front, this study shows the limits of the power of ethnic linkages between minorities and their kin states as a means to promote ethno-mobilisation. i Acknowledgements This study is based on fieldwork conducted over several years, which has only been possible due to the support of so many people. I am deeply indebted to those individuals who were so generous with their time and agreed to be interviewed over the course of research. I am profoundly grateful to all of my interviewees, both quoted and anonymous, and also a number of people who provided various support in the field. Nurbulat Masanov, a distinguished scholar and ceaseless source of help for me, never failed to provide insightful viewpoints on my research. His sudden death in 2006 was not only a great personal tragedy for his family and friends, but also a real loss to the scholarship of Central Asia. I owe a lot to Sergei Duvanov for his knowledge of the reality of Kazakhstani politics. Valentina Kurganskaia and Vladimir Dunaev generously provided me with literature on ethnic minorities in Kazakhstan, which I would otherwise not have accessed. I cannot thank Erlan Karin enough for his invaluable insights and assistance. German Kim, who served as mentor of my research on the Kazakhstani Koreans, always helped me with materials and contacts. I am very thankful to Khamit Khamraev and Tamara Mametova who assisted me in organising interviews with Uighur informants. My fieldwork in the South Kazakhstan oblast would not have been possible without the generous support of Olga Dosybieva, Daur Dosybiev, Bakhyt Ashirbaev, and Igor Savin. In addition, I wish to thank Timur Dadabaev for arranging interviews for me in Tashkent. I would like to express my utmost gratitude to Neil Melvin, Neil Winn and Bhavna Dave for their continuing encouragement, careful reading of my chapters and constructive comments. I also owe thanks to my Japanese teachers and colleagues who have supported me intellectually in this task. My colleagues at the Institute of Developing Economies, as well as Nobuaki Shiokawa and Tomohiko Uyama read earlier versions of the text and provided me with critical and insightful comments. Yasushi Shinmen’s invitation to join his research project ii on the Uighur community in Central Asia widened my understanding of the Uighur people. Hisao Komatsu’s invitation to participate in his team of the Islamic Area Studies Program has also provided me with an invaluable opportunity to share my research with others and interact with a stimulating intellectual community. Last but not least, special thanks are due to my long-term friend Katya Burns for carefully editing the text.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Attachement 2 Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in Kazakhstan
    ATTACHEMENT 2 INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN KAZAKHSTAN BETWEEN 2006 AND 2007 Events in Aktau On August 20, 2006 Aktau City witnessed riots. Printed mass media reported that originally an unauthorized but peaceful rally of workers was taking place at the central square of the city Yntymak. The workers of Mangistau MunayGas OJSC were demanding salary increase. According to City Akimat (local authority), around 10 or 15 people were participating in the rally. Next day information leaked to the press that there were more than 200 people gathered at the square by night. According to city authorities small groups from the rally moved to courtyards of resident buildings and tried to organize pogroms. Other sources speak about clashes with police and number of arrested vary between 17 and 25 persons. Participants of the rally were joined by the youth who started violent clashes with the police. Opposition mass media reported that at that moment some people in crowed began screaming racial offenses against the Caucasians who live in the area and then began to smash cafeterias and shops owned by Lezgins, Chechens and Azerbaijanis. Mangyshlak peninsula which hosts port city of Aktau has already several times been a field of interethnic conflicts. The most notorious one is a massacre in New Ozen (currently Zhanaozen) of summer 1989 when indigenous people had bloody fights with Lezgins and Chechens. From time to time local conflicts between indigenous people, i.e. Kazakhs, and representatives of the Caucasian diasporas take place in villages of Mangyshlak peninsula. As a rule conflicts arise out of incidents of a criminal nature.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014 CEU Political Science Journal 9(1-2): 16-38 CEU Political Science Journal
    THE NOTION OF “KAZAKHNESS” BEHIND THE SYMBOLIC NATION-BUILDING OF KAZAKHSTAN Narek Mkrtchyan Yerevan State University Abstract The paper deals with the processes of overcoming Russian ‘colonial’ impediments to the creation of symbolic spaces for the emergence of a new national self- consciousness in Kazakhstan. The paper highlights the importance of Nazarbaev’s decision to transfer to and construct a new capital Astana in fostering the ideas of national identity and ethnic belonging. Therefore, an attempt has been made to observe the phenomena of urbanization and reformulation of state symbols in explaining both ethnic and civic mechanisms of influences on people’s consciousness. Additionally, the works of various Kazakh intellectuals and cultural figures have been taken into consideration to examine the notion of Kazakhness and its’ contribution to the development of the Kazakh national identity. Content analysis of architectural design of Astana and state symbols is essential to understand the vision of Kazakhstan’s imagined future. Keywords: Astana, post-Soviet, post-colonial, national identity, nation building 1. Introduction After the breakdown of the Soviet Empire all post-communist regimes emphasized the role of ethno nationalism in establishing new nation-building projects. The model of Kazakhstan’s nation building is quite unique in terms of harmonious interethnic coexistence of a multiethnic society. Since independence President Nazarbaev initiated serious programs in an effort to start active nation-building processes. As a matter of fact, Nazarbaev’s nation and state building policies are represented for the Kazakhs as a civilizational endeavor. Nazarbaev took Kazakhstan through large scale administrative, legislative, social, economic and political reforms.
