Journal of the American Control Association, ZO(3):22g_232,2004 Copyright @ 20M by the American Mosquito Control Association, Inc.

A CHECKLIST OF MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) OF PONDICHERRX WITH NOTES ON NEW AREA RECORDS

A. R. RAJAVEL, R. NATARAJAN AND K. VAIDYANATHAN

Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR), pondicherry 6O5 0O6, India

ABSTRACT A checklist of mosquito species for Pondicherry, India, is presented based on collections made from November 1995 to September 1997. Mosquitoes of 64 species were found belonging to 23 subgenera and 14 genera, Aedeomyia, Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Coquitlettidia, , Ficalbia,- Malaya, Maisonia, Mi- momyia, Ochlerotatus, Toxorhynchites, {lranotaenia, and Verrallina. We report 25 new speciLs for pondicherry.

KEY WORDS Mosquitoes, check list, new area records, pondicherry, India

INTRODUCTION season. The period from December to February is Documentation of species is a critically impor- relatively cool. tant component of biodiversity studies and has great significance in conservation of genetic re- MATERIALS AND METHODS sources as well as control of pests and vectors. In India, mosquito fauna of several states has been Mosquito surveys were made from November documented, but comprehensive information on 1995 to September 1997 . Each of the 6 communes, species diversity is not available for Pondicherry. Ariankuppam, Bahour, Mannadipet, Nettapakkam, A recent update on the distribution of Aedini mos- Ozhukarai, and Villianur, were considered as dis- quitoes in India by Kaur (2003) included all the tinct units to ensure complete coverage of the re- states except Pondicheny. The 14 species of mos- gion, and collections were made in a total of 97 quitoes collected by Nair (1960) during the filarial villages among these and in the old town of Pon- survey in Pondicherry settlement is the earliest dicherry. Immatures were collected from all types known record of the mosquito fauna of Pondicher- of larval breeding sources, ranging from ground ry. The record was upgraded to 43 species through habitats to container habitats, both natural and man collections made from 1976 to 1981 (Vector Con- made. Sampling devices, like dippers, pipettes, si- trol Research Center [VCRC], unpublished data). phons, and buckets, appropriate to the type oflarval However, except for the mosquito faunistic survey habitat were used. Adult collections were done in done in 1977, the other collections were mostly re- human dwellings, cattle sheds, and among vegeta- lated to investigation of vector-borne diseases and tion using either an oral or mechanical aspirator. hence mainly focused on vector species. Here we Larvae were reared to adulthood in the labora- report on the results of a systematic survey con- tory and identification was based mainly on adult ducted over 2 years to document the mosquito fau- characters and, wherever necessary, associated lar- na of the Pondicherry region, between ll'46' and val and pupal skins were mounted for confirmation. 12o15'N latitude, and between 79"36' and79"53'E Male and female genitalia were also mounted in a longitude. It is bounded by the Bay of Bengal, Cud- few cases for the same purpose. Species determi- dalore, and Villupuram districts of Tamil Nadu nations were made using keys (Christophers 1933; State. Pondicherry, which is formed of 6 communes Barraud 1934;Bram 1967; Delfinado 1968; Reinert and the old town, is not a contiguous area, but is 197O,1973; Tyson 1970; Huang 1972,1977,1979;' interspersed within the 2 districts of Tamil Nadu. Sirivanakarn 1972, 1976, 1977 ; Abercombie 1977 ). The layout of Pondicherry presents a peculiar pic- Voucher specimens for all species recorded were ture of territorial jurisdiction and may be the only mounted and deposited in the mosquito museum of one of its kind in India. The region is flat and in- the Culicid Biodiversitv Cell at the VCRC. Pondi- tersected by deltaic channels of the rivers Gingee cherry, India. and Ponnaiyar forming the 2 main drainage basins. The total area of Pondicherry is 293 km'. The main RESULTS AND DISCUSSION soil types are red ferralitic, black clayey, and coast- al alluvium. The water table is very high in most Mosquitoes of 64 species belonging to 23 sub- parts of this region. The climate is characterized by genera and 14 genera were recorded (Table 1). Gen- -- a yearly range of temperature (average low 22"C era included Aedeomyia, Aedes, Anopheles, Armi- and average high = 37'C), humid weather (above geres, Coquillettidia, Culex, Ficalbia, Malaya, ' TOVo relative humidity), and moderate (average of Mansonia, Mimomyia, Ochlerotatus, Toxorhynchi' 115 cm) rainfall. The summer lasts from March to tes, (Jranotaenia, and Verrallina. Of the 64 species June, followed by the period of southwest monsoon recorded, 25 are new records for Pondicherry. The that lasts to September. The months of October and three genera Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex were November constitute the main northeast monsoon more predominant, with 15, 12, and 2l species re-

