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Morphology and Protein Profiles of Salivary Glands of Filarial Vector Mosquito Mansonia Uniformis; Possible Relation to Blood Feeding Process

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Morphology and Protein Profiles of Salivary Glands of Filarial Vector Mosquito Mansonia Uniformis; Possible Relation to Blood Feeding Process Asian Biomedicine Vol. 5 No. 3 June 2011; 353-360 DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0502.046 Original article Morphology and protein profiles of salivary glands of filarial vector mosquito Mansonia uniformis; possible relation to blood feeding process Atchara Phumeea, Kanok Preativatanyoub, Kanyarat Kraivichainb, Usavadee Thavarac, Apiwat Tawatsinc, Yutthana Phusupc, Padet Siriyasatienb aMedical Science Program, bDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330; cNational Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand Background: Vector control is a key strategy for eradication of filariasis, but it is limited, possibly due to rapid propagation from global warming. In Thailand, Mansonia mosquitoes are major vectors of filariasis caused by Brugia malayi filarial nematodes. However, little is yet known about vector biology and host-parasite relationship. Objectives: Demonstrate the preliminary data of salivary gland morphology and protein profile of human filarial mosquitoes M. uniformis. Methods: Morphology of M. uniformis salivary gland in both sexes was comparatively studied under a light microscope. Total protein quantization and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS- PAGE) was performed to compare protein profile between male and female. In addition, quantitative analysis prior to and after blood feeding was made at different times (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours) Results: Total salivary gland protein of males and females was 0.32±0.03 and 1.38±0.02 μg/pair gland, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis of the female salivary gland protein prior to blood meal demonstrated twelve bands of major proteins at 21, 22, 24, 26, 37, 39, 44, 53, 55, 61, 72, and 100 kDa. Compared to female, male salivary gland was composed of seven major protein bands at 39, 44, 53, 55, 61, 83, and 100 kDa. Quantitative study after blood feeding revealed that protein of 37 kDa decreased gradually whereas proteins of 61 and 83 kDa started to increase dramatically at 24 hours. It was postulated that the 37 kDa band, found only in the female, might serve as a candidate molecule for facilitating blood feeding. Conclusion: Morphology and protein components of M. uniformis salivary glands might relate to blood feeding process and filarial disease transmission. Keywords: Filariasis, Mansonia uniformis, salivary gland protein, SDS-PAGE Filariasis is caused by filarial nematodes, which for facilitating the disease transmission by either are transmitted to vertebrate hosts when female increasing parasites infectivity or suppressing host mosquitoes take a blood meal. The third stage infective immune responses. larvae (L3) resided in the thoracic muscles, migrated The mosquito saliva contains α-glucosidases, to proboscis of the mosquito, and eventually infected α-amylases that initiate the digestion of carbohydrates, into vertebrate host via a piercing wound [1, 2]. Even some other enzymes and peptides involving in though the pathogens are not directly transmitted from blood feeding process including anticoagulation, salivary glands of infected mosquitoes into vertebrate platelet aggregation inhibitors, and vasodilators [3-5]. hosts, their saliva is believed to be an essential factor However, the ethiopathogenesis in the aspect of insect host-parasite relationship has not been elucidated. Correspondence to: Dr. Padet Siriyasatien, Department of The challenge remains to identify and characterize Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, the vector’s candidate molecules to create a logical Bangkok 10330, Thailand. E-mail: [email protected] hypothesis for elucidating their precise role. 354 A. Phumee, et al. In Thailand, Mansonia mosquitoes are major Light microscopy vectors of lymphatic filariasis caused by Brugia The salivary glands of adult mosquitoes were malayi, especially in the southern area. The World dissected in 1X PBS onto slides without drying out Health Organization deliberately declared six species and verified under a light microscope with 100X in this subgenus including M. boneae, M. dives, M. magnification. Photographs of the glands were taken uniformis, M. indiana, M. annulata and M. using a digital camera (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) attached annulifera as natural vectors for the disease. To date, to a light microscope. morphology and protein analyses of other mosquito vectors’ salivary gland have been reported including Protein quantization Aedes aegypti [6], Anopheles stephensi [7], An. Ten pairs of 10% sucrose-fed female and male gambiae [8], An. darlingi [9, 10], Culex pipiens [11], M. uniformis salivary glands at age between three Cx. quinquefasciatus [12], Ae. togoi [13], Armigeres and five days after emergence were used in this study. subalbatus [14] and An. dirus B [15]. Nevertheless, The total salivary gland protein content was determined the study has not been performed for M. uniformis using a Micro BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce, yet. In this study, we demonstrated the preliminary Rockford, USA) according to the manufacturer’s data of salivary gland morphology and protein profiles instruction. The protein concentration was quantitated of human filarial mosquitoes M. uniformis. based on a bovine serum albumin (BSA) standard curve. Each determination was repeated three times. Materials and methods Mosquito rearing Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel M. uniformis mosquitoes were maintained in an electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and protein staining insectary of the Department of Medical Sciences, SDS-PAGE was carried out according to standard National Institute of Health, Thailand. Conditions were techniques [17]. Briefly, sample of 50 pairs of male set at 28±1ΟC and 80±5% relative humidity under and 10 pairs of female salivary gland, prior to and after 12/12 hours light/dark photo-period. Adults were blood feeding at different times, were individually boiled supplied with a damp cotton wool pad containing 10% in reducing SDS buffer at 95ΟC for five minutes. Each sucrose solution as a carbohydrate source. For blood sample was resolved using the Hoefer miniVE system feeding, female mosquitoes were allowed to feed (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, San Francisco, USA) on anesthetized mice for 60 minutes. Groups of containing 5% stacking gel and 12% resolving gel mosquitoes were reared simultaneously from the condition. Proteins were silver-stained using a Silver same cohort of eggs. Mosquito larvae were reared in Stain kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, San water containing floating aquatic plant; creeping water Francisco, USA) following the manufacturer’s primrose (Jussiaea repens) to obtain oxygen through instructions. PageRulerTM Prestained Protein Ladder roots of the aquatic plant. Adult mosquitoes aged (Fermentas, Burlington, Canada) was used as a three to five days after emergence were used for the standard marker. experiments. Densitometric analysis Mosquito salivary gland dissection To quantify relative band intensity, the images of Mosquitoes were anesthetized by chilling on a SDS-polyacrylamide gel were analyzed using the snap frozen tray. Salivary gland dissection was Quantity One quantification analysis software version performed as described by Suwan et al. [16] with 4.5.2 (Bio-Rad, California, USA). All values from some modifications. Briefly, 10 pairs of female salivary independent triplicate experiments are expressed in glands prior to and after blood feeding at 0, 12, 24, arbitrary units as meanstandard error of the mean 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours were dissected under a (SEM). stereomicroscope (SZX9, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and individually transferred into a micro-centrifuge tube Results containing 10 μL of ice cold 1X phosphate buffered Figures 1 and 2 show salivary gland morphology saline (PBS) solution. For the male, 50 pairs of salivary of female and male M. uniformis (female and male) glands were collected in 10 μL of ice cold 1X PBS. under a stereomicroscope and light microscopy, Then, the samples were stored at -80ΟC prior to SDS- respectively. Apparently, the salivary glands of male PAGE. and female M. uniformis mosquitoes are paired organ Vol. 5 No. 3 Salivary gland morphology and protein profiles of filarial vector M. uniformis 355 June 2011 located in the thorax and morphologically different. layer of epithelial cells surrounding a lumen of salivary Size of male salivary gland is approximately one-fifth duct can be observed in each lobe. The intralobar ducts of the female. The female salivary gland is composed from each lobe drain into the lateral interlobar ducts, of two identical lateral lobes and one shorter median which further empty into a common salivary duct. lobe. The lateral lobes are further divided into proximal, Compared to the female, the male salivary gland intermediate, and distal regions. The median lobe consists of three small lobes, which appear consists of two (neck and distal) regions. A simple morphologically similar in size and shape. Figure 1. Steromicrograph demonstrating salivary gland morphology of female M. uniformis (4X magnification) (A), and light photomicrograph demonstrating key structure of female salivary gland (100X magnification) (B). Morphology of both DR and ML are similar but different from PR. SD is lined through the end of DR. ML=Median lobe, LL=Lateral lobe, PR=Proximal region, IR=Intermediate region, DR=Distal region, SD=Salivary duct, LSD=Lateral Salivary duct, CSD=Common salivary duct. 356 A. Phumee, et al. Figure 2. Steromicrograph demonstrating
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