    [Show full text]
  • Итоги SE-2019 Almaty Eng.Cdr
    POST - REPORT SuluExpoSuluExpo 20192019 Almaty The 17th INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION FOR BEAUTY INDUSTRY 4-6 April 2019 EC «АТАКЕНТ», Almaty city, Каzakhstan ОРГАНИЗАТОРЫ: SuluExpo K A Z A K H S T A N www.suluexpo.kz POST - REPORT www.suluexpo.kz This year (4th-6th of April), the beauty exhibition - “SuluExpo” crossed its 17th summer line. Our organizers achieved the significant result when beauty exhibition was recognized and talked not only in Kazakhstan, but also in abroad. Maximize all promotional opportunities, organizers managed to gather in one place more than 70 real-exhibitors including Germany, Turkey, Korea, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and a collective exposition of 8 Polish companies! The exhibition was represented by such sections as cosmetology and aesthetic medicine, nail service, decorative cosmetics, hairdressing, face and body care cosmetics, etc. The “SuluExpo” exhibition expands the geography of international exhibitors annually. So this year a collective exposition of 8 leading Polish manufacturers was presented. Under the leadership of JSC Polish Investment and Trade Agency. The exposition included: “Inter Fragrances” - specializes in the production of hair care products of the brand Seboradin; “BIES” - one of the largest and most significant perfume brands in Poland; “Blux Cosmetics” - a manufacturer of high-quality cosmetics and household chemicals; Eveline - a manufacturer of body care cosmetics; Glov is a manufacturer of a unique makeup remover; "Herla" - a leading manufacturer of professional cosmetics for face and body care, premium; “LaQell” - a manufacturer of high quality nail polishes; “Miraculum” - development and sale of modern cosmetics for face and body skin care, perfumes, preparations for depilation and decorative cosmetics.
    [Show full text]
  • THE URBAN INSTITUTE 2100 M STREET,NW WASHINGTON, DC 20037 Maria C
    THE URBAN INSTITUTE 2100 M STREET,NW WASHINGTON, DC 20037 Maria C. Andrade-Stern Direct Diaf (202)261 -5396 Senior Contract Administrator FAX: (202)728-0231 [email protected] October 15,2003 Mr. John Lord Contracting Officer USAlDlAlmaty C/OAmerican Embassy 97A Furmanov Street Almaty, Kazakhstan 480091 RE: Contract No. EEU-I-00-99-00015-00,TO No. 81 1 UI Project 06901-01 5,06901 -016,06901 -017, & 06901-01 8 Central Asian Republics Local Government lnitiative Phase II Quarterly Task Order Progress and Cost Report, July to September 2003 Dear Mr. Lord: Please find enclosed Quarterly Task Order Progress and Cost Report, July to September 2003, Central Asian Republics Local Government lnitiative Phase 11. This report is required by Sections F.5 and F.6 of our Local Government Assistance lnitiative Indefinite Quantity Contract. Please direct any technical questions to Mr. Charles Undeland, Chief of Party, at t996-312-66-04-28or e-mail at [email protected]. Questions of a contractual nature should be addressed to me at (202) 261-5396. Sincerely, Maria C. Andrade-Stern Enclosures cc: Ivan Apanasevich (CEN, ASIAIODT) Mike Keshishian (USAIDMI) Charles Undeland (KyrgyzstanlUI) USAlD Development Clearinghouse IAC Deliverables File (06901-01 5 to 018) IAC Chron File QUARTERLY TASK ORDER PROGRESS AND COST REPORT CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS LOCAL GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE PHASE II JULY TO SEPTEMBER 2003 Prepared for Prepared by Charlie Undeland The Urban Institute Central Asian Republics Local Government Initiative Phase I1 United States Agency for International Development Contract No. EEU-I-00-99-00015-00,Task Order No. 81 1 THE URBAN INSTITUTE 2100 M Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 October 2003 (202) 833-7200 UI Project 06901-01 5,06901 -01 6, www.urban.org 06901-01 7 and 06901-01 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS MONTHLY REPORT FOR JULY 2003 .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The S.A. Institute of International Affairs to Be