228 SeprBlassn 2004 MoseunoEs or PoNotcHsnnY, INDIA 229

Table 1. List of culicid species recorded in spectively. Besides these 3 genera, collections of Pondicherrv. India. Nair (1960) included only Armigeres ar'd Manso- nia. Anopheles aconitus recorded by Nair (1960) Aedeomy ia (Aedeomyia) c atas tic ta Knabl collections. Aedes (Aedimorphus) jamesi (Edwards) was not obtained during subsequent Ae. (Adm.) pallidostriatus (Theobald)' Also, An. leucosphyrus, Ve. pseudomediofaciata, Ae. (Adm.) pipersalatus (Giles)r and Cx. pluvialis recorded in the mosquito survey Ae. (Adm.) vexans Meigen in 1977 (VCRC, unpublished data) have not been Ae. (Christophersiomyia) annulirostris (Theobald)r collected subsequently. Lack of voucher specimens Ae. (Chr.) thomsoni (Theobald)l of earlier collections does not permit confirmation (Dice Ae. romyia) ramac handrai Reuben' of their occulTence. We have excluded these 4 spe- Ae. (Dic.) reginae Edwardsr cies from the list of mosquitoes of Pondicherry, as Ae. (Fredwa rdsius) vittatus (Bigot) they were not obtained in the extensive collections Ae. (N eome laniconion) lineatopennis (Ludlow) Ae. (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) made during the present survey. Ae. (Ste.) albopicuts (Skuse) Of the 64 species recorded, 61 were collected as Ae. (Stg.) krombeini Huangl immatures from different habitats. The larval hab- Ae. (Sts.) novalbopictus Barraud' itats of mosquitoes are varied and different classi- Ae. (StS.) w-albus (Theobald) fications are available (Bates 1949, Colless 1957, Anopheles (Anopheles) barbirostris Van der Wulp Mattingly 1969), but Laird (1988) proposed a stan- (Ano.) An. nigerrimus Giles dard system comprising I 1 categories in 2 broad An. (Ano.) peditaeniatus (Leicester)l subdivisions, namely, aboveground waters and sub- An. (Cellia) annularis Van der Wulp habitats in An. (Cel.) culicifocies Giles terranean waters. Though the larval An. (Cel.) jamesi Theobald Pondicherry can be grouped under 8 of these cat- An. (Cel.) pallidus Theobald egories, the peculiar preference of certain species An. (Cel.) stephensi Liston required further description (Table 2). As polluted An. (Cel.\ subpictus Crassi drains, cesspits, and septic tanks are known to sup- An. (Cel.) tessellatus Theobald port breeding of Cx. quinquefasciatus, these have An. (Cel.) vagus Doenitz not been included. (Cel.) An. varuna lyengar Ground pools constituted 1 of the important lar- Armigeres (Annigeres) subalbatus (Coquillett) val habitats from which 34 species were collected. Coqui llettidia (Coquillettidia) c ras sipe s (Van der Wulp) Culex (Cule x) bitaeniorhynchzs Giles Presence or absence of vegetation in irrigation ca- ponds of water (clear Cx. (Cux.) fuscocephala Theobald nals and and the condition Cx. (Cux.) gelidus'theobald, versus muddy) in wells and cement tanks similarly Cx. (Cux.\ hutchinsoni Barraudl resulted in higher numbers of species inhabiting Cx. (Cux.) infula Theobaldl these habitats. Cx. (Cux.) murrelli Lienl Exploitation of a wide variety of larval habitats Cx. (Cux.) pseudovishnui Colless was evident in some species of Culex and Anoph- (Cux.) quinquefosciatus Cx. Say eles, whlle those of Aedes were habitat specific. Cx. (Cux.\ sitiens Wiedemann Anopheles barbirostris, An. subpictus, Cx. bitae- Cx. (Cux.) tritaeniorhynchzs Giles Cx. (Cux.\ vishnui Theobald, niorhynchus, Cx. fuscanus, Cx. gelidus, Cx. minu- Cx. (Cux.) whitmorei (Giles) tissimus, Cx. pseudovishnui, and Cx. tritaeniorhyn- Cx. (.Culiciomyia) ni gropunctarzs Edwardsr chus inhabited 4-6 categories, while species of Cx. (Cui.) pallidothorax Theobald Aedes inhabited not more than 2. This marked hab- Cx. (Eumelanomyia) brevipalpis (Giles) itat preference in Aedes extended to the subgeneric Cx. (Eum.) malayi (Leicester)l level, as species of subgenera Stegomyia, Christo- (Lophoceraomyia) Cx. infantulas Edwards phersomyia, ar'd Diceromyia were collected only Cx. (Lop.) minutissimus (Theobald) from natural or artificial containers and those of Cx. (Lop.) rubithoracis (Leicester)r subgenus Aedimorphus only from ground pools. Cx. (Lutz,ia) fuscazus Weidemann Cx. (Lut.) halifaxii Theobaldr (Theobald)r Ficalbia minima Notes on new records Malaya ge nurostris Leicesterr Mansonia (Mansonoides) annulifu ra (Theobald) Of the 64 species recorded, 25 species have been Ma. (Man.) uniformis (Theobald) collected for the first time in Pondicherry. For each Mimomyia (Etorleptiomyia) luzonensis (Ludlow)' new record, locality of collection, the larval habitat (Mimomyia) Mi. chambe rlaini Ludlow and its nature, and associated species are provided. Mi. (Mim.) hybrida (Leicester)t Distribution of these species in other states of India, Ochlerotatus (Mucidus) scatophagoides (Theobald) known from literature, is given. Toxorhynchites (Toxorhynchites) splendens Weidemann also Uranotaenia (Uranotaenia) campe stris Leicestert Aedeomyia (Aedeomyia) catasticta Knab: Local- Ur. (Ura.\ edwardsi Barraudl ity: Thirukanur and Karikalampakkam. Larvae Ur. (Ura.) longirostris Leicesterr were collected in riverbed pools, lakes, and ponds. Ve rrallina (Neomac leaya) indica (Theobald)l They were found to inhabit areas with floating ag-

