Division and Realignment in Europe, 1945 – 1992 |Sample Answer
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The Statehood of 'Collapsed' States in Public International
Agenda Internacional Año XVIII, N° 29, 2011, pp. 121-174 ISSN 1027-6750 The statehood of ‘collapsed’ states in Public International Law Pablo Moscoso de la Cuba 1. Introduction Over the last few years the international community has been witnessing a phenomenon commonly referred to as ‘State failure’ or ‘State collapse’, which has featured the disintegration of governmental structures in association with grave and intense internal armed conflicts, to the point that the social organization of society what international law considers the government of the State, a legal condition for statehood – has almost, or in the case of Somalia totally, disappeared from the ground. Such a loss of effective control that the government exercises over the population and territory of the State – the other legal conditions for statehood – pose several complex international legal questions. First and foremost, from a formal perspective, the issue is raised of whether a State that looses one of its constitutive elements of statehood continues to be a State under International Law. Such a question may only be answered after considering the international legal conditions for statehood, as well as the way current international law has dealt with the creation, continuity and extinction of States. If entities suffering from State ‘failure’, ‘collapse’ or ‘disintegration’ and referred to as ‘failed’, ‘collapsed’ or ‘disintegrated’ States continue to be States in an international legal sense, then the juridical consequences that the lack of effective government create on their condition of States and their international legal personality have to be identified and analysed. Our point of departure will therefore be to analyze ‘State collapse’ and the ‘collapsed’ State from a formal, legal perspective, which will allow us to determine both whether 122 Pablo Moscoso de la Cuba the entities concerned continue to be States and the international legal consequences of such a phenomenon over the statehood of the concerned entities. -
The Making of the Padanian Nation: Corruption, Hegemony, Globalization And
The making of the Padanian Nation: Corruption, Hegemony, Globalization and Legitimacy Sinan Celiksu Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 ©2014 Sinan Celiksu All rights reserved ABSTRACT The making of the Padanian Nation: Corruption, Hegemony, Globalization and Legitimacy Sinan Celiksu This dissertation examines the relationship between state failures and state legitimacy in Italy. The study is based on a one-year ethnographic field research in Varese City. The political party Northern League and its followers (Leghisti) has been chosen to observe the state-society relationships. It has been discovered that among others, three factors were instrumental in the process by which the state-society relationships has been deteriorated so as to open the path for an alternative legitimacy claim such as Padanian nationalism. Initially, revelations of political corruption and illegal state practices, failure of the state to address problems related to globalization such as global economic integration and uncontrolled immigration were instrumental. Later, struggle of hegemony and subjugation between the League and the state has been another important cause for deteriorated relationships. This study also provides qualitative data on the processes by which those deteriorated relationships and state failures contributed the rise of xenophobia and suggests that this failures of the state coupled with the problems brought about by the uncontrolled immigration and global economic expansion is likely to open a path for criminalization of both immigrants and local people. Table of Contents LIST OF GRAPHS, IMAGES, AND ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................... -
'People's Republics' of the Donbas a Research Into the Origins, Structure and Patronage of the Donetsk and Lu
Defining the ‘People’s Republics’ of the Donbas A research into the origins, structure and patronage of the Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics Master Thesis in Russian and Eurasian Studies Leiden University By Maurits Foorthuis Supervisor: Dr. M. Bader December 9th, 2019 Word count: 19,619 words the mushrooms of Donbas, silent chimeras of the night, emerging out of the emptiness, growing out of hard coal, till hearts stand still, like elevators in buildings at night, the mushrooms of Donbas grow and grow, never letting the discouraged and condemned die of grief, because, man, as long as we’re together, there’s someone to dig up this earth, and find in its warm innards, the black stuff of death the black stuff of life. Serhiy Zhadan, 2007 2 Table of contents Introduction 4 Chapter 1: Terms relevant to the DPR and the LPR 7 Chapter 2: Chronological overview of the conflict in the Donbas 17 Chapter 3: ‘State-building’ in the DPR and the LPR 22 Chapter 4: Protectorate 26 Chapter 5: Client State 32 Chapter 6: Associated State 36 Chapter 7: Vassal State 39 Chapter 8: Puppet State 42 Conclusion 50 Appendix 1: Situation map of the Donbas 52 Bibliography 53 3 Introduction In November 2013, then Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych refused to sign the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union after being pressured by Russian President Vladimir Putin. As a result of Yanukovych’ refusal to sign, students flocked to the Independence Square in Kyiv, better known as the Maidan Nezalezhnosti, to protest his decision. The students were later joined by ordinary Ukrainians, who protested in favor of a better relationship with the European Union and the West in general. -
