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Osnovi Računarstva OSNOVI RAČUNARSTVA - laboratorijske vježbe - Literatura: Scott Mueller, Nadogradnja i popravka PC-ja 1 Preteče savremenih računara Abakus – nalik današnjoj računaljki – naprava koja ima pokretne djelove – pokretni djelovi nisu međusobno povezani – sve operacije izvodi sam korisnik 2 Preteče savremenih računara Kalkulatori: Prva mašina za računanje - 1623. godine, Vilhelm Šikard (Wilhelm Schickard), Njemačka Paskalina: Blez Paskal (Blaise Pascal) – 1642. počeo da konstruiše prvu računsku mašinu koja je mogla da sabira i oduzima Mašina je završena poslije tri godine rada i dobila je ime Paskalina Do 1652. je proizvedeno pedeset mašina Korisnici su upotrebu smatrali komplikovanom, pa je proizvodnja obustavljena 3 Preteče savremenih računara 1820. godine, Čarls Havijer Tomas (Charles Xavier Thomas) je napravio prvi mehanički kalkulator Kalkulator je mogao da sabira, oduzima, množi i dijeli 4 Preteče savremenih računara ANALITIČKA MAŠINA: Engleski matematičar Čarls Bebidž (Charles Babbage) automatizovao je proces dugačkih računanja Napravio je prvi automatski mehanički digitalni računar, tj. računar koji radi na osnovu programa (1822. god.) Podaci su se unosili pomoću bušenih kartica Trebalo je da mašina ima mogućnost da radi sa pedesetocifrenim brojevima i da ima kapacitet memorije za 1000 takvih 5 brojeva Elektronski računari 4 generacije Prva generacija: izrađeni od elektronskih cijevi bez tastature, monitora i memorije velikih dimenzija, spori, skupi 6 ENIAC “ENIAC” (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer ) – 1946. god. prvi uspješan elektronski računar opšte namjene 30 tona 18.000 elektronskih cijevi Imao je sposobnost da proračuna 100.000 kalkulacija u jednoj sekundi. 7 EDVAC Ova mašina je trebalo da ima samo desetinu komponenata od kojih je bio sastavljen ENIAC, i 100 puta veću memoriju Završen je 1949. god. Ključni koncept - skladištenje programa u memoriju I program i podaci se drže uskladišteni u memoriji računara u isto vrijeme, što je omogućilo mijenjanje programa istom lakoćom i brzinom kao mijenjanje podataka Ovaj princip programiranja zadržan je do danas Računar EDVAC je bio i prva mašina koja je imala magnetne diskove. 8 UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer (1951-1963. god) Prvi računar koji je imao magnetne trake za čuvanje podataka korišćen za obradu rezultata popisa stanovništva bio je nešto manjih dimenzija, napravljeno je i prodato 15 ovakvih računara 9 Druga generacija računara Druga generacija računara počinje 60-ih godina, sa pronalaskom tranzistora Tranzistori manji, brži i jeftiniji od elektronskih cijevi Troše manje energije i razvijaju manje toplote Prvi komercijalni računar koji je koristio tranzistore bio je Philco Transac S-2000 Međutim, najveći uspjeh u to vrijeme postigao je IBM sa računarom 1401. Njegovom prodajom broj računara u svijetu se udvostručio. 