I A species reported from Pondicheny for the first time. gregates of decaying aquatic vegetation. Associated 230 Joumlar- oF THE AMERTCaNMosqurro CoNrnol Assocnrrot Vor-. 20, No. 3

Thble 2. Mosquito speciesrecorded in difTerentlarval habitats (indicated by an X) in pondicherry, India.r Typesoflarval habitat withsupersuipt indicatingthe category

Species [C2 RB3 LK4 PO5 GF6 SP6 BF PF 8T6 TH7 BS7 LA? RP7 CT8 AC8 WL9 Aedeomyia catasticta Aedes aegypti Ae. albopictus ::::=:-==;;;;tI= Ae- annulirostris X Ae. jamesi X Ae. krombeini Ae. lineatopennis Ae. novalbopictus Ae. pallidostriatus Ae. pipersalatus Ae. ramachandrai Ae. reginerc XX Ae. Ihomsoni X Ae. vexans Ae. vittatus - Ae. w-albus XX Anopheles annularis XX An. barbirostris XXXXX An. culicifacies xx^ An. jamesi \a An. nigerrimus XX An. peditaeniatus *XX An. stephensi \\ An. subpictus XXXXXX An. vagus An. varuna : Armigeres subalbatus X-XX C ulex b itaeniorhynchus XXXX Cx. brevipalpis Cx. .fuscanus ; Cx. Juscocephala xy^ Cx. gelidus XXXXX Cx. halifaxii Y Cx. hutchinsoni Y Cx. infantulus Cx. infula Cx. malayi XXX Cx. minutissimus XXXXX Cx. murrelli XXX Cx. nigropunctatus Y^ Y^ Cx. pallidothorax Y Cx. pseudovishnui XXX-X Cx. quinquefasciatus XX Cx. rubithoracis xY^ Cx. sitiens Y Cx. tritaeniorhynchus XXXXXXXXX Cx. vishnui XXX Cx. whitmorei XX Ficalbia minima X.X Mansonia annulifera X.\.X Ma. uniformis raY Mimomyia chamberlaini XXXX.\ Mi. hyhrida Y Mi. luzonensis Malaya genurostris Ochlerotatus scatophagoides - X Toxorhynchite s splendens Uranotaenia cdmpestris Ur. edwardsi XX Ur. longirostris Y Verrallina indica Y