    THE S.A. INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS TO BE REMOVED Africa 1979: Myths, Miracles and Mirrors LI' Peter CJ. Vale After Brehznev: Who and What? Robin Knight The Arabs in Africa: Islamic Philanthropy or Petro-Colonialism? Philip Frankel A Constellation of States: Regional Co-operation in Southern Africa Deon Geldenhuys and Denis Venter Book Review Namibia Old and New: Traditional and Modem Leaders in Ovamboland by Gerhard Totemeyer VOL 3 NO 3 DEC 1979 DIE SUID-AFRIKAAJVSE INSTITIM Wi IMTERNASEOMALE AAMGELEEPJTHEDE THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE INST1TUUTVAN INTERNASIONALE AANGELEENTHEDE THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (fountted/geslig: 1934) NATIONAL OFFICE-BEARERS/NASIONALE AMPSDRAERS CHAIRMAN/VOORSITTER Dr Leif F.geland DEPUTY CHAIRMAN/ADJUNK-VOORSITTER Gideon Rons, Sr VICE-CHAIRMEN/VISE-VOORSITTERS H.F. Oppenheimer Dr C.B. Strauss and all Chairmen of the Institute's Branches ex efficio en alle Voorsitters van die Instituut se Takke ampshalwe (Cape Town/Kaapstad, Witwatersrand, Natal, Eastern Province/Oostclike Frovinsie, Pretoria, Stelienbosch, Border/Grens, Transkei and/en SWA/Namibia) TREASUREH/TESOURIER J.C. Williams DIRECTOR/DIREKTEUR John Barratt INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS BULLETIN Published by the South African Institute of Internationa] Affairs and supplied free of charge to members. Three issues per year. Subscription rate for non-members R.5,00 per annum (surface mail); R7,00 per annum (overseas airmail). Price per copy R.1,50 plus postage. Uitgegee deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Instituut van Internasionale Aangeleemhede en gratis a«n lede verskaf. Drie uitgawes per jaar. lntekengeld vir nic-lede R5.00 perjaar (landpos); R7,00 per jaar (buitelandse lugpos).
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty-Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
    TMUN TWENTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION MARCH 1986 COMITTEEE DIRECTOR VICE DIRECTORS MODERATOR SIERRA CHOW NATHALIA HERRERA DAVIS HAUGEN TESSA DI VIZIO THE TWENTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS OF THE TMUN COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION A Letter from Your Director 2 Topic A: Economic Reform and Institutional Restructuring 3 Uskorenie 3 Glasnost 6 Perestroika 7 Questions to Consider 9 Topic B: National Movements and Satellite States 10 Russian Nationalism 10 Satellite States 11 Hungarian Revolution, 1956 12 Prague Spring Czechoslovakia, 1968 13 Poland Solidarity, 1980 14 The Baltics 17 Kazakhstan 19 Questions to Consider 21 Topic C: Foreign Policy Challenges 22 The Brezhnev Era 22 Gorbachev’s “New Thinking” 23 American Relations 25 Soviet Involvement in Afghanistan 26 Turning Point 28 Questions to Consider 30 Characters 31 Advice for Research and Preparation 36 General Resources 37 Topic A Key Resources 37 Topic B Key Resources 37 Topic C Key Resources 38 Bibliography 39 Topic A 39 Topic C 41 1 THE TWENTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS OF THE TMUN COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION A LETTER FROM YOUR DIRECTOR Dear Delegates, Welcome to the 27thCongress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. This event represents a turning point in the Soviet Union’s history, as Mikhail Gorbachev, a champion of reform and reorientation, leads his first Congress as General Secretary. My name is Sierra Chow, and I will be your Director for the conference. I am a third-year student at the University of Toronto, enrolled in Political Science, Psychology, and Philosophy. Should you have any questions about the topics, the committee, the conference, or University of Toronto in general, please reach out to me via email and I will do my best to help.
