A SYNOPSIS OF THE PHILIPPINE MOSQUITOES Richard M. Bohart, Lieutenant Cjg), H(S), USER U. S. NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH UNIT # 2 NAVMED 580 \ L : .; Page 7 “&~< Key to‘ tie genera of Phil ippirremosquitoes ..,.............................. 3 ,,:._q$y&_.q_&-,$++~g‘ * Genus Anophek-~.................................................................... 6 , *fl&‘ - -<+:_?s!; -6 cienu,sl$&2g~s . ..*...*......**.*.~..**..*._ 24 _, ,~-:5fz.ggj‘ ..~..+*t~*..~ir~~...****...*..~*~...*.~-*~~‘ ,Gepw Topomyia ....................... &_ _,+g&$y? Gelius Zeugnomyia ................................................................ - _*,:-r-* 2 .. y.,“yg-T??5 rt3agomvia............................................................... <*gf-:$*$ . ..*......*.......................................*.....*.. Genus Hodgesia. ..*..........................................**.*...* * us Uranotaenia . ..*.*................ rrr.....................*.*_ _ _ Genus &thopodomyia . ...*.... Genus Ficalbia, ..................................................................... Mansonia ................................................................... Geng Aedeomyia .................................................................. Genus Heizmannia ................................................................ Genus Armigeres ................................................................. Genus Aedes ........................................................................ Genus Culex . ...*.....*.. 82, _. 2 y-_:,*~ Literat6iZZted. ...*........................*....=.. I . i-I-I I>@$ Explanation of figures . ..*................................................*... g-54 _;,_$$%J$ g!++ ’ -_‘ :~~~~gj Index to genera, species and subspecies. .. 3.. - _.l.<~.h, INTRODUCTION About half of the described Philippine spec ies of mosquitoes appear to be ic. Most of the remainder are distributed over other sections of Malaysia, widespread throughout the Oriental Region. A few species appear to be ssentially Australasian and another small group, exemplified by Aedes vexans Aedes aegypti, occur in many parts of the world. As used here, the Oriental ion embraces all of Asia south of the Himalayas, the southern half of China, Malaysia. The term Malaysia is used in a broad sense to include the Malay insula, the Netherlands Indies as far east as Timor, Borneo, Celebes and the The Philippine species of mosquitoes can be divided into three groups of proximately equal numbers -- Anopheles, Aedes and Culex -- and a fourth mewhat larger group containing a heterogeneous assortment of smaller genera. t is of interest to compare this situation with that in Australasia, where Aedes outstrips all of the other genera in number of species. All of the Oriental nera of mosquitoes occur in the Philippines with the exception of Paraedes and Although no species of Culiseta occur in the Philippines, this is peaking an Oriental genus, as a few species reach India only in the restern Himalayas. The U. S. National Museum, where this s tudy was made , has by far the best ollectibn of Philippine mosquitoes in the world. Of the 142 kn.own speties and ubspecies, the Museum has material of 128 and type material of 55 of these. This s in addition to type materialof synonyms. t The number of workers who have directly contributed to the taxonomy of hilippine mosquitoes is relatively small. Between the years 1900 and 1915 e field was divided among C. S. Ludlow, C. S. Banks and G. M. Giles. From to 1929 H. G. Dyar and R. C. Shannon publishd the only significant papers. recent workers have been F. E. Baisas, P. F. Russell, W. V. King, A. Ston M. Bohart and D. S. Farner. Identification of the Philippine species of mosquitoes is not always a simple natter. This is particularly true in the subgenus Aedes and in many of the subgenera If Cuiex. In these groups the male genitalia must be used as a final criterion. ienitalia mounts can be readily prepared by snipping off the tip of the abdomen, toiling gently for a few minutes in dilute sodium or potassium hydroxide solution, lacing for a few minutes in water, soaking for 15 minutes or more in cellosolve, nd mounting ventral side up in euparal or balsam. With relatively large genitalia, uch as those of most Anopheles and Aedes, it is wise to elevate the coverslip with ragments of coverslip. In Culex this isnot necessary, but one sidepiece should e removed and mounted separately. If no cellosolve is available, the genitalia lust be dehydrated in alcohol before mounting in euparal, or in alcohol and xylol r cedar oil before mounting in balsam. -I- Most mosquito taxonomy depends on the character and location of scales. Consequently, only reasonably unrubbed specimens can be positively identified, at least in the female. External characters of particular use are the color of the scutal integument in Anopheles; pleural integumental markings in Tripteroides, Hodgesia, Ficalbia and a few. Culex; male antenna1structures in the subgenus Lophoceraw(these shouldbeounted on slides after the same treatment recommended for genitalia); relative lengths of the proboscis and palpus; and leg modifications, especially in Uranotaenia. All of the keys are original except that to genera, which was taken largely from Barraud (1934). Most of the technical characters used in the keys ’ are illustrated diagrammatically in figures 88, 9@ and 91. In citing synonymy only the names based on Philippine specimens have been included, unless otherwise indicated. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Alan Stone, Division of Insect Identification, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, for his generous assistance through- . out the study; to Lt. (jg) D. S. Farner, H(S) USNR, who made certain necessary revisions of the keys and text; to R. L. Ingram, CPhM, USN, who did most of the literature research and checked the keys; to Lieutenant Mildred R. Lewis, (W) USNR, who handled many details in connection with the manuscript; and to Dr. E. A. Chapin, Curator of Insects, National Museum, for the opportunity to use the Museum collection and laboratory facilities. l This work was done under the direction of Captain Thomas M. Rivers, MC(S) USNR, Commanding Officer of the U.S.‘ Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 and Commander James J. Sapero, MC, USN, in charge of the Section cn Malaria Investigations of the same unit. -2- c KEY TO THE GENERA OF PHILIPPINE MOSQUITOES I. Abdomen without scales, or at least with the sternites largely bare; posterior margin ofscutellum‘ evenly rounded; female ’ * palpus about as long as proboscis . .. Anopheles Meigen (page 6>- Abdomen with both tergites and sternites completely clothed . with scales; female palpus shorter than proboscis . ..*.......................... 2 2. Proboscis with apical half curved and more slender than basal half; posterior margin of scutellum evenly rounded; clypeus broader than long.. Megarhinus Robineau-Desvoidy (page 22) Proboscis of uniform thickness, tapering evenly, or swollen apically; posterior margin of scutellum trilobed; clypeus longer than broad . 3 _ 3. Squama without a fringe; vein 6 not reaching beyond base of fork of vein 5 . ..~.......................................................~........* . 4 Squama fringed; vein 6 reaching well beyond base of fork of vein 5 ..*.................................................*.................................. 8 4. Wing membrane appearing clear at magnifications less than 80; anterior fork cell usually very short . Uranotaenia Lynch-Arribalzaga (page 31) Wing membrane with microtrichia visible under a magnifica- tion of 50 or less; anterior fork cell not usually very short . 5 5. Cell R2 shorter than its stem, no spiracular bristles, more than 2 proepimeral bristles . Zeugnomyia _Leicester (page 25). Cell R2 longer than its stem . 6 6. Outstanding scales on outer part of wing notched apically.. .................. .............................................................. JIodgesia Theobald (page 30) Wing scales not notched ................................................................ 7 7. Proboscis very hairy and apically swollen ...................................... ...................................................... Harpagomyia de Meijere (page 25) Proboscis neither hairy nor apically swollen .................................... ............................................................ Topomyia Leicester (page 24) 8. Postspiracular bristles present . ..~......................... 9 ’ Postspiracular bristles absent . 11 , 9. Wing scales very broad and many asymmetrical; vertex with few l or no broad appressed scales; abdominal tergite VIII of fe- male with a comb-like margin of spines; apical segment of male palpus minute . Mansonia Blanchard (part) (page 40) Wing scales not very broad and asymmetrical, or if so, with numerous broad appressed scales on vertex; abdominal tergite VIII of female without a comb-like margin of spines; apical segment of male palpus not minute . ..*o....*****... 10 10. Tarsi dark; median area of vertex and scutellum without narrow curved scales; torus, anterior pronotal lobe, proepimeron and pleuron with large patches of whitish scales . A-rmigeres Theobald (part) (page 45) Without the above combination of characters . Aedes Meigen (page 50 > 11. Spiracular bristles present; palpi of Philippine species short in both sexes . ..*.......................... Tripteroides Giles (page 26) Spiracular bristles absent . ..*..................................... 12 12. Anterior pronotal lobes approximated behind the head; scutum ’ without dor socentral or pre scutellar bristles