10 Treća generacija računara Pronalazak čipa (integrisano kolo) može da zamijeni hiljade tranzistora jednom silikonskom pločicom – 1961. god. napravljeno je integralno kolo od četiri tranzistora u jednom čipu – 1964. napravljeno je integralno kolo namijenjeno za praktične primjene sa pet tranzistora u jednom čipu – 1968. proizveden je logički čip sa 180 tranzistora Masovna primjena računara 11 Četvrta generacija računara Mikroprocesor zamjenjuje hiljade integrisanih kola jednim objedinjuje sve funkcije jednog računara Prvi mikroprocesorski čip razvila je kompanija INTEL 1971. god. 1981. IBM predstavlja prvi kućni personalni računar PC XT 1984. Mekintoš kompanije Apple 12 Peta generacija računara Još uvijek u razvoju Bazirana na vještačkoj inteligenciji Cilj je razviti računare sposobne za učenje 13 Tipovi računara - Mainframe (više procesora) - Workstation (RISC prosecori i Intel XEON, ITANIUM) - PC O ostalim računarima, osim PC Najpoznatiji proizvodjači ovih računara su: - Cray (proizvodjač superkompijutera) - IBM (sa serijim procesora S/440) - SUN (sa serijom procesora ULTRA SPARC) - Silicon Graphic (procesori MIPS R10000) - Digital (Alpha 21164, proizvodnja ugašena) - NEC, HP, DEL, FUJITCU, ... 14 1. PC spolja - Kućište - Monitor - Tastatura - Miš • Kućišta (tipovi) - Tower (mini, midi, big) - Desktop (slim, normal) - Notebook • Monitori: CRT (cathode ray tube) i TFT-LCD (Thin Film Transistors Liquid crystal Display) - Veličine: 17’’, 19’’, 21’’, 24’’ • Tastature: QWERTY, QWERTZ • Miševi: Dva ili više tastera, optički, bežični, sa skrol točkićem 15 2. PC iznutra - Napajanje (snaga, naponi, konektori) - Osnovna ploča (BIOS, procesor, memorija, slotovi) - HDD, FDD, CD-ROM, DVD, kontroleri - Grafička kartica (rezolucija, memorija) - Portovi (serijski, paralelni, game) - USB port - Mrežna kartica ili modem 3. Uredjaji za smještanje podataka - HDD (vrste,kapacitet, brzina) - FDD (tipovi diskete, kapacitet), ZIP drajv - HDD, FDD, CD-ROM, DVD, kontrolreri - CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW DVD+RW, MO diskovi - trake: magnetne i DAT 16 4. Ostali uredjaji - Multimedija: CD, DVD, SB, zvučnici, FM, TV, Digitalni fotoaparati, CCD kamere - Modemi 5. Izlazni uredjaji - Printeri (laserski, ink jet, matrični) - Ploteri 6. Instalacija OS (DOS, Windows XP) - Setup - Fdisk, format - Sistemska disketa (za WIN 98 i Me) - Testiranje - Virusi - Spyware 17 PC računar – prednja strana - Prekidači i indikatori - Floppy, CD, DVD - Paneli PC računar – zadnja strana - Napajanje - Konektori * Strujni * Video * Tastatura * Miš * Serijski * Paralelni * Mrežni * Modem * SB 18 CD ili DVD rezač CD ili DVD rezač Floppy Signalne lampice Reset ON/OFF Front panel 19 Napajanje USB PS/2 Paralelni port Serijski port Grafička kartica Zvučna kartica sa Game portom Mrežna kartica FM kartica 20 Napajanje DDRAM Procesor North bridge Grafička kartica PCI sabirnica TV/FM kartica HDD 21 PC iznutra 1. Napajanje -snaga: 400W, 500W, 650W -naponi 3,3V, 5V, 12V -konektori: 20-to pinski za napajanje matične ploče, 24-to pinski za napajanje matične ploče 4-ro pinski za napajanje HDD i optičkih uredjaja za napajanje FDD i dodatni konektor za napajanje procesora. 22 Matična ploča ASUS 865PE za pentium IV sa 478 pinova Ležište procesora Napajanje ploče 20 pinski konektor Dodatno napajanje procesora 23 Matična ploča sa procesorskim ležištem LGA 775 za Core2Duo proc. Ležište procesora Napajanje ploče 24 pinski konektor 24 Matična ploča sa procesorskim ležištem LGA 1366 za CORE i7 proc. Ležište procesora LGA 1366 ili LGA 1156 Napajanje ploče 24 pinski konektor Matična ploča ASUS za procesor Athlon XP Ležište procesora 754 Napajanje ploče 20 pinski konektor 26 Matična ploča ASUS za AMD procesor Socket AM2 