Számítógépes Architektúrák II

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Számítógépes Architektúrák II Számítógépes architektúrák II. Komló Csaba MÉDIAINFORMATIKAI KIADVÁNYOK Számítógépes architektúrák II. Komló Csaba Eger, 2013 Korszerű információtechnológiai szakok magyaror- szági adaptációja TÁMOP-4.1.2-A/1-11/1-2011-0021 Lektorálta: Nyugat-magyarországi Egyetem Regionális Pedagógiai Szolgáltató és Kutató Központ Felelős kiadó: dr. Kis-Tóth Lajos Készült: az Eszterházy Károly Főiskola nyomdájában, Egerben Vezető: Kérészy László Műszaki szerkesztő: Nagy Sándorné Tartalom 1. Bevezetés .......................................................................... 13 1.1. Célkitűzések, kompetenciák a tantárgy teljesítésének feltételei . 13 1.1.1. Célkitűzés .............................................................................. 13 1.1.2. Kompetenciák ....................................................................... 13 1.1.3. A tantárgy teljesítésének feltételei ...................................... 13 1.2. A kurzus tartalma ..................................................................... 14 2. Informatikai alapfogalmak ................................................ 17 2.1. Célkitűzések és kompetenciák .................................................. 17 2.2. Tananyag ................................................................................. 17 2.2.1. Számítások gépesítése .......................................................... 17 2.2.2. A számítógép megszületése ................................................. 19 2.2.3. Neumann-elvek .................................................................... 19 2.2.4. A számítógép fogalma .......................................................... 20 2.2.5. A számítógépek generációi ................................................... 20 2.2.6. Miként használjuk a számítógépet? ..................................... 21 2.2.7. Az információs társadalom ................................................... 22 2.2.8. Adat, információ, tudás, tartalom ........................................ 22 2.2.9. Az információ ........................................................................ 22 2.2.10. Tudás és tartalom ................................................................. 23 2.2.11. Nélkülözhetetlen mértékegységek ....................................... 23 2.3. Összefoglalás, kérdések ............................................................ 24 2.3.1. Összefoglalás ........................................................................ 24 2.3.2. Önellenőrző kérdések ........................................................... 24 3. A személyi számítógép hardvere ........................................ 25 3.1. Célkitűzések és kompetenciák .................................................. 25 3.2. Tananyag ................................................................................. 25 3.2.1. A személyi számítógép hardvere .......................................... 25 3.2.2. A személyi számítógépek típusai .......................................... 26 3.2.3. Asztali személyi számítógépek.............................................. 26 3.2.4. Munkaállomások .................................................................. 27 3.2.5. Nettop számítógép ............................................................... 27 3.2.6. Hordozható számítógépek; laptopok ................................... 28 3.2.7. Netbook (subnotebook) ....................................................... 28 6 Tartalom 3.2.8. Tabletek ................................................................................ 29 3.2.9. Zsebszámítógépek (pocket pc) ............................................. 29 3.2.10. Az asztali számítógépek gépháza .......................................... 29 3.2.11. Az ATX szabvány alapján tervezett házak ............................. 29 3.2.12. Az BTX szabvány alapján tervezett házak ............................. 30 3.2.13. Elterjedt számítógépházak ................................................... 30 3.2.14. Speciális házak ...................................................................... 31 3.2.15. Tápegység ............................................................................. 32 3.3. Összefoglalás, kérdések ............................................................ 33 3.3.1. Összefoglalás ........................................................................ 33 3.3.2. Önellenőrző kérdések ........................................................... 33 4. Alaplapok architektúrája ................................................... 35 4.1. Célkitűzések és kompetenciák .................................................. 35 4.2. Tananyag ................................................................................. 35 4.2.1. A számítógép belseje ............................................................ 35 4.2.2. Az alaplap.............................................................................. 36 4.2.3. Alaplapok architektúrája, a form factor ............................... 38 4.2.4. A PC/XT szabvány ................................................................. 38 4.2.5. A Baby AT szabvány .............................................................. 39 4.2.6. Az AT szabvány ..................................................................... 39 4.2.7. Az LPX és mini LPX szabvány ................................................. 39 4.2.8. ATX szabvány ........................................................................ 40 4.2.9. A Micro ATX szabvány .......................................................... 41 4.2.10. A Flex ATX szabvány.............................................................. 41 4.2.11. A Mini ITX szabvány .............................................................. 42 4.2.12. Az NLX szabvány ................................................................... 42 4.2.13. A BTX szabvány ..................................................................... 43 4.2.14. A WTX szabvány .................................................................... 43 4.2.15. Az alaplapok belső csatlakozói ............................................. 44 4.3. Összefoglalás, kérdések ............................................................ 45 4.3.1. Összefoglalás ........................................................................ 45 4.3.2. Önellenőrző kérdések ........................................................... 45 5. A processzorok architektúrája ............................................ 47 5.1. Célkitűzések és kompetenciák .................................................. 47 5.2. Tananyag ................................................................................. 47 5.2.1. A mikroprocesszor ................................................................ 48 5.2.2. Vezérlőegység ....................................................................... 48 Tartalom 7 5.2.3. Az aritmetikai és logikai egység ............................................ 48 5.2.4. A regiszterek ......................................................................... 49 5.2.5. A gyorsítótárak ..................................................................... 49 5.2.6. A társprocesszor ................................................................... 50 5.2.7. A processzor működése ........................................................ 50 5.2.8. A Neumann-architektúra ...................................................... 50 5.2.9. Harvard-architektúra ............................................................ 51 5.2.10. Utasításkészlet-architektúrák ............................................... 52 5.2.11. A processzor működését gyorsító technológiák ................... 52 5.2.12. MM ....................................................................................... 53 5.2.13. 3DNOW!................................................................................ 53 5.2.14. SSE ........................................................................................ 53 5.2.15. SSE2 ...................................................................................... 53 5.2.16. SSE3 ...................................................................................... 53 5.2.17. SSE4 ...................................................................................... 53 5.2.18. Az AES-NI .............................................................................. 54 5.2.19. A többszálú adatfeldolgozás (Hyper-Threading Technology) ............................................. 54 5.2.20. A rendszerbusz (FSB) ............................................................ 54 5.2.21. A CPU tokozása ..................................................................... 55 5.2.22. Socket 370 ............................................................................ 55 5.2.23. Socket 478 ............................................................................ 56 5.2.24. Socket 754 ............................................................................ 56 5.2.25. Socket 939 ............................................................................ 56 1.1.1. Socket AM2 ........................................................................... 57 5.2.26. Socket T (LGA775) ................................................................. 57 5.3. Összefoglalás, kérdések ............................................................ 58 5.3.1. Összefoglalás ........................................................................ 58 5.3.2. Önellenőrző kérdések ........................................................... 58 6. A processzorok architektúrája ...........................................
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