Sample Chapter
Constructing Empire The Japanese in Changchun, 1905–45 Bill Sewell Sample Material © UBC Press 2019 Contents List of Illustrations / vii Preface / ix List of Abbreviations / xv Introduction / 9 1 City Planning / 37 2 Imperialist and Imperial Facades / 64 3 Economic Development/ 107 4 Colonial Society / 131 Conclusion / 174 Notes / 198 Bibliography / 257 Index / 283 Sample Material © UBC Press 2019 Introduction The city of Changchun, capital of the landlocked northeastern province of Jilin, might seem an odd place in which to explore Japan’s pre-war empire. Just over fifteen hundred kilometres from Tokyo, Changchun is not quite as far away as the Okinawan capital, Naha, but lies inland more than six hundred kilometres north of Dalian and Seoul and five hundred kilometres west of Vladivostok. Cooler and drier than Japan, its continental climate compounds its remoteness by making it, for Japanese, a different kind of place. Changchun, moreover, has rarely graced international headlines in recent years, given Jilin’s economic development’s lagging behind the coastal provinces, though the city did host the 2007 Asian Winter Games. In the twentieth century’s first half, however, Changchun figured prominently. The Russo-Japanese War resulted in its becoming the boundary between the Russian and Japanese spheres of influence in northeast China and a transfer point for travel between Europe and Asia. The terminus of the broad-gauge Russian railroad track required a physical transfer to different trains, and, before 1917, a twenty-three- minute difference between Harbin and Dalian time zones required travellers to reset their watches.1 Following Japan’s seizure of Manchuria, Changchun, renamed Xinjing, became the capital of the puppet state of Manchukuo, rec- ognized by the Axis powers and a partner in Japan’s Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere. -
5 Issues in the History of Manzhouguo: Contemporary and Succeeding Perspectives
5 Issues in the History of Manzhouguo: Contemporary and Succeeding Perspectives Higuchi Hidemi Translated by Erik Esselstrom Introduction Manzhouguo was born on March 1, 1932 as a result of the Manchurian Incident of the previous September, which erupted in the northeast region of China (hereafter also called Manchuria). Japan’s Kwantung Army, which had constructed a plan for the occupation of Manchuria since before the Manchurian Incident, staged the Liutiaogou Incident by setting off an explosion on the South Manchurian Railway outside of Mukden (Shenyang) on September 18, 1931, and then, blaming this on the Chinese army, began military operations of their own. In early 1932, having occupied the key areas of Manchuria, the army proclaimed the establishment of the state of Manzhouguo with the last emperor of the Qing dynasty Puyi as its head of state. Chinese and Japanese scholars’ perceptions of the nature of Man- zhouguo are not so divergent as they are with regard to issues discussed in other chapters of this volume. Scholars in both countries agree that Manzhouguo was a “puppet state” of Japan in the sense that it was a sort of “stringed doll.” In declaring that it was independent from Re- Issues in the History of Manzhouguo 149 publican China with Puyi as its ruler, Manzhouguo was dressed up with the outward appearance of a formally independent state. However, as is clear from the course of events leading up to the foundation of the state, it was the Japanese, especially the Kwantung Army, that con- structed that appearance; and -
Of Manchukuo in Chinese Manchuria in the Early 1930S
INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF THE JAPANESE “PUPPET STATE” OF MANCHUKUO IN CHINESE MANCHURIA IN THE EARLY 1930S by Emily Smith Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Departmental Honors in the Department of History Texas Christian University Fort Worth, Texas May 8, 2017 1 INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF THE JAPANESE “PUPPET STATE” OF MANCHUKUO IN CHINESE MANCHURIA IN THE EARLY 1930S Project Approved: Supervising Professor: Peter Worthing, Ph.D. Department of History William Meier, Ph.D. Department of History Mark Dennis, Ph.D. Department of Religion 2 ABSTRACT In September 1931, an explosion occurred on the Southern Manchurian Railroad line near the city of Mukden in the Chinese province of Manchuria. In response to the attack, the Japanese army stationed in Korea at the time moved into Manchuria and annexed the territory from China. This turn of events did concern the international community, but no decisive action was taken during the rest of 1931. The only nation to create any sort of policy regarding the Japanese actions in Manchuria was the United States, which created the Stimson Doctrine in December 1931. The Stimson Doctrine stated that the United States would not recognize new states that were created by aggressive actions, in many ways predicting what would happen in 1932. In early 1932, a new nation called Manchukuo was established in the region with Japan supporting its independence from China. The international community was shocked by these developments and the League of Nations established the Lytton Commission to investigate the Mukden incident and the validity of the new Manchurian State. The League of Nations, however, was slow in its response to the issue of recognizing Manchukuo as an independent nation with it taking over a year for the League to declare that it would not recognize the new state. -
