Document of The World Bank
FOR OFFICIALUSE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. 7576
PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized TUNISIA
SOUTHERN IRRIGATION PROJECT (LOAN 1796-TUN)
DECEMBER30, 1988 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCYEQUIVALENTS
CurrencyUnit = TunisianDinars (D) USS1.00 Da 0.82 D 1.00 - USS1.21
WEIGHTSAND MEASURES
The metric system is used throughoutthis report
GLOSSARYOF ABBREVIATIONS
CI - Continental Intercalaire CT - Complex Terminal CNEA - NationalCenter for AgriculturalStudies ORE - Water ResourcesDepartment ORES - Water and Soil ResourcesOepartment GR - Rural DevelopmentOepartment INRAT - National Instituteof AgriculturalResearch of Tunisia IRA - Institutde Recherchedes Zones Arides MOA - Ministry of Agriculture (Mv - AgriculturalDevelopment Authority OMYPI - AgriculturalDevelopment Authority for Irrigated Perimeters OMVPIGJ - AgriculturalDevelopment Authority for Irrigated Perimetersof Gafsa Djerid OMVPIGM - AgriculturalDevelopment Agency for Irrigation Perimetersof Gabes and Medenine PCR - ProjectCompletion Report SAR - Staff Appraisal Report STEG - TunisianCompany for Electricityand Gas
FISCALYEAR
January1 - Oecember31 FOROICIA USEOY THEWORLD BANK Washington.U C. 20433 U.S.A.
OVketd O ,.ctw.cewai Opuatwetvalaata#n
December 30, 1988
EMORANDUETO THE EXECUTIVEDIRECTORS AND THE PRESIDENT
SUBJECT: Project Completion Report on Tunisia Southern Irrigation Proiect (Loan 1796-TUN)
Attached, for information, is a copy of the report entitled "Project Completion Report: Tunliia Southern Irrigation Project (Loan 1796-TUN)" prepared by a FAO/CP Cooperative Program mission in colla- boration with Government Officials. No further evaluation of this project by the OpperationsEvaluation Department has been made.
Attachment
This documenl hs a restrtaeddisthibufon and maY be used bY r.oUwtsonb b the prfomnnce| of theu offlicia duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosedwitbout World Bank autborition.| FOR OFFICIL USE ONLY TUNISIA
SOUTHERNIRRIGATION PROJECT (Loan 1796-TUN)
PROJECTCOMPLETION REPORT
Table of Contents
PaRe No. PREFACE ... )......
KEY PROJECT DATA ...... (ii)
EVALUATIONSUHHLIRY ...... (iv)
PROJECT COMPLETIONREPORT
I. BACCGROUND .. 1
II. PROJECT FORMULATION .. 2
Identificationand Preparation . . 2 Project Objectives . . 2 Project Description . . 2
III. IMPLEMENTATION.. 4
Effectiveness. 4 Revision. . 4 ImplementationSchedule . . 4 Reporting . . 8 Procurement . . 9 Cost.. 9 Disbursements...... 10 Compliancewith Loan Covenants . . 12
IV. PROJECT IMPACT.... 12
General . .12 Irrigation . .12 Area, Yields and Production . .13 Beneficiaries . .15 Markets and Prices . .15
V. ECONOMIC REEVALUATION .. 16
SensitivityAnalysis . .18
VI. PERFORMANCE .. 19
Project Executionand Management . .19 Supplies and Contractors . .19 Consultants . .20 The Bank . . 20 Cost Recovery . .20
This document has a restricted distrbution and may be used by fecipkents only in the performiance of their offcial duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank: authorization. Table of Contents (cont'd) Page No.
VII. SPECIAL ISSUES AND LESSONS LEARNED...... 22
General...... *..q....**...... **...... 22 Infrastructure* ...... 22 The Pilot Role of the Project ...... 23 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 23 Sustainability ...... 23
CHARTS
1. Implementation Schedule 2. Irrigation Implementation Schedule
ANNEXES
1. IrrigationInfrastructures - Key Indicators 2. IrrigationSchemes - Key Indicators 3. Actual Project Cost and Schedule of Expenditure 4. Project Cost 5. Actual Base InfrastructureCosts 6. Buildings - Actual Investm;ntCost 7. Summary of Actual AgriculturalDevelopment and OperatingCost 8. Financial and EconomicAnalysis
ATTACHMENT I: Borrower Comments
MAP: IBRD 14435 - 1. -
TUNISIA
SOUTHERN IRRIGATIONPROJECT (Loan 1796-TUN)
PROJECT COMPLETIONREPORT
PREFACE
This is a Project Completion Report (PCR) of the Southern Irrigation Project, for which Loan 1796-TUN,in the sum of US$25.0 million was approved in February 1980. The loan was closed on June 30, 1987, one year later than estimatedat appraisal. The account was kept open till December 31, 1987. Final Loan disbursementis US$18.6 million and the unused balance is can- celled.
The PCR was prepared in collaborationwith the Government Officials by a FAOICP Cooperative Program mission which visited Tunisia from 7th of Septemberto 18th of September 1987. No completionreport was prepared by the Borrower but all the required information was provided by project officials. The PCR is based on a review of the President'sReport (-. 2681-TUN)dated December 26, 1979, the Staff Appraisal Report (2681-TUN)dated December 19, 1979, the Loan Agreementand internal Bank memoranda and reports on project implementationand issues as containedin relevant files.
In accordancewith the revised procedures for project performance reporting,this PCR was read by the OperationsEvaluation Department (OLD) but the project was not audited by OED staff. A copy of the draft report was sent to the Government of Tunisia for comments on September 15, 1988. Those commentshave been appended (see Attachment 1) and Incorporatedinto the final report. - ii - TUNLSIA
SOUTHERN IRRIGATION PROJECT (Loan 1796-TUN) PROJECT COMPLETIONREPORT Key Project Data
Appraisal Actual as Estimate Actual of SAR estimate t ojectcost (US$million) 72.5 47.5 65.5 "vanAmount (US$ million) 25.0 18.6 74.0 Loan Amount Cancelled - 6.4 - Date Board Approval 01/22/80 01/22/80 Date Effectiveness 09/30/80 09/30/80 Date Physical Components Completed 12/31/85 06/30/86 ClosingDate 06/30/86 06/30/87 EconomicRate of Return (2) 13 19 InstitutionalPerformance satisfactory AgronomicPerformance satisfactory
CUMULATIVEDISBURSEMENTS Fiscal Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
AppraisalEstimate (US$ m) 0.2 4.5 11.4 19.9 22.8 23.7 25.0 25.0 25.0 Actual (US$ million) - 0.1 1.0 3.8 6.4 11.0 15.3 17.9 18.6 Actual as 2 of Estimate - 2.2 8.8 19.1 18.1 46.4 61.2 71.6 74.4 Date of Final Disburs. January 27, 1988 - ili -
TUNISA SOUTHERN IRRIGATION PROJECT (Loan 1796-TUN) PROJECT COMPLETIONREPORT KeyvProject Data (continued)
MISSIONDATA
Supervision Month/ Staff Man-Days Specializ. Performance Trend Type of Year a/ Rating b/ c/ Problem d/
1 07/80 1 3 E 1 2 - 2 04/81 2 12 I/F 1 2 3 3 12/81 2 20 I/H 1 2 - 4 06/82 1 7 I 1 1 - 5 12/82 1 10 I 1 1 - 6 04/83 3 24 I/A/F 1 1 M 7 10/83 3 24 I/A/P 2 2 F/M 8 04/84 3 24 I/A/F 2 1 M 9 10/84 2 14 I/A 1 1 0 10 03/85 2 14 I/A 1 1 - 11 03/86 1 7 I 1 1 - a/ A - Agriculturalist; E - Economist; I - Engineer; H - Hydrologeologist; F - Financial Analysis b/ 1 = Problem-freeor minor problems;2 = Moderate problems; 3 = Major problems. c/ 1 = Improving; 2 = Stationary; 3 = Deteriorating. d/ F Financial;M = Managerial;P = Political;T = Technical;0 = Other.
OTHER PROJECT DATA
Borrower Governmentof Republic of Tunisia ExecutingAgencies GR-OMVPI Djerid and Gafsa OMVPI Gabes/Medenine
Fiscal year of Borrower January 1 to December 31 Name of Currency (abbreviation) Tunisian Dinar (D)
CurrencyExchange Rate
Appraisalyear average US$ 1.00 = 0.408 D Completionyear average US$ 1.00 = 0.82 D
Follow-upProject Gabes Irrigation(Loan 2605-TUN) - iv -
TUNISIA SOUTHERN IRRIGATION PROJECT (Low 1796-TUN) PROJECT COMPLETIONREPORT Evaluation Summary
1. Objectives. The project supports the Government'sinvestment p ..gram of the Master Plan for Water Resourc-sDevelopment in SouthernTunisia. Its objectiveswere to develop groundwaterresources in the southern region, increaseproduction of dates and vegetablesand raise living conditionsof smallholdersin the existing oases.
2. ImplementationExperience and Pesuilts.After experiencinglengthy delays due to the late creationof the AgriculturalDevelopment Agencies (OMV) for two projectareas, Djerid/Tozeurand Kebili/Gabes,project implementation progressedaccording to the approved scheduleof implementationlaid down by differentBank supervisionmissions. Consequentlyat the official closing date almost all civil works were completed. Infrastructureis now operational while agriculturalobjectives will soon reach the expected development,and as a consequence,it may be concludedthat project objectiveshave been met and an importantimpact on regionaland local developmenthas been achieved.
3. In general, rehabilitatedoases and new plantationsare almost fully in operation: farmersare dynamic, fully participatingin the project and satisfied.
4. Land protectionagainst sand intrusionhas been carried out; water is adequatelydistributed up to the tertiarycanals and farmers participatein water management.
5. Project ccst, in dinar terms, is now D 36.1 million comparedwith D 29.6 million estimatedat appraisal,implying an overrun in Dinars of about 212. In Dollar terms the cost amounted to only US$47.5 million, 34S below the appraisalestimate of US$72.5 million.
6. Increasedcosts, in Dinar terms, above those projectedat appraisal caused by the combinedeffect of higher costs of irrigationinfrastructure, buildingconstruction, establishment of new perimetersand strengtheningof the technicalassistance, were largelyoffset by the effect of the rise of the US$ vis-a-visthe TunisianDinar. In spite of this, at the closing date, US$0.9 million of the Bank loan of US$25.0million remainedundisbursed in addition to US$5.5 million which had alreadybeen cancelledsince May 23, 1986.
7. The technicalassistance provided for under the project played a useful role in the works supervisionin the fields of irrigationequipment - v -
maintenanceand the agriculturalextension program. Studiesundertaken of the groundwatersituation were generallycomprehensive, well documented,and consistentwith project requirements.
8. Implementationof a program to recover the costs of irrigation services,as requiredunder Schedule 5 of the Loan Agreement,has been delayed. However, in the frameworkof the IrrigationManagement Improvement Project (Loan 2573 TUN) Governmentis committedto reach by January 1, 1995 full cost recovery of irrigationoperation and maintenanceand measures have alreadybeen taken to decentralizeand render more flexiblethe operating proceduresof the Water Users Association(AIC) to permit them to recover those costs from their members.
9. The financialand economic reevaluationshows rates of return that are somewhathigher than those estimatedat appraisal. This favourableresult is a reflectionof implementationthat went broadly as planned togetherwith higher-than-expecteddate prices. Financialrates of return ranged between 9Z and 30% according to the type of investmentand farm enterprise,while economic rates were somewhathigher from 14% to 37%. For the project as a whole, the re-estimatedeconomic rate of return is 19%. The projectalso had significantinstitutional benefits for the sub-sectorin the creationof the two OMV's.
10. Sustainability. The prospect of being able to sustain the improvementsbrought about under the project are good. The creationof two Officeshas provided the institutionalbasis for maintainingthe existing structuresand investingin new developments. Financingthese Offices to ensure proper maintenanceand operationhas been an issue in the past, due to low contributionfrom producersto those expenses and to meager budget allocationsfrom Gov rnment. The situationis , however, improvingsupported by the Bank-financedIrrigation Management Improvement Project (Loan 2573-TUN) and the ASAL-I (Loaa 2754-TUN)which containa packageof measures aiming at strengtheningfarmers associationst increasingwater charges,improving managementcontrol of the Offices, strengtheningtheir accountingprocedures, all with the objectiveof making the Offices financiallyself-sufficient. Recent progress made in these several fields createsgood prospectsof reachingthat objective.
11. On a long run, doubt.sabout water availabilitycould exist. However, currentlythere is a good knowledgeof aquifers potentialand behavior for which the projecthas made a contribution,and the Governmentis committed (Gabes IrrigationProject - Loan 2605-TUN)to keep a balanced allocationof water resourcesamong the competitiveusers (irrigation,industry, human consumption). In addition,the general acceptance(by authoritiesand population)that water resourcesare limitedand should be exploited adequatelyand parsimoniously,and the level of the monitoringsystem which is being used give extra assurancesthat the issue of water availabilitymight only be raised in the contextof internationalimplications, i.e., through excessivewithdrawals in Algeria. Even this aspect has been taken care of with the setting up of a joint internationalcommittee (Algeria-Tunisia) on hydraulicsand environment.
12. Findingsand Lessons. The project has generatedsome important lessonswhich later have been applied in similarprojects with visible success - vi - and advantage: they are related particularlyto the need for complete design as early as possible in the project preparationand appraisalprocess, to the advantageof bulking contractsavoiding repetitionof long administrative procedures,and to the importanceof having future beneficiariesinvolved in the project preparation. The projecthas also permittedus to know better the local market of contractors,leading to a more appropriateselection for future projects. TUNSA
SOUTHERN IRRIGATION PROJECT (Loan 1796-TUN) PROJECT COMPLETIONREPORT
I. BACKGROUND
1.1 Tunisia has a total land area of 16.4 million ha of which 8.4 million ha are suitablefor agricultureand grazing. The country can be divided into threemain ecologicalzones: the Northern zone (25%) is the most fertile receivingadequate rainfall for a range of crops (400-1,000mm);the central zone (152) receivesbetween 200 and 400 mm of rainfall and the southern zone (602) which is a semi-desertzone receivingless than 200 mm of rainfall. Of the 5.0 million ha of cultivableland, 342 is planted to cereals, 352 to fruit trees and the remainderto forage crops, vegetables,grain, legumes,and industrialcrops; 20% is normally left fallow. Given the high variabilityin rainfall,major efforcs have been made to develop irrigatedagriculture.
1.2 The mobilizationand efficientuse of scarce water resourcesfor irrigationhas been and remainsa major Governmentpreoccupation. Since the early 1960's,substantial shares of public and private investmentsin agriculturehave been allocated for this purpose: 30% between 1962 and 1971, 232 from 1972 to 1976 and 44% from 1977 to 1981. Governmentinvested heavily in irrigationinfrastructure (9 major dams, 20 smaller dams, more than 800 deep wells and about 250 pumpingstations have been constructed),where the private sector investedmostly in shallow wells (about 23,000)and related equipment. Currently,some 205,000 ha are equipped for irrigation(1983/85) against 120,000ha in 1972.
1.3 Groundwaterresources of Southern Tunisia are coveredby two major aquifers: the Complex Terminal (CT) cal,ed Djeffara in the coastal area of Gabes, and ContinentalIntercalaire (CI) which is mostly used in the Djerid and Nefzaoua areas. In 1974, Government requested the French engineering firm, Sogreah, to prepare a Master Plan for Water Resources Development in Southern Tunisia, based on the UNESCO/UNDPsurvey and on the results of the simulation models which defined for different areas the level of exploitation of the aquiferswithin acceptable salinity levels. The result of the plan defineda water resourcesdevelopment program for southernTunisia to be implementedover 20 years. Consequently,the Governmentdecided on a long term developmentstrategy to be implementedover several four year Plans (1974-1996). The Southern IrrigationProject representsone phase of the Master Plan.
1.4 Bank group lending for agriculturein Tunisia commencedin 1967 and to date 17 projects have been approved at a total of US$407.9uillion of Bank/IDA Zunds. Directly related to the developmentof the irrigation sub-sectorare the following: (a) First IrrigationRehabilitation Project (Loan 1068-TUN);(b) Sidi Salem MultipurposeProject (Loan 1431-TUN); (c) Medjerda/NebhanaIrrigation Project (Loan 2157-TUN);(d) IrrigationManagement ImprovementProject (Loan 2573-TUN); (e) Gabes IrrigationProject (Loan 2605-TUN). All those have been operatingsatisfactorily. - 2 -
H. PROJECT FORMULATION
Identification and Preparation
2.1 The Project was jointly prepared by the National Center for AgriculturalStudies (CNEA) and the Rural Development Department (GR) of the MOA assistedby consultants. The consultantservices amounted to US$180.000 and were financed under the Bank Project PreparationFacility Funds. The preparationwas supervisedby the WB/FAO CooperativeProgram (CP) and the projectwas appraisedin December 1979. After appraisalmajor issues were raised relating to: (a) low financialrate of return; (b) cost recoveryand water charges;and (c) water quality. The low financialrate tf return was mainly attributedto the lorigmaturing period of the palm trees and increase in the cost of civil engineering. On the cost recovery issue, The Bank felt that the Governmentshould determineand implementa cost recovery strategy to be applied to various beneficiariesof the project investments. The water qualityissue was related to the recommendationmade up by the Southern TunisiaWater Resource DevelopmentMaster Plan which establishedthat (a) water levels in the aquifer will continueto sink and as a result pumping costs will increasedue to increaseddepth of water; and (b) the degree of water salinitywill progressivelyincrease. In this respect the Government agreed to study the problem and preparea mathematicalmodel for the monitoringof the aquifer. Negotiationswere completedin February 1980, and agreementreached on all the above issues. The loan became effectiveon September30, 1980.
ProiectObiectives
2.2 The specific objectivesof the projectwere to develop the potential groundwaterresources of SouthernTunisia and improveagricultural practices and services in order to: (i) increasepresent prodaction of dates, vegetables,and forage; (ii) provideemployment opiF-rtunities for farm labor in the new date palm plantationsand improve the living standardsof the smallholdersin t..eexisting oases. These objectiveswere in line with Governmentefforts to reduce its deficit in the trade balance for food and to improverural incomes in the poorest regionsof Tunisia. The developmentof groundwaterpotential were to be accomplishedthrough rehabilitationof existingoases (upgradingtheir irrigationand drainagenetworks and drilling of new wells for the creating of new irrigationperimeters in areas with good productionpotential). Better agriculturalpractices were also to be introducedby reinforcedextension services, equipment and research. As a result of the project, some 6,200 farmers' familieswere expected to increase income.
ProjectDescription
2.3 The major trust of the projectwas: (i) the rehabilitationof 7 existingoases on 3,040 ha in the Djerid, Kebili and Gabes areas; (ii) the creationof 9 new date palm plantationsand date palm/forageplantations on 2,100 ha in Djerid, Nefzaoua and Kebili; (iii) the creationof a date processingfacility; and (iv) the provisionof equipmentfacilities and personnelfor agriculturalservices, technical assistance and research in - 3 -
drip irrigationfor date palm trees. The extent of the rehabilitationworks consistedof: (a) improvingthe water supply where requiredby drilling additionaldeep wells; (b) equippingthe new and existingwells with pumps where the artesian flow has diminishedor disappeared;(c) changing the irrigationnetwork from the present irrigationditches into cement pipes so as to limit water losses;and (d) improvingor creatingdrainage canals. Four new plantationswere to be createdon Government-ownedland and five on collectiveland. Investmentsin the new plantationsincluded: (a) tita creationof 27 new deep wells and relatedequipment; (b) land leveling;(c) establishmentof wind breaks; (d) buildingof irrigationand drainage infrastructure;(e) constructionof access roads and tracks;and (f) agriculturalmachinery and equipment. In some of the new oases to be created the foragearea would be about 580 ha. The expected alfalfa productionon this acreagewas adequate to cover the urgent needs of the existing livestock in the area and ensure survival of flocks during droughtyears.
2.4 The project also providedone date processingfacility to be built in the vicinityof Nefta or Tozeur in the Djerid. This facility was to have a capacityof 10 t/day for dehydration,45 t/day for disinsectizationand 12 t/day for date processingwhich would be adequate for processingthe additionalcrop until about year 15 of the project. Two agricultural developmentauthorities "Office de Mise en Valeur" (OMV) were to be establishedby the Governmentin the projectarea, one in the Governorateof Gafsa with an office in Tozeur, and the second in Gabes with offices in Gabes and Kebili. In addition,the project also providedequipment for the agriculturalresearch on: (i) drip irrigationfor date palms; (ii) sprinkler irrigationfor forage; and (iii) various systems of drainage. As a Technical Assistancecomponent, the project provided48 man-monthsof consultants' servicesto assist GR in the preparationof tender documents,bid evaluation and projectsupervision and 12 man-months to Water and Soil Resources Department(DRES) for preparationof a mathematicalsimulation model for the Southernarea of Tunisia.
2.5 The total Project cost was estimatedat US$72.5million, with a foreignexchange componentof US$25.3million. The Bank loan of US$25.0 millionwas to finance the foreignexchange componentrelating to (a) * irrigationinfrastructures, buildings and vehicles;and (b) technical assistanceand training.
2.6 The Project was expected to be completedover a period of six years (1980-1985). All irrigationengineering works were to be completedby the first quarterof the year 1985. Full developmentwas expected to take place by 1990. The completiondate was scheduledfor December 1985 and the closing date for June 1986. The closing date was in fact extendedby 12 months to June 1987. - 4 -
ilL I4PLEMIENTATION
Effectiveness
3.1 The project became effectiveon September30, 1980, some 4 months later than scheduled. The reasonsfor the delay were administrativeand relatedto: creation of the AgriculturalDevelopment Authorities (OMV's for the two project areas and furnishingthe Bank with the standard legal opinions. However, it is worth noting that delays in loan effectivenessdid not have a negative impact on the implementationschedule of most of the componentsfinanced under the project.
Revision
3.2 The Loan was amended twice. On June 13, 1983, to respond to the need for improvementof implementationperformance and to Governmentdecisions regardingthe operationand maintenanceof new piilmtrees plantationsin the South. As a result, it was decided (1) that the agriculturaldevelopment of the new plantationswould be the responsibilityof farmersassisted by the OMV's and financedby Governmentthrough special credit and subsidy lines foreseenin the law; (2) the constructionof buildingsand the setting up and operationof the researchactivities would be the responsibilityof the OMV's with the assistanceof the GR and of the related research institutionif needed.
3.3 The second amendmenttook place on January 12, 1984, and it is relatedto the changesof the percentagesof expendituresto be financed under categories(1) and (2) of the Loan Agreement. This change has been made to reflecthigher percentagesof foreignexchange for the componentsfinanced under those categoriesthan anticipatedat appraisal.
3.4 Finally, at Government'srequest the closingdate was extendedone year from June 30, 1986, to June 30, 1987, to allow for payments still pending in on-goingworks and suppliesparticularly related to contract completion.
ImplementationSchedule
3.5 Irrigationand drainage. Despite a prompt call for bidding, the projectexperienced lengthy delays in its start up. From the beginningcivil works were spread over an implementationtime of 5 years insteadof 4 as anticipatedduring appraisal. Chart 1 compares the actual with the estimated scheduleof implementationfor the major componentsof the Project under World Bank financing. Chart 2 shows actual implementationof irrigation infrastructuresfor each sub-projectarea, Annex 1 shows key-indicatorsof civil works, while Annex 2 gives detailsof physicalworks regarding irrigationand drainage infrastructures.
3.6 While design of irrigationinfrastructures, including tender documents,and bids progressedsatisfactorily, delays in the constructionof the irrigationinfrastructure were mainly due to: (i) well-drillingtaking longer than expected; (ii) delays in performingproper pumping tests (iii) poor organizationby the contractorsin obtainingmaterials for construction;(iv) ill-adaptedequipment for the boring of deep wells; and (v) lack of accessorieswhich did not permit contractorsto lay *rrigationpipes as scheduled. Main featuresof the constructedirrigation system consisted of: a buried pipe distributionsystem parallel to feeder roads of asbestos cement pipes distributingwater to the irrigationsections. The rehabilitationsystem included150 km of pipes which have been replacedwith the old earth canal system. Hydrants have been installedalong the buried pipelineeach hydrant serving units of oout 4 hectares throughseguias of ?,O0 m of maximum length. The creation of new plantationshas entailed 150 km of buried pipes with same characteristicsas above. The new plantationshave been divided in blocks of 20 ha served by a 20 1/sec. water delivery each. Summaryof area under irrigationand length of canals is given below:
SAR Actual Actual as of SAR estimate
Area under irrigationha 5,174 4,884 94 Length of canals km 224 300 133
The implementationof drainage work, comparedwith appraisalplanning gives the followingresult:
Drainage Work SAR Actual Actual as ---- m3 - - of SAR estimate
New excavation 572,000 220,000 38 Improvement 92,000 164,700 179
Constructionof new drains has been spaced at a distance of about 200 m and at a depth of 2 m.
3.7 The large differencein new excavationvolume is due to the decision to postpone the constructionof the drainagenetwork in some of the new plantations. Drainage works in the oases to relabilitatehave been made and the reconstructednetworks are operationalwith noticeableimpact on soil aeration and leaching. However, the drainagenetworks for newly createdoases have been limited to those where there would be no danger of the ditches being easily filled up with sand because of lack of proper soil stabilizationwith crops and protectionwith windbreaks. This is the case of Rejim Maatoug, Hazoua, and Draa Nord. The continuationof the relationswith the OMVGJ within the frameworkof the IrrigationManagement Improvement Project gives an opportunityto follow up on this issue and to assure that these drainage networks will be made in time. The implementedroads program,compared with appraisalestimate, indicatesthat: (i) for oases rehabilitation,only 1 km of access road has been constructedinstead of 31 km; and (ii) for new plantationsonly 362 of the program has been completed (see Annex 1). Major problemsobserved regardingthis low performanceare: over estimationby SAR regardingaccess roads for oases rehabilitationand low need for the time being of road infrastructurein new plantations.
3.8 Quality and performanceof irrigationand drainage infrastructure have been done in accordancewith good engineeringpractices and are generally suitable for local conditions. However, the design of some irrigationschemes could have included tertiary canals. - 6 -
3.9 Buildings. The adequacy of the buildings as foreseen at appraisal time was analyzed by the supervision missions and compared with actual needs. OMVPIGJ suggested a reduction of the storage area and increasing workshop facilities, while OMVPIGM's main proposal was the creation of extension center. Bids were invited in April 1981 for all buildings and work was expected to he completed by May 1983. Although commitment for all buildings was made, they were in some cases poorly executed and some contracts were terminated because of low quality and delays by the contractors. A supervision mission which examined the building issues with the Genie Rural and the Offices concluded that one of the reasons for the delays was the lack of an adequate supervision of works done by the "Service des Batiments" of the Ministry of Agriculture. As a result, the practical aspects of the execution of the works were reviewed and new procedures were agreed upon by the Bank and Ministry of Agriculture (Loan Agreement 6.13.83). With the transfer to the Offices of the responsibilityfor executing this component and the strict adherence to the programs previously agreed upon by the Bank and the Offices, these components made good progress, and all the works were completed by end of 1985 (see Anrex 6). Summary of implementedwork compared with appraisal estimates gives the following result:
Buildings SAR Actual Actual as of SAR estimate
Tozeur Office headquarters m2 600 560 93 Warehouse, hangar m2 14,500 4,780 33
Kebili/Gabes
Office headquarters m2 600 1,044 174 Warehouse, m2 5,800 3,800 65
3.10 Research. A detailed applied research program was prepared by both offices and submitted to the Bank for review and approval. The research program in cooperationwith the INRAT and IRA was mainly directed to he following terms:
- irrigation methods, including drip irrigation for dates; - cultural practices, including weed control in existing date orchards, and the use of fertilizers; and, - rehabilitationof irrigation and drainage infrastructurewith M'Dakkar date variety collection in the Tozeur oasis.
The Offices have been assisted with the design of the trials, observations, measurements and data analysis. In addition, two new sub-stationswere established and budget increased for both Offices. This component was satisfactorily implementedwithout major delays.
3.11 Water Resources and Monitoring. Groundwater resources of Southern Tunisia are in two major aquifers: the Complex Terminal (CT), called Djeffara in the coastal area of Gabes, and the deeper Continental Intercalaire (CI). The Djeffara aquifer is fed from the CI through the geologic fault of El Hamma. The general groundwater flow is towards the sea where it outcrops a few kilometers from the coast. Traditionallysurface water has been available for use from naturally occurring springs with substantial flow rates at the outcrops. With the introductionof deep well drilling techniques,numerous wells were sunk close to these existing springs in order to increasethe volume of water availablefor traditionaldate palm, fruit and vegetable cultivations;subsequently wells were also sunk outside the traditional perimetersfor the developmentof modern date palm plantations. A consequence of this increasedexploitation of the water resourceshas been a decrease in the flow or drying out of natural springsand a decrease or disappearanceof the artesian flow of the deep wells indicatinga need for a more carefully plannedapproach to water development.
3.12 The water resourcesdevelopment potential of the projectarea has been assessed in studies financedby UNDP, startingwith a study of the Algerianand Tunisian Northern Sahara region by UNESCO in 1968-72,which includedmathematical simulation models of the aquifers and an electrical analogicmodel of the coastalDjeffara aquifer. In 1976, a Master Plan for Water and Soil ResourcesDevelopment in SouthernTunisia (WMP) was subsequentlyprepared and updated simulationmodels defined the limits of exploitationof the aquiferswithin acceptablesalinity levels. Water resourceestimates of the WMP have since been systematicallyupdated and refinedas more detailed data became available. This has confirmedthat the findingsof the basic studiesare robust. Monitoringof groundwater abstraction,water level fluctuationsand quality is systematicallycarried out by the regionalbranches of the Water Department(DRE) of the MOA. Water abstractionfor Djerid a!d Nefzaoua areas has increasedfrom 5.7 m3/sec. during 1981 to 9.1 m3/sec. for the year 1986. This is less than anticipated by the mathematicalmodel on the results of which the Water Master Plan (WMP) was based. The model indicated that in the year 2010 a maximum abstraction would be 11 m3/sec. The decline of water level, estimated in year 2010, may be between 20 and 45 meters in the Djerid area and between 5 and 13 meters in the Nefzaoua area. Present monitoringshows that little variationhas occurredas predictedby the model. For the coastal projectarea, there was littlevariation of the total water dischargeas foreseenby the WMP. Rowever, the water level is reported to have been lower than anticipated, althougha certain stabilityhas been observed during the past 2 to 3 years. The table below shows year by year water abstractionfor Djerid and Nefzaoua regions:
Region Actual Model 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 2010 -- l1/sec-----
Djerid 2,652 3,200 3,522 3,637 3,818 3,963 4,890 Nefzaoua 3,118 3,500 4,188 4,585 4.655 5,130 6,620 Total 5,770 6,700 7,710 8,222 8,473 9,093 11,510
3.13 Rehabilitationof ExistingOasis. Progress of thinningand rejuvenationcontinues to be slow, although meetings had been organizedby the Offices to encouragefarmers to renew old date palms. Delays of this program were mainly due to: (1) land tenure:the small size of holdings in the projectarea is not so much of a constraintto the agriculturedevelopment, becauseof the cropping patterns (vegetablesand fruit trees). However, the true issue is that the large percentageof absenteesand of share cropping lead to difficultiesin convincingowners (sometimeshard to be reached)and share croppers (too many in the same farm) about the benefits of the reconversionprograms and make them accept and execute those programs; (2) poor drainage: improvementof drainage conditionsin existingoases with - 8 -
excessivefarm fragmentationand tree density is difficult;therefore, in those areas where these constraintsexist, vegetable intercropping,which is needed to compensatefor initialreduction of increase followingremoval of old or low productivepalm trees, was also difficult;(3) insufficiently staffed extensionservices; (4) reliableand availablewater: farmers have waited until th- water supply is improvedbefore embarkingin a reconversion investment;and (5) reluctanceto cut trees (traditionalvalue).
3.14 New Plantations. Progressof this program has proceeded satisfactorily. The farmers participateintensively in all the operationsof agriculturalimplementation. The role of the Offices is to provide extension services,to prepareand follow-upthe credit demands, to give techuical assistance,and to provide and distributeagricultural inputs. Farmersare selected from a list of applicants,with priority given to young people who just left the agriculturetraining school, followedby laborerswith extensive agricultureexperience; preference is also given to candidatesfrom the local population. On the average, about 80X belong to the first category. Governmentalso provides housing facilitiesby creatingvillages itl the vicinity of these newly created oases. Farmers use their own transportation means or those made availableby Governmentduring the installationperiod. The financialsupport provided by Governmentis based on a 15% subsidy, 15% of "pioneerbonus" and 70% of credit of an estimatedcost per hectare. This support is estimatedto cover the cost of offshoots,manure, NPK, labor mechanizedservices, and protectivecovers, and is managedby the Offices which pass it to farmers in accordancewith a given schedule. Farmers provide labor for all agriculturalactivities. Repaymentconditions are 7 years, one year of grace and 61 interest. Farmers with good records would become full owners of the 2 ha plot.
3.15 Other Components. Other project components,such as technical assistanceand purchaseof equipment,were implementedsatisfactorily and completedon time.
Reporting
3.16 The executionof the major project componentswas the object of quarterlyand annual progress reports prepared by the Offices (OMVGO and OMVGM) and by the Genie Rural. Frequent supervisionmissions during the project implementationperiod were made and full informationwas reported detailingprogress of the civil works. Although overall progressreporting can be consideredsatisfactory, the situationdiffers as far as financial reportingis concerned. Audited financialstatements for differentyears were availablebut the auditors always qualified their opinion because they were unable to obtain adequate evidenceof all transactionsmade by the different Offices. Recommendationswere made to improve the accountingsituation, inclbidingthe recruitmentof a qualifiedconsultant for both Offices in order to design and set up a more adequateaccounting system for their activities and project components. The new system was set up at the beginningof 1985 and current situationis satisfactory. Accounts referringto 1986 for both Offices have been audited and submittedto the Bank. -9-
Procurement
3.17 Pumpsetswith related equipmentand pipes for irrigationvalued at about D 0.970 million were tenderedand awardedunder International CompetitiveBidding (ICB). This representsabout 4% of the total cost of the irrigationcomponent. Deep wells were executedby a specializedagency of the MOA. Total cost of the above works made in accordancewith local competitive biddingwas D 3.657 million or about 162 of the irrigationcomponent.
3.18 Irrigationand drainage network constructionwere awarded to Tunisian firms under several contractsthrough local competitivebidding procedures. Total cost of this work was D 10.871 millionor about 482 of the total of the irrigationcomponent. Procurementfor vehicles and agriculturalequipment totallingabout D 0.728 million were procurredalso through competitive bidding in accordancewith local procedures.
3.19 After wide internationalconsultation, the studies for groundwater resourceswere awarded to a French consultingfirm, while power-line connectionswere designed and executedby the Government-ownedTunisian ElectricityCompany (STEG) under specialnegotiated contract.
Cost
3.20 The actual cost of the projectwas D 36.10 million instead of D 29.62 million as estimatedat appraisal, implyingan overrun in Dinar terms of 222. In Dollar terms, however, project cost amounted to only US$47.5million comparedwith US$72.5 million at appraisal,a decrease of 342. Annual breakdownof costs by different componentsin terms of current price is given in Annexes 3 to 7. Comparativestatements of estimate and actual costs and percentageof overrun are given below:
SAR 1 Actual Actual as SAR 1 Actual Actual as estimate Cost 2 of SAR estimate Cost X of SAR ---D million-- Estimate -US$million-- Estimate
Irrigation and Drainage 19.37 22.89 118 47.4 30.4 64 Buildings 1.87 2.28 121 4.2 6.0 71 Vehicles & Agri- culturalequipment 0.73 0.71 97 1.6 1.6 24 Establishmentof new perimeters 2.76 6.37 230 6.8 8.0 118 Other investment 0.31 0.31 - 0.8 0.4 53 Rehabilitationworks 1.97 1.14 57 5.1 1.5 29 TechnicalAssistance 0.24 0.36 150 0.7 1.0 141 CapitalizedOperating Cost 2.30 1.97 85 5.7 2.2 38 Project Preparation Facility 0.07 0.07 - 0.2 0.2 100
Total 29.62 36.10 122 72.5 47.5 66
1/ Includingprice and physical contingencies. - 10 -
3.21 The establishmentof new perimetersand civil works is mainly responsiblefor the Dinar cost overrun. The higher cost for the establishment of new perimetersis due to insufficientbasic data availableat appraisal. Detailedplans showed the need for much higher investmentsin land levelling, service roads, and wind barriers, tertiarycanals, as well as higher unit costs. The cost overrun of the civil works componentsis about 202 and is the result of a combinationof price escalationand fluctuationof foreign currencies. In general, the higher than estimateddomestic inflationrates were mitigatedby the lower than estimatedincrease in internationalprices and as a result, overallproject costs overrun has been only 22%. The decline in Dinar, from D 0.408 = US$1 at appraisalto D 0.825 = US$1 in 1986, is the main reason for the reduceddollar cost of the project.
Disbursements
3.22 The Bank loan was to be disbursedover six years (1980-85)and to cover the following:
Category Amount DisbursementPercentage (Us$ '000)
(1) Civil works 8,800 40% a/ (2) Vehicles and agricul- 12,600 55% b/ of local rural and irrigation expendituresand 100X equipment of foreign expenditures (3) Consultants'services 420 100% of foreign and studies expenditures (4) Refundingof Project 180 100% PreparationAdvance (5) Unallocated 3,000
TOTAL: 25,000
Statementsof total disbursementas of December 31, 1987 for different categoriesare given below:
DisbursedUS$
1. Civil Works 12,230,032.73 2. Vehicles and equipment 6,020,372.26 3. Consultantservices 208,949.85 4. Refundingof Project (PPF) 156,753.51
TOTAL at June 30, 1987 18,616,108.35 a/ 602 after 01-27-84. b/ 65 after 01-27-84.
In addition,cumulative disbursement at end of each quarter, comparedwith appraisalestimates is as follows: - 11 -
IBRD Fiscal Year SAR Actual Actual as and Quarter CumulativeDisbursement Disbursementat X of SAR at End of Quarter End of Quarter Estimate …--- - -US$ million ------FY80 March 31, 1980 June 30, 1980 0.2
FY81 September30, 1980 0.2 December 31, 1980 1.2 0.1 March 31, 1981 2.6 0.1 June 30, 1981 4.5 0.1
FY82 September30, 1981 5.9 0.1 2 December 31, 1981 7.5 0.2 2 March 31, 1982 9.3 0.2 2 June 30, 1982 11.4 1.0 -
FY83 September30, 1982 13.9 1.0 7 December 31, 1982 16.2 1.9 11 March 31, 1983 18.2 1.9 10 June 30, 1983 19.9 3.8 19
FY84 September30, 1983 20.9 3.8 18 December 31, 1983 21.7 5.1 24 March 31, 1984 22.3 5.1 23 June 30, 1984 22.8 6.4 28
FY85 September30, 1984 23.0 6.4 28 December 31, 1984 23.2 10.2 44 March 31, 1985 23.4 10.2 44 June 30, 1985 23.7 11.0 46
FY86 September30, 1985 24.4 11.0 45 December 31, 1985 25.0 13.2 53 March 31, 1986 - 14.0 56 June 30, 1986 - 15.3 61
FY87 September30, 1986 - 15.9 64 December 31, 1986 - 15.9 64 March 31, 1987 - 17.3 69 June 30, 1987 - 17.9 72
FY88 September30, 1986 - 17.9 72 December 31, 1986 - 18.6 74 - 12 -
3.22 The above statements of tctal disbursement by categories indicate that: (i) civil work expenditurehas been higher than estimatedat appraisal and (ii) the cancelledbalance is US$6.4 million, total disbursementsfrom the Bank Loan are, therefore,US$18.6 million.
Compliancewith Loan Covenants
3.23 Major loan covenantdealt with cost recovery (section4.04 of the Loan Agreement)and financialaccounts of the project (section4.02 of the Loan Agreement). These are discussed in paragraphs5.09-5.19 and 3.15 respectivelyof the PCR. In other respects,Government complied with covenantssatisfactorily.
Iv. PROJECT IMPACT
General
4.1 As most of the new plantationsand rehabilitatedoases are still at the early stages of agriculturaldevelopment, at this time it is too soon for a definitiveassessment of the project's impact. Most of the descriptions given below are based on the experiencemade from other schemes under operation in the region and by mission estimate. Neverthelessthe PCP mission is satisfiedthat if improvementsso far broughtabout can be sustainedin future the projectwill have achieved a significanteconomic and institutional impact.
Irrigation
4.2 The project has had a substantialeffect on irritationin southern Tunisia,both through having achieved the majority of its own objectives in an area that amounts to about 20% of the irrigablearea in the region and through having given momentum to the Master Plan for Water Resourcesfor the area as a whole. As envisagedat appraisal,the projecthas effectivelymodernized the majority of seven existing schemes - although in some cases, e.g., Tozeur oasis, much yet remains to be done - and has establishednine new plantations. In the existing oases, the project has made a valuable contributionto arrestinga decline in production. The major benefits have come from reducing seepage losses in the canals and improvingwater distributionin the irrigationnetwork. Farmers have been constructing concrete fluves and concrete lining of earth ditches, and there are indicationsthat these practiceswould be extended to the entire planted new areas. In addition, farmersbeing sure that the water will be availablein quantity and time, do participatemore openly in the reconversionprogram.
4.3 In the regional context, the projectwas the first element of the Master Plan to be implemented. It has facilitatedthe remainderof the program through (i) having establishedthe necessaryoverall institutional capacity; (ii) having improved the system for monitoringthe aquifers,and (iii) having played a pilot role in gaining experiencein organizationaland technicalmatters. The Master Plan comprisesthree more phases yet. The second one includes the rehabilitationof about 16,800 ha of old oases and the creation of about 700 ha of new ones. This corresponds(i) to the Development Plan of Djerid, financed by the Abu Dhabi Fund (3,300 ha in 23 existing oases), which is being completed,(ii) to the Developmentof Nefzaoua,financed - 13 -
by the Saudi Fund (4,300 ha of renovationand 500 ha of new oases) which is expected t' be completedin 1990, (iii) to the DevelopmentPlan of Gabes, financedby the Bank under the Loan 2605-TUN (5,000 ha of rehabilitationand 200 ha of new oasis) which is progressingwell and should be finished in 1991; and (iv) to the DevelopmentPlan of Gafsa, financedby KFW (3,300 ha of renovation)which should be completedin 1990. The Third Phase refers to the developmentof the Rejim Maatoug region,south of the Chott Djerid where the projecthas already created 300 ha of new oases. The total area would be about 2,000 ha and financingis being sought from the EEC. The Fourth Phase will be executed in the Medenine and Tataouineareas and will include plans to rehabilitate200 ha and to create some 6,000 ha of new oasis. These developmentsare expected to start soon. As it was mentionedbefore (para. 3.11), all these developmentsare based on recognizedavailable water resources,the exploitationof which is being continuouslymonitored.
Area, yields and production
4.4 The area coveredby the project is indicatedin the table below. A total of 4,749 would be improved (comparedto 5,149 ha expectedat appraisal). of which 1809 ha representnewly establishedplantations (2,109 ha at appraisal)and 2,940 ha rehabilitatedoases (3,040 ha at appraisal). The lower area of new plantationsis largelyexplained by part of Ipi Chabbat having been undertakenoutside the Bank-financedproject. At present, 1,699 ha of new plantationshave been completedand 1,116 ha of existingoases have been rehabilitated.
Area Planted
SAR PCR Without With Witbout With Project Project Project Project ~--- --ha ------
New Plantations Gabes/Kebili - 812 - 752 Djerid - 1,297 - 1,057 Total - 2,109 - 1,809
Rehabilitation Gabes/Kebili 1,750 1,750 1,795 1,795 Djerid 1,290 1,290 1.145 1,145 Total 3,040 3,040 2,940 2,940
Total Project Area 5,149 4,749
Cropping Intensity (Coastal oases) 110% 120% 110% 130%
4.5 New plantationsfollowed the pace of constructionand they started in 1981 in Gabes-M6denine,but only in 1984 in Tozeur-Gafsa. For the whole project, 92% of the trees are 4 years old or less and have not reached productionstage.
4.6 The extent of the impact of the project on existing oases varies considerablyfrom some oases (e.g., El Hamma) on which the great majority of - 14 - envisaged improvements have taken place or are currently being implemented to others (e.g., Tozeur) on which comparatively little has yet been achieved in good measure because of lack of receptivity among land-holders. In average, thinning was very limited, with final densities at about 200 trees/ba (instead of 150 envisaged at appraisal) while the proportion of Deglet Nour variety increased from 30% to about 50% (as against 707 foreseen).
4.7 Areas under vegetables and forage crops progressed generally well. In the new areas, they reach 1/3 of the new plantations. In the coastal oases, cropping intensity went beyond the appraisal target of 1002 and should reach 130%. In other oases under rehabilitation, performances are diverse; areas increased only marginally in Tozeur where virtually no thinning was made, but more than doubled in Gabes.
4.8 Projected yields (table below) are considered to be in line with appraisal estimates. It must, however, be emphasized that the all-important yields of dates resulting fr.,mthe project's improvements are still speculative as optimum yields will not be known until some 12-16 years after establishment. As an average for full development, however, the appraisal report's estimate of 10 tons per hectare for Deglet Nour on new plantations is considered to be rather high; 8 tons for a pure stand c' Deglet Nour being more realistic. Conversely, on the rehabilitated plantations, the appraisal report may be too conservative in its estimates. The PCR's estimates of the pre-project and potential yields of vegetables are similar to those of the SAR. However, the absence of systematically and sufficiently long evaluation period of the project's impact unfortunately weakens the factual base for estimates of yield and production, and the PCR's re-estimates must be regarded as tentative. The PCR confirms the appraisal report's assumption that without the project, yields could be expected to decline over time, perhaps by 12 per year.
Yields
SAR PCR Without With Without With Project Project Project Project -- kg/tree--- t/ha ---- kg/tree------t/ha
New Plantations Deglet Nour 100 10.00 - 80 7.20 Common Varieties - - . - 90 0.90 Total/ha 10.00 8.10
Rehabilitation Deglet Nour 20 37 3.30 25 50 6.30 Common Varieties 37 55 3.60 40 60 3.20 Total/ha 6.90 9.50
t/ha -- -- t/ha --
Winter Crops 10 ( 8) 20 10 20 Tomatoes 10 ( 8) 20 10 20 Peppers 8 (6.4) - 8 18 Onions 10 (8) 20 10 20 Alfalfa 25 (20) 50 25 50 Me-on _ 40 - 35 - 15 -
4.9 The appraisalreport's estimates of incrementalproduction at full developmentare in line with those projectedby the PCR (see table). The re-estimatedincremental production of some 24,000 tons of dates at full developmentrepresents an increaseof 36% over national productionin 1981, the first year of the project.
IncrementalProduction at Full Development(tons)
SAR PCR
Deglet Nour 20,000 24,000 Common Varieties 1,400 - 160 Alfalfa 3,200 7,128 Barley Grain 600 59 Vegetables 31,200 33,000
Beneficiaries
4.10 The number of beneficiariesis similar to appraisalexpectations:
SAR PCR
New Plantations 1,100 1,226 Rehabilitationareas 5,100 5,090 Total 6,200 6,316
Marketsand Prices
4.11 The great majority of projectbenefits were expectedat appraisal to accrue from incrementalproduction of dates, specificallyDeglet Nour variety, much of it for export. Provisionwas made for a date processingplant as existingcapacity in the private sector was believed to be limited. Incrementalproduction of common date varietieswould be consumedwithin the country,and the local market was expected to absorb increasedoutput of forage crops and vegetables.
4.12 In the event all but one of these assumptionswere justified. The productionof Deglet Nour dates has increasedin the countryas a whole (from 31,400 tons in 1980-81 to a provisional44,000 tons in 1986-87)while exports have risen from 7,700 tons in 1982 to a peak of 14,400 tons in 1984 and 11,800 tons in 1986-', fluctuationbetween a quarterand a third of total production. During this period, export prices have held up well; average realizationsrising in real terms by about 40S between 1982 and 1986, as the followingtable indicates:
l/ The recent reporteddecrease in exports is not likely to representa trend. - 16 -
Year Price (D/ton)in Constant 1986 Terms (FOB Tunis)
1982 1,406 1983 1,559 1984 1,342 1985 2,087 1986 1,972
While the prospectsfor Deglet Nour on the world market are good, current real price levelswill not necessarilybe maintained. For the purposes of the economicAnalysis a price of D 1,500 per ton, fob Tunis, has been used. Deductionof collection,processing and transportcosts and margins and an allowancefor losses, a total of D 440, yields an economic farmgateprice of D1,060 per ton. For the financialanalysis, a weighted average of the export and local market prices was taken, amounting to D943 per ton. In real terms the recalculatedprices for the economic and financialanalysis are 19% and 351 respectivelyabove those assumed at appraisal. In view of the fact that the majority of project benefits result from incrementalproduction of Deglet Nour dates, this real price increase is a major boost to projectviability.
4.13 For common date varietiesand for other crops, prevailingprices are in real terms in line with or above those foreseenat appraisal. These productsare overwhelminglyconsumed within the countryalthough a modest exportmarket has developedfor the Alligh date, amountingto 6% of total productionof that variety,and some exports of vegetablesare being promoted (for instancetomatoes from the Gabes area with the assistanceof the OMVPI).
4.14 The date processingfacility envisagedat appraisalwas found to be unnecessaryas private sector eapacitywas adequate. All marketingand processingof dates in Tunisiaare carried out by the private sector with limitedregulatory functions being provided by the public service agency, GroupementInterprofessionnel des Dattes (GID). Although Governmenttax sets margins for tradersand processingor (b) internalprices to reduce consumptionand promote export for higher quality dates, market conditionsare the main influenceon price levels. Governmentpolicy has been consistent over the years in respect of the relationshipbetween the private and public sectorsin date marketing. This has contributedsignificantly to orderly developmentof internal marketsand has allowed favorableconditions on world markets to increase incentivesto producers.
V. ECONOMIC REEVALUATION
5.1 The PC mission reassessed the financialand economic viabilityof the project using a method similar to that of the SAR. The SAR had defined four models representingthe main farming enterprisesin the project area and estimatedthe costs and benefits of each with and without the project. These models were found to have remainedin broad terms valid. All variableswere re-estimated for the PCR.
5.2 Model 1 - Ibn Chabbat (100 ha) representsa unit of newly created date palm plantation. This unit is divided into identical holdings of 1 iha each. Palms are planted in pure stand with 135 trees per ha of Deglet Nour - 17 - vari:ty and 15 trees per ha of other varieties. Work is generally carriedout by laborersuntil trees start fruitingwhen the share cropping (Khemes)is introduced.
5.3 Model 2 - El Hamma of Tozeur (340 ha) is typicalof an old inland oasis (fruit treed, horticultureand forage crops are mixed with date palm trees). With the benefits resultingfrom thinningot date palms and replacementof common varietieswith Deglet Nour, and from improvementof vegetablesand forage productionand water use efficiency.
5.4 Model 3 - Kebili (100 ha) is similar to Model 1 but includesmore mtixedcropping with Alfalfa and horticulturecrops in between newly planted date palm trees (DegletNour).
5.5 Model 4 - Gabes (1 ha) is representativeof a small holding in the coastalarea, where common date varietiesare intercroppedwith fruit trees, promegranate,olive, alfalfa, vegetable,cropping intensityis high, yield increasewill come from thinning,drainage and use of improved inputs.
5.6 The followingtable compares the re-estimatedfinancing and economic rates of return for each model with those foreseenat appraisal:
Re-EstimatedFinancial and Economic Rates of Return ()
Financial Economic SAP PCR SAR PCR
New date plantations 11 12 13 19 Date plantationwith forage and vegetables 10 9 12 14 Rehabilitationof inland oases ) 16 21 ) 16 19 Coastalvegetable production ) 38 37
Total Project - - 13 19
5.7 Re-estimatedfinancial and economic rates of return are in most cases higher than the SAR's initial estimatesand are above the estimated opportunitycost of capital in Tunisia. The re-estimatedinternal economic rate of return for the project as a whole is 19X.
5.8 The economic results are markedly higher than the financialresults. This is mainly due to: (i) the border parity price for Deglet Nour dates in the economic analysis (D 1,060 per ton) being significantlyhigher than the farmgate price actually paid to farmers (currentlyaround D 900 per ton); and (ii) the adoption (in line with the SAR)-of a shadow wage rate for labor, the main item of farmers' costs of D 2.00 per day comparedwith the prevailing actual rate of D 4.00 used in the financialanalysis. The justificationfor this last assumptionis the existenceof some under-employmentin rural areas. Labor used in harvestingdates was not, however, shadow-pricedas this is a peak period. - 18 -
5.9 There are also significantdifferences between the financialand economic performanceof the differentproduction models. In the case of the new plantations,capital costs were higher than at appraisaland date yields were lower, but this was offset by higher than expected date prices. Costs for rehabilitatingexisting oases were converselylower than expected and yields of Deglet Nour dates higher, but the level of benefits was in some cases reducedby a slower than expected rate of participationby producers. These oases also benefittedfrom the high date prices. The highest returns of any projectcomponent were recordedon the two rehabilitatedcoastal oases primarilybecause these are used for high value annual crops whose benefits, unlike those from date palms, are already forthcoming,it should, however, be noted that the risks of these types of crops are higher than for the date palms on which the bulk of projectbenefits at other locationsdepend
SensitivityAnalysis
5.10 Sensitivityof the financialIRR to decreases in expectedyields was practicedfor all 4 models. Resultsare shown in the followingtable as well as the switchingvalues for incrementalcosts and benefits at OCC 12X:
FinancialRate of Return
----- Sensitivity Analysis… Base Case Yields Down Switching Values IRR 20% 10% Costs Benefits 2) ---- (IRR)------(% Change)----
Model 1 12 8 10 -1 +1 Model 2 16 1 8 +40 -29 Model 3 9 4 6 -15 +18 Model 4 38 24 31 +195 -66
5.11 Sensitivityof the economic IRR to a higher shadow wage rate (equal to the financialwage rate) was tested for all 4 models, and for the overall project. Results are presentedin the followingtable, as well as the correspondingswitching values for incrementalcosts and benefits at OCC 12%.
EconomicRate of Return a/
------SensitivityAnalysis------Base Case SwitchingValues IRR Costs Benefits (X) ----- (---,(Change)-- …
Model 1 17 +28 -22 Model 2 17 +32 -24 Model 3 14 +9 -8 Model 4 30 +70 -41
OverallProject 17 a/ Consideringthe shadow wage rate equal to the financialwage rate; 4 D per day. 1/ The SAR did not analyze the rates of return for this project component separately. -19 -
VI. PERFORMANCE
ProjectExecution and Management
6.1 The appraisalreport provided for the project to be implementedby four public sector agencies. The GR was to be responsiblefor planningdesign and implementationof irrigationdrainage infrastructure.The water resource studiesand the mathematicalsimulations of the aquiferswere to be carried out by the DRES while agriculturaldevelopment was entrusted to two Offices to be created under the project. The Officesmain responsibilitieswere to be (i) to maintain the irrigationinfrastructure ; (ii) to ensure that appropriatesupport services,including extension were provided to farmers; and (iii) to manage and maintain the new plantations. The implementing agencieswere to be coordinatedby the Departmentof Planningof the Ministry of Agriculture.
6.2 Overall,project implementationwas satisfactory. After a slow start, due principallyto difficultieswith staff recruitment,the newly establishedOffices have become increasinglyeffective and are now implementingall projects in the irrigationsubsector in southern Tunisia. A change to the projectwhich was made with the Bank's agreementwas the decision that participatingfarmers rather than the Offices should be directly responsiblefor managing the new plantationswith the prices playinga regulatoryand supportiverole. This has been successfuland has the advantageof reducingdemands on the nationalbudget. The performanceof GR has been satisfactory,although at one time supervisionmissions were concernedthat headquartersstaff were not communicatingsufficiently with field staff. DRES, with assistancefrom consultants,has effectively institutedthe system for monitoringaquifers. Governmenthas provided an adequate level of support for the project,assigning staff to strengthenthe agencies involvedand providinga higher level of budget resourcesin Dinar terms than was originallyenvisaged.
6.3 Shortcomingsin implementationrelated primarilyto: (i) the delays in setting up an effectiveaccounting system within the Officeswhich caused concern to successivesupervision missions until improvementswere put in place in 1985; and (ii) delays in submittingrequests for reimbursementto the Bank for eligible expenditureswhich had already paid made by Government. In both these cases, adequate remedial actionswere taken.
Suppliesand Contractors
6.4 Contractsfor civil works includingacquisition of vehicles and agriculturalequipment required under the projectwere awarded under local competitivebidding procedures. Contractsfor pump sets and well equipment were awarded under internationalcompetitive bidding.
6.5 Irrigation-relatedworks and building constructionwere executedby local contractors. Implementationwent very slowly and was characterizedby repeated interruptionsof works also due to occasionalshortages of constructionmaterials. In addition,the contractorsgenerally did not assign to the works technicaland managementskills capableof adequatelysupervising the work. This led to the need for a more close monitoringand supervisionof - 20 -
the works by the GR and Offices staff. Most of the equipmentwas importedby local representatives,but certain items (pipes and pipe accessories)were made in Tunisia. Delays in furnishinglarge diameterconcrete pipes due to lack of productioncapacity of the local supplierhad caused significant delays in the completiondate of irrigationnetworks. Contractualpenalties were applied but they were not sufficientlypersuasive and pressurefrom the concernedministries had occasionallyto be used to ensure contractors' performance.
Consultants
6.6 The projectprovided a substantialassistance (48 man-months)of consultantservices to assist (i) GR in the preparationof tender documents bid evaluations,project supervisionand studies,and (ii) the DRES for the study of a mathematicalsimulation model for water resourcesmonitoring and exploitation. On the whole, and in spite of delays in recruitingand completingsome of the studies (cost recovery),the performanceof consultants was satisfactory.
The Bank
6.7 Eleven supervisionmissions visited the projectapproximately every six months. The size of missions ranged from one to three persons. Following each mission, letters,summarizing the main findingsand correctiveactions suggestedwere sent to the Government. In addition,aide-memoires presented detailedcomments and suggestionsto the project implementingagencies. Althoughthe formal reviewswere preparedmainly by engineers,the project also benefittedfrom the work of financialanalysts and agriculturists. One of the main problemsencountered by supervisionmissions was difficulty in the settingup of the two Offices and in the implementationof the rehabilitation programwith respectto date palm plantations. Because farmerswere reluctant to follow extensionservices recommendations,the Bank was flexibleand agreed with Governmentrequests to amend Loan Agreementand as a result the prospect for project implementationwas improved.
Cost Recovery
6.8 At appraisal,a major issue was recognizedto be the means and extent by which Governmentcould recover the capitaland operatingcosts of the irrigationsystems. Accordinglythe Loan Agreement (section4.4) provided (i) for a study of cost recovery to be carried out, (ii) for Governmentby 1981 to preparea plan for water charges to be progressivelyincreased, and (iii) subject to Bank agreement,for Governmentto implementit. In the event, the study was conductedas planned-'. Although there was some slippageof time, the main work was done in 1983.
6.9 Some of the main features of the present situationare as follows:
i) The investmentand operatingcosts of water are naturallymuch higher on newly-createdplantations (from D 100 to D 150 per m3 in 1985 prices) than on rehabilitatedoases (D 030 per m3 upwards),and within each of these categories,there is great variationbetween locations;
1/ "Etude de recouvrementdes couts hydrauliquesdans lea oasis du sud". CNEA for Directiondu Genie Rural, Tunis, Rapportde synthese,July 1985. - 21 -
(ii) Charges levied on farmers to pay for water supplies by the OMVs also vary from case to case, but in no cases do they cover the investment cost of water and in many do not cover operatingcosts;
(iii) The rates of recoveryof these charges from farmers range from 901 in some oases to only 30% in others. Farmers are particularlyunwilling to pay for water where historicallythey have been supplied free from springswhich have now, however, dried up;
(iv) For the newly-createdplantations under the project,water charges have up to now been recoveredthrough a system of seven-yearcredit. This is deemed necessaryto support producersuntil date production grows sufficientlyto provideadequate income. Cost recovery has thus been a book-keepingexercise with the real test coming in future years when credit is due to be repaid.
(v) Individualproducers vary greatly in their capacity to pay for water, major influencesbeing locationand fragmentationof the Folding as well as managementability. However, there is little doubt that the great majority are able to pay more than at present. Moreover, the incrementalproduction resulting from improvementsbrought about under the project is more than enough to cover the additionalcost of the water.
(vi) Ability and willingnessto pay are intimatelylinked with the quality of the irrigationservice received,in particular,the quantity and reliabilityof water. Where, as at Tozeur oasis, limited improvementshave been made (in good measure a result of the complexityof traditionaltenure systems) the rate of recovery of water chargesis very low.
(vii)Where perimetersare operatedby AICs farmers, contributionfully pays for operationand maintenanceof the systems. However, Governmentstill helps by subsidizingAIC annual budget.
6.10 The disadvantagesof low charges and recovery rates are twofold. Perhapsmost importantis that they do not encourageefficient use of water and waste is systematic. Since water is a limitedresource, it should be a permanentobjective to instigateits economy. The second reason to improve recoveryof costs is to reduce the burden on the national budget: only in the Projectarea the total cost of supplyingwater is of the order of D 3.5 to 4.0 million per year. Consideringthe current level of subsidization,this gives a measure of the importanceof the problem on a national level.
6.11 Governmentis settingout to solve this issue by (i) raising water charge to appropriateleveis, (ii) giving AICs the legal base to permit them to run the irrigationschemes independentlyand through the financial contributionof their members, and (iii) encouragingthe creation of AIC where public water supply for irrigationis made. With the Bank support and under the IrrigationManagement Improvement Project (Loan 2573-TUN)water charges are being raised to attain full operationand maintenancecost recoverybefore 1985. In addition,Law No. 87.35 of July 6, 1987 has already establishedthe requiredjuridical base to permit AICs to function independentlyand operate public waters. The detailedapplication decree is due for publicationshortly. - 22 -
VIL SPECIAL ISSUESAND LESSONS LEARNED
General
7.1 In spite of the delays and frustratingproblems encounteredduring its implementation,the project has made a valuable contribution to the irrigationsubsector. It is well on the way to meeting its production objectives: it has provided an opportunity for the staff of implementing agencies to gain experience with the organizationaland technical issues of irrigationdevelopment; it has strengthenedthe institutionalrramework of the subsector;and it has given impetus to the Master Plan for Water Resources in southern Tunisia as a whole. These are significant achievements,but the project is only a part of a continuing process and much remains to be done. In the first place, further work is needed to consolidate the advances so far made: effective extension work is still needed to encourage farmers to persist with the rehabilitationof existing oases to take advantage of the improved water supply; and the promotion of AICs as viable organizationsneeds to be sustained. In the second place, the efforts being undertaken under the Agriculture Sector AdjustmentLoan (2754-TUN)to put the subsector on a firmer financial basis, need to be expanded and consolidated. And in the third place, it is of prime importance that Government keeps up the good start it has made in managing the aquifers to avoid over-rapid exploitationof the resource.
7.2 Part of the reason for the satisfactoryrecord of the project is that its directly productive components and its institutionalcomponents were well balanced within the overall design. This has enabled the project directly to make a positive contribution to the national economy while also creating conditionsthat have facilitatedsubsequent investmentswithin the subsector. Other favorable factors have been the good infrastructureand communications within the project area and to the capital, the satisfactoryperformance of the implementingagencies, and a judiciousbalance between the private and public sectors.
Infrastructure
7.3 The project has generated a number of lessons. These include the following:
- to avoid cost overruns, detailed design covering at least the first year's constructionshould be completed before appraisal;
- bulking procurementshould be more extensively used to avoid repetitiveadministrative delays and obtain lower costs;
- to avoid construction delays, procurementand budgetary procedures should be improved, price escalation formulae included in contracts, when appropriate,and payments to contractorsaccelerated;
- most of the contractorsdid not perform well, and project completion took on average 40-601 longer than anticipated. To address this, the local constructionindustry must be strengthened,qualification criteria improved, and major contracts should be awarded only to contractorswith adequate financial resources and equipment;
- participationof beneficiaries in the early stages of implementation of the irrigationschemes is essential to develop understandingof - 23 -
the requirementsand benefits occurring to the farmers from irrigation activities. In some schemes although rehabilitationworks were completed, progress of thinning and rejuvenation of palm dates continues to be slow.
The Pilot Role of the Proiect
7.4 The project played an important role in the development of all the irrigation resources of southern Tunisia and corrective measures have been introducedwhen designing new projects to take into consideration the lessons learnt. It was the first major element of the Master Plan for irrigation in the area and not only had importance in institutionaldevelopment (principally in setting up the two OMVPIs, in introducingGR efficient methods to implement and monitor large contracts and in promoting the mathematical models monitoring changes in the aquifers, but it also served as a testing ground for different technical and organizational issues. These include the principles underlying renovation of existing oases and the transfer of responsibility for tertiary water distribution to producers, through the consolidation and promotion of AICs. Five subsequent irrigation projects now cover the remainder of the 22,800 ha of potentially irrigable lands in the south in the two first phases of the Master Plan: Gabes oasis (Tunisian national funds), 1984-86; Djerid plan (Abu Dhabi Fund), 1983-89; Nefzaoua plan (Saudi Development Fund), 1984-90; Gabes plan (World Bank, Ln. 2605-TUN), 1985-91; and Gafsa plan (KfW), 1986-90. The design of all these projects strongly reflects lessons learned under the Southern Irrigation Project.
Monitoring and Evaluation
7.5 Adequate records were kept of the physical implementationof the project. However, monitoring of the agro-economic impact of the project was less thorough. Both Offices kept records for some specimen landholdings, but the coverage was limited and sampling not systematic, accordingly the results are not adequate as measurements of actual input levels, yields and production in the project area as a whole. Without such information,management of the extension services and economic evaluation of the investmentsare inevitably weakened. In the framework of strengtheningof the Offices to manage irrigation development and within the measures being taken under the IrrigationManagement Improvement Project (Loan 2573-TUN), the OMVs are being assisted to improve their information systems and accounts. In addition, computerizedmonitoring and evaluation of activity is being practically introduced in all the OMVs. This activity needs to be expanded and consolidated.
Sustainability
7.6 The prospects of being able to sustain the improvementsbrought about under the project are good, in the medium term at least. From an institutionalperspective, the creation of the two Offices has provided an implementationcapacity for future investments in the subsector as is now shown by the central role of these two agencies in the Master Plan for irrigation in southern Tunisia. A major question, however, relates to the financing of the Offices in future and the extent to which costs can be recovered from producers. To improve the present level of recovery and to prevent that the Offices (or the AICs) will remain heavily dependent on public sector funds to meet their operating costs as well as capital investments, actions are being taken under the Irrigation Management Improvement Project (Loan 2573-TUN) and ASAL-I (Loan 2754-TUN) (new water tariff structure, improved management,better accounting systems, transfer of commercial or other services to the private sector, etc.). - 24 -
7.7 The complexityof socio-economicand tenure arrangementswithin the existingoases is another possible source of risk that the momentum of the rehabilitationcomponent of the projectmay not be maintained. Existing legislation(Agrarian Reform Law and Law on AbandonedLand) permit the correctionof undesirablesituations but authoritieshave not been too hard in applying these due to risk of socially-relatedimplications. A long-leaselaw that was recentlypublished would give tenantsa better chance of recovering investmentsmade by them in improvingsomebody else's farm. But the efforts to be made by the Offices throughtheir extensionservices and the eX.amplesof profitabilityshown by renovatedfarms will play a major role and will have an importantimpact on expeditingthe rehabilitationprogram.
7.8 In the longer term, the ecologicalfragility of the project area cannot be overlooked. The most importantquestion is the rational management of the aquifers. So far the project has made a positivecontribution to this throughpromoting the mathematicalmodels of aquifers which underpin the presentmanagement system. For the future, it is essentialthat Government continuesthe monitoringprogram and effectivelypolices the rate of well-drillingto keep exploitationwithin acceptablelimits as it is being done under the Gabes IrrigationProject (Loan 2605-TUN). Internally,the situationis balanced and controlledthrough the executionof a plan based on confirmedwater resources,periodically ,.hecked and updated. At a regional level,no water shortage is envisagedwithin a medium-termperiod (at least before the economic life of the structures). However, those water resources are dependenton a balanced exploitationby Algeria. A bilateral Algeria/Tunisiatechnical committee for hydraulicsand environmenthas been createdand this can provide the essentialforum for exchange of information on the program and plans for the use of common water resources. It will be importantfor this committeeto monitor exploitationpatterns to ensure that developmentremains within the limits that have been tested and accepted for a sustainableexploitation of the ground water resources. SOUTHERN IRRIOATION PROJECt SLOAN t196 TUNI)
PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT
leplementation Sehedule
1980 1981 198) 5983 2984 1983 1986 | 981 1988
Weil cosntruction and Equi pmnt
Land Preparation and Windbr.aka _
Irrigation and Drainage Intraatt. _
_ -_ =llJIIII Date Pal Planting h
Building Construction
Purchase ot Agricultural Equip.
Construction or Processing Plant
Equipent for agricultural Resarch oXV operattonal expenses
Cenie Rural Project expenses
techatcal Assibtance |-a
I Actual , , SARs iamase Salarieb. technical Rb%1I1nuce SIaaja .4b. -1 bl'lCP TUNISIA
SOUTHERNIRRIGATION PROJECT I LOAN 1796 TUN)
PROJECT CORPLETION REFPORT
Itrigation Implementation Schedule
I I I I I I ...... YAS...... Ee OASES 1981 1982 198) 1984 t985 i986 1981
TOZEUR hk Rehabilitation El Nauns 340 ____ _ ------_ __ ------12o0tf 950 ------_ ____ ------Sub-total 1.290
New Ibn Chabbat 615 ------__.______. .___._ -- Dira SIHd 197 ------Htazou- 250 ______--- Sub-total 1.062 Total 2.352
KESILS Rehabilitation Doua 261 _ ------_ ____ ------Rae-El-Aln 251 ------Bagma 150 ______------Sub-total 662
New El Ghouls 71 ------Dram Sabhoue s80 ______Regown Natoug 300 _ ------_ ------_-_ ------______Snido 56 ------AtillettOjefia 300------Sub-total 807 Total 1.469
s*h. lsIalolMa E;Iannotelae 671 ______------4 14t ulbo,l 415 ------N tgtal 1.nsx - 27- ~ANNE 1
ntetstA
SOUTHRN IRRICATION PRO ECr LOAN 1796 TUNI
PROJECT COMPLWION RESORT
IrfIgatlon Znfraatrwctuar.u - Ky Indleators
SAR capacity Actual capa cty Actual *s Unit Quantit) Unit quantity % of SAI Estimlate
OASES REHASILITATION
Area undor lrrigation Ha 3.075 "A 3.040 94 Weles No 12 No tO 63 Deptb ot wells a 1.t60 a 1.S34 62 Ne. of pmps No 29 No 23 19 Pup. discharge eapacity Los 60-90-100 l's 40-S0-GO0 - Pvwee line km 8.3 km 5.45 66 Sub-station Ne 29 No 26 90 frrgatien Syytem length ot canls km 104.4 bm 150.4 144 • also ot canals 9 10-500 a 60-500 - Drainage Syetoe __-e escavatosn m3 t29.000 d3 140.130 t10 Iprevwe"at .3 92.000 .3 161.266 175 eota- km 31 Ne 1.0 3 Anti-sand Savvier km e.g km 7.0 777 Wlnibreoaks ke 7 Ne -
NEWPLANTATIONS
Area under £rusgatten Ka 2.099 He 1.844 6 "Wlls Ne 28 Ne 35 89 Depth of Welst a 12.055 * 12.5685 14 me. of pumps No 27 NO 25 93 power line km 23.1 km 29.9 129 Sub-station No 19.0 No 22.0 116 IrrIgatton System * length ot canals Ne 119.1 km 148.9 125 also oet canaIs a 100-200-300 0-300 Draiage Syste .Yw ecawatu 0nd 443 .000 .3 *0.tOO 6 Inprewemont m3 - d3 3.400 _ Poea km 131.0 k 47.5 36 Anti-sand4 Sruter Ne 40.5 kN 888.5 823 Windbreaks km 286.5 km 678 201 SOUtTI IIUIOATIO PmOJaCt ILOAN 176 tITW
Pnouct COEpLtlOII OIIT
lley Indicaor. - trtigatiom Scehe
UAM capacity Actual Capaetty a" copaelty Actual erpacity SAN capacity Actual capacity Unit quantity Unit Quantity Unit Quatity tinit quantity Unit Quantity Unit quantity
OASES REUAUBILItATION
1. E1 Hamma Project 2. tooter Project J. Iass 1 ain Project
Area under Irrqiation no 340 NU 340 He 950 "a 1.005 us 25 No 25a Wellns - - - No 3 Neo a o t No 3 Depth ot well - - - a 430 a 425 a 210 a 450 No. of pumps me 4 No a No 4 No 3 me 3 No S Pumps diseharge capaeity Ite GO-gO Its 60-90 1iS 6e-100 so* 40-t0-60 lieo 8-o0 Is* 30-2u35-55-O0 00 Pow er line - -a 2.5 km 1.5 km a ka 1.0 Sub-statie No 4 No 4 No 4 No 4 Ne 3 no S lrr1gatioq System length of canals km 23.4 km 22.4 km S5.0 km 3.0 he i2.4 ka 14.3 *aso of canals V SO-SOS V 60-S00 2250-300 - , ISO-3000 J 80-300 Drainage System He" ncav&tAon *1 29.500 .3 40.300 d3 20.000 .3 22.000 .3 21.500 .3 10.600 *Iprovement n3 15.000 .3 25.000 .3 44.000 *3 65.000 d3 6.000 .3 4.400
Roads ------Anti-sand BSarrier - - - ______Windbreaks-
m Itey Indicator. - Irrigatin Ich_. Icent dl
OM capacity Actual capacity eoMCapacity Actual capacity 1 a capacity Actual capacity UnVt Quntity UAt Quantity Unit Quantity volt Qusantit Unit Quantity Unit quantity
OASES9KRAILITATION
4. fasm, Projaet . Ds ojct . hannouchePoj-ect
Area undr irrigatlion "a ISO He ISO He 261 us 261 me 613 Hm 673 ells 1 o I ISO - No 4 N o 4 Deptb of wells - - - a 150 a - a 90 *a SO No. of pups No ao2 2 NIo 4 It 4 Ne a No S Pumps dischurga capacity Jim 5-100 l1* 60-80 Its 34-16 Jim 34-36-60-80 ISo 27-30 Its - Pow., ine_ - _ 1 0.5 us 3.) km 1.9 Sub-station No 2 No 2 No 4 so 4 Mo O No S Irrigation system • length of canals hm *i ha 11.5 ha 12.6 ha 12.3 km 42 ka 37.1 * ala of canals w 2oo-0oo Jr 0-500 J tso-300 Jr o0-300 Jr isO-SO0 Y 80-300 Dranage Jystai SitN excavation .3 14,900SO d .000 a] 34.500SO 11.120 .31 0.000 .3 6,400 *Iprov*went a) - *1 4.000 *3 17.000 d3 10.200 .3 10.000 d3 34.140 loado km 0.7 km - km - km - m - km -I Anti-oand Barer km °0.9 ha 1.0 - k - k m a Windbreaks km 7.0 ha 7.0 ha km km km
012 IOIZ Ke imitcmtoter- Irrigatlom Scheme I'entd
SAP eopecity Actual capacity Unit our-Aftt Unit quantity
OMM RUBAILITATION 7. T.beulbeu Project
Area under ltrigatlon k 4S0 I 415 Wells No 3 Ne I Depth Of wells a 460 13 eo. of pumps No 4 No a Pumps disebarge capacity l/* 40-So 11D - Power line km 0.5 km 0.55 Bob-station "a 4 No a irrigation System length of canolo km 24 km 22.9 . else of canals I 150-300 o I50-300 Drainage System . Now eacevation d3 - .3 43.700 * Improvement m3 - *3 18.00 ° SoadL km - km - Anti-ognd Berrier kh - m - Windbreaks km - km
aiz 'Dm '1N Key Indicators - Iurigmten sheme leent'dl
SAN capaeity Actual capecity Su capacity Actual ecpecIty SAR capacity Actusl cao city Unit Qufatity Unit Quantity Unit Quantity Unit Quantity Unit Quantity Unit Quantity
NW PLANTATIONS
1 Or-e &Wd Peoject 2. Ote, Nord Vrej.t 2. Hasous Project off
Hb 197 Area under irrigation me 1t97 n 200 me 615 Fb 596 Na 197 No I eil. - 3 No 3 No to No to No 3 a 1.700 Depth of wells 1- ta No 1.970 a 6.*00 o 6,654 a*.05 No. of pumps "a 3 No I me 1to no to M No Pump discharge 60-u) capacity Its 60 Its 60-60-60 11t 60 its 60-xtO 1* 60 Ift Power lIne - 3.1 .0 km 4 km 11.0 - - fub-station No 3 No Noe to No 10 No - Ho 3 Irrigation System 22.6 length of canals km 12.5 Ib 20.6 km 48S. km 4a.9 km t2.5 he 80-200 *siz of canals i 150-20 Vl 80-300 V 150-no I 00-300 P 1so-250 i Drainage System *New scvation m2 55.000 .3 25.000 *3 160,000 m2 -1.000-2 N2 - Improvement m3 m2 - m3 - m3 - - Ieds - It km 1.9 - 46 - 21.0 km 6 - t Sm 44.0 Anti-sand arriet - 7. km 22.0 - is - 160.0 km 35 km 35.0 WIndbreaks - km 36 - 90 - 405.0 km Water reservoirs ------3.000 - - -
noZ eIz2 aux Nl Rep Indlce tou - irriatlos IiSues_ teent dl
SAW capacity Actual capecity SAN capaeity Actual capacity Su capacity Actual capecity Unlit seantit Unit quntity Unit Quatity Unit Quantity Unit Quantity Unit Quantity
NED PLANTATIONS
4. Naxos. Project 421 1/ S. 3t aboutt Project 6. Dr.. Sehouma Project
Atoe under irrigation Ha - us 113 Hn *2 u 72 Ha sO He SO Ililo No - ll 3 No No - No - No Deptbof well - a 1.700 a - - S - a - e of pumps Ne - te 3 No I no I No I No 1 Pwmpa discharge capacity too - lie 60-*3 Its 72 Its 72 IIt 80 iIe so Power line km - km 3.0 km 3 km 3.3 km 1.5 km 2.5 Sub-statien No - no 3 lo I No I No I Ho I IrrIgation System length of canal. km - km 6.0 km i.4 km 4.8 km 7 km 6.2 *esi of canals $ - 80-300 J 00300 r 50-300 F 150-250 i 150-300 Drinagoe System How excavation *3 - m3 - M3 12.000 d3 14.000 *3 33.000 m3 17.100 Improvement m3 - m3 - m3 - m3 3.400 .3 - m3 5.300 oads km - km - km 12 km - km - km - AntI-sand avier km - km 26.0 km - km - km 2.2 km 3.0 Windbreaks km - km 22.0 km 21.0 km 15.0 km 12.2 km M4.0
I1 Formr El HNOM.
DD bz *Im .1 pi KevTnd;eutors - Trriaatlon Schemes(cont'd)
SVARCmaseti Actual CaDCa pacityual C S ActualCaPacityv UAL Onntty UI Quantit UAI 9uatt UI Ouantttv yil untit UnI Quantxtv tfl PUNTATlONS
7. Sidj Praeci 8. Relim 4atoum Protect 9. Atilet Die_m Proiect
Area under irrigation Na s5 Ha 6o Ha 894 Ha ae4 Ha 300 Ha 222 Wells No 1 No 1 No 2 No 2 No 4 No 4 Depth of wells * 200 a 1OO a 456 a 504 m 880 a 401 No. of pump No 1 No - No - No - No 4 No 4 Pump discharge capacity I/a 6e I/s - I/* 98-104 1/. 96-164 I/s so 86 1/s Power line km 8 km - km - km - km 4.8 km 7.5 Subation No 1 No 1 No - No - No - No - Irrigtion system . Length of canals km 8.4 km 8.6 km 19.5 km 16.8 km 20.7 km 21.6 . Size ot canals 0 200 6 156-800 0 1560-S0 0 160-800 0 1SO-860 6 150-300 Drainage system * Nowexcavation .8 82,000 .8 24,660 m 121,606 *8 ^ m8 - *8 .Ieproveent d8 - m8 - M - m8 - m8 - .8 Roads km 5 km - km s6 km 25 km - km - Anti-sand barrier km 2.6 km - km 6 km 66.0 km - km 7.5 Windbreaks km 12.5 km 14.0 km 30 km 28.0 km - km a
I0' SOIUTrtECIISOICATION PSOSECVILOAN 1196 TUNt
PRIOJICT CWPlatISO CEMAIT
Actual Project Cost and Scbedule et tapilditere SD willtao,
1s .. .. 11 o...... total .. Actual .1960 ...... 91a 19.3 .. .. 14.. Actutl SAN Actual Sat Actutal of SA SAt Actual SA Actual SAN Actual SAN Actual SAN Actul SAll Actual SAlt 11stimat
Irrigation mod Drelnag. - 6.40 - ^ 14.89 22.90 15I SgrriletructuroSt 3.31 * 4.11 1.10 4.92 2.20 2.15 3.90 0.03 4.60 0.31 4.10
0.24 0.65 0.37 *.27 - 0.05 - - 1.26 3.26 10 DulSdinqg 0.10 - 0.09 - 0.24 0.04 0.22 0.26
Vehicles a4n Agtlcultural 0.00 0.06 0.12 0.15 - 0.06 - - 0.46 0.70 145 Equlp-ent 0.06 - 0.01 0.10 0.01 O.tl 0.06 0.20
s KatabSteha.nt of Data Palo 0.26 0.54 - 1.76 - 2.02 2.09 6.31 304 and forage Petitaeter 0.03 - 0.03 - 0.51 0.12 0.60 0.31 0.60 I.t4 Is - - 0.05 0.12 0.16 - 0.01 - - 2.16 0.32 Otbet Invesltmnts 21 0.01 - 0.10 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 to 0.27 0.19 0.27 0.14 - 0.17 - 0.36 1.62 1.14 Pthat,b-ltation works 31 0.27 - 0.21 0.02 0.27 0.01 0.21 0.19
Capti lized Operating II 0.37 0.41 0.39 0.41 - 0.55 - 0.01 1.15 1.96 tosts 0.12 - 0.22 0.04 0.30 0.24 0.35 0.32
163 - 0.10 - 0.02 - 0.05 0.05 0.22 0.36 Torln,col Asalctanca 0.11 - 0O11 0.03 0.06 - - 22.57 - - 1.59 1.84 - - - - B&tS. ".$to 4.03 - 5.06 - 6.39 - 3.66
Continrenci5 3.39 0.27 - 0.10 - 0.13 -- - - - .Physicl 0.50 - 0.62 - 0.17 - - 0.61 - 6.6 - - - - 4.60 -- P;c* 0.6 * 0.61 - 1.29 - 1.05 D I - - - 6.99 - Sub-total .6C I.23 2 06 - I.32 - 0.71 -
0. 7 0.01 m - - - mprp0 o 0 0.07 - - - - .1 98 5.24 2. 0 1. 20 2.85 T.41 9. 1 2 .41 .)9 l. 13 TOTAL PROJECTCOST 4__ 0.07 629_ .35 6.5? 3_25 4
I/ Includes apare parts for Aogicultural equ;p.nt tc. 2/ Inc1udes resoerch on drip irrigstpon, Office equipment, oauipsent for p,ocessing center. tool., 3/ Includesp.rchas. of young paot te.a., .;* innatent and c,il .*,ors don by donors. TUNfUIA
SOWIUTb IMRIGATIOI P1WMECT 1t1AM 1196 TUMI
PIROJDCTCaNuFtTIOu UPORT
Project Cost
Cmpo Dnt _11 ONVPI OmPI Actual Sa Actual as Tozout Kaoe1l-Obebt Total Eati-ta X of SBA Estimate
...... toD...... 000t ......
Irrigation and Drainage 22.350 349 200 22.099 19.366 ItO B,lidings 294 1.371 61t 2.277 t.177 122 Vehicles and Agricultural Equip. 149 249 310 106 722 97 t Establisboment of perimeters - 3.702 2.661 6.369 2.760 230
Otber Investment - 40 273 313 313 tOO P bhbilitation Works - 639 SOO 1.t39 1.970 50 Capitalized operating Cost 140 922 909 1.971 2.300 66 Technical Assistance 234 32 94 360 243 146 Project Preparation Vacuilty 10 - - 70 70 100
Total 23.231 1.304 5.56 36.106 29.629 121
-~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
x .
TWSISIA
5OUTIRUN IffRIGAMth OJE ILtI 596 TUM$
PROJECT CONPUETIOWREPO"
Aetwal BaSic 1nlafstamtfure Costs
wello eiI power Itrig. raia Access Land Anti-slI Total oquilgnt lie met Not Road le-Vlk. Bstrier UINJdbr.aka
.... . , O*~~~~~0000 MEN PLANtATIONS
II#** Sod 625 go 50 t2 ISO - Sa0 304 1.954 btias Moad S.120 244 its 3.781 237 Zia 304 4.910 IgdLomaaNo. I 56e 69 so 919 *50 - Ile153 8.047 11Ia,ua no. 2 669 61 61 602 - 71 a21* 1.141 0:1 Gel). - 19 So t4t 1f - - 21 33 n,.a sao. tma 19 29 oIl al i s 345 Staida 21 - - 136 7t - ;14 tOtO h.-jSa Patouj 614 - - 3.813 - 3.$*5 23 20 8.01 AfaaeitlOjeneb 178 65 65 928 _ - 355 177 I.607
%s,h-ioIaS 1).91 571 455 6.425 538 1.352 917 1.701 15.356
1111PILA.ITATION 41g n.. - 40 2 16e 435 - - - t.262 Im-us at 42 23 102 276 - - - 524 fla, El Aut - 7t 10 502 I3t - - - 716 lusma-30 a 415 o11t 1* 655 tks.ur - 64 t9 460 133 -- 616 cliammucove 126 96 77 t.349 262 - 1.911 5e lt 38 16 837 303 - _ 1.249
S,b- totsl I.6 1"9 155w. 4 446 1.711 - - t7 G.994
Sa-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ D*t 549
C's.d Totai 3.657 070 610 10.671 2.249 1,362 -11 r24-. 22,9 .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,5 .1.7_- . _, SCUUEkSM IRRIGATIOW PMOWECS OLOAM 1?96 TUM)
PROJICF CONPUTIOI REPORS
Buildings - Actuel Iuetotant Cost
...... SAM . .. . ActualA...... Actual as Aoe/Unialt totel Coat AretaUnlt I lea 63 84 aS 66 Total of SAN 1-21 tD 0001 t.21 Estimate
A. Agrle.Iturrl Dvoelopent Offe* - OjeridIToeaur
- Administratlon Building 515 51.5 560 13.0 6.4 I12.2 - - 195.0 339 - Storge Building 14.160 709.0 2.512 - Proc.eaeng Centre It 1.20 16.0 - - - Watsbobp 200 6.0 1.104 - 111.0 310.0 969.0 - 1.410.0 - Sbod I5 5.0 1.t04
Sub-total 655.5 t,665.0 S95
S. Agqlenitural DevelepROnt Office - *bMlIDCGb.a
- AdAlnlsttatlon Building 515 51.5 1.044 24.0 41.7 36.5 53.3 -_ 55. 2?0 - Storage Building 5.410 270.5 1.000 - Worthbop 200 6. 1.600 39.0 130.4 231t.6 55.1 456.1 - Sbod 165 5.0 1.000
Sub-total 343.0 612.2 179
Tota I .196.5 2.27719 191
It Processing Center component elintnated during project Iopleuentation. TUNISIA
SountoIERNIIOAIAiON PROOECT ILOAN 1796 tUNI
PROJECT CONPLETION REPORT
Ounmery of Aetual Agriculturi Devewlopment and Operating Coat
II la 83 84 as B6 A7 Total
...... IDto0001 .
Emtabliteh-nt of Oate Pale and geOeU, Perimetere 525.1 373.1 1.136.0 537.7 1.710.7 2.706.6 6.369.5 I Uehabilltation Work St 32.8 74.0 189.4 189.2 134.5 166.6 363.2 I1.39.7 L
Otber Investments 21 7.5 11.0 - 48.7 l80.1 - 65.9 - 313.2
Teohneeal Aseistnce o17.0 63.0 - 101.9 24.0 47.1 47.2 360.2
Total 107.3 673.1 562.5 1.476.6 676.3 2.05986 2.427.0 81l2.6
Operating Coat 30 40.0 2)6.0 321.9 412.4 406.3 549.6 5.3 1t971.7 t1 Includingfarmers expendIturewhich or. 60 of total eort. it Including r-eearch equipment and other. 3t Inelvding Office staff and ful. 39 - ANNEX 8 Page -
TtNISIA
SOUTHERNIRRIGATION PROJECT (Loan 1796-TUN)
PROJECTCOMPLETION REPORT
FINACIALAND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
1. The financial and economic analysisof the projectwas based at appraisal on four models of enterprisestypical of the project area. The PCP found these models in broad terms still to be valid and accordinglyre- analysed the project on the same basis.All variables were, however. re- estimated in the light of informationnow available.Details for each moael are given in Tables 1 to 4 (attached.)
2. Model 1 represents100 ha of newly establishedplantation pronucing dates alone, 90X of these being Deglet Nour and 10% common varieties.Palms reach maximum production in their 13th year. having started to yield in the 5th year with 20% of the maximum. They also produce offshoots for 5 years starting in the 4th year. In view of the close supervision of the new plantationsby the staff of the Offices,it is assumed that producersfollow the recommendationsas far as plant spacingand fertilizationare concernes except for manure where the recommendedapplication rates of 30 tons per ha are not in practice available.Deglet Nour yields are expected to reacn 80 kg per.palm at a spacing of 100 per ha. and common varieties90 kg. These estimates compare with 100 kg assumed by the SAR.
3. Model 3. also a newly-establishedplantation, is similar to Model 1 except that the dates are interplantedwith 30 ha of forage crops (alfalfa 18 ha and barley 12 ha) and 20 ha of vegetables.
4. Model 2 representsthe rehabilitation of an existing oasis of 340 ha, involving the improvementof water suppliesand drainage,tninning the date palms from 270 per ha to 180 and increasing the proportion of Deglet Nour variety, and increasingforage and vegetableproduction. As a result of the project.Deglet Nour yields are expectedto increase from 25 kg to 50 kg per palm (20 kg to 37 kg in the SAR). and common varietiesfrom 40 kg to 60 kg (37 kg to 55 kg).
5. Model 4 is a 1 ha unit in the coastaloases growing vegetables ana to a lesser extent fodder crops. Withoutthe project,yields are expected to decline by about 1% per annum. With the project, they are expected to approximatelydouble over 6 years. These assumptionsare similarto those of the SAR.
6. Where possible-technical parameters have been definedusing actual data supplied by the implementing agencies. But in several instances. including actual applicationlevels of inputs,a firm empirical base does not exist and estimates,which were discussedwith project staff, have Deen used. ; 40 - ANNEX 8 Pag-e-2
7. For each model, an internalfinancial rate of return over 20 years has been calculated (Tables 5 to 8). Costs include actual expendituresunder the project together with estimates for future project operation and replacements, as well as farmers' direct production costs.
8. Economic rates of return were also calculated for each mocel (Table 9). Internationallytradable items were valued at border prices (this principallyaffected Deglet Nour dates and fertilizers).The FOB Tunis ori:e of Deglet Nour dates was adjusted to the farmgate by deducting costs ano margins for harvesting and collecting (D 95/ton), processing and packing (0 152/ton), lOX losses and insolublerejects (D 150/ton) and transport a'c handling (D 40/ton), a roundedtotal of 0 440/ton. Commondate varieties. vegetables and fodder were valued at 1985 farmgateprices. The major item of farmers costs, family and hired labour,was shadow-pricedat D2.00 per day. half the prevailingwage rate. This adjustment,which is in line with tne method used at appraisal, is intended to reflect the prioritygiven tO creating employment in the rural areas in which some underemployment is believed to exist. Labour used in harvestingdates was not, however,shadow- prices as this is a season of peak labourdemand. The economic value of tne Tunisian Dinar was taxen to be the pruvailingofficial exchange rate against the dollar. All costs were net of taxes and duties.
9. Based on the economic analysis of the individual models, an economic rate of return for the project as a whole was calculated,with each model weighted accordingto the proportionof the total project area it covers (Table 10). For this analysis, implementationof each model was phasedin linewith what has actuallyoccurred underthe project.In view of the substantial delays in implementing parts of the rehabilitation of existinginland oases in particularat Tozeur(Model 2). the majority of benefits of this model havebeen delayed by twoyears. SWtHEl IRRICITIONPROJECT ILOan 1191-TUWI PROJECTCOIPIETEON REPORT
Mode J: lNewDote PaloPlantation (100 hal Tcchnical paraterts, production cost and revenues
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6 3 3 4 5 I 1 11 12 Is 14 is 1 16 Is 1
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ATTACHMENT I TELEX FROM MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
MR. GRAHAM DONALDSON,CHIEF DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE,INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMAN RESOURCES OPERATIONSEVALUATIO' DEPARTMENT
REF.: TUNISIA - SOUTHERN IRRIGATIONPROJECT (LN. 1796-TUN) PROJECT COMPLETIONREPORT
WE WOULD LIKE TO INFORM YOU OF THE FOLLOWINGOBSERVATIONS:
-5,5 MILLION DOLLARS CANCELLEDAS OF MAY 23, 1986
-DJEMNAATILET SUBPROJECT:
A) AREA UNDER IRRIGATION: 222 HA INSTEADOF 300
B) DEPTH OF WELLS: 401 METERS INSTEAD OF 660
C) POWER LINE: 7,5 KMS INSTEAD OF 5 KMS
D) ANTI-SAND BARRIER: 7,5 KMS
E) WINDBREAK: 8 KMS
REGARDS. KHEAMIES ALOUINI, GENERAL DIRECTOR.
MINISTERE DE L'AGRICULTURE DIRECTIONGENERALE DU GENIE RURAL ET DE L'HYDRAULIQUEAGRICOLE 30, RUE ALAIN SAVARY TUNIS 1002 TUNISIE INISIA Sol r " ,.,,,GATION PROJECT PROTECT AREA Plantationsto be created Traditional Oasis
----- Tracks : ,r - s Railways
± Govemnorcte Baurclaries - r6.;c- IlnternationalBoundaries
P,DJ7DGq_-.- b,'.____/ 1 S_uk
V~~~~~~~2 IA ELAiSS ja345 P" ELIM 7
\ i,~~~~~~~~TOA ISPS 296 GDQAPSISASt EAS NOE 61 ' -a.
DWf~~~~~Wf.onu9 {~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l'F < 1-1200 197FL
X~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~S EASEL Al- 25 ATTILET 1 A I
~~~/;7~ OAE NO. DSEMMA SUFCSIA360AC .' /. r ThsUN I^|
\.\ 4~~~~~~~~~~RSTEBUbUMAATLT .M 1 e-°1
7R DOU2 261 6P' EL GEOULA 72 -y | _ !TOTALGAtES 1750 OASES 7P DEAASAKEOUMA no 6A ! TOTALGENERAL 304i2 tSP SwIS 56 6i 9p REJIMMAAATOUS 364 f p.,..l _dRrS.El
NO. OASISSURFACE(hNTOTAL OASES 812 (h.)dr,,o'Sl9' O
!HAZOUA 1997ILoMETERs **. 0+n,$ AR tA
I______HANNOUCHE _673 __ - n -