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Morphology and Protein Profiles of Salivary Glands of Filarial Vector Mosquito Mansonia Uniformis; Possible Relation to Blood Feeding Process

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DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0502.046
Asian Biomedicine Vol. 5 No. 3 June 2011; 353-360

Original article

Morphology and protein profiles of salivary glands of filarial vector mosquito Mansonia uniformis; possible relation to blood feeding process

Atchara Phumeea, Kanok Preativatanyoub, Kanyarat Kraivichainb, UsavadeeThavarac,ApiwatTawatsinc, Yutthana Phusupc, Padet Siriyasatienb

b

aMedical Science Program,   Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330; cNational Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand

Background: Vector control is a key strategy for eradication of filariasis, but it is limited, possibly due to rapid propagation from global warming. In Thailand, Mansonia mosquitoes are major vectors of filariasis caused by Brugia malayi filarial nematodes. However, little is yet known about vector biology and host-parasite relationship. Objectives: Demonstrate the preliminary data of salivary gland morphology and protein profile of human filarial

mosquitoes M. uniformis.

Methods: Morphology of M. uniformis salivary gland in both sexes was comparatively studied under a light microscope. Total protein quantization and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS- PAGE) was performed to compare protein profile between male and female. In addition, quantitative analysis prior to and after blood feeding was made at different times (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours) Results: Total salivary gland protein of males and females was 0.32±0.03 and 1.38±0.02 μg/pair gland, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis of the female salivary gland protein prior to blood meal demonstrated twelve bands of major proteins at 21, 22, 24, 26, 37, 39, 44, 53, 55, 61, 72, and100 kDa. Compared to female, male salivary gland was composed of seven major protein bands at 39, 44, 53, 55, 61, 83, and 100 kDa. Quantitative study after blood feeding revealed that protein of 37 kDa decreased gradually whereas proteins of 61 and 83 kDa started to increase dramatically at 24 hours. It was postulated that the 37 kDa band, found only in the female, might serve as a candidate molecule for facilitating blood feeding. Conclusion: Morphology and protein components of M. uniformis salivary glands might relate to blood feeding process and filarial disease transmission.

Keywords: Filariasis, Mansonia uniformis, salivary gland protein, SDS-PAGE

Filariasis is caused by filarial nematodes, which are transmitted to vertebrate hosts when female mosquitoes take a blood meal. The third stage infective larvae (L3) resided in the thoracic muscles, migrated to proboscis of the mosquito, and eventually infected into vertebrate host via a piercing wound [1, 2]. Even though the pathogens are not directly transmitted from salivary glands of infected mosquitoes into vertebrate hosts, their saliva is believed to be an essential factor for facilitating the disease transmission by either increasing parasites infectivity or suppressing host immune responses.
The mosquito saliva contains α-glucosidases, α-amylases that initiate the digestion of carbohydrates, some other enzymes and peptides involving in blood feeding process including anticoagulation, platelet aggregation inhibitors, and vasodilators [3-5]. However, the ethiopathogenesis in the aspect of insect host-parasite relationship has not been elucidated. The challenge remains to identify and characterize the vector’s candidate molecules to create a logical hypothesis for elucidating their precise role.

Correspondence to: Dr. Padet Siriyasatien, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. E-mail: [email protected]

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In Thailand, Mansonia mosquitoes are major

Light microscopy

vectors of lymphatic filariasis caused by Brugia malayi, especially in the southern area. The World Health Organization deliberately declared six species

in this subgenus including M. boneae, M. dives, M. uniformis, M. indiana, M. annulata and M.

annulifera as natural vectors for the disease. To date, morphology and protein analyses of other mosquito vectors’ salivary gland have been reported including

Aedes aegypti [6], Anopheles stephensi [7], An. gambiae [8], An. darlingi [9, 10], Culex pipiens [11], Cx. quinquefasciatus [12], Ae. togoi [13], Armigeres subalbatus [14] and An. dirus B [15]. Nevertheless,

the study has not been performed for M. uniformis yet. In this study, we demonstrated the preliminary data of salivary gland morphology and protein profiles of human filarial mosquitoes M. uniformis.
The salivary glands of adult mosquitoes were dissected in 1X PBS onto slides without drying out and verified under a light microscope with 100X magnification. Photographs of the glands were taken using a digital camera (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) attached to a light microscope.

