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Számítógépes Konfigurációk SZÁMÍTÓGÉPES KONFIGURÁCIÓK Antal Péter – Bóta László MÉDIAINFORMATIKAI KIADVÁNYOK SZÁMÍTÓGÉPES KONFIGURÁCIÓK Antal Péter – Bóta László Eger, 2011 Lektorálta: CleverBoard Interaktív Eszközöket és Megoldásokat Forgalmazó és Szolgáltató Kft. A könyvkereskedelem története című fejezetet írta: Makai János A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. Felelős kiadó: dr. Kis-Tóth Lajos Készült: az Eszterházy Károly Főiskola nyomdájában, Egerben Vezető: Kérészy László Műszaki szerkesztő: Nagy Sándorné Kurzusmegosztás elvén (OCW) alapuló informatikai curriculum és SCORM kompatibilis tananyag- fejlesztés Informatikus könyvtáros BA, MA lineáris képzésszerkezetben TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0005 SZÁMÍTÓGÉPES KONFIGURÁCIÓK Számítógépes konfigurációk 1. Bevezetés ..................................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Célkitűzés ........................................................................................................ 13 1.2 A kurzus tartalma ............................................................................................ 13 1.3 A kurzus tömör kifejtése ................................................................................. 14 1.4 Kompetenciák és követelmények .................................................................... 14 1.5 Tanulási tanácsok, tudnivalók ......................................................................... 14 2. Számítógépek a mindennapokban ............................................................................ 15 2.1 Célkitűzés ........................................................................................................ 15 2.2 Tartalom .......................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Alapfogalmak .................................................................................................. 15 2.4 A számítógépek elvi működése ....................................................................... 16 2.4.1 Neumann elvek ................................................................................... 17 2.5 A számítógépek általános felépítése ............................................................... 18 2.5.1 Központi egység .................................................................................. 19 2.5.2 Perifériák ............................................................................................. 21 2.6 A számítógépek csoportosítása ....................................................................... 21 2.6.1 A nem hordozható személyi számítógépek megjelenése .................... 21 2.6.2 A hordozható személyi számítógép megjelenése ................................ 22 2.6.3 A kézben használható személyi számítógép megjelenése ................... 24 2.6.4 Szerver számítógépek ......................................................................... 24 2.7 Az asztali számítógépek házai......................................................................... 25 2.7.1 Az ATX szabvány alapján tervezett házak ......................................... 25 2.7.2 Az BTX szabvány alapján tervezett házak .......................................... 25 2.7.3 Elterjedt számítógépházak .................................................................. 26 2.7.4 Speciális házak .................................................................................... 26 2.8 Tápegység ....................................................................................................... 27 2.9 Összefoglalás................................................................................................... 28 2.10 Önellenőrző kérdések ...................................................................................... 28 3. Az alaplapok ............................................................................................................... 29 3.1 Célkitűzés ........................................................................................................ 29 3.2 Tartalom .......................................................................................................... 29 3.3 Elektronikus alkatrészek ................................................................................. 29 3.3.1 Tranzisztor .......................................................................................... 29 3.3.2 Integrált áramkör ................................................................................. 30 3.3.3 Nyomtatott áramkör ............................................................................ 30 3.4 Mi az alaplap? ................................................................................................. 31 3.5 Alaplap típusok a felhasználók igényei szerint ............................................... 33 3.5.1 Alaplap egy átlagos felhasználó számára ............................................ 33 3.5.2 Irodai felhasználásra szánt alaplap ...................................................... 33 3.5.3 A HTPC alaplapja ............................................................................... 33 3.5.4 Alaplap a számítógépes játékokhoz .................................................... 33 5 SZÁMÍTÓGÉPES KONFIGURÁCIÓK 3.6 Form factor ...................................................................................................... 34 3.6.1 A PC/XT szabvány .............................................................................. 34 3.6.2 A Baby AT szabvány .......................................................................... 35 3.6.3 Az AT szabvány .................................................................................. 35 3.6.4 Az LPX és mini LPX szabvány .......................................................... 35 3.6.5 ATX szabvány ..................................................................................... 36 3.6.6 A Micro ATX szabvány ...................................................................... 38 3.6.7 A Flex ATX szabvány ......................................................................... 38 3.6.8 A Mini ITX szabvány ......................................................................... 38 3.6.9 Az NLX szabvány ............................................................................... 38 3.6.10 A BTX szabvány ................................................................................. 38 3.6.11 A WTX szabvány ................................................................................ 38 3.7 Az alaplap legfontosabb részei ........................................................................ 40 3.7.1 A csipkészlet ....................................................................................... 40 3.7.2 A BIOS ................................................................................................ 40 3.8 Az alaplapok belső csatlakozói ....................................................................... 42 3.9 Buszrendszerek ............................................................................................... 43 3.9.1 A PCI busz .......................................................................................... 43 3.9.2 Az AGP busz ....................................................................................... 44 3.9.3 A PCI express...................................................................................... 45 3.10 Összefoglalás................................................................................................... 45 3.11 Önellenőrző kérdések ...................................................................................... 45 4. A mikroprocesszor ..................................................................................................... 46 4.1 Célkitűzés ........................................................................................................ 46 4.2 Tartalom .......................................................................................................... 46 4.3 A mikroprocesszor fogalma ............................................................................ 46 4.4 A mikroprocesszor részei ................................................................................ 47 4.4.1 Vezérlőegység ..................................................................................... 47 4.4.2 Az aritmetikai és logikai egység ......................................................... 47 4.4.3 A regiszterek ....................................................................................... 47 4.4.4 A gyorsító tárak ................................................................................... 48 4.4.5 A Társprocesszor ................................................................................. 48 4.5 A CPU működése ............................................................................................ 49 4.5.1 A Neumann-architektúra ..................................................................... 49 4.5.2 Harvard-architektúra ........................................................................... 50 4.5.3 Utasításkészlet architektúrák ............................................................... 50 4.6 Gyorsító utasításkészletek, technológiák ........................................................ 51 4.6.1 MM ..................................................................................................... 51 4.6.2 3DNOW! ............................................................................................. 51
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