The Fall of the Second Polish Republic
Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Summer 2013 Drugi Potop: The Fall of the Second Polish Republic Wesley Kent Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, European History Commons, Military History Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Kent, Wesley, "Drugi Potop: The Fall of the Second Polish Republic" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 851. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/851 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 DRUGI POTOP: THE FALL OF THE SECOND POLISH REPUBLIC by Wesley Kent (Under the Direction of John W. Steinberg) ABSTRACT This thesis seeks to examine the factors that resulted in the fall of the Second Polish Republic and track its downward trajectory. Examining the Second Republic, from its creation in 1918 to its loss of recognition in 1945, reveals that its demise began long before German tanks violated Poland’s frontiers on 1 September, 1939. Commencing with the competing ideas of what a Polish state would be and continuing through the political and foreign policy developments of the inter-war years, a pattern begins to emerge - that of the Poles’ search for their place in modern Europe. The lead up to the Second World War and the invasion of Poland by the German-Soviet Alliance demonstrates the failure of the Poles to achieve that place. -
The Case of Western Sahara
Recognition as an Affirmative Step in the Decolonization Process: The Case of Western Sahara Robert T. Vance, Jr.t Sooner or later, but sooner rather than later, our continent will be purged of all forms of colonialism, for the fire of intense nationalism is blazing all over Africa and burning to ashes the last remnants of colonialism. Kwame Nkrumah, I Speak of Freedom Introduction The right of colonial peoples to self-determination is a widely ac- cepted norm of customary international law.' This rig ht has been rec- ognized and affirmed by the United Nations and other international bodies, including the International Court of Justice, as the principal right at stake in decolonization.2 In the case of Western Sahara, a for- mer colonial possession of Spain, self-determination has been thwarted since 1975 by Moroccan military occupation.3 As of February 28, 1976, t J.D. candidate, Yale Law School 1. Self-determination has been defined as "the right of a nation to constitute an in- dependent state and determine its own government for itself," A. COBBAN, NATIONAL SELF- DETERMINATION 45-46 (1945), or, "the need to pay regard to the freely expressed will of peoples," Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara, [1975] I.C.J. 12, 33. 2. Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara, [1975] I.C.J. 12,32. The principle of self-deter- mination as a right of all peoples, and its application for the purpose of decolonization, was first enunciated by'the General Assembly in the Declaration on the Granting of Indepen- dence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, G.A. -
North Atlantic Treaty Organization - 1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization - 1949 Topic A: International Security Topic B: Organization Expansion and Administration MUNUC 32 TABLE OF CONTENTS ______________________________________________________ Letter from the Chair………………………………………………………….. 3 Letter from the Crisis Director………………………………………………...4 NATO in a Nutshell……………..……………………………………………... 5 Topic A: International Security……………………………………………… 6 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………….. 6 History of the Problem………………………………………………… 12 Possible Solutions………………………………………………………. 18 Bloc Positions…………………………………………………………… 24 Glossary…………………………………………………………………. 26 Topic B: Organization Expansion and Administration…………………. 27 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………….27 History of the Problem………………………………………………… 29 Possible Solutions………………………………………………………. 34 Bloc Positions…………………………………………………………… 36 Glossary…………………………………………………………………. 38 Bibliography……….…………………………………………………………. 39 2 North Atlantic Treaty Organization - 1949 | MUNUC 32 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR ______________________________________________________ Dear Delegates, Welcome to the NATO! My name is Ethan Della Rocca, and I will be taking on the role of committee chair. My co-executive, Nikolai, and I have been on three committees together, and I am thrilled to be working with him once again during my final MUNUC conference. I know that this coming weekend will be a memorable one for all of us, and I’m very excited to meet you all. Until then, let me tell you a little bit about myself. I am a fourth year at the University of Chicago, majoring in both classical studies and philosophy. Hailing from Connecticut, I spend much of my time helping to run committees in UChicago’s high school MUN tournaments. This is my third time chairing a committee at MUNUC. Last year I was the chair for the Cabinet of Hoover 1929 committee. As members of this committee, you will be charged with drafting the foundational documents of the North-Atlantic Treaty Organization and ensuring the security of every member nation. -
China-Cambodia Relationships: Phnom Penh As Beijing’S Permanent Client State
