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A Study of the Integration of Artificial Insemination Into the Dairy Sector of the Alaotra Mangoro Region of Madagascar Tara Hammonds SIT Study Abroad

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A Study of the Integration of Artificial Insemination Into the Dairy Sector of the Alaotra Mangoro Region of Madagascar Tara Hammonds SIT Study Abroad SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Fall 2016 A Study of the Integration of Artificial Insemination into the Dairy Sector of the Alaotra Mangoro Region of Madagascar Tara Hammonds SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the African Studies Commons, Agricultural and Resource Economics Commons, Animal Studies Commons, Community-Based Research Commons, Food Studies Commons, Rural Sociology Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Recommended Citation Hammonds, Tara, "A Study of the Integration of Artificial Insemination into the Dairy Sector of the Alaotra Mangoro Region of Madagascar" (2016). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 2420. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2420 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Study of the Integration of Artificial Insemination into the Dairy Sector of the Alaotra Mangoro Region of Madagascar Tara Hammonds Fall 2016 Cornell University Academic Director: Jim Hansen Project Advisor: Guillaume Parizet Hammonds 2016 | 1 Acknowledgments I am so udderly grateful for all of the following people, who helped to make my time and studies in the Alaotra Mangoro region a wonderful reality. Misaotra betsaka to: My project advisor, Guillaume Parizet, not only for his support and guidance throughout my project, but also for helping me to feel welcome and safe in a new and daunting area. My translators, RATROVONIAINA Arsène and RAMPARANIARIVO- ARIMINO David, for taking time out of their schedules to help me bridge the language gap throughout my research and understand the extent of the regional dairy sector. Jim and Barry, for their constant teaching, guidance, and emotional support, as well as for their help finding a project tailored to my very specific interests. N’Aina and Rina, without whose lessons and tête-a-têtes I would be lost in the world of Malagasy language and culture. Mamy, for absolute logistical perfection (or as close as you can get to it in Madagascar). The villagers of Anororo, for welcoming me into their community to partake in the Feraomby festival, thereby helping me to better understand cultural traditions and values in the region. My parents, for encouraging my unconventional interests and sending me halfway around the world for one of the most amazing and educational experiences of my life. “What is that feeling when you're driving away from people and they recede on the plain till you see their specks dispersing? It's the too-huge world vaulting us, and it's good-bye. But we lean forward to the next crazy venture beneath the skies.” - Jack Kerouac [Type text] Hammonds 2016 | 2 Table of Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................3 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................4 Background ..................................................................................................................................4 Alaotra Mangoro and the Dairy Sector ...............................................................................4 The Coopération Décentralisée Ille et Vilaine ....................................................................7 Overview of Artificial Insemination ...................................................................................10 Project Summary ........................................................................................................................13 Methodology .................................................................................................................................14 Results ...........................................................................................................................................17 Practices and Usage ....................................................................................................................17 Regional Benefits .......................................................................................................................20 Availability and Sustainability ...................................................................................................23 Local Perceptions .......................................................................................................................26 Discussion......................................................................................................................................28 Effectiveness of Artificial Insemination in Alaotra Mangoro ...................................................28 Social and Cultural Perceptions .................................................................................................31 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................32 Appendix .......................................................................................................................................36 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................42 References .....................................................................................................................................44 [Type text] Hammonds 2016 | 3 Abstract The region of Alaotra Mangoro in central Madagascar is one of the country’s focal points for the development of the dairy industry. The Coopération Décentralisée, a partnership between Alaotra Mangoro and the French department Ille et Vilaine, has since 2007 been offering and subsidizing artificial insemination (AI) services for increased dairy production and the amelioration of local breeds. The program benefits about 150 local dairy farmers, who have noted a significantly higher level of production than those farmers who have chosen to continue using natural service to inseminate their cattle. Artificial insemination use in the region has increased since the initiation of the program, and beneficiaries plan to continue taking advantage of it and believe that the practice will become more widely adopted as long as the price remains affordable. Culturally speaking, there has been very little backlash; there are no fadys, or taboos, concerning artificial insemination use, and there is very little worry that the introduction of new dairy genetics will threaten the indigenous cattle breeds. Though the limited liquid nitrogen supply (in which bull semen must be stored) and a potential imminent per-insemination price raise threaten the sustainability of the program, it has thus far received very positive feedback and encouraging results. [Type text] Hammonds 2016 | 4 Introduction Background Alaotra Mangoro and the Dairy Sector Cattle have for a long time constituted a key part of Malagasy culture and social structure. Specifically, zebu cattle (Bos taurus indicus), recognizable by the characteristic hump on their backs, are seen as signs of wealth and power, and are often used as sacrificial animals to honor one’s ancestors. The zebus, referred to as omby in the local Malagasy language, are bred for a preferred appearance of a black body, white head, and long horns, considered ideal for sacrifice, and their skulls can be found decorating ancestral tombs across the county. Cattle banditry is an integral aspect of Madagascar, and in certain areas of the country bandits earn a mark of prestige for their thievery. In addition to their cultural importance, zebus also serve several economic purposes, including meat and milk production, farm work and transportation, and sometimes acting as a form of currency (Emptaz et al., 2016; Sipa, n.d.; pers. comm. Raevoniaina, 2016). Cattle are perhaps the most important link between Malagasy culture, economy, and livelihoods, serving as a well-known cultural emblem for the country. It is nearly always possible to find zebu herds traipsing along the plains of Alaotra Mangoro, a region located in eastern central Madagascar around Lake Alaotra, the largest lake in Madagascar (Cellule d’Appui, n.d.). In 2003, Alaotra Mangoro was created through the fusion of two distinct regions, Alaotra and Mangoro. Mangoro (named after the Mangoro River) was well known for its forest-based economy, while the livelihoods of the inhabitants of Alaotra (adopting its name from the lake) depended largely on agricultural activities. These two sectors continue to constitute the majority of the regional economy of Alaotra Mangoro, serving as the primary income sources for most of those living in the region. The landscape is well suited to serve these [Type text] Hammonds 2016 | 5 purposes, comprised of large stretches of agricultural fields, pastures, and forests. The region is particularly ideal for livestock rearing due to the vast plains dispensable for forage growth and the abundance of water, especially during the rainy season. Because the livestock sector holds so much potential, significant resources must be devoted to the amelioration and sustainability of agricultural
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