Ležište procesora 940 ili 939 Napajanje ploče 24 pinski konektor Generacije Intelovih procesora 1971 – 4004, ima 2.300 tr, koštao 200$, Karakteristike Intel 4004 Performance Regs D-Bus Clock Transistors Memory Pins 2Kb-ROM .006 MIPS 4-bits 4-bits .108 Mhz 2,300 16-DIP 4Kb-RAM I-Set Regs A-Bus Power Density Die Cycle 45 cmds 16 12-bits -15v/30mW 10mm-pMOS 12mm² 11-22ms 28 1972 – 8008 (8-bitni), Karakteristike Intel 8008 Performance Regs D-Bus Clock Transistors Memory Pins .06 MIPS 8-bits 8-bits .2-.8 Mhz 3,500 16KB 18-DIP I-Set Regs A-Bus Power Density Die Cycle 48 cmds 7 14-bits -9,5v/30mW 10mm-pMOS ? 12-30ms 29 Intel 8080/8080A - 1974/76 Karakteristike Intel 8080 Performance Regs D-Bus Clock Transistors Memory Pins 8/16- .29 MIPS 8-bits 2-3 Mhz 4,500 64KB 40-DIP bits I-Set Regs A-Bus Power Density Die Cycle 78 cmds 10 16-bits ±5,12v/1.5W 6mm-pMOS ? 2ms Licencirali su ga: AMD, TI, NS, NEC, Mitsubishi, Siemens. 30 Intel 8085 - 1976 Karakteristike Intel 8085 Performance Regs D-Bus Clock Transistors Memory Pins 0.37 MIPS 8/16-bits 8-bits 3-6 MHz 6,500 64KB 40-DIP I-Set Regs A-Bus Power Density Die Cycle 80 cmds 10 16-bits 5v/1.5W 3mm nMOS ? 1.3ms 31 1978 izdat 8086 (16-bitni) i 1980 izdat 8088 (8-bitni) Karakteristike Intel 8086 Performance Regs D-Bus Clock Transistors Memory Pins .5 MIPS 16-bits 8/16-bits 5-10 Mhz 29,000 1MB 40-DIP I-Set Regs A-Bus Power Density Die Cycle 95/300 cmds 14 20-bits 5v/2.5W 3mm-nHMOS 33mm² <½ms CPU-Bus Bus-Tech PC-Bus I/O-Bus Coproc 5-10MHz ISA 2-3MB/s 2-10Mb/s 8087-1980 32 1982 – 80286 (16-bita)sa 134.000 tr. 6-20 MHz, Može adresirati 16MB RAM memorije. Ugradjen sistem virtuelne memorije 33 1985 – 80386 (32-bitni) 275.000 tr. 16-33MHz Obradjivao je >5 M instrukcija u sekundi (MIPS) 34 Intel 80486SX-25 Processor The 80486 processor was released by Intel on April 10th 1989. It contains the equivalent of about 1.2 million transistors. At the time of release the fastest version ran at 25MHz and achieved up to 20MIPs. Later versions, such as the DX/2 and DX/4 versions achieved internal clock rates of up to 100 MHz. 35 1993 Pentium 3,3M tr., do 90 MIPSA (64 bitni data bus). Radio je na 66,90,100MHz, a Pentium MMX na 150, 200, 266MHz. Proizvodni proces 800 nm i 600 nm. Veličina L1 cache 16 KB, a L2 cache je lociran na matičnoj ploči (motherboard). 36 1997 Pentium II, 7,5M tr Frekvencije na kojima je radio PII od 233 MHz do 450 MHz. Izradjivao se u 0,25 mikronskom postupku 37 2000 Pentium III 38 Pentium III Startovao je sa 450 i 500 MHz do 1.33 GHz. Izradjivan je u 0,25, zatim 0,18 i na kraju 0.13 mikronskom procesu. Sa njim je su uvedene 70 novih instrukcija. Prvi primjerci su imali 9,5 M tranzistora, da bi na kraju proizvodnje imao 28 miliona tranzistora. 512 kB L2 chacha. Procesor PIII se pravio za Socket 370 (broj pinova). 39 Pentium 4/1300 MHz: November 2000 Pentium IV od 55 M tr. do 200M tr. koliko ima PIV EE, koji pored 512 kB L2 cacha posjeduje i 2 MB L3 cacha. P IV 423 P IV 478 P IV sa Prescott jezgrom ima 100M tranzistora na 109mm2. Ima 32KB L1 cacha i 1MB L2 cacha. 40 Intel Itanium - 64 bitni procesor 41 Intel CORE 2 DUO – LGA775 Dosadašnji Core 2 Duo procesori iz E6000 serije proizvodili su se inicijalno sa 4 MB L2 keš i oni imaju površinu jezgra od 143 mm2, a broje oko 291 milion tranzistora.
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