    [Show full text]
  • Last Version1.Cdr
    United Nations “To build such future and not to go astray , we must have a clear vision of what we actually want. When speaking about a long-term period , I , as the Head of State suggest the following as the mission of our country: !· to build an independent , prosperous and politically stable Kazakhstan with its inherent national unity , social justice and economic well-being of the entire population !· prosperity , security and raising the living standards of all the Kazakhstanis Such are key words to characterize Kazakhstan we all want to build. In process of our advancement into the 21st century they must remain our guides.” Nursultan Nazarbaev President of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Kazakhstan-2030,” 1997 “The United Nations Millennium Declaration embodies a large number of specific commitments aimed at improving the lot of humanity in the new century.” “(The implementation of the commitments) will require hard decisions and courageous reforms in all States and all areas of policy , ranging from cuts in energy consumption and carbon emissions ,… to more transparent and accountable governance and the reallocation of public resources towards projects that benefit the neediest groups in society , as opposed to the most influential.” Kofi Annan UN Secretary - General “Road Map Towards Implementation of the UN Millennium Declaration,” 2001 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN KAZAKHSTAN “To build such future and not to go astray , we must have a clear vision of what we actually want. When speaking about a long-term period , I , as the Head of State suggest the following as the mission of our country: !· to build an independent , prosperous and politically stable Kazakhstan with its inherent national unity , social justice and economic well-being of the entire population !· prosperity , security and raising the living standards of all the Kazakhstanis Such are key words to characterize Kazakhstan we all want to build.
    [Show full text]
  • Kazakhstan 2004 Showed That Number of Prizes at International Contests
    The Expert club “Strategic vision” and Association “Education for all in Kazakhstan” were commissioned by the United Nations Development Program for production of the National Human Development Report for 2004 UNDP is the UN’s global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. We are on the ground in 166 countries, working with them on their own solutions to global and national development challenges. As they develop local capacity, they draw on the people of UNDP and our wide range of partners. Report materials could be reproduced in other publications, without prior permission of UNDP, provided proper reference is made to this publication The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of UNDP Education for all: the key goal for a new millennium TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................................................................................................5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................................................6 FOREWORD BY DANIAL AKHMETOV THE PRIME MINISTER OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN ........................9 FOREWORD BY YURIKO SHOJI UN RESIDENT COORDINATOR/ UNDP RESIDENT REPRESENTATIVE ...............10 MESSAGE FROM THE AUTHORS ...................................................................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Manifestations of Nationalism: the Caucasus from Late Soviet Times to the Early 1990S
    Europe-Asia Studies ISSN: 0966-8136 (Print) 1465-3427 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ceas20 Manifestations of Nationalism: The Caucasus from Late Soviet Times to the Early 1990s Nada Boškovska & Jeronim Perović To cite this article: Nada Boškovska & Jeronim Perović (2018) Manifestations of Nationalism: The Caucasus from Late Soviet Times to the Early 1990s, Europe-Asia Studies, 70:6, 853-861, DOI: 10.1080/09668136.2018.1489631 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1489631 Published online: 31 Jul 2018. Submit your article to this journal View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ceas20 VOL 70, NO. 6, AUGUST 853–861 EUROPE-ASIA STUDIES, 2018 Vol 70, No. 6, August 2018, 853–861 Manifestations of Nationalism: The Caucasus from Late Soviet Times to the Early 1990s NADA BOŠKOVSKA & JERONIM PEROVIĆ WHEN MIKHAIL GORBACHEV INTRODUCED HIS POLICY OF REFORMS, he was not prepared for the rise of nationalism and ethnic conflict that would grip the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s. As a native of the ethnically mixed Stavropol Krai in the North Caucasus, Gorbachev, according to his own account, was well aware of the multinational character of the Soviet Union and the sensitivities of some of its ethnic minority groups (Nahaylo & Swoboda 1990, p. 231). However, in line with Marxist thinking, which anticipated the decline of nationalism, he was brought up believing that the ‘friendship among peoples’ was strong and that in socialism nations would ultimately grow ever closer together until their complete fusion (sliyanie) into a supranational ‘Soviet people’.