rIC, irigation cmal; RB, riverbed pool; LK, lake; PO, pond; GP, ground pool; SP, seepage pool; BP, bunow pit; PE, paddy field; BT, betel nut (Piper betle) plantation; TH, tree hole; BS, bamboo stump; LA, leaf axil; RR rock pool; CT: cement tmk; AC, artificial container: WL. well. 2 flowing streams; 3 stream pools; a lake edges; 5 shallow permanent ponds; 6 shallow temporary pools; ? natural containers; 8 mtificial containers: e subterrmean waters (mtificial). Seprevsun 2004 MoseurroEs oF PoNDICHERRY,INDTA 231 species: Mi. chamberlaini. Distribution: Assam, ment tank with decaying leaves in the water. As- Karnataka, and Kerala. sociated species: Ae. albopictus, Cx. minutissimus, Aedes (Aedimorphus) pallidostriatus (Theobald): coconut husk retting tank with Cx. quinquefascia- Locality: Auroville. Larvae found along the margin tus, Cx. fuscanus, Cx. whitmorei, and Ar. subalba- of ground pools with grassy outgrowths. Associated rus. Originally known only in Assam. Later report- species: Ae. jamesi, Oc. scatophagoides, Ve. indica. ed from Karanataka. The present report extends its Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Kar- range to the southeastern coast of the country. nataka, Punjab, TamilNadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Culex (Culex) infula Theobald: Locality: Kuni- and West Bengal. champattu. Larvae occurred in close association Aedes (Aedimorphus) pipersalatus (Giles): Lo- with algae in ponds and ground pools. Also found cality: Auroville. Larvae collected only in ground in cement tanks with vegetation. Associated spe- pools with fiesh rainwater. Distribution: Andhra cies: C-r. bitaeniorhynclrus. Distribution: Assam, Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Karnataka, Madhya Goa, Karnataka, Manipur, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, and Pradesh- Maharashtra. Orissa. Tamil Nadu. Uttar Uttar Pradesh. Pradesh, and West Bengal. Culex (Culex) murrelli Lien: Locality: Auroville, Ae des ( Ch r i st op her sio my ia ) annul i ro stri.r (Theo- Puthupattu. Larvae occurred in ground pools, ce- bald): Locality: Puthupattu. Larvae occurred only ment tanks with vegetation and wells in disuse. As- in tree holes. Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Goa, sociated species: An. subpictus, An. barbirostris, Cx. Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu. malayi, Cx. minutissimus, Cx. pallidothorax, Cx. tri- Aedes (Christophersiomyia) thomsoni (Theo- taeniorhynchus, Cx. fuscanus. Distribution: Assam. bald): Locality: Auroville and Edayanchavadi. Lar- C ul ex ( C u I ic iomy ia ) ni g rop unc tat us Edwards : Lo- vae collected only in tree holes. Associated species: cality: Puthupattu. Rain-filled ground pools and bur- Ae. albopictus, Ae. novalbopictus. Distribution: row pits formed the larval habitats of this species. Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Associated species: Cx. fuscanus, Cx. tritaeniorhyn- Kashmir, Karnataka. Maharashtra. Orissa. Tamil chus, Cx. malayi, Cx. .fuscocephala, Ve. indica in Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. ground pools. Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Aedes (Diceromyia) ramachandrai Reuben: Lo- Goa, Karanataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Mahar- cality: Puthupattu. Larvae occurred only in tree ashtra, Manipur, Orissa, and Tamil Nadu. holes in scrub forests. This is the first record of Culex (Eumelonomyia) malayi (Leicester): Lo- larva fbr this species. Associated species: Ae. nov- cality: Puthupattu, Katterikuppam, and Kizhoor. albopictus, Ae. albopictus. Distribution: type local- Larvae collected from irrigation canals with vege- ity, Musalimadagu forest in Andhra Pradesh. tation, ground pools, and wells. Associated species: Aedes (Diceromyia) reginae Edwards: Locality: An. barbirostris, An. subpictus, Cx. tritaeniorhyn- Mettupalayam, Auroville, and Puthupattu. Collect- chus, Cx. .fuscanus, Cx. nigropunctatus, Cx. ed from tree holes and bamboo stumps. Associated murrelli, Cx. minutissimus, Mi. chamberlaini. Dis- species: Ae. albopictu.s, Ae. novalbopictus, Ae. w- tribution: Andaman Islands. Andhra Pradesh. Arun- albus, Cx. brevipalpis, Ar. subalbatu.s. Distribution: achal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Goa, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Mizoram, Aedes (Stegomyia) krombeini Huang: Locality: Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Auroville