Protein quantization

Ten pairs of 10% sucrose-fed female and male
M. uniformis salivary glands at age between three and five days after emergence were used in this study. The total salivary gland protein content was determined using a Micro BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce, Rockford, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The protein concentration was quantitated based on a bovine serum albumin (BSA) standard curve. Each determination was repeated three times.

Materials and methods

  • Mosquito rearing
  • Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel

electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and protein staining

SDS-PAGE was carried out according to standard techniques [17]. Briefly, sample of 50 pairs of male and 10 pairs of female salivary gland, prior to and after blood feeding at different times, were individually boiled in reducing SDS buffer at 95ΟC for five minutes. Each sample was resolved using the Hoefer miniVEsystem (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, San Francisco, USA) containing 5% stacking gel and 12% resolving gel condition. Proteins were silver-stained using a Silver Stain kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, San Francisco, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions. PageRulerTM Prestained Protein Ladder (Fermentas, Burlington, Canada) was used as a standard marker.
M. uniformis mosquitoes were maintained in an insectary of the Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Thailand. Conditions were set at 28±1ΟC and 80±5% relative humidity under 12/12 hours light/dark photo-period. Adults were supplied with a damp cotton wool pad containing 10% sucrose solution as a carbohydrate source. For blood feeding, female mosquitoes were allowed to feed on anesthetized mice for 60 minutes. Groups of mosquitoes were reared simultaneously from the same cohort of eggs. Mosquito larvae were reared in water containing floating aquatic plant; creeping water primrose (Jussiaea repens) to obtain oxygen through roots of the aquatic plant. Adult mosquitoes aged three to five days after emergence were used for the experiments.

Densitometric analysis
Mosquito salivary gland dissection

To quantify relative band intensity, the images of
SDS-polyacrylamide gel were analyzed using the Quantity One quantification analysis softwareversion 4.5.2 (Bio-Rad, California, USA). All values from independent triplicate experiments are expressed in arbitrary units as mean standard error of the mean (SEM).
Mosquitoes were anesthetized by chilling on a snap frozen tray. Salivary gland dissection was performed as described by Suwan et al. [16] with some modifications. Briefly, 10 pairs of female salivary glands prior to and after blood feeding at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours were dissected under a stereomicroscope (SZX9, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and individually transferred into a micro-centrifuge tube containing 10 μL of ice cold 1X phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. For the male, 50 pairs of salivary glands were collected in 10 μL of ice cold 1X PBS. Then, the samples were stored at -80ΟC prior to SDS- PAGE.

Results
Figures 1 and 2 show salivary gland morphology

of female and male M. uniformis (female and male) under a stereomicroscope and light microscopy, respectively.Apparently, the salivary glands of male and female M. uniformis mosquitoes are paired organ

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located in the thorax and morphologically different. Size of male salivary gland is approximately one-fifth of the female. The female salivary gland is composed of two identical lateral lobes and one shorter median lobe. The lateral lobes are further divided into proximal, intermediate, and distal regions. The median lobe consists of two (neck and distal) regions. A simple layer of epithelial cells surrounding a lumen of salivary duct can be observed in each lobe. The intralobar ducts from each lobe drain into the lateral interlobar ducts, which further empty into a common salivary duct. Compared to the female, the male salivary gland consists of three small lobes, which appear morphologically similar in size and shape.