    [Show full text]
  • 27 Collaboration Between the State and Ngos In
    International Journal of Community and Cooperative Studies Vol.1,No.2,pp.27-41,December 2014 Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) COLLABORATION BETWEEN THE STATE AND NGOS IN KAZAKHSTAN Aliya Kabdiyeva* , Assistant Professor, MPhil., MSc, Candidate of Sciences, Department of Public Administration, KIMEP University, 4 Abay Ave., 050010, Almaty, Kazakhstan John Dixon Distinguished Professor of Public Policy and Administration Department of Public Administration, KIMEP University, Almaty, Kazakhstan ABSTRACT: Interest in collaboration between state and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) has grown dramatically in recent years in Kazakhstan. This article explores the history of NGOs, and NGO–state cooperation in Kazakhstan, in terms of the mechanisms and forms, the benefits and achievements, and the constraints and success factors. It highlights the positive dimensions in the NGO–state relationship in terms of the legal environment, in the different forms of public participation, and in the financial support provided by government. At the same time, there is a need to provide a real collaboration of NGOs with government. The NGO–state relationship in Kazakhstan is, still, in the early stage of development and is neither confrontational nor complementary. Currently, state social contracts are the most significant source of NGO funding. There is, however, a need to improve mechanisms for state contracting, in order to reflect the needs and priorities of NGOs’ constituents, to provide transparency
    [Show full text]
  • Christopher Aaron Baker
    Skills Languages: advanced proficiency in reading and speaking Kazakh proficiency; reading knowledge of Azeri, Uzbek, Turkmen and Persian; reading knowledge of Russian with basic speaking proficiency. Education Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana Ph.D. in Central Asia, with a minor field in Russian History, expected completion, 2014 Coursework and Comprehensive Examinations Completed, 2009 M.A. in Central Eurasian studies, 2006 University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ABD in European Intellectual History, with minor fields in Cultural Theory and Contemporary European History, 1999 University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M.A. in European History, 1993 University of California at Davis, Davis, California B.A. in European History (magna cum laude), 1992 Professional Appointments Assistant Professor, American University of Central Asia, Bishkek, August 2013-present Research Coordinator, Central Asian Studies Institute, American University of Central Asia, August 2013-present: Honors and Awards Summer Research Lab Fellowship, University of Illinois, 2012 AAS/SSRC Dissertation Workshop Fellowship, 2012 Nazarbayev University grant for Kazakh-English dictionary, 2012 U.S. Embassy grant for Kazakh-English dictionary, 2011 Fulbright Hays Dissertation Award for dissertation research in Kazakhstan, 2010 IREX Individual Advanced Research Opportunities Grant for dissertation research in Kazakhstan, 2007-2008 Title VI FLAS for Azeri, summer 2007 Title VI FLAS for Advanced Directed Language Study in Kazakh, 2006-2007 SSRC Grant for Azeri, summer 2006
    [Show full text]
  • The Statehood of 'Collapsed' States in Public International
    Agenda Internacional Año XVIII, N° 29, 2011, pp. 121-174 ISSN 1027-6750 The statehood of ‘collapsed’ states in Public International Law Pablo Moscoso de la Cuba 1. Introduction Over the last few years the international community has been witnessing a phenomenon commonly referred to as ‘State failure’ or ‘State collapse’, which has featured the disintegration of governmental structures in association with grave and intense internal armed conflicts, to the point that the social organization of society what international law considers the government of the State, a legal condition for statehood – has almost, or in the case of Somalia totally, disappeared from the ground. Such a loss of effective control that the government exercises over the population and territory of the State – the other legal conditions for statehood – pose several complex international legal questions. First and foremost, from a formal perspective, the issue is raised of whether a State that looses one of its constitutive elements of statehood continues to be a State under International Law. Such a question may only be answered after considering the international legal conditions for statehood, as well as the way current international law has dealt with the creation, continuity and extinction of States. If entities suffering from State ‘failure’, ‘collapse’ or ‘disintegration’ and referred to as ‘failed’, ‘collapsed’ or ‘disintegrated’ States continue to be States in an international legal sense, then the juridical consequences that the lack of effective government create on their condition of States and their international legal personality have to be identified and analysed. Our point of departure will therefore be to analyze ‘State collapse’ and the ‘collapsed’ State from a formal, legal perspective, which will allow us to determine both whether 122 Pablo Moscoso de la Cuba the entities concerned continue to be States and the international legal consequences of such a phenomenon over the statehood of the concerned entities.
    [Show full text]