and Puthupattu. Larvae occurred exclu- and Uttar Pradesh. sively in tree holes. Associated species: Ae. albop- Culex (Lophoceraomyia) rubithoracis (Leices- ictus, Ae. novalbopictus. Distribution: Andaman Is- ter): Locality: Bahour. Larvae collected in pond lands, Goa, Orissa, and Tamil Nadu. and ground-pool habitats with vegetation and Aedes (Ste gomy ia ) novalbop ictus Barraud: Local- grassy margin. Associated species: Mi. luzonensis ity: Mettupalayam, Puthupattu, Auroville, and Oth- and Ur. edwardsi, a ground pool contaminated with iampattu. Collected in tree holes, bamboo stump, effluent from cattle-shed with Cx. quinquefasciatus. rock pool, and artificial containers. Associated spe- Distribution: Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, cies: Ae. albopictus, Ae. w-albus, Ae. krombeini, Ae. and West Bengal. reginae, Ae. ramachandrai, Ae. thomsoni, Ae. vitta- Culex (Lut7,ia) halifctrii Theobald: Locality: Vil- tu.s, Cx. brevipalpis, Tx. splendens. Distribution: Bi- lianur. Larva obtained from ground pool. Distribu- har, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil tion: Andaman Islands, Assam, Kerala, Madhya Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Pradesh, Manipur, and Orissa. Anop hele s (Anop hele s) pe ditae niatus (Leicester) : Ficalbia minima (Theobald): Locality: Pinachik- Locality: Kizhoor. Larvae occurred in fresh water uppam. Larvae occurred in irrigation canal and ground pools with grassy margin and in paddy ponds infested with hydrophytes. Associated spe- fields. Distribution: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, cies: Cx. Tritaeniorhynchus, Ma. annulifera. Dis- Goa, Karnataka, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Tam- tribution: Assam, Kerala, Orissa, and West Bengal. il Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Malaya genurostris Leicester: Locality: Villianur Culex (Culex) hutchinsoni Barraud: Locality: and Botanical garden in Boulevard. Larvae oc- Kakkayanthopu, Pathukannu, Thiruvandarkoil, curred only in leaf axils and spathe of Arum sp. and Mettupalayam, and Dubrayapet. Collected from ce- in leaf axils of Ravenala madagascarenJiJ (travol- 232 JoURNALoF THE AMERTCANMoseulTo CoNrnol AssocI.c.rtoN Vor. 20. No. 3 ler's tree). Associated species: Ae. albopictus, Cx. tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. London: Taylor and brevipalpis. Distribution: Andaman Islands, Arun- Francis. achal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Karnataka, Ker- Bates M. 1949. The naturdl history of mosquitoes. Nev,r ala, Mizoram, Orissa, Tripura, and West Bengal. York: Macmillan. Bram RA. 1967. Contributions to the Mosquito fauna of Mimomyia (Etorleptiomyia) luTonensis (Ludlow): southeast Asia. II. The genus Culex in (Dip- Locality: Bahour. Collected from ground pools with tera: Culicidae). Contrib Am Entomol Inst 2:1-296. emergent vegetation. Associated species: Cx. rubi- Christophers SR. 1933. The fauna of British India includ- thoracis, Cx. gelidus, Ur. edwardsi. Distribution: ing Ceylon and Burma. Diptera, Vol. IV. Family Culic- Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pra- idae tribe Anophelini. London: Taylor and Francis. desh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Sikkim, Tlmil Colless DH. 1957. Notes on the culicine mosquitoes of Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. IlI. Larval breeding places. 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The Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in Southeast Asia. II- Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Mahar- the edwardsi group of species. III-The w-albus group of species (Diptera: Culicidae). VIIL Notes on ashtra, Manipur, and Tarnil Nadu. the tax- onomic status of Aedes vittatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Uranotaenia (Uranotaenia) edwardsi Barraud: Contrib Am Entomol Inst l4:l-732. Locality: Bahour and Mullodai. This is the first re- Huang YM. 1979. Medical entomology studies. XI. The cord of larva for this species. Found to inhabit subgenus Stegomyicr of Aedes in the Oriental region ground pools with vegetation and seepage pools ad- with keys to the species (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib jacent to irrigation canals. Associated species: Cx. Am Entomol Inst l5:l-79. gelidus, Cx. rubithoracis, Mi. luzonensis. Distribu- Kaur R. 2003. 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