Figure 1. Steromicrograph demonstrating salivary gland morphology of female M. uniformis (4X magnification) (A), and light photomicrograph demonstrating key structure of female salivary gland (100X magnification) (B). Morphology of both DR and ML are similar but different from PR. SD is lined through the end of DR. ML=Median lobe, LL=Lateral lobe, PR=Proximal region, IR=Intermediate region, DR=Distal region, SD=Salivary duct, LSD=Lateral Salivary duct, CSD=Common salivary duct.

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Figure 2. Steromicrograph demonstrating salivary gland morphology of male M. uniformis (4X magnification) (A) and light photomicrograph demonstrating key structure of male salivary gland (100X magnification) (B). Morphology of the three lobes is identical. SD is lined through the end of DL. ML=Median lobe, LL=Lateral lobe, SD=Salivary duct, LSD=Lateral Salivary duct, CSD=Common salivary duct.

We determined total protein contents of male and female salivary glands. The amount of salivary gland proteins in the mosquitoes aged between three to five days was 1.38±0.02 μg/female gland pair and 0.32±0.03 μg/male gland pair. Total proteins in male and female salivary glands of M. uniformis were also relatively examined in silver stained SDS- polyacrylamide gel. Interestingly, SDS-PAGE analysis of the female salivary gland protein prior to blood meal demonstrated twelve major protein bands at 21, 22, 24, 26, 37, 39, 44, 53, 55, 61, 72, and100 kDa.Compared to the female, male salivary gland protein profiles was composed of seven bands of major proteins at 39, 44, 53, 55, 61, 83, and 100 kDa (Figure 3).
Interestingly, quantitative study of female salivary gland protein revealed that protein of 37 kDa decreased gradually after blood meal whereas proteins of 61 and 83 kDa started to increase dramatically during 12 to 24 hours post feeding

(Figures 4 and 5).
Discussion

Morphology of M. uniformis salivary glands are similar to other mosquito species previously reported [10, 13, 14, 16, 18-24]. Salivary glands of male and female M. uniformis show differences in both size and shape. The female salivary gland is larger than the male. Salivary glands in both males and females consist of three lobes, two lateral lobes and one median lobe. However, the lateral lobe of female salivary gland is divided into proximal, intermediate, and distal regions, which have similar in structure to other species of mosquito. Morphological variations of female salivary glands which composed of one to six lobes were also observed (data not shown),as previously reported in

An. darling [9] and Ae. aegypti [6].

The light microscopic study of the male salivary gland of M. uniformis demonstrated that cells of median lobe and lateral lobes have similar characteristics and are similar to the proximal lobe

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Figure 3.Comparative profiles of M. uniformis salivary gland protein of male and female in the silver-stained 12% SDS- polyacrylamide gel. Male: fifty pairs of salivary glands, Female: ten pairs of female salivary glands. Size of molecular weight marker is indicated on the left in kDa. Approximate size of salivary gland proteins are indicated on the right.

Figure 4.Relative comparison of the unfed and blood-fed female salivary gland protein profiles in the silver-stained
12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours. Size of molecular weight marker is indicated on the left in kDa. Approximate size of salivary gland proteins are indicated on the right

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Figure 5.Relative profiles of the protein bands at 37, 61, and 83 kDa from unfed and blood-fed female salivary gland M. uniformis. The bar graph indicates the relative intensity after blood feeding at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours. Data are expressed in arbitrary unit as mean±SEM (n=3).

of the female salivary glands. This finding has

been previously reported in An. gambiae [7], Ae. togoi [13], An. dirus B [15] and Ae. aegypti [25]

mosquitoes and these cells are related to sugar feeding. The median lobe and distal lobe of the female salivary gland have similar cell types, which may involve blood feeding [21]. The present comparative study of protein content was similar to the previous

studies, i.e. Ae. togoi [13], An. dirus B [15] and A r .

subalbatus [14]. This indicates that protein amount of the male per pair was less than the female. In addition, SDS-PAGE analysis illustrated the different profiles between both sexes. Interestingly, protein of 37 kDa was predominantly expressed in the female, but not found in the male. The protein profile after blood feeding also showed that 37 kDa band promptly decreased and later gradually increased to unfed level in 60 hours. Thus, it is possible to be mentioned that 37 kDa polypeptide band was synthesized by female salivary gland-specific cells and might involve in blood feeding. Roditi et al. [26] andArca et al. [27] reported that approximately 37 kDa band in Ae. aegypti and An. gambiae was characterized and identified as a member of D7 salivary protein family. Specifically, it was found in median lobe and distal region of lateral lobe and believed to play a crucial role in blood feeding process. This protein family is distantly related to the odorant-binding protein (OBP) super-family that specializes in small ligand binding function [28]. Recently, some mosquito D7 proteins were shown to bind and inhibit the action of some biogenic amines, such as serotonin, histamine, and norepinephrine. Therefore, these might contribute in blood feeding process [29]. Although D7 proteins are among the most abundant salivary proteins in adult female mosquitoes, their role in blood feeding remains elusive.
The present result in M. uniformis makes us hypothesize that this polypeptide of 37 kDa may serve as functional enzyme involving in blood feeding process or reactive allergen. This study is report preliminary information for better understanding of mosquito salivary gland proteins and vector-borne disease transmission. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and other proteomics techniques will be required to complete the knowledge jigsaw of mosquito salivary gland protein.
In conclusion, morphology and protein components of M. uniformis salivary glands might relate to blood feeding process and filarial disease transmission. Further study of biological role of these

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female salivary gland proteins during blood feeding would provide valuable data for effectively controlling mosquito borne diseases.

Entomol. 2001; 38: 763-7.
11. Barrow PM, Mcciver SB, Wright KA. Salivary glands of female Culex pipiens: morphological changes associated with maturation and blood feeding. Canad. J. Zool. 1975; 107: 1153-60.

Acknowledgement

We acknowledge the financial support from the
National Research University Project of CHE and the Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund (HR1160A). This investigation was supported in part by the Molecular Biology Project, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.

12. da Cunha Sais T, de Moraes RM, Ribolla PE, de
BianchiAG, Marinotti O, BijovskyAT. Morphological

aspects of Culex quinquefasciatus salivary glands.

Arthropod Struct Dev. 2003; 32: 219-26.
13. Jariyapan N, Harnnoi T. Preliminary study of salivary gland proteins of the mosquito Aedes togoi (Theobald). Chiang Mai Med Bull. 2002; 41: 21-8.

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

14. Siriyasatien P, Tangthongchaiwiriya K, Jariyapan N,
Kaewsaitiam S, Poovorawan Y, Thavara U. Analysis of salivary gland proteins of the mosquito Armigeres subalbatus. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005; 36: 64-7.
15. Jariyapan N, Choochote W, Jitpakdi A. Salivary gland proteins of the human malaria vector, Anopheles dirus B (Diptera: Culicidae). Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2007; 49: 5-10.
16. Suwan N, Wilkinson MC, Crampton JM, Bates PA.
Expression of D7 and D7-related proteins in the salivary glands of the human malaria mosquito, Anopheles stephensi. Insect Mol Biol. 2002; 11: 223-32.

References

1. Harinasuta C, Sucharit S, Vutikes S, Surathint K,
Deesin T. Investigations on bionomics of Mansonia mosquitoes-vectors of Brugia malayi in southern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1971; 2: 103-5.
2. ScottAL. Lymphatic-dwelling Filariae. In: NutmanTB, editors. Lymphatic Filariasis. London: Imperial College Press; 2000. p 5-40.
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4. Stark KR, James AA. Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding a novel factor Xa-directed anticoagulant from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273: 20802-9.
17. Hames, BD. One-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In: Hames BD, Rickwood D, editors. Gel electrophoresis of proteins. Oxford: IRL Press; 1990. p 1-147.
5. Law JH, Ribeiro JM, Wells MA. Biochemical insights derived from insect diversity. Annu Rev Biochem. 1992; 61: 87-111.
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6. Janzen HG, Wright KA. The salivary glands of Aedes aegypti (L.): an electron microscope study. Can J Zool. 1971; 49: 1343-6.
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8. Francischetti IM, Valenzuela JG, Pham VM, Garfield
MK, Ribeiro JM: Toward a catalog for the transcripts and proteins (sialome) from the salivary gland of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. J Exp Biol. 2002; 205:2429-51.
9. Moreira CK, Bijovsky AT. Morphological and biochemical analyses of the salivary glands of the malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi. Tissue and Cell. 1999; 31: 264-73.
19. Poehling HM. Distribution of specific proteins in the salivary gland lobes of Culicidae and their relation to age and blood sucking. J Insect Physiol. 1979; 25: 3-8.
20. Al-Ahdal MN,Al-Hussain K, Thorogood RJ, Rrilly HC,
Wilson JD. Protein constituents of mosquito saliva: studies on Culex molestus. J Trop Med Hyg. 1990; 93: 98-105.
21. Marinotti O, James AA, Ribeiro JMC. Diet and salivation in female Aedes aegypti mosquitos. J Insect Physiol. 1990; 36: 545-8.
22. Andrews L, LaughinghouseA, Sina BJ. Lectin binding characteristics of male and female salivary gland proteins of Anopheles gambiae: identification and characterization of female specific glycoproteins. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 1997; 27: 159-66.
10. Moreira CK, Marrelli MT, Lima SP, Marinotti O.
Analysis of salivary gland proteins of the mosquito

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    Habitat Characterization of Mansonia Spp As Filariasis Vector in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia

    E3S Web of Conferences 68, 01004 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /20186801004 1st SRICOENV 2018 Habitat Characterization of Mansonia spp as Filariasis Vector in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia Rini Pratiwi1,*,, Chairil Anwar2*, Salni3, Hermansyah4, Novrikasari5, Rachmat Hidayat6 ,and Ahmad Ghiffari7 1Ph.D student, Environmental Science, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia 2Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural science, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural science, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia 5Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia 6Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia 7Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Palembang, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract. Filariasis is caused by microfilariae parasites transmitted through mosquitoes, one of which is Mansonia spp. Environmental characteristics are crucial component for vector control in handling filariasis because they indicate mosquitoes’ range of survival. This study aimed to determine the environmental characteristics in the abundance of Mansonia spp. This study was conducted in two lowland areas located in Sedang and Muara Sugih Village, Indonesia, April 2017-April 2018. Environmental characteristics were determined by thermometers and sling hygrometers, and sampling for physical and chemical properties of water. Sedang Village had larger quantity of Mansonia spp variances compared to Muara Sugih, with 6 species and 5 species found respectively. Muara Sugih was slightly higher in temperature and humidity. Sedang water had higher turbidity, higher temperature, higher pH, lower BOD-COD, lower TDS-TSS, with higher coliform counts. Sedang dominant land utilization was plantations, while Muara Sugih was rice field.
  • 2016.004Am Officers) Short Title: 3 New Species in the Genus Ephemerovirus (E.G

    2016.004Am Officers) Short Title: 3 New Species in the Genus Ephemerovirus (E.G

    This form should be used for all taxonomic proposals. Please complete all those modules that are applicable (and then delete the unwanted sections). For guidance, see the notes written in blue and the separate document “Help with completing a taxonomic proposal” Please try to keep related proposals within a single document; you can copy the modules to create more than one genus within a new family, for example. MODULE 1: TITLE, AUTHORS, etc (to be completed by ICTV Code assigned: 2016.004aM officers) Short title: 3 new species in the genus Ephemerovirus (e.g. 6 new species in the genus Zetavirus) Modules attached 1 2 3 4 5 (modules 1 and 10 are required) 6 7 8 9 10 Author(s): Peter J. Walker Ralf G. Dietzgen Charles H. Calisher Nikos Vasilakis Robert B. Tesh Gael Kurath Anna E. Whitfield David M. Stone Noel Tordo Hideki Kondo Ben Longdon Kim R. Blasdell Corresponding author with e-mail address: Peter J. Walker ([email protected]) List the ICTV study group(s) that have seen this proposal: A list of study groups and contacts is provided at http://www.ictvonline.org/subcommittees.asp . If in doubt, contact the appropriate subcommittee ICTV Rhabdoviridae SG chair (fungal, invertebrate, plant, prokaryote or vertebrate viruses) ICTV Study Group comments (if any) and response of the proposer: 10 members have advised support for the proposal; 2 members have not responded. Date first submitted to ICTV: June 2016 Date of this revision (if different to above): Page 1 of 8 ICTV-EC comments and response of the proposer: Page 2 of 8 MODULE 2: NEW SPECIES creating and naming one or more new species.
  • Invasive Plants As Catalysts for the Spread of Human Parasites

    Invasive Plants As Catalysts for the Spread of Human Parasites

    A peer-reviewed open-access journal NeoBiota 9: 13–29 (2011) Invasive plants as catalysts for the spread of human parasites 13 doi: 10.3897/neobiota.9.1156 RESEARCH ARTICLE NeoBiota Launched to accelerate research on www.pensoft.net/journals/neobiota alien species and biological invasions Invasive plants as catalysts for the spread of human parasites Richard N. Mack, Melissa C. Smith School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA Corresponding author: Richard N. Mack ([email protected]) Academic editor: Ingolf Kühn | Received 20 February 2011 | Accepted 27 June 2011 | Published 11 August 2011 Citation: Mack RN, Smith MC (2011) Invasive plants as catalysts for the spread of human parasites. NeoBiota 9: 13–29. doi: 10.3897/neobiota.9.1156 Abstract To a degree not widely recognized, some naturalized and invasive plants increase the risks to human health by enhancing the proliferation of vectors of virulent human parasites. These potential risks are restricted by neither ecosystem nor geography. The dense, floating mats of the tropical South American invasive macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) creates habitat for larvae of the dipteran vectors of Plas- modium spp., the causative agents of malaria, and other parasites. In Africa, the South American shrub Lantana camara (lantana) provides suitable habitat in otherwise treeless areas for dipteran vectors (Glossina spp.) of protozoans (Trypanosoma spp.) that cause trypanosomiasis. In the eastern United States, prolif- eration of the invasive Berberis thunbergii provides questing sites for the blacklegged ticks that carry the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Unanticipated health consequences will likely continue to emerge from new plant introductions.
  • Feeding Behaviour of Mosquito Species in Mararraba-Akunza, Lafia Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

    Feeding Behaviour of Mosquito Species in Mararraba-Akunza, Lafia Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

    Research Article ISSN: 2574 -1241 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.25.004133 Feeding Behaviour of Mosquito Species in Mararraba-Akunza, Lafia Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria Ombugadu A1*, Ekawu RA1, PamVA1, Odey SA1, Igboanugo SI2, Luka J2, Njila HL3, Ajah LJ1, Adejoh VA1, Micah EM1, Echor BO3, Samuel MD1, Dogo KS1, Ahmed HO1, Ayim JO1, Ewa PE1, Aimankhu OP1, Uzoigwe NR1, Mafuyai MJ4, Yina GI5, Pam DD5, Lapang MP5, Aliyu AA1, Ayuba SO1, Nkup CD6, Angbalaga GA7 and Mwansat GS5 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. 2Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria. 3Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. 4Department of Pest Management Technology, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Federal College of Forestry, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria 5Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria 6Department of Biology, College of Arts, Science and Technology, Kurgwi, Qua’an Pan LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria. 7Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. *Corresponding author: Ombugadu A, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria, E-mail: ARTICLE INFO Abstract Received: January 17, 2020 Published: January 27, 2020 measuresThe knowledge and interventions. on human-vectors To this end, contacta study onis theof greatfeeding importance behaviour ofin mosquitoorder to tackle the point of transmission of mosquito-borne diseases through relevant control Citation: species in Mararraba-Akunza, Lafia Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria Ombugadu A, Ekawu RA, was carried out for 8 nights in May 2018 using modified CDC Light Traps set in indoor et al.

  • Short Communication

    1 SHORT COMMUNICATION Preliminary field trials of personal protection against Mosquitoes in The Gambia using deet or permethrin in soap, Compared with other methods S. W. LINDSAY and L. M. JANNEH* Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia, and *The Gambian Goverment’s Department of Medical and Health, Banjul, The Gambia Key words. Diethyltoluamide, mosquitoes, mosquito coils, repellents, permethrin, santango, soap, personal protection, The Gambia. Correspondence: Dr S. W. Lindsay, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, P.O. Box 273 Banjul, The Gambia, West Africa. A current trend in the control of disease in developing countries is to use methods which are cheap and can be operated effectively by local communities. Insect repellents may fulfil these criteria; they act as a last line of defense against blood-seeking mosquitoes, including those which are vectors of disease. Deet (diethyltoluamide) and permethrin in a soap formulation (U.K. Patent Application GB 2160216 A) proved effective against mosquitoes in Malaysia (Yap, 1986) and Australia (Frances, 1987). We attempted to determine how suitable this soap would be for protecting individuals against attack from mosquitoes in the early evening in The Gambia. Preliminary tests were undertaken to evaluate whether deet, permethrin or a combination of both chemicals in a soap formulation applied to human skin would reduce the rates of attack by wild mosquitoes under field conditions. Having demonstrated this, the repellent activity of soap containing both chemicals was compared with other methods of personal protection practiced in The Gambia. The present paper pays no attention to mosquito bednets, the efficacy of which has been evaluated recently in The Gambia by Lindsay et al.

  • And Postprandial Mosquito Resting Behavior Around Cattle Hosts

    JournaL of the American Mosquito Contrctl Association, l9(3):2ll-219,2OO3 Copyright O 2003 by the American Mosquito Control Association, Inc. PRE- AND POSTPRANDIAL MOSQUITO RESTING BEHAVIOR AROUND CATTLE HOSTS NOBUKO TUNO. YOSHIO TSUDA. MASAHIRO TAKAGI AND WANNAPA SWONKERD Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, N agasaki 852 - I 52 3, Japan ABSTRACT, Spatial distribution of mosquitoes around a bovine host was studied in November 1997 ln northern Thailand (17"38'N, 99"23'E). Forty bamboo stakes were arranged I m apart, in 4 rays of 10, around a cow tethered in an open field. AII mosquitoes found resting on the stakes were collected by aspiration between 7:00 p.m. and l1:00 p.m., sexed, and identified to species; and f'eeding status was categorized as fed or unfed. Collections were repeated over 8 nights, with and without the host cow. A total of 1,566 mosquitoes from 25 species (5 genera) was collected. Anopheles aconitus was the most abundant species (643 individuals), followed by An. peditaeniatus, Culex vishnui, and Cx. pseudovishnui. We found that the number of mosquitoes collected from the stakes was related to the presence of the cow host; the number of mosquitoes collected was unrelated to the compass point location of the bamboo stakes, with the exception of Mansonia uniformis; unf'ed mosquitoes preferred bamboo-stake resting sites that were closer to the host; the daily fed to unfed ratio of the dominant species was negatively correlated with the daily total number of mosquitoes collected; and fed and unf'ed mos- quitoes clustered in interspecific heterogeneous groups around the host cow.