China-Cambodia Relationships: Phnom Penh as Beijing’s Permanent Client State Sigit Candra Wiranata Kusuma1 Research Fellow, Center for Japanese Studies1 University of Indonesia1 [email protected] Nadya Carollina2 Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences2 Christian University of Indonesia 2 ABSTRAK Tujuan paper ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan antara Kamboja dan China dengan menggunakan perspektif sejarah dan data sekunder. Kamboja dan China terkenal memiliki hubungan diplomatik sangat akrab, meskipun mereka tidak berbatasan wilayah secara langsung. Hubungan antara kedua negara tersebut berkembang sejak Kamboja mendapatkan kemerdekaan dari Perancis pada tahun 1953. Dari rezim Raja Norodom Sihanouk hingga pemerintahan Perdana Menteri Hun Sen, China telah memberikan dukungan finansial bertujuan untuk menyokong keberlangsungan negara Kamboja. Hubungan antara kedua negara mempunyai ketimpangan dalam hal kekuatan; hard power maupun soft power. Selain itu, 5 poin koeksistensi perdamaian China, telah berhasil dalam membangun hubungan dekat dengan Kamboja. Makalah ini menyimpulkan bahwa setelah dicanangkannya program Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) pada tahun 2013, hubungan antara kedua negara mulai bergeser dari Kamboja sebagai teman terdekat China di Asia Tenggara menjadi negara klien permanen China. Tentunya, ini menyimpan latar belakang normatif dan memancing opini regional maupun internasional. Seperti pada persengketaan wilayah Laut China Selatan dan Pertemuan Tahunan ASEAN ke-45, Kamboja menunjukkan posisinya sebagai negara pendukung China dan menunjukkan kesetiaannya kepada China sebagai bentuk balas budi sokongan dana untuk pembangunan Kamboja selama dekade terakhir. Kata Kunci: Hubungan Kamboja-China, BRI, Klien Permanen China, dan Pembangunan Kamboja AEGIS | Vol. 3 No. 2, Mar-Sep 2019 189 Kusuma and Carollina ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between Cambodia and People’s Republic of China (PRC) using historical approach and secondary data regarding the topic. -
Politics of the Past: the Use and Abuse of History
Cover History and Politics:Mise en page 1 3/20/09 4:04 PM Page 1 Twenty years after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of communism the battles about the right interpretation of the twentieth century past are still being fought. In some countries even the courts have their say on what is or is not the historical truth. But primarily politicians have claimed a dominant role Politics of the Past: in these debates, often mixing history and politics in an irresponsible way. The European Parliament has become the arena where this culminates. Nevertheless, not every Member of Parliament wants to play historian. That is the The Use and Abuse of History background of Politics of the Past, in which historians take the floor to discuss the tense and ambivalent relationship between their profession and politics. Pierre Hassner: “Judges are no better placed than governments to replace open Edited by dialogue between historians, between historians and public opinion, between citizens and within and between democratic societies. That is why this book is Hannes Swoboda and such an important initiative.” Jan Marinus Wiersma Politics of the Past: The Use and Abuse of History The of the Past: Politics Cover picture: Reporters/AP 5 7 2 6 2 3 2 8 2 9 ISBN 92-823-2627-5 8 7 QA-80-09-552-EN-C ISBN 978-92-823-2627-5 9 Politics of the Past: The Use and Abuse of History Edited by Hannes Swoboda and Jan Marinus Wiersma Dedicated to Bronisław Geremek Bronisław Geremek, historian, former political dissident and our dear colleague, was one of the speakers at the event which we organized in Prague to commemorate the Spring of 1968. -
The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory William J.H
NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law Volume 6 Article 5 Number 2 Volume 6, No. 2, 1985 1985 The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory William J.H. Hough III Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/ journal_of_international_and_comparative_law Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Hough, William J.H. III (1985) "The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory," NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law: Vol. 6 : No. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/journal_of_international_and_comparative_law/vol6/iss2/5 This Notes and Comments is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@NYLS. THE ANNEXATION OF THE BALTIC STATES AND ITS EFFECT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW PROHIBITING FORCIBLE SEIZURE OF TERRITORY TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ....................................... 303 II. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAW PROHIBITING FORCIBLE SEIZURE OF TERRITORY ................................ 305 A. European Origins ............................... 305 B. Legal Development After the Peace of Westphalia 308 C. Title to Territory in the Colonial Era ............ 319 D. Post World War I Development .................. 321 E. Birth of the Stimson Doctrine of Nonrecognition of Forcible Seizure of Territory ..................... 326 III. THE ANNEXATION OF THE BALTIC STATES ................. 351 A. Origins of the Baltic States ...................... 351 B. Independence of the Baltic States ................ 355 C. Soviet Invasion and Incorporation of the Baltic S ta tes